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Advanced Calculus: Topics in Vector Calculus

The document summarizes topics in vector calculus, including vector fields, line integrals, independence of path, Green's theorem, surface integrals, and applications such as flux. It provides examples and exercises on key concepts like evaluating line integrals, conservative fields and potential functions, divergence and curl, and the gradient, divergence and Laplacian operators.

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34 views36 pages

Advanced Calculus: Topics in Vector Calculus

The document summarizes topics in vector calculus, including vector fields, line integrals, independence of path, Green's theorem, surface integrals, and applications such as flux. It provides examples and exercises on key concepts like evaluating line integrals, conservative fields and potential functions, divergence and curl, and the gradient, divergence and Laplacian operators.

Uploaded by

nanauswatun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Advanced Calculus

TOPICS IN VECTOR
CALCULUS

Imam Jauhari Maknun

Agustus 2017
LEARNING OUTCOME MATA KULIAH - 1
 Mampu menurunkan dan menggunakan konsep dari vector calculus
dalam memecahkan masalah terapannya
TOPICS IN VECTORCALCULUS
1. VECTOR FIELDS
2. LINE INTEGRALS
3. INDEPENDENCE OF PATH; CONSERVATIVE
VECTOR FIELDS
4. GREEN’S THEOREM
5. SURFACE INTEGRALS
6. APPLICATIONS OF SURFACE INTEGRALS; FLUX
7. THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM
8. STOKES’ THEOREM
VECTOR FIELDS
VECTOR FIELDS
 According to Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation, the
Earth exerts an attractive force on the mass that is directed
toward the center of the Earth and has a magnitude that is
inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the
mass to the Earth’s center.

 This association of force vectors with points in space is called


the Earth’s gravitational field.
VECTOR FIELDS
 Imagine a stream in which the water flows horizontally at
every level, and consider the layer of water at a specific depth.
 At each point of the layer, the water has a certain velocity,
which we can represent by a vector at that point.

 This association of velocity vectors with points in the two-


dimensional layer is called the velocity field at that layer
VECTOR FIELDS
 Velocity vector fields showing San Francisco Bay wind
patterns
VECTOR FIELDS
VECTOR FIELDS
VECTOR FIELDS

 In a plane xy

 In 3-space with an xyz-coordinate system


VECTOR FIELDS

Vector field on R2 Vector field on R3


GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIONS OF VECTOR
FIELDS
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIONS OF
VECTOR FIELDS
A COMPACT NOTATION FOR VECTOR
FIELDS
 Sometimes it is helpful to denote the vector fields F(x, y) and
F(x, y, z) entirely in vector notation by identifying (x, y) with
the radius vector r = x i + y j and (x, y, z) with the radius
vector r = x i + y j + z k.

 With this notation a vector field in either 2-space or 3- space


can be written as F(r).

 When no confusion is likely to arise, we will sometimes omit


the r altogether and denote the vector field as F.
GRADIENT FIELDS
 An important class of vector fields arises from the process of
finding gradients.
 Recall that if ϕ is a function of three variables, then the
gradient of ϕ is defined as :

 This formula defines a vector field in 3-space called the


gradient field of ϕ.
 Similarly, the gradient of a function of two variables defines a
gradient field in 2-space
GRADIENT FIELDS
EXAMPLE
Find the gradient field of ϕ (x, y) = x + y.

Solution
The gradient of ϕ is
EXERCISE 1.1
Find the gradient field of :

1. f  x, y   5 y  x3 y 2

2. f  x, y   x 2  x3 y 2  y 4

3. f  x, y    x  1 2 y  1
xy 2
4. f  x, y, z   3
z
5. f  x, y, z   xy  3x  z pada (2,-1,4)
2 2 3

6. f  x, y, z   x2 z 2 sin 4 y pada (-2,π/3,1)


CONSERVATIVE FIELDS AND POTENTIAL
FUNCTIONS
If F(r) is an arbitrary vector field in 2-space or 3-space, we can
ask whether it is the gradient field of some function ϕ, and if so,
how we can find ϕ.
CONSERVATIVE FIELDS AND POTENTIAL
FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE
Confirm that ϕ is a potential function for F(r)

Solution

  x, y, z   2 xi  6 yj  8 zk
  F
DIVERGENCE AND CURL
Divergence
DIVERGENCE AND CURL
Curl (Rotational)
DIVERGENCE AND CURL
EXAMPLE
Find the divergence of the vector field

Solution
DIVERGENCE AND CURL
EXAMPLE
Find the curl of the vector field

Solution
THE ∇ OPERATOR
 Gradient

 Divergence

 Curl
THE LAPLACIAN ∇2
Laplacian operator

When applied to φ(x, y, z) the Laplacian operator produces the


function

Note that ∇2 ϕ can also be expressed as div (∇ ϕ).


EXERCISE 1.2
Find the divergence and the curl of the vector field

1 . F  x, y, z   xz i  yz j  xy k

2. F  x, y , z   4 xy i   2 x 2
 2 yz  
j  3 z 2
 y 2
k

3. F  x, y, z    x 2 y3  z 4  i  4 x5 y 2 z j - y 4 z 6 k

4. F  x, y, z   xe z i  4 yz 2 j + 3 y 4 e z k
LINE INTEGRALS
LINE INTEGRALS
 The first goal of this section is to define what it means to
integrate a function along a curve.
LINE INTEGRALS
EVALUATING LINE INTEGRALS
For a curve C in the xy-plane that is given by parametric equations
x = x(t), y = y(t) (a ≤ t ≤ b)

If C is a curve in 3-space that is parametrized by x = x(t), y = y(t), z


= z(t) (a ≤ t ≤ b)
EVALUATING LINE INTEGRALS
EXAMPLE
Evaluate the line integral

from (1, 0, 0) to (−1, 0, π) along the helix C that is represented by


the parametric equations x = cos t, y = sin t, z =t (0 ≤ t ≤ π)
EVALUATING LINE INTEGRALS
Solution
LINE INTEGRALS WITH RESPECT TO x, y, AND z
 We now describe a second type of line integral in which we
replace the “ds” in the integral by dx, dy, or dz.
LINE INTEGRALS WITH RESPECT TO x, y, AND z
EXAMPLE
Evaluate

along the circular arc C given by x = cos t, y = sin t (0 ≤ t ≤ π/2)


LINE INTEGRALS WITH RESPECT TO x, y, AND z
EXERCISE 2.1
1. Evaluate  2 xy dx ;  2 xy dy ;  2 xy ds on the curve C defined
C C C

by x  5 cos t ; y  5 sin t ; 0  t  
4
2. Evaluate  z dx ;  z dy ;  z dz ;  z ds on the curve C defined

C C C C

by x  cos t ; y  sin t ; z  t ; 0  t 
2
3. Evaluate  xy dx  x 2 dy , where C is given by y  x3 ;  1  x  2
C

4. Evaluate  y dx  x dy  z dz ,
C

where C is the helix x  2 cos t ; y  2 sin t ; z  t ; 0  t  


4

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