Lesson 15

Drawing of Conclusions

Conclusion

Conclusion is a Type of inferential or interpretative thinking that derives its

validity, truthfulness, or reasonableness from your sensory experience. The experience
of your five senses may lead to a particular conclusion. The results of your experience
are factual data to support the truthfulness of your conclusion.

Drawing Conclusion

Drawing conclusions is your next move after analyzing you have gathered. The
factual data you encountered and analyzed makes you form a conclusion. Any
conclusions drawn from facts or statements resulting from logical thinking rather than
another assumption, prediction, or generalization are the only ones included in the
conclusion section of your paper. (Decilo 2014)

Warranted conclusion are the collected data of your analysis through what you
found out that explains how the evidence or findings resulting from data analysis stands
to prove or disprove your conclusion. And the best kind of proof to back up your
conclusion is the one that is factual and logical or by the correct reasoning. Excluding
warrants from this section of your paper reserved specially for stating conclusions about
your findings make your readers cast doubts about the credibility of your conclusion.
(Thomas 2013, 38).

Research is about discovering things and engaging yourself in an exchange of

theoretically supported ideas with those in the academic world. And all the discoveries
in your conclusion section must be stated. It is not merely making your conclusions
visible but also making these related to the claims of varied research studies and written
works you’ve subjected to your RRL. Creating a link between your RRL indicates the
ability of your paper to expand any existing knowledge about tour research. (Harding
2013).

As a member of academic institution, debate or argue with others on some

principles in any area of knowledge, you have to write the conclusion section of your
paper with conviction. Convince the validity of your feelings to prove your conclusions,
confidently state how your conclusions work to contradict existing theories, correlative
assumptions, and published works. Your conclusion must obviously provide sufficient
evidence to justify their alignment with or its supports for recent theories and findings.
Importantly, conclusions must present your judgment of the truthfulness of your findings
and your assets of their capacity answer positively or negatively your research
questions. (Silverman 2013; Morgan 2014)
 Lesson 16

Reporting and Sharing the Findings

Structure or Format of the Research Report

1. Title

The title gives information and description of the subject matter of the
research.

2. Abstract

The abstract concisely discusses the essential aspects of your paper such
as the background of the problem, objectives, significance, research design, data
collection technique, data analysis method, discussion of the findings, scope,
conclusions, among others.

3. Introduction

This part explains the background of the research problem, states a set of
specific research questions, and of optical hypotheses or assumptions.

4. Method

This section explains the types and sources of data as well as the method
you used in collecting and analyzing the data you have gathered.

5. Findings

Present as findings of your study those that you have analyzed and
commented on.

6. Discussion and Conclusion

Findings resulting from thematically gathered and analyzed data with the
capacity of leading you to valid conclusion are explained in this section.
 7. Recommendations

To broaden the readers’ knowledge and understanding of the area

covered the research, recommended or let the readers positively consider some
activities they can possibly do not extend, modify, replicate, or validate the
findings of your research work.

8. References

Follow a standard documentary style . Alphabetize, identify, and list down

in this section all sources of knowledge you used carrying out your study.

9. Appendix

This contains copies of table, questionnaires, interview rates, observation

checklist, and other materials that are indispensable or necessary in completing
your research study.

Referencing Your Research

It means directing your readers to the exact sources of data or information stated
in your report, particularly those stated in the RRL. There are several styles of referring
your research, namely, Harvardian, Vancouver, Turibian, APA, and MLA.

Many prefer using the last two styles. The following are important things you have to
know about these commonly used referencing styles.

MLA Style

MLA stands for Modern Language Association and it has this other name,
Humanities Style. This style is often used in literature, history, and arts. There are notes
called footnotes when they are printed at the foot of the page; notes or endnotes when
they are printed at the back of the book, at the end of the chapter, or at the end of the
article in a journal. The notes consisting of explanations or elaborations of the
discussions in the text are called substantive or discursive notes.
Example of Substantive or Discursive Notes

The CAS of U.P. Diliman has a different version of K-12 Curriculum. (Jaime Tamayo.
Globalization vs. K-12 Curriculum. Quezon City: U.P. Press, 2016, pp.. 56-65) Find an
expanded discussion of this in ( Luis Hizon. Changes in the Philippine Educational
System. Manila: Abaya Publishing Co. 2017, pp. 78-90)

Example of End Notes

p. 20 3.89 Fredo Gomez, Language and Culture in “On Intercultural Competence,” p.

68.

Under MLA system, the items in the bibliography are arranged alphabetically. For
a bibliography entry, write the book information in this order: full author’s surname and
first name, title of the book, place of publication, publisher, and date of publication.

Use the following punctuation marks for every entry under this system: period
after the author’s name and title; colon after the place of publication; comma after the
publisher and after the volume and number if it is a periodical material. End every entry
with period. Underline or italicize the title with all the content words in such title
capitalized. For periodicals, enclose the title of the article with quotation marks.

For MLA documentary notes, the same number and arrangement of the pieces of
the book information as those bibliography; only that, in notes, write the author before
his or her family name.

Citations or in-text citations under MLA system just require the presence of the
family name of the author plus number of pages where the information is found.

Abbreviations are commonly use in documenting data through the MLA system.
These are some examples of abbreviation.

Art., And arts. Article, articles

C. copyright

ca. circa

chap., and chaps Chapter, chapters

Example of MLA Style

1. Citation or In-text Citation

(Lizardo 257)

(Fortun et al. 234-250)

2. Documentary Notes

The same as the entries in a bibliography or references, except that, here, the
first name precedes the family name of the author.

Josie Cruz, G. Mt. Pinatubo Quezon City: GB Press. 2016.

3. Bibliography/References

Author

Cruz, Josie A. Mt. Pinatubo Lahar. (Quezon City: GB Press. 2016).

Editor, Translator, Compiler with an Author

Parayno, Gabriel. F. Philippine Politics. Edited by Kay

Organization, Association, or Corporation as Author

International Monetary Fund, Survey of Asian Economies. Vol. 6, Malaysia,

Thailand, Indonesia and Philippines (New York International Monetary Fund,
2008).

No Ascertainable Publication Facts

Carmona, Lory. The Marcos Regine. (n.p., n.d.)

Popular Magazines

Suratos, Mila. “The Ilocano dishes,” Panorama, March 2016, pp. 23-26.

Newspapers

News items from daily papers are rarely listed in bibliography.

 Interviews

Interviews are best cited in text or notes.

Barcelo, Felicitas. “Laguna de Bay: Inteviw with Felicitas Barcelo.” By Gloria

De la Cruz. The Manila BUlleyin, 4 August 2016

Theses, Dissertations, and Other Unpublished Works

Villar, Rosalina. D. “Modern Language Theories” (Ph. D diss., U.P. Diliman,

2016)

Reference Books: Encyclopedia, dictionary, Almanac, Indexes, etc.

Well-known reference books are usually not listed in bibliographies.

Slides and Film’s Videocassettes

Arnaiz, Earl A. “Room for Rent” (Manila: SSG Press, 2016) filmstrip.

Online Materials

1. Signed article in a magazine

Davis, Robert. “Email Craze.” Interactions. July 2016.

http://www.inter.com/jol/labor.htm/ .

2. Unsigned article in a magazine

“Power Interview.” Business Trends Magazine. August 2016.

http://www.BusTRendscom/Bus Trends/Trends/ctshoot.html.

3. Article journal

“Systematic Functional Grammar.” English Forum. 38.7 (2016). 18 May

2016.
http://www.jhu.edu/EnglishStudiesJournal/vol.83/83.1strethson.html.

4. Article in newspaper

Leonardo, Jerome. “Japan and the 2009 Tsunami.” New Daily Life
Star. 21 December 2017. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/26 worlds/28
MIDE. Html.

5. An Editorial
 “Vatican City:Pope’s Residence.” Editorial Philippine Daily Inquirer.
July 7, 2016. http://www.a-pinq.com/ed/2016/24/po4.html.

6. Online Books

Litchten, Feona D. American Pragmatics Organizations. ?(2014). 2nd

AMPARA Conference/Photos
http:androgers.smugmug.com/Linguist/AMPRA-2.

7. CD-ROM/Diskette

“Maharishi.” The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD-ROM. Oxford

UP, 2017.

APA Style

The APA (American Psychological Association) is also called Author-Date Style.

This is often used by researchers in the field of natural science and social sciences.
APA uses space and time. However, nowadays, for economic reasons, more and more
researchers, regardless of their area of specialization, prefer to use the APA style.

There are two parts of the APA referencing style, the in-text citation or citation
and reference list. The first part, which enclosed in parenthesis, is found in the body of
the text; the second part, at the end of the book. APA style gives only brief information
in the citation, but gives full bibliographical details in the reference list.

The references are arranged alphabetically. For each entry under title,
references, write the book info. In this order: full author’s surname and first name and
middle name initials (optional), date of publication, title of the book or periodical, place
of publication, and the publisher. If there are several Entries written by the same author,
to avoid repetition of names, use 3 em dash in place of the first name.

Use the following punctuation marks: period after the author’s name and title;
colon after the place of publication; comma after the publisher and after volume and
number if it is periodical material. End every entry with period. Initialize the title and
capitalize only initial word of title. For periodicals, enclose the title of the article with
quotation marks but underline the title.

Citations or in-text citations under the APA system make you write inside the
parentheses only the family name of the author; followed by the year of publication, and
if some words are copied verbatim; next is the number of page where the copied words
of the author is found.

Examples of APA Referencing Style

1. Citation or In-text Citation

(Lizardo,2016) (Millare,2017)

2. Bibliography/References

Author

Fajardo, J. A. 2016. The Ebola Virus. Quezon City: GB Press.

Editor, Translator, Compiler

Pareja, G. f. 2016. Ed. Pacquio’s lucky charm. Manila: PH Press

Editor, Translator, Compiler with an Author

Clemente, J. S. 2016. Pope Francis’ papal visits. Translated by Carina Davalos.

Makati City: Rex Press.

Organization, Association, or Corporation as Author

International Monetary Fund, 2008. Survey of Asian Economies. Vol. 6,

Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and Philippines New York International Monetary
Fund.

No Ascertainable Publication Facts

Soriano, D. Western la school. (n.p., m.d.)

Popular Magazines

Olarte, A. May 8, 2016. “Catholicism in Asia” World Mission P. 8.

Newspapers

Malaya. 2016. Editorial, 18 July.

Interviews

Ballesteros, F. April 2016. “K-12 curriculum: Interview with Felicitas.

Theses, Dissertations, and Other Unpublished Works

Villarica, R. D. 2016. “Contemporary Language Theories.” Ph. D. diss., U.P. Diliman.

Slides and Film’s Videocassettes

Arenas, E. A. 2017. “Philippine Rental Laws.” Manila: SSG Press. Filmstrip.

Online Materials

1. Signed article in a magazine

Duterte, R. July 2016. “ Social-media networks.” Personality growth.

http://www.inter.com/Jol/labor.htm.

2. Unsigned article in a magazine

“Unstructured interview. August 2016. “ Business Trends Magazine.

http://www.BusTRendscom/Bus Trends/ Trends/ctshoot.htmlz.

3. Article journal

“Linguistic competence. 18 May 2016.” English Forum. http://www.jhu.edu/English

Studies Journal/vol.83/83.1 stenthson.html.

4. Article in newspaper

Lepato, J. “globalization vs. climate change.” 21 December 2016. New Daily Life
Star. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/26 worlds/28 MIDE.

5. An Editorial

“Political Dynasty in the Philippines. 7 July 2016.” Editorial. Philippine Daily

Inquirer.. http://www.a-pinq.com/ed/2016/24/po4.html.