EDM17B032

EXPERIMENT 3: Amplitude Modulation & Demodulation Using MATLAB & MultiSim

Aim: To realize amplitude modulation schemes {DSBFC, DSBSC, SSBSC} using MATLAB and Multisim and analyse the
outputs.

Apparatus Required: MATLAB Software, Multisim Software.

Theory:
Modulation: It is a process of changing the characteristics of the wave to be transmitted by superimposing
the message signal on the high frequency signal.

In amplitude modulation, the amplitude of the carrier wave is varied in proportion to the message signal, and
the other factors like frequency and phase remain constant.

c(t)=Ac cos(2*pi*fc*t) ------------------Carrier Signal m(t)=Am

cos(2*pi*fm*t)----------------Message signal

Modulated Signal:
s(t)=Ac[1+𝝁cos(2*pi*fm*t)]*cos(2*pi*fc*t)

Where 𝝁 is modulation index =Am/Ac

Am=(Amax-Amin)/2
Ac=(Amax+Amin)/2

=>Based on based on modulation index, there are

Critical modulation Over
modulation Under modulation.
UNDER MODULATION:(𝝁<1)
 EDM17B032

There are 3 types of modulation techniques:

1.DSBFC (Double side band full carrier):

S(t)=Ac[1+𝝁cos(2*pi*fm*t)]*cos(2*pi*fc*t)
=Ac cos(2*pi*fc*t) +𝝁Ac cos(2*pi*fm*t)*cos(2*pi*fc*t)
=Ac cos(2*pi*fc*t) +(𝝁Ac/2) cos(2*pi*(fm+fc)*t)+(𝝁Ac/2)cos(2*pi*(fc-fm)*t)

DSBFC transmission is inefficient. Because, two-thirds of the power is being wasted in the carrier, which carries
no information.

2.DSBSC (Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier system):

If carrier is suppressed and the saved power is distributed to the two sidebands, then such a process is called as
or simply DSBSC.

s(t)=m(t)c(t)---------Modulated signal

S(t)=Am*Ac cos(2*pi*fm*t)*cos(2*pi*fc*t) s(t)=Am*Ac/2(cos[2π(fc+fm)t]+cos[2π(fc−fm)t]).

The following demodulators (detectors) are used for demodulating DSBSC wave.
● Coherent Detector
● Costas Loop

Coherent Detector

Here, the same carrier signal (which is used for generating DSBSC signal) is used to detect the message signal.
Hence, this process of detection is called as coherent or synchronous detection. Following is the block diagram
of the coherent detector.
 EDM17B032

Demodulated signal :

v(t)=s(t)*c(t)
where c(t)=Ac cos(2*pi*Fc*t)

After passing v(t) through a Low pass filter.

We get the desired output
Vo(t)=(Ac^2/2)*m(t).

Costas Loop

Costas loop is used to make both the carrier signal (used for DSBSC modulation) and the locally generated signal
in phase. Following is the block diagram of Costas loop.

3.SSBSC(Single side band suppressed carrier system):

The process of suppressing one of the sidebands along with the carrier and transmitting a single sideband is
called as Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier system or simply SSBSC.
 EDM17B032

c(t)=Ac cos(2*pi*fc*t) -----------------------Carrier Signal m(t)=Am

cos(2*pi*fm*t)---------------------Message signal

s(t)=Am*Ac/2(cos[2π(fc+fm)t]).--------USB Modulated signal s(t)=Am*Ac/2(cos[2π(fc-fm)t]).--------LSB Modulated

signal DEMODULATION:

v(t)=c(t)*m(t)
Demodulated Output:
Vo(t)=(Ac^2/2)*m(t).

MATLAB Implementation:
Modulation:
1) Double Sideband Full Carrier (DSBSC):
MATLAB Code:
t=0:0.0001:0.1;
t1=0:0.0001:0.01;
freq=-500:500;
fc=1000;
f=50;
in=cos(2*pi*f*t);
car=cos(2*pi*fc*t);
car1=cos(2*pi*fc*t1);
modl=car+0.5*(car.*in);
subplot(3,2,1)
plot(t,in)
title('EDM30,32')
xlabel('t');
ylabel('Input Message');
subplot(3,2,2)
plot(t1,car1)
xlabel('t');
ylabel('Carrier');
subplot(3,2,3)
plot(t,modl)
xlabel('t');
 EDM17B032
ylabel('Modulated Signal');
spec=fft(modl);
subplot(3,2,4)
plot(freq,abs(spec))
xlabel('f');
ylabel('spectrum');
spec1=fft(in);
subplot(3,2,5);
plot(freq,spec1)
xlabel('frequency');
ylabel('Input Spectrum');

Output:
a) Under Modulation (u=0.4):

b) Critical Modulation (u=1)

 EDM17B032
c) Over Modulation (u=5):

Inferences:
 In under modulation case, the minimum amplitude of modulated signal is >0 and there is no phase shift.
 In critical modulation case, the minimum amplitude of modulated signal is =0.
 In over modulation case, there is phase shift of 1800 at the point where message amplitude falls to zero.

2) Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC):

MATLAB Code:
t=0:0.0001:0.1;
freq=-500:500;
fc=1000;
f=50;
in=cos(2*pi*f*t);
car=cos(2*pi*fc*t);
modl=in.*car;
subplot(3,2,1)
plot(t,in)
xlabel('t');
ylabel('input');
title('dsbsc EDM30,32');
subplot(3,2,2)
plot(t,car)
xlabel('t');
ylabel('carrier');
subplot(3,2,3)
plot(t,modl)
xlabel('t');
ylabel('Modulated Signal');
spec=fft(modl);
subplot(3,2,4)
xlabel('frequency');
ylabel('Modulated spectrum');
spec1=fft(in);
plot(freq,abs(spec))
subplot(3,2,5)
plot(freq,abs(spec1));
xlabel('Frequeny');
ylabel('input Spectrum');
 EDM17B032

Inferences:
The spectrum consists of two sidebands and the band at carrier frequency is actually suppressed. This actually
prevents loss of energy as the carrier doesn’t carry any information. It is just used to increase the frequency of
message and then transmit.

3) Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier (SSBSC):

MATLAB Code:

Inferences:
Here, both the spectrum at carrier frequency as well as one of the sidebands gets suppressed (based on the choice
of carrier signal). This reduces the energy loss further better than DSBSC.
Since the information contained in both of the sidebands is same, supressing one of them doesn’t create any
problems.
 EDM17B032
Demodulation:
1) DSBFC:
MATLAB CODE:
t=0:0.0001:0.1;
freq=-500:500;
freq1=-100:0.2:100;
fm=100;
fc=1000;
n=-5:5;
in=(cos(2*pi*fm*t));
car=(cos(2*pi*fc*t));
modl=(1+in).*car;
fin=modl.*car;
b= sinc((2*n*fm)/1000)/(5);
demodl = filter(b,1,fin);
spec3=fft(fin);
spec4=fft(demodl);
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(t,fin)
xlabel('t');
ylabel('Filter input');
title('DSBFC Demod EDM 30,32');
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(t,demodl)
xlabel('t');
ylabel('Filter output');
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(freq,abs(spec3))
xlabel('freq');
ylabel('Filter in Spectrum');
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(freq1,abs(spec4))
xlabel('freq');
ylabel('Filter out Spec');

a) Critical Demodulation (u=1):

 EDM17B032

b) Under Demodulation (u=0.2):

c) Over Demodulation (u=5):

Inferences:
 In under modulation, since there is no phase shift observed in modulated wave, the message signal can be
extracted by using a low pass filter with suitable cut off frequency.
 In the case of critical modulation, the message signal can be extracted by using synchronous detector.
 Even in the case of over modulation, the message signal can be extracted by using synchronous detector.
Here, envelope detector can’t be used due to the occurrence of phase shift.
 EDM17B032
2) DSBSC Demodulation:
MATLAB CODE:
t=0:0.0001:0.1;
freq=-500:500;
freq1=-100:0.2:100;
fm=100;
fc=1000;
n=-5:5;
in=(cos(2*pi*fm*t));
car=(cos(2*pi*fc*t));
modl=in.*car;
fin=modl.*car;
b= sinc((2*n*fm)/1000)/(5);
demodl = filter(b,1,fin);
spec3=fft(fin);
spec4=fft(demodl);
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(t,fin)
xlabel('t');
ylabel('Filter input');
title('DSBSC Demod EDM 30,32');
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(t,demodl)
xlabel('t');
ylabel('Filter output');
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(freq,abs(spec3))
xlabel('freq');
ylabel('Filter in Spectrum');
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(freq1,abs(spec4))
xlabel('freq');
ylabel('Filter out Spec');

Inferences:
Using synchronous detector, the message signal can be extracted from demodulated wave. The filter output is a
scaled version of message signal whereas its frequency spectrum matches with that of input frequency spectrum.
 EDM17B032
3) SSBSC Demodulation:
MATLAB CODE:
t=0:0.0001:0.1;
freq=-500:500;
freq1=-100:0.2:100;
fm=100;
fc=1000;
n=-5:5;
in=(cos(2*pi*fm*t));
car=(cos(2*pi*fc*t));
modl=0.5*cos(2*pi*(fc-fm)*t);
fin=modl.*car;
b= sinc((2*n*fm)/1000)/(5);
demodl = filter(b,1,fin);
spec3=fft(fin);
spec4=fft(demodl);
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(t,fin)
xlabel('t');
ylabel('Filter input');
title('SSBSC LSB Demod EDM 30,32');
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(t,demodl)
xlabel('t');
ylabel('Filter output');
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(freq,abs(spec3))
xlabel('freq');
ylabel('Filter in Spectrum');
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(freq1,abs(spec4))
xlabel('freq');
ylabel('Filter out Spec');

Inferences:
Even in this case, a low pass filter is used to filter out higher frequencies and extract message from the modulated
wave. The frequency spectrum of modulated wave in this case depends on the choice of carrier wave. However, the
filter output wave has a frequency same as that of input. Even here, the output is a scaled version of input.
 EDM17B032
Multisim Implementation:
Circuit Diagram:

Graphs:
Modulated Signal:

Demodulated Signal:
 EDM17B032

Inferences:
In the circuit shown above, the modulation index depends on the bias of the bjt. The voltage across
the load resistance gives the modulated signal which when passed through diode RC pair (Which acts as
envelop detector) gives the demodulated wave which resembles the message signal.

Result:
The amplitude modulation schemes (DSBFC, DSBSC, SSBSC) are realized using MATLAB and multisim
softwares. The effect of modulation index in the case of DSBFC is also analysed. The corresponding
demodulation using synchronous detector is also realized.