Repubic of the Philippines

Batangas State University

College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts
Electronics, Instrumentation and Control, and Mechatronics Department

ICE – 408 : Actuators and Sensors Engineering

Humidity and Temperature Sensor

Automatic Greenhouse Controlling and Monitoring of Temperature

and Humidity using Arduino

Group Members:

Franco, Ayeth Lawrence S.

Garcia, Arvin E.
Linatoc, Leslie S.
Mendoza, Ma. Coolen Joyce D.
Ramos, Manilyn Joy P.

Group No. 6

MexE – 4201

Submitted to:
Engr. Ferdinand D. Delos Reyes
Instructor

May, 2019
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all we are grateful to our Lord God, for establishing us to

complete this project.

We wish to express our sincere thanks to Mrs. Elisa Guttierez,

Dean of this college department, for providing us with all the necessary

facilities.

We place on record, our sincere gratitude to Engr. Divina Gracia

Ronquillo, Head of the Department of Electronics, Instrumentation and

Control, and Mechatronics Engineering Department, for her constant

encouragement.

We also thank, Engr. Ferdinand D. Delos Reyes, our Professor,

EIM Department. We are extremely grateful and indebted to him for his

expert, sincere and valuable guidance and encouragement extended to

us.

We would like to take this opportunity to record our sincere thanks

to all the faculty members of the EIM Department for their help and

encouragement. We also thank our parents for their unceasing

encouragement and support.

We also place on record, our sense of gratitude to all who directly

and indirectly, have lent their helping hand in this venture.

 INTRODUCTION

Greenhouses are frames of inflated structure covered with a

transparent material in which crops are grown under controlled

environment conditions such as surrounding temperature, humidity,

nutrient, soil moisture, etc. Greenhouse cultivation as well as other modes

of controlled environment cultivation has been evolved to create favorable

micro-climates, which favors the crop production could be possible all

through the year or part of the year as required.

Agriculture has been one of the primary occupations of man since

early civilization and even today manual interventions in farming are

inevitable. Greenhouses form an important part of the agriculture and

horticulture sectors in the country as they can be used to grow plants

under controlled climatic conditions for optimum produce. As the

application of greenhouse becomes more and more extensive, traditional

greenhouse management is far from meeting the requirements. A

Greenhouse is a building where plants are grown. Greenhouses are often

used for growing flowers, vegetables, fruits, and tobacco plant. Basic

factors affecting plant growth are sunlight, water content in soil,

temperature, etc. These physical factors are hard to control manually

inside a greenhouse and a need for automated design arises.

All plants and vegetation require certain conditions for their proper

growth. Therefore it is necessary to bring the environmental conditions

under control in order to make those conditions as close to the ideal as

possible. To create an optimal environment the main climatic and

environmental parameters such as temperature and humidity need to be

controlled to create optimal environment. As a plant grows, it undergoes

different environmental changes, including formation of tissues and organs

such as leaves, stem, flowers and roots. The main source of nutrients

used to aid this development process is often found in its surrounding. In

other words, the development of the plants is solely dependent on the

conditions of the environment in which plants are grown (Vu, 2011). In

modern greenhouses, several measurement points are required to trace

down the local climate parameters in different parts of the big greenhouse

to make the greenhouse automation system work properly. Cabling would

make the measurement system expensive and vulnerable. Moreover, the

cabled measurement points are difficult to relocate once they are installed.

1.1 BACKGROUND AND HISTORY

The monitoring of environmental variables such as temperature,

pressure and humidity has a long history of development and the variables

have shown significant impact in the productivity of plant growth, the

quality of food industry and the efficiency of many temperature and

humidity-sensitive equipment (Vleeschouver, et al., 2017). The monitoring

of temperature and humidity of laboratories, storages, halls, school and

hospitals is important with respect to health and hygiene. The reliable

measurement and monitoring is crucial in this competitive era of

technology. Arduino, the open source hardware has shown ability to meet

the need of accurate and real-time monitoring and controlling of

environmental variables. The Arduino user community is a forum where

many people can share their ideas, use each other’s work and modify

them to innovate and advance many different interacting objects. Arduino

is use in a wide range of projects to develop objects that can interact with

people or environment and internet. The materials required are easily

available, cheap in price and easy to use with the help of available open

source information. Arduino has been used to build robots, drones, remote

controllers, monitoring devices and many interesting objects which is a

one big step towards making the world more automated and sustainable.

Arduino can be told to do such things in appropriate language that Arduino

understand: C, C++. The projects related to monitoring environmental

variables are simple and common but always with great importance; many

projects on greenhouse building monitoring and 4 household plant

monitoring are available (Akami, et al., 2015). This project was expected
to be helpful in learning electronics and programming as well as

documentation process.

1.2 OBJECTIVES

The main objective of this project is to create an automatic

greenhouse controller that can monitor and control the temperature and

humidity. The controller would need some way for the readings to be

displayed. This project also aims to create a programming code for the on

and off status of the light bulb and a fan as an output for controlling the

temperature and humidity of the greenhouse.

1.3 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

This study focused on the design of an automated greenhouse

monitoring and control system which the lightbulb and fan can ON/OFF on

sensing humidity and temperature of the atmosphere surrounding on the

plant respectively. The project uses an Arduino Uno microcontroller which

is programmed to receive the input signal of varying humidity and

temperature of the atmosphere through the sensing arrangement. The

temperature sensor is used for sensing temperature. When temperature

exceeds from a defined level or critical level, the system automatically

turns on the fan. And when the temperature comes in normal range or

comes below the defined level the fan turns off automatically. Humidity is

measured by using the humidity sensor. If the humidity of the environment

is below the defined levels, fan is automatically turned on and if the

humidity level exceeds from the defined level fan is automatically turned

off.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Automatic greenhouse controlling and monitoring system of

temperature and humidity is capable of measuring and monitoring the

relative humidity and temperature and automatically ventilate the

greenhouse whenever needed. The introduction of Automatic greenhouse

controlling and monitoring using Arduino can bring a green revolution in

agriculture. Introducing this system can help in increasing the cultivation in

a controlled environment. Greenhouse environment, used to grow plants

under controlled climatic conditions for efficient production, forms an

important part of the agriculture and horticulture sectors.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Arduino - Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-

to-use hardware and software.

Temperature - Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold something

is; specifically, a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in

an object, which is a type of energy associated with motion.

Humidity - Humidity is the amount of water vapour present in air. Water

vapour, the gaseous state of water, is generally invisible to the human

eye.

Serial Monitor - Enables the communication between the arduino board

and the computer.

Greenhouse - Greenhouse is a building designed for the protection of

tender or out-of-season plants against excessive cold or heat.

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) – LCD is the technology used for displays

in notebook and other smaller computers.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND SOFTWARE

This project is focused on controlling and monitoring of the humidity and

temperature of the greenhouse using Arduino with DHT11 sensor and a LCD for

the display of the temperature and humidity being measured.

2.1.1 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

In making the project, the following materials will be use for the output:

1. Arduino Uno

2. 16x2 LCD

3. DHT11 (Temperature and Humidity Sensor)

4. Light Bulb

5. DC Fans

6. Jumping wires

7. Relay Module

8. Breadboard

9. Power Supply

2.2.2. COMPONENTS AND FUNCTIONS

Arduino Uno

The Arduino UNO is an open-source microcontroller board based on

the MicrochipATmega328P microcontroller and developed

by Arduino.cc The board is equipped with sets of digital and analog

input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards

(shields) circuits and other. The board has 14 Digital pins, 6 Analog pins,

and programmable with the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development

Environment) via a type B USB cable. It can be powered by a USB cable

or by an external 9 volt battery, though it accepts voltages between 7 and

20 volts. It is also similar to the Arduino Nano and Leonardo. The

hardware reference design is distributed under a Creative Commons

Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and is available on the Arduino website.

Layout and production files for some versions of the hardware are also

available. "Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release

of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino

Software (IDE) were the reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to

newer releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino

boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform. The

ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preprogrammed with a bootloader

that allows uploading new code to it without the use of an external

hardware programmer. It communicates using the original STK500

protocol. The Uno also differs from all preceding boards in that it does not

use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it uses the Atmega16U2

(Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

FEATURES OF THE ARDUINO UNO BOARD:

 It is an easy USB interface. This allows interface with USB as this is

like a serial device.

 The chip on the board plugs straight into your USB port and

supports on your computer as a virtual serial port. The benefit of

this setup is that serial communication is an extremely easy

protocol which is time-tested and USB makes connection with

modern computers and makes it comfortable.

  It is easy-to-find the microcontroller brain which is the ATmega328

chip. It has more number of hardware features like timers, external

and internal interrupts, PWM pins and multiple sleep modes.

 It is an open source design and there is an advantage of being

open source is that it has a large community of people using and

troubleshooting it. This makes it easy to help in debugging projects.

 It is a 16 MHz clock which is fast enough for most applications and

does not speeds up the microcontroller.

 It is very convenient to manage power inside it and it had a feature

of built-in voltage regulation. This can also be powered directly off a

USB port without any external power. You can connect an external

power source of upto 12v and this regulates it to both 5v and 3.3v.

 13 digital pins and 6 analog pins. This sort of pins allows you to

connect hardware to your Arduino Uno board externally. These pins

are used as a key for extending the computing capability of the

Arduino Uno into the real world. Simply plug your electronic devices

and sensors into the sockets that correspond to each of these pins

and you are good to go.

 This has an ICSP connector for bypassing the USB port and

interfacing the Arduino directly as a serial device. This port is

necessary to re-bootload your chip if it corrupts and can no longer

used to your computer.

 It has a 32 KB of flash memory for storing your code.

 An on-board LED is attached to digital pin 13 to make fast the

debugging of code and to make the debug process easy.

 Finally, it has a button to reset the program on the chip.

Arduino Uno microcontroller can sense the environment by receiving input

from a variety of sensors and can affect its surroundings by controlling

lights, motors, and other actuators. The microcontroller is programmed

using the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring) and the

Arduino development environment (based on Processing).

PROGRAMMING:

 The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-

platform application written in Java, and is derived from the IDE for

the Processing programming language and the Wiring projects

 The Arduino Uno board can be programmed with the Arduino

software.

 Select “Arduino Uno from the Tools > Board menu (according to the

microcontroller on your board).

 The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preburned with a

bootloader that allows you to upload new code to it without the use

of an external hardware programmer. It communicates using the

original STK500 protocol.

 You can also bypass the bootloader and program the

microcontroller through the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming)

header.

 The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 boards) firmware

source code is available.

LCD

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) screen is an electronic display module and

find a wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module

and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits. These

modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi

segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily

programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even custom

characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.

A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2

such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix.

This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data.

The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD.

A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like

initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling

display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD.

The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD.

Click to learn more about internal structure of a LCD.

DHT11 (Temperature and Humidity Sensor)

DHT11 Temperature & Humidity Sensor features a temperature &

humidity sensor complex with a calibrated digital signal output. By using

the exclusive digital-signal-acquisition technique and temperature &

humidity sensing technology, it ensures high reliability and excellent long-

term stability. This sensor includes a resistive-type humidity measurement

component and an NTC temperature measurement component, and

connects to a highperformance 8-bit microcontroller, offering excellent

quality, fast response, anti-interference ability and cost-effectiveness.

Each DHT11 element is strictly calibrated in the laboratory that is

extremely accurate on humidity calibration. The calibration coefficients are

stored as programmes in the OTP memory, which are used by the

sensor’s internal signal detecting process. The single-wire serial interface

makes system integration quick and easy. Its small size, low power

consumption and up-to-20 meter signal transmission making it the best

choice for various applications, including those most demanding ones.

The component is 4-pin single row pin package. It is convenient to

connect and special packages can be provided according to users’

request.

Technical Specifications:

Overview:

Detailed Specifications
Light Bulb

A light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric

light with a wire filament heated to such a high temperature that it glows

with visible light (incandescence). The filament is protected

from oxidation with a glass or fused quartz bulb that is filled with inert

gas or a vacuum. In a halogen lamp, filament evaporation is slowed by a

chemical process that redeposits metal vapor onto the filament, thereby

extending its life. The light bulb is supplied with electric current by feed-

through terminals or wires embedded in the glass. Most bulbs are used in

a socket which provides mechanical support and electrical connections.

Light bulbs are manufactured in a wide range of sizes, light output,

and voltage ratings, from 1.5 volts to about 300 volts. They require no

external regulating equipment, have low manufacturing costs, and work

equally well on either alternating current or direct current. As a result, the

incandescent bulb is widely used in household and commercial lighting,

for portable lighting such as table lamps, car headlamps, and flashlights,

and for decorative and advertising lighting.

Fans

An electric cooling fan is used in a wide variety of applications, from

electrical enclosure cooling fans to industrial cooling fans. These fans are

available in a range of sizes and air displacement capabilities. Small

cooling fans can be placed in spaces with little clearance. Thermostatic

controls determine the operation of equipment cooling fans and are used

in equipment ranging in size from computers to automotive engines.

Industrial cooling fans may be used with heat exchangers. When choosing

an electric cooling fan, consider the environment in which the fan is used

and the cubic foot per minute air displacement requirements. The

available voltage for the fan determines the motor suitable for the

task. Mounting requirements for electronics cooling may include the use

of additional brackets. Small industrial fans may be mounted inside

equipment enclosures. Power supplies frequently require the use of an

electronic fan.
JUMPING WIRES

A jump wire (also known as jumper wire, or jumper) is an electrical wire, or

group of them in a cable, with a connector or pin at each end (or

sometimes without them – simply "tinned"), which is normally used to

interconnect the components of a breadboard or other prototype or test

circuit, internally or with other equipment or components, without

soldering.

Individual jump wires are fitted by inserting their "end connectors" into the

slots provided in a breadboard, the header connector of a circuit board, or

a piece of test equipment.

RELAY MODULE

A relay is an electrically operated switch that can be turned on or off,

letting the current go through or not, and can be controlled with low

voltages, like the 5V provided by the Arduino pins.

Controlling a relay module with the Arduino is as simple as controlling any

other output as we’ll see later on.

BREADBOARD

A breadboard is used to make up temporary circuits for testing or to try

out an idea. No soldering is required so it is easy to change connections

and replace components. Parts are not damaged and can be re-used

afterwards.

POWER SUPPLY

A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to

an electrical load. The primary function of a power supply is to

convert electric current from a source to the correct voltage, current,

and frequency to power the load. As a result, power supplies are

sometimes referred to as electric power converters. Some power supplies

are separate standalone pieces of equipment, while others are built into

the load appliances that they power.

2.3. SOFTWARE

In making this project, the following software are used for designing,

programming of codes, simulation and testing and for the documentation

of the project:

A. Arduino Integrated Development Environment

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software

(IDE) - contains a text editor for writing code, a message area, a text

console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions and a series of

menus. It connects to the Arduino and Genuino hardware to upload

programs and communicate with them.

Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches. These

sketches are written in the text editor and are saved with the file extension

.ino. The editor has features for cutting/pasting and for searching/replacing

text. The message area gives feedback while saving and exporting and

also displays errors. The console displays text output by the Arduino

Software (IDE), including complete error messages and other information.

The bottom right hand corner of the window displays the configured board

and serial port. The toolbar buttons allow you to verify and upload

programs, create, open, and save sketches, and open the serial monitor.

B. SolidWorks

SolidWorks is a solid modeling computer-aided design (CAD)

and computer-aided engineering (CAE) computer program that runs

on Microsoft Windows. SolidWorks is published by Dassault Systèmes. It

is a solid modeler, and utilizes a parametric feature-based approach which

was initially developed by PTC (Creo/Pro-Engineer) to create models and

assemblies. The software is written on Parasolid-kernel.

Building a model in SolidWorks usually starts with a 2D sketch (although

3D sketches are available for power users). The sketch consists of

geometry such as points, lines, arcs, conics (except the hyperbola), and

splines. Dimensions are added to the sketch to define the size and

location of the geometry. Relations are used to define attributes such as

tangency, parallelism, perpendicularity, and concentricity. The parametric

nature of SolidWorks means that the dimensions and relations drive the

geometry, not the other way around. The dimensions in the sketch can be

controlled independently, or by relationships to other parameters inside or

outside of the sketch.

In an assembly, the analog to sketch relations are mates. Just as sketch

relations define conditions such as tangency, parallelism, and

concentricity with respect to sketch geometry, assembly mates define

equivalent relations with respect to the individual parts or components,

allowing the easy construction of assemblies. SolidWorks also includes

additional advanced mating features such as gear and cam follower

mates, which allow modeled gear assemblies to accurately reproduce the

rotational movement of an actual gear train.

Finally, drawings can be created either from parts or assemblies. Views

are automatically generated from the solid model, and notes, dimensions

and tolerances can then be easily added to the drawing as needed. The

drawing module includes most paper sizes and standards

(ANSI, ISO, DIN, GOST, JIS, BSI and SAC).

C. Microsoft Office Word and Powerpoint

-For the documentation and presentation of data and information,

these softwares are used.

2.4. Schematic Diagram