Group 5

11/28/2017
Amor, Aira Czamyr Geria, Faith Marie
Cajurao, Mark Louise Pacto, Rowena
de los Reyes, Daniel Vinluan, Titus Jasper

Plumbing Materials, Traps, Ventilation, Fixtures and Installation

I. Plumbing Materials

 PIPE
- Pipes refer to different tubular materials with varying size, material and other features used for different specific
applications in plumbing. The most commonly used pipes in plumbing include:
o cast iron
o galvanized steel
o galvanized iron
o PVC pipes
- These types of pipes are used for drainage, vent systems and water.

 FITTINGS
- Fittings are links with different sizes used to connect, divide, divert or return the flow of water in different pieces of pipes
with or without a change in the pipe direction. Their sizes and material vary depending on the size of the pipes they are
connecting.

 INSULATING MATERIALS
- These are materials used to for thermal regulation to prevent pipe systems from losing heat where it is necessary.
Similarly, insulating materials are used to safeguard residents from burns and other associated risks. Common materials
used for insulation in plumbing include asbestos, cork, hair and wool felt and other mineral insulators such as mineral wool
and mica.

 LEAD
- Lead is another versatile plumbing material. You are likely to encounter lead pipes in most plumbing installations. Different
types of lead such as molten lead and sheet lead are used for different applications. For instance, sheet lead is utilized as
a waterproof material while molten lead is an essential material for sealing of joints especially in cast iron pipes.

 VITRIFIED CLAY PIPE

- This is a common material used in sewer systems. It is most preferred because plumbers find it easier to make it in larger
sizes and can also withstand nearly all forms of corrosion.

 HANGERS
- Hangers are basically pipe supporters. They are used to support pipes especially those running along the ceilings or walls.
They are either bought in different shapes and sizes or can simply be improvised from lumbar frames or iron piping. They
are important in maintaining the running of long piping without weakening at the joints or sagging.

 HARDWARE
- During plumbing you may require different hardware supplies such as nails, screws, gaskets etc. Most of these hardware
supplies are made of iron, steel and rubber and are used for different functions depending o the specific plumbing
function.

 FLEXROCK PACKING
- Flexrock packing is a metallic self-lubricating, self-forming pack. It is mostly used for sealing of the junctions of pipes that
are imperfect or which are vulnerable to leaking. It can also be used to stop leaking in the deck faucet, slip joint
connections, radiator valves etc.

 OAKUM
- This is a loose, stringy fiber used for packing joints and seam when caulking. Oakum is forced into the jointed pipe hubs
with caulking irons in order to form a seal before leading.
 COPPER TUBING
- This tubing is used to effectively convey cold and hot water because it is resistant to corrosion unless it is attacked by
water-soluble gases. Both brass and bronze pipes are preferred for this function especially where corrosion is likely to
occur.

II. TRAPS AND VENTILATION

A. Ventilation
- Ventilation is the process by which ‘clean’ air (normally outdoor air) is intentionally provided to a space and stale air is
removed. This may be accomplished by either natural or mechanical means. It is mainly used to control indoor air
quality by diluting and displacing indoor pollutants; it can also be used for purposes of thermal comfort or dehumidification.
The correct introduction of ambient air will help to achieve desired indoor comfort levels although the measure of which
varies from individual to individual.

B. Importance of Ventilation
- Ventilation is perhaps the single most important element of an HVAC system. It influences air quality and energy efficiency,
and proper ventilation controls odors, dilutes gases (such as carbon dioxide), and inhibits the spread of respiratory
diseases.
- Ventilation is critical to home comfort. Proper ventilation prevents air pollutants from affecting the health of you and your
family. Not only that, having airflow in your home can get rid of any unwanted smells, such as from cooking or pets. It is
also good to have an airflow that is uninterrupted, as anything blocking the air flow in your home can cause damage to
both your home and your health.

C. Kinds of Ventilations
1. Mechanical ventilations - Mechanical ventilation uses fans to drive the flow of subaerial air into a building. This may be
accomplished by pressurization (in the case of positively pressurized buildings), or by depressurization (in the case of
exhaust ventilation systems). Many mechanically ventilated buildings use a combination of both, with the ventilation
being integrated into the HVAC system.

2. Natural Ventilation - Natural ventilation is the intentional passive flow of subaerial air into a building through planned
openings (such as louvers, doors, and windows). Natural ventilation does not require mechanical systems to move
subaerial air, it relies entirely on passive physical phenomena, such as diffusion, wind pressure, or the stack effect.
The benefits of natural ventilation include:
- Improved Indoor air quality (IAQ)
- Energy savings
- Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
- Occupant control
- Reduction in occupant illness associated with Sick Building Syndrome
- Increased worker productivity

3. Mixed mode ventilation - systems use both mechanical and natural processes. The mechanical and natural
components may be used in conjunction with each other or separately at different times of day or season of the
year. Since the natural component can be affected by unpredictable environmental conditions it may not always
provide an appropriate amount of ventilation. In this case, mechanical systems may be used to supplement or to
regulate the naturally driven flow.

D. TRAPS
- Traps are defined as fittings at the end of soil pipes or waste pipes to prevent foul gases coming out of the soil
pipe/waste pipe. They are an integral part of modern sanitary system, being designed to retain a small quantity of the
waste water from the discharge of fitting to which they are attached as a barrier to prevent foul air entering the building.
Traps should be self-cleaning, that is to say, they should be designed so that their walls are scoured by the discharging
water. One of the advantages of modern traps constructed of plastic materials is the ease with which they may be
dismantled for cleaning.

TRAP SHAPES
There are various shapes used for traps, the 3 most common are the following:

1. The P-Trap
 P-traps are usually installed under the sinks in the bathroom and kitchens. A P-trap is a
plumbing fixture that has several purposes. It traps debris that has drained from the sink and
prevents it from forming a clog deep within the plumbing system, and to stops sewer gases from
passing into the home.

2. The S-Trap
An S-shaped trap is also known as an S-bend. It basically consists of a normal trap, and then
another trap installed right up against it in an upside-down fashion

3. The Q-Trap
This trap is used in toilet under water closet. It is almost similar to S trap and is used in upper
storey other than ground floor

4. Other Traps
a. Nahni Traps
b. Intercepting Traps
c. Gully Traps

III. FIXTURES AND INSTALLATIONS

How to Install Plumbing in a New Home

- Plumbing works on the simple concept of “water in -- water out.” In a new home, the plumbing system
features three main components, the water supply system, the drainage system and the
appliance/fixture set. In most communities, in order to install plumbing, you must be a licensed plumber
or you must work under a licensed plumber who approves and oversees your work. Local codes
determine standard plumbing procedures, but a new home’s fixture placement, pipe routing diagram
and pipe size depends on the home’s individual layout.
Installation Timetable
-Sewer accommodation stubs are set before pouring the concrete foundation, but the bulk of the
plumbing takes place later. The rough-in plumbing phase, which occurs in conjunction with the wiring
and duct installation phase, takes place after the framing is complete, but before hanging drywall. This
is the time to install main drains in floors and connect them to the stack. Rough-in drain fittings install
now for sinks and tubs. This is also the time to install water supply pipes or tubing and set toilet flanges.
Water Supply System
-The main pressurized water supply line enters the house below frost line, then splits into two lines; one
supplies cold water and the other connects to the hot water heater. From there, the two lines supply hot
and cold water to each fixture or appliance. Some homes have a water supply manifold system
featuring a large panel with red valves on one side and blue valves on the other side. Each valve
controls an individual hot or cold tube that supplies water to a fixture. Using a manifold system makes it
simple to shut off the supply of water to one fixture without shutting off water supply to the whole house.
Drainage Pipes
-A main vent-and-soil stack, which is typically 4 inches in diameter, runs vertically from beneath the
ground floor to above the roofline. Waste drains connect to the stack, directing waste downward to the
main sewer drain, which then exits the home below frost line and ties into the municipal sewer system
or runs to a personal septic system.
Vent Pipes
-Without a constant source of air, water locks can form in drainpipes, causing clogs. All drains require
ventilation, but a single vent, usually installed behind a sink, can serve additional fixtures and
appliances that connect within 10 feet of a common drain line. Vent pipes, which are generally 2 inches
in diameter, connect to the vent-and-soil stack in the attic. When a fixture sits too far from a common
vent, it requires an additional vent pipe, which connects to the stack or exits the roof separately,
depending on the home’s layout.