Summary of Normal Laboratory Values

Summary of the different normal laboratory values. You can learn more
about each diagnostic testing in the sections ahead.

Erythrocyte Studies

 Red Blood Cell Count (RBC): Male adult: 4.5 – 6.2 million/mm3 ;
Female adult: 4.5 – 5.0 million/mm3

 Hemoglobin (Hgb): Male: 14-16.5 g/dL; Female: 12-15 g/dL

 Hematocrit (Hct): Male: 42 – 52%; Female: 35 – 47%

 Mean corpuscular volume (MCV): 78 – 100 μm3 (male) 78 – 102

μm3 (female)

 Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH): 25 – 35pg

 Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC): 31 – 37%

 Serum iron: Male: 65 – 175 mcg/dL; Female: 50 – 170 mcg/dL

 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR): 0 – 30 mm/hour (value may

vary depending on age)

White Blood Cells and Differential

 White Blood Cell (WBC) Count: 4,500 to 11,000 cells/mm³

 Neutrophils: 55 – 70% or 1,800 to 7,800 cells/mm³

 Lymphocytes: 20 – 40% or 1,000 to 4,800 cells/mm³

 Monocytes: 2 – 8% or 0.0 to 800 cells/mm³

 Eosinophils: 1 – 4% or 0.0 to 450 cells/mm³

 Basophils: 0–2% or 0.0 to 200 cells/mm³

 Bands: 0–2 % or 0.0 to 700 cells/mm³

Coagulation Studies

 Platelet count (PLT): 150,000 to 400,000 cells/mm³

 Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT): 20 to 60 seconds,

depending on the type of activator used.

 Prothrombin time (PT): 11 – 13 seconds

 Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT): 25 – 35 seconds

 International Normalized Ratio (INR): The INR standardizes the PT

ratio and is calculated in the laboratory setting by raising the
observed PT ratio to the power of the international sensitivity index
specific to the thromboplastin reagent used.

 Fibrinogen: 203 – 377 mg/dL

 Bleeding time: 1 to 3 minutes (Duke method), 3 to 6 minutes (Ivy

method)

 D-Dimer: < 500 ng/mL

Serum Electrolytes

 Potassium (K+): 3.5 – 5.0 mEq/L

 Sodium (Na+): 135-145 mEq/L

 Chloride (Cl-): 95 – 105 mEq/L

 Calcium (Ca+):

o Total calcium: 4.5 – 5.5 mEq/L (8.5 to 10.5 mg/dL)

o Ionized calcium: 2.5 mEq/L (4.0 – 5.0 mg/dL) 56% of total

calcium

 Phosphorus (P): 1.8 – 2.6 mEq/L (2.7 to 4.5 mg/dL)

 Magnesium (Mg): 1.6 to 2.6 mg/dL

 Serum Osmolality: 280 to 300 mOsm/kg

  Serum bicarbonate: 22 to 29 mEq/L

Renal Function Studies

 Creatinine (Cr): 0.6 to 1.3 mg/dL

 Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): 8 to 25 mg/dL

Glucose Studies

 Glucose:

o Glucose, fasting: 70 – 110 mg/dL

o Glucose, monitoring: 60 – 110 mg/dL

o Glucose, 2-hr postprandial: < 140mg/dL

 Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT)

o 70 – 110 mg/dL (baseline fasting)

o 110 – 170 mg/dL (30 minute fasting)

o 120 – 170 mg/dL (60 minute fasting)

o 100 – 140 mg/dL (90 minute fasting)

o 70 – 120 mg/dL (120 minute fasting)

 Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)

o 7% or lower (good control of diabetes)

o 7% to 8% (fair control of diabetes)

o Higher than 8 % (poor control of diabetes)

 Diabetes Mellitus autoantibody panel: Less than 1:4 titer with no

antibody detected

Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs)

 Arterial blood pH: 7.35 – 7.45

  Oxygen saturation (SaO2): >95%

 Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2): 35 – 45 mmHg

 Partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2): 80 – 100 mmHg

 Bicarbonate (HCO3): 22 – 26 mEq/L

Liver Function Tests

 Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT):

o Male: 10 to 55 units/L

o Female: 7 to 30 units/L

 Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST):

o Male: 10 – 40 units/L

o Female: 9 – 25 units/L

 Total bilirubin: 0.3 – 1.0 mg/dL

 Direct bilirubin (conjugated): 0.0 to 0.2 mg/dL

 Indirect bilirubin (unconjugated): 0.1 to 1 mg/dL; Critical level: >

12 mg/dL

 Albumin: 3.4 to 5 g/dL

 Ammonia: 35 – 65 mcg/dL (adult)

 Amylase: 25 to 151 units/L

 Lipase: 10 to 140 units/L

 Protein: 6 to 8 g/dL

Lipoprotein Profile

 Cholesterol: Less than 200 mg/dL

 High-density lipoprotein (HDL): 30 to 70 mg/dL

  Low density lipoprotein (LDL): Less than 130 mg/dL

 Triglycerides: Less than 150 mg/dL

Cardiac Markers and Serum Enzymes

 Creatine kinase (CK)

o Male: 38 – 174 U/L

o Female: 26 – 140 U/L

 Creatinine kinase isoenzymes

o CK-MM: 95% – 100% of total

o CK-MB: 0% – 5% of total

o CK-BB: 0%

 Myoglobin: 5–70 ng/mL

 Troponin:

o Troponin: Less than 0.04 ng/mL; above 0.40 ng/mL may

indicate MI

o Troponin T: Greater than 0.1 to 0.2 ng/mL may indicate MI

o Troponin I: Less than 0.6 ng/mL; >1.5 ng/mL

indicates myocardial infarction

 Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP): 22 to 27 pg/mL

 Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP): less than 100 pg/mL

 C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP): reference range provided with

results should be reviewed

HIV and AIDS Testing

 CD4+ T-cell count:

o Normal: 500 to 1600 cells/L.

 o Severe: Less than 200 cells/L

o CD4-to-CD8 ratio: 2:1

Thyroid function test

 Triiodothyronine (T₃): 80 to 230 ng/dL

 Thyroxine (T₄): 5 to 12 mcg/dL

 Thyroxine, free (FT₄): 0.8 to 2.4 ng/dL

 Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin): 0.2 to 5.4

microunits/mL

Urinalysis

 Color: Pale yellow

 Odor: Aromatic odor

 Turbidity: Clear

 Specific gravity: 1.016 to 1.022

 pH: 4.5 to 7.8

 Protein: Negative

 Ketones: Negative

 Bilirubin: Negative

 Glucose: >0.5 g/day

 Red blood cells: < 3 cells/HPF

 White blood cells: < or = 4 cells/HPF

 Bacteria: None or >1000/ml

 Casts: None to few

 Crystals: None
  Uric acid: 250 to 750 mg/24 hours

 Sodium: 40 to 220 mEq/24 hours

 Potassium: 25 to 125 mEq/24 hours

 Magnesium: 7.3 – 12.2 mg/dL

Hepatitis Testing

 Hepatitis A: Presence of immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody to

Hepatitis A and presence of total antibody (IgG and IgM) may
suggest recent or current Hep A infection.

 Hepatitis B: Detection of Hep B core Antigen (HBcAg), envelope

antigen (HBeAg), and surface antigen (HBsAg), or their
corresponding antibodies.

 Hepatitis C: Confirmed by the presence of antibodies to Hep C

virus.

 Hepatitis D: Detection of Hep D antigen (HDAg) early in the course

of infection and detection of Hep D virus antibody in later stages of
the disease.

 Hepatitis E: Specific serological tests for hepatitis E virus include

detection of IgM and IgG antibodies to hepatitis E.

Therapeutic Drug Levels

 Acetaminophen (Tylenol): 10 to 20 mcg/mL

 Carbamazepine (Tegretol): 5 to 12 mcg/mL

 Digoxin (Lanoxin): 0.5 to 2 ng/mL

 Gentamicin (Garamycin): 5 – 10 mcg/mL (peak); <2.0 mcg/mL

(trough)

 Lithium (Lithobid): 0.5 to 1.2 mEq/L

 Magnesium sulfate: 4 to 7 mg/dL

  Phenobarbital (Luminal): 10 to 30 mcg/mL

 Phenytoin (Dilantin): 10 to 20 mcg/mL

 Salicylate: 100 to 250 mcg/mL

 Theophylline: 10 to 20 mcg/dL

 Tobramycin (Tobrex): 5 – 10 mcg/mL (peak); 0.5 – 2.0 mcg/mL

(trough)

 Valproic acid (Depakene): 50 – 100 mcg/mL

 Vancomycin (Vancocin): 20 – 40 mcg/mL (peak); 5 – 15 mcg/mL

(trough)

Erythrocyte Studies Normal Lab Values

Here are the normal lab values related to erythrocyte studies which include
hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell count, serum iron, and erythrocyte
sedimentation rate. Venous blood is used as a specimen for completed
blood count (CBC) which is a basic screening test that is frequently ordered
to give an idea about the health of a patient.

Red Blood Cells (RBC)

Red blood cells or erythrocytes transport oxygen from the lungs to the bodily
tissues. RBCs are produced in the red bone marrow, can survive in the
peripheral blood for 120 days, and are removed from the blood through the
bone marrow, liver, and spleen.

Normal values for red blood cell count:

 Male adult: 4.5 – 6.2 million/mm3

 Female adult: 4.5 – 5.0 million/mm3

Indications of RBC count:

 Helps in diagnosing anemia and blood dyscrasia.

Hemoglobin (Hgb)

Hemoglobin is the protein component of red blood cells that serves as a

vehicle for oxygen and carbon dioxide transport. It is composed of a pigment
(heme) which carries iron, and a protein (globin). The hemoglobin test is a
measure of the total amount of hemoglobin in the blood.

Normal values chart for hemoglobin count:

 Male adult: 14 – 16.5 g/dL

 Female adult: 12 – 16 g/dL

Indications of Hemoglobin count:

 Hemoglobin count is indicated to help measure the severity

of anemia (low hemoglobin) or polycythemia (high hemoglobin).

 Monitor the effectiveness of a therapeutic regimen.

Hematocrit (Hct)

Hematocrit or packed cell volume (Hct, PCV, or crit) represents the

percentage of the total blood volume that is made up of the red blood cell
(RBC).

Normal values for hematocrit count:

 Male adult: 42 – 52%

 Female adult: 35 – 47%

Red Blood Cell Indices

Red blood cell indicates (RBC Indices) determine the characteristics of an

RBC. It is useful in diagnosing pernicious and iron deficiency anemias and
other liver diseases.

 Mean corpuscular volume (MCV): The average size of the individual

RBC.
  Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH): The amount of Hgb present in
one cell.

 Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC): The

proportion of each cell occupied by the Hgb.

Normal Lab Values for RBC Indices are:

 Mean corpuscular volume (MCV): Male: 78 – 100 μm3; Female: 78 –

102 μm3

 Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH): 25 – 35pg

 Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC): 31 – 37%

Serum Iron (Fe)

Iron is essential for the production of blood helps transport oxygen from the
lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.

Normal lab values for serum iron:

 Male adult: 65 – 175 mcg/dL

 Female adult: 50 – 170 mcg/dL

Indication of serum iron:

 Helps in diagnosing anemia and hemolytic disorder.

Nursing considerations for serum iron:

 Recent intake of a meal containing high iron content may affect the
results.

 Drugs that may cause decreased iron levels include

adrenocorticotropic hormone, cholestyramine, colchicine,
deferoxamine, and testosterone.

 Drugs that may cause increased iron levels include dextrans,

ethanol, estrogens, iron preparations, methyldopa, and oral
contraceptives.
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a measurement of the rate at which

erythrocytes settle in a blood sample within one hour.

Normal lab values for erythrocyte sedimentation rate:

 0 – 30 mm/hour (value may vary depending on age)

Indication for Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate:

 Assist in the diagnosis of conditions related to acute and chronic

infection, inflammation, and tissue necrosis or infarction.

Nursing consideration

 Fasting is not required

 Fatty meal prior extraction may cause plasma alterations

White Blood Cells and Differential

The normal laboratory value for WBC count has two components: the total
number of white blood cells and differential count.

White Blood Cells (WBC)

White blood cells act as the body’s first line of defense against foreign
bodies, tissues, and other substances. WBC count assesses the total number
of WBC in a cubic millimeter of blood. White blood cell differential provides
specific information on white blood cell types:

 Neutrophils are the most common type of WBC and serve as the
primary defense against infection.

 Lymphocytes play a big role in response to inflammation or

infection.

 Monocytes are cells that respond to infection, inflammation, and

foreign bodies by killing and digesting the foreign organism
(phagocytosis).
  Eosinophils respond during an allergic reaction and parasitic
infections.

 Basophils are involved during an allergic reaction, inflammation,

and autoimmune diseases.

 Bands are immature WBCs that are first released from the bone
marrow into the blood.

Normal lab values for white blood cell count and WBC differential:

 WBC Count: 4,500 to 11,000 cells/mm³

 Neutrophils: 55 – 70% or 1,800 to 7,800 cells/mm³

 Lymphocytes: 20 – 40% or 1,000 to 4,800 cells/mm³

 Monocytes: 2 – 8% or 0.0 to 800 cells/mm³

 Eosinophils: 1 – 4% or 0.0 to 450 cells/mm³

 Basophils: 0–2% or 0.0 to 200 cells/mm³

 Bands: 0–2 % or 0.0 to 700 cells/mm³

Nursing consideration for WBC count:

 A high total WBC count with a left shift means that the bone marrow
will release an increased amount of neutrophils in response to
inflammation or infection.

 A “shift to the right” which is usually seen in liver disease,

megaloblastic and pernicious anemia, and Down syndrome,
indicates that cells have more than the usual number of nuclear
segments.

 A “shift to the left” indicates an increased number of immature

neutrophils is found in the blood.

 A low total WBC count with a left shift means a recovery from bone
marrow depression or an infection of such intensity that the
demand for neutrophils in the tissue is greater than the capacity of
the bone marrow to release them into the circulation.
 Coagulation Studies Normal Lab Values
Physicians order coagulation studies such as platelet count, activated partial
thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, international normalized
ratio, bleeding time, and D-dimer to evaluate the clotting function of an
individual. In this section, we’ll discuss the indications and nursing
implications of each lab test.

Platelets (PLT)

Platelets are produced in the bone marrow and play a role in hemostasis.
Platelets function in hemostatic plug formation, clot retraction, and
coagulation factor activation.

Normal values for platelet count:

 150,000 to 400,000 cells/mm³

Nursing considerations for Platelet counts:

 High altitudes, persistent cold temperature, and

strenuous exercise increase platelet counts.

 Assess the venipuncture site for bleeding in clients with known

thrombocytopenia.

 Bleeding precautions should be instituted in clients with a low

platelet count.

Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT)

Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) evaluates the function of the

contact activation pathway and coagulation sequence by measuring the
amount of time it requires for recalcified citrated plasma to clot after partial
thromboplastin is added to it. The test screens for deficiencies and inhibitors
of all factors, except factors VII and XIII.

Normal lab value for activated partial thromboplastin time:

 20 to 60 seconds, depending on the type of activator used.

Indication for APTT:

 Monitors the effectiveness of heparin therapy.

 Detect coagulation disorders in clotting factors such as hemophilia A

(factor VIII) and hemophilia B (factor IX).

 Determine individuals who may be prone to bleeding during invasive

procedures.

Nursing consideration for APTT:

 Do not draw samples from an arm into which heparin is infusing.

 If the client is receiving intermittent heparin by intermittent

injection, plan to draw the blood sample 1 hour before the next
dose of heparin.

 Apply direct pressure to the venipuncture site.

 Blood specimen should be transported to the laboratory

immediately.

 The aPTT should be between 1.5 and 2.5 times normal when the
client is receiving heparin therapy.

 Monitor for signs of bleeding if the aPTT value is longer than 90

seconds in a patient receiving heparin therapy.

Prothrombin Time and International Normalized Ratio

(PT/INR)

Prothrombin is a vitamin K-dependent glycoprotein produced by the liver

that is essential for fibrin clot formation. Each laboratory establishes a
normal or control value based on the method used to perform the PT test.
The PT measures the amount of time it takes in seconds for clot formation,
the international normalized ratio (INR) is calculated from a PT result to
monitor the effectiveness of warfarin.

Indication for PT and INR

  Monitor response to warfarin sodium (Coumadin) therapy.

 Screen for dysfunction of the extrinsic clotting system resulting from

vitamin K deficiency disseminated intravascular coagulation or liver
disease.

Normal Lab Value for Prothrombin Time (PT)

 Normal: 11 – 13 seconds

 Critical value: >20 seconds for persons who do not

use anticoagulants.

 The INR standardizes the PT ratio and is calculated in the laboratory

setting by raising the observed PT ratio to the power of the
international sensitivity index specific to the thromboplastin reagent
used.

Nursing Care for Prothrombin Time

 If a PT is prescribed, the baseline specimen should be drawn before

anticoagulation therapy is started; note the time of collection on the
laboratory form.

 Provide direct pressure to the venipuncture site for 3 to 5 minutes.

 Concurrent warfarin therapy with heparin therapy can lengthen the

PT for up to 5 hours after dosing.

 Diets high in green leafy vegetables can increase the absorption of

vitamin K, which shortens the PT.

 Orally administered anticoagulation therapy usually maintains the

PT at 1.5 to 2 times the laboratory control value.

 Initiate bleeding precautions, if the PT value is longer than 30

seconds in a client receiving warfarin therapy.

Bleeding Time

Bleeding time assess the overall hemostatic function (platelet response to

injury and vasoconstrictive ability).
Indication for Bleeding Time

 Useful in detecting disorders of platelet function.

Nursing Considerations for Bleeding Time

 Assess and validate that the client has not been receiving
anticoagulants, aspirin, or aspirin-containing products for 3 days
prior to the test.

 Inform the client that punctures are made to measure the time it
takes for bleeding to stop.

 Apply pressure dressing to clients with bleeding tendencies after the

procedure.

Normal Values for Bleeding Time

 Duke method: 1 to 3 minutes

 Ivy method: 3 to 6 minutes

D-Dimer Test

D-Dimer is a blood test that measures clot formation and lysis that results
from the degradation of fibrin.

Indication of D-Dimer Test

 Helps to diagnose the presence of thrombus in conditions such

as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, or stroke.

 Used to diagnose disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

 Monitor the effectiveness of treatment.

Normal Lab Value for D-Dimer

 < 500 ng/mL

Serum Electrolytes
Electrolytes are minerals that are involved in some of the important
functions in our body. Serum electrolytes are routinely ordered for a patient
admitted to a hospital as a screening test for electrolyte and acid-base
imbalances. Here we discuss the normal lab values of the commonly ordered
serum tests: potassium, serum sodium, serum chloride, and serum
bicarbonate. Serum electrolytes may be ordered as a “Chem 7” or as a “basic
metabolic panel (BMP)”.

Serum Potassium (K+)

Potassium is the most abundant intracellular cation that serves important

functions such as regulate acid-base equilibrium, control cellular water
balance, and transmit electrical impulses in skeletal and cardiac muscles.

Normal Values for Serum Potassium

 Potassium: 3.5 – 5.0 mEq/L

Indications for Serum Potassium

 Evaluates cardiac function, renal function, gastrointestinal function,

and the need for IV replacement therapy.

Nursing Considerations for Serum Potassium

 Note on the laboratory form if the client is receiving potassium

supplementation.

 Clients with elevated white blood cell counts and platelet counts
may have falsely elevated potassium levels.

Serum Sodium (Na+)

Sodium is a major cation of extracellular fluid that maintains osmotic

pressure and acid-base balance, and assists in the transmission of nerve
impulses. Sodium is absorbed from the small intestine and excreted in the
urine in amounts dependent on dietary intake.

Normal Lab Values for Serum Sodium

  135-145 mEq/L

Indications for Serum Sodium

 Determine whole-body stores of sodium, because the ion is

predominantly extracellular

 Monitor the effectiveness of drug, especially diuretics, on serum

sodium levels.

Nursing consideration for Serum Sodium

 Drawing blood samples from an extremity in which an intravenous

(IV) solution of sodium chloride is infusing increases the level,
producing inaccurate results.

Serum Chloride (Cl-)

Chloride is a hydrochloric acid salt that is the most abundant body anion in
the extracellular fluid. Functions to counterbalance cations, such as sodium,
and acts as a buffer during oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in red blood
cells (RBCs). Aids in digestion and maintaining osmotic pressure and water
balance.

Normal Lab Value for Serum Chloride (Cl-)

 95 – 105 mEq/L

Nursing Considerations for Serum Chloride

 Any condition accompanied by prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, or

both will alter chloride levels.

Serum Bicarbonate

Part of the bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffering system and mainly

responsible for regulating the pH of body fluids.

Normal Lab Value for Serum Bicarbonate

 22 to 29 mEq/L
Nursing consideration for Serum Bicarbonate

 Ingestion of acidic or alkaline solutions may cause increased or

decreased results, respectively.

Calcium (Ca+)

Calcium (Ca+) is a cation absorbed into the bloodstream from dietary sources
and functions in bone formation, nerve impulse transmission, and
contraction of myocardial and skeletal muscles. Calcium aids in blood
clotting by converting prothrombin to thrombin.

Normal Lab Value for Calcium

 Total: 4.5 – 5.5 mEq/L (8.5 to 10.5 mg/dL)

 Ionized: 2.5 mEq/L (4.0 – 5.0 mg/dL) 56% of total calcium

Nursing Considerations

 Instruct the client to eat a diet with a normal calcium level (800
mg/day) for 3 days before the exam.

 Instruct the client that fasting may be required for 8 hours before
the test.

 Note that calcium levels can be affected by decreased protein levels

and the use of anticonvulsant medications

Phosphorus (P)

Phosphorus (Phosphate) is important in bone formation, energy storage and

release, urinary acid-base buffering, and carbohydrate metabolism.
Phosphorus is absorbed from food and is excreted by the kidneys. High
concentrations of phosphorus are stored in bone and skeletal muscle.

Normal Lab Value for Phosphorus

 1.8 – 2.6 mEq/L (2.7 to 4.5 mg/dL)

Nursing Consideration
  Instruct the client to fast before the test.

Magnesium (Mg)

Magnesium is used as an index to determine metabolic activity and renal

function. Magnesium is needed in the blood-clotting mechanisms, regulates
neuromuscular activity, acts as a cofactor that modifies the activity of many
enzymes, and has an effect on the metabolism of calcium.

Normal Magnesium Lab Value

 1.6 to 2.6 mg/dL

Nursing Considerations

 Prolonged use of magnesium products causes increased serum

levels.

 Long-term parenteral nutrition therapy or excessive loss of body

fluids may decrease serum levels.

Serum Osmolality

Serum osmolality is a measure of the solute concentration of the blood.

Particles include sodium ions, glucose, and urea. Serum osmolality is usually
estimated by doubling the serum sodium because sodium is a major
determinant of serum osmolality.

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Normal Lab Value for Serum Osmolality

 280 to 300 mOsm/kg

Renal Function Studies Normal Lab Values

In this section, we’ll be discussing the normal laboratory values of serum
creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, including their indications and nursing
considerations. These laboratory tests are helpful in determining
the kidney function of an individual.
Serum Creatinine (Cr)

Creatinine is a specific indicator of renal function. Increased levels of

creatinine indicate a slowing of the glomerular filtration rate.

Normal Lab Value for Serum Creatinine

 0.6 to 1.3 mg/dL

Nursing Considerations

 Instruct the client to avoid excessive exercise for 8 hours and

excessive red meat intake for 24 hours before the test.

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

Urea nitrogen is the nitrogen portion of urea, a substance formed in the liver
through an enzymatic protein breakdown process. Urea is normally freely
filtered through the renal glomeruli, with a small amount reabsorbed in the
tubules and the remainder excreted in the urine. Elevated levels indicate a
slowing of the glomerular filtration rate.

Normal Lab Value for Blood Urea Nitrogen

 8 to 25 mg/dL

Nursing consideration

 BUN and creatinine ratios should be analyzed when renal function is

evaluated.

Glucose Studies Normal Lab Values

Understanding the normal laboratory values of blood glucose is an essential
key in managing diabetes mellitus. Included in this section are the lab values
and nursing considerations for glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting blood sugar,
glucose tolerance test, and diabetes mellitus antibody panel.

Fasting Blood Glucose

Fasting blood glucose or fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels are used to help
diagnose diabetes mellitus and hypoglycemia. Glucose is a monosaccharide
found in fruits and is formed from the digestion of carbohydrates and the
conversion of glycogen by the liver. Glucose is the main source of cellular
energy for the body and is essential for brain and erythrocyte function.

Normal Lab Value for Glucose

 Glucose, fasting: 70 – 110 mg/dL

 Glucose, monitoring: 60 – 110 mg/dL

 Glucose, 2-hr postprandial: < 140mg/dL

Nursing consideration:

 Instruct the client to fast for 8 to 12 hours before the test.

 Instruct a client with diabetes mellitus to withhold morning insulin or

oral hypoglycemic medication until after the blood is drawn.

Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT)

The glucose tolerance test (GTT) aids in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. If
the glucose levels peak at higher than normal at 1 and 2 hours after injection
or ingestion of glucose and are slower than normal to return to fasting levels,
then diabetes mellitus is confirmed.

Normal Lab Values for Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT)

 70 – 110 mg/dL (baseline fasting)

 110 – 170 mg/dL (30 minute fasting)

 120 – 170 mg/dL (60 minute fasting)

 100 – 140 mg/dL (90 minute fasting)

 70 – 120 mg/dL (120 minute fasting)

Nursing Considerations
  Instruct the client to eat a high-carbohydrate (200 to 300 g) diet for 3
days before the test.

 Instruct the client to avoid alcohol, coffee, and smoking for 36 hours
before the test.

 Instruct the client to avoid strenuous exercise for 8 hours before and
after the test.

 Instruct the client to fast for 10 to 16 hours before the test.

 Instruct the client with diabetes mellitus to withhold morning insulin

or oral hypoglycemic medication.

 Instruct the client that the test may take 3 to 5 hours, requires IV or
oral administration of glucose, and the taking of multiple blood
samples.

Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)

Glycosylated hemoglobin is blood glucose bound to hemoglobin.

Hemoglobin A₁C (glycosylated hemoglobin A; HbA1c) is a reflection of how
well blood glucose levels have been controlled for the past 3 to 4
months. Hyperglycemia in clients with diabetes is usually a cause of an
increase in the HbA1c.

Normal and Abnormal Lab Values for Glycosylated Hemoglobin

 7% or lower (good control of diabetes)

 7% to 8% (fair control of diabetes)

 Higher than 8 % (poor control of diabetes)

Nursing Consideration

 Fasting is not required before the test.

Diabetes Mellitus Autoantibody Panel

Used to evaluate insulin resistance and to identify type 1 diabetes and clients
with a suspected allergy to insulin.
Normal Lab Value for DM Autoantibody Panel:

 Less than 1:4 titer with no antibody detected

Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Normal Lab Values

Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs) are measured in a laboratory test to determine
the extent of compensation by the buffer system. It measures the acidity (pH)
and the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood. Blood for an
ABG test is taken from an artery whereas most other blood tests are done on
a sample of blood taken from a vein. To help you interpret ABG results, check
out our 8-Step Guide to ABG Analysis Tic-Tac-Toe Method.

Normal Lab Values for Arterial Blood Gases

 pH: 7.35 – 7.45

 HCO3: 22 – 26 mEq/L

 PCO2: 35 – 45 mmHg

 PaO2: 80 – 100 mmHg

 SaO2: >95

Liver Function Tests Normal Lab Values

Conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract can be easily evaluated by
studying the normal laboratory values of alanine aminotransferase,
aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, albumin, ammonia, amylase, lipase,
protein, and lipids.

Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)

Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) test is used to identify hepatocellular injury

and inflammation of the liver and to monitor improvement or worsening of
the disease. ALT was formerly known as serum pyretic transaminase (SGPT).

Normal Lab Value for Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)

  Male: 10 to 55 units/L

 Female: 7 to 30 units/L

Nursing Considerations

 No fasting is required.

 Previous intramuscular injections may cause elevated levels.

Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)

Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) test is used to evaluate a client with a

suspected hepatocellular disease, injury, or inflammation (may also be used
along with cardiac markers to evaluate coronary artery occlusive disease).
AST was formerly known as serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase
(SGOT).

Normal Lab Value for Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)

 Male: 10 – 40 units/L

 Female: 9 – 25 units/L

Nursing Considerations

 No fasting is required.

 Previous intramuscular injections may cause elevated levels.

Bilirubin

Bilirubin is produced by the liver, spleen, and bone marrow and is also a by-
product of hemoglobin breakdown. Total bilirubin levels can be broken into
direct bilirubin, which is excreted primarily via the intestinal tract, and
indirect bilirubin, which circulates primarily in the bloodstream. Total
bilirubin levels increase with any type of jaundice; direct and indirect bilirubin
levels help differentiate the cause of jaundice.

Normal Lab Values for Bilirubin

  Total bilirubin: 0.3 – 1.0 mg/dL

 Direct bilirubin (conjugated): 0.0 to 0.2 mg/dL

 Indirect bilirubin (unconjugated): 0.1 to 1 mg/dL

 Critical level: > 12 mg/dL

Nursing Considerations

 Instruct the client to eat a diet low in yellow foods, avoiding foods
such as carrots, yams, yellow beans, and pumpkin, for 3 to 4 days
before the blood is drawn.

 Instruct the client to fast for 4 hours before the blood is drawn.

 Note that results will be elevated with the ingestion of alcohol or the
administration of morphine sulfate, theophylline, ascorbic acid
(vitamin C), or acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin).

 Note that results are invalidated if the client has received a

radioactive scan within 24 hours before the test.

Albumin

Albumin is the main plasma protein of blood that maintains oncotic pressure
and transports bilirubin, fatty acids, medications, hormones, and other
substances that are insoluble in water. Albumin is increased in conditions
such as dehydration, diarrhea, and metastatic carcinoma; decreased in
conditions such as acute infection, ascites, and alcoholism. Presence of
detectable albumin, or protein, in the urine is indicative of abnormal renal
function.

Normal Lab Value for Albumin

 3.4 to 5 g/dL

Nursing Considerations

 Fasting is not required.

Ammonia

Ammonia is a by-product of protein catabolism; most of it is created by

bacteria acting on proteins present in the gut. Ammonia is metabolized by
the liver and excreted by the kidneys as urea. Elevated levels resulting from
hepatic dysfunction may lead to encephalopathy. Venous ammonia levels are
not a reliable indicator of hepatic coma.

Normal Lab Value for Ammonia

 Adults: 35 – 65 mcg/dL

Nursing Considerations

 Instruct the client to fast, except for water, and to refrain from
smoking for 8 to 10 hours before the test; smoking increases
ammonia levels.

 Place the specimen on ice and transport to the laboratory

immediately.

Amylase

Amylase is an enzyme, produced by the pancreas and salivary glands, aids in

the digestion of complex carbohydrates and is excreted by the kidneys. In
acute pancreatitis, the amylase level may exceed five times the normal value;
the level starts rising 6 hours after the onset of pain, peaks at about 24
hours, and returns to normal in 2 to 3 days after the onset of pain. In chronic
pancreatitis, the rise in serum amylase usually does not normally exceed
three times the normal value.

Normal Lab Values for Amylase

 25 to 151 units/L

Nursing Considerations

 On the laboratory form, list the medications that the client has taken
during the previous 24 hours before the test.
  Note that many medications may cause false-positive or false-
negative results.

 Results are invalidated if the specimen was obtained less than 72

hours after cholecystography with radiopaque dyes.

Lipase

Lipase is a pancreatic enzyme converts fats and triglycerides into fatty acids
and glycerol. Elevated lipase levels occur in pancreatic disorders; elevations
may not occur until 24 to 36 hours after the onset of illness and may remain
elevated for up to 14 days.

Normal Lab Values for Lipase

 10 to 140 units/L

Nursing Consideration

 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) may

increase lipase activity.

Serum Protein

Serum protein reflects the total amount of albumin and globulins in the
plasma. Protein regulates osmotic pressure and is necessary for the
formation of many hormones, enzymes, and antibodies; it is a major source
of building material for blood, skin, hair, nails, and internal organs. Increased
in conditions such as Addison’s disease, autoimmune collagen disorders,
chronic infection, and Crohn’s disease. Decreased in conditions such
as burns, cirrhosis, edema, and severe hepatic disease.

Normal Lab Value for Serum Protein:

 6 to 8 g/dL

Lipoprotein Profile

Lipid assessment or lipid profile includes total cholesterol, high-density

lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides.
  Cholesterol is present in all body tissues and is a major component
of LDL, brain, and nerve cells, cell membranes, and some gallbladder
stones.

 Triglycerides constitute a major part of very-low-density

lipoproteins and a small part of LDLs. Increased cholesterol levels,
LDL levels, and triglyceride levels place the client at risk for coronary
artery disease. HDL helps protect against the risk of coronary artery
disease.

Normal Lab Values for Lipid Profile

 Cholesterol: Less than 200 mg/dL

 Triglycerides: Less than 150 mg/dL

 HDLs: 30 to 70 mg/dL

 LDLs: Less than 130 mg/dL

Nursing Considerations

 Oral contraceptives may increase the lipid level.

 Instruct the client to abstain from foods and fluid, except for water,
for 12 to 14 hours and from alcohol for 24 hours before the test.

 Instruct the client to avoid consuming high-cholesterol foods with

the evening meal before the test.

Cardiac Markers and Serum Enzymes

Serum enzymes and cardiac markers are released into the circulation
normally following a myocardial injury as seen in acute myocardial infarction
(MI) or other conditions such as heart failure.

Creatine Kinase (CK)

Creatine kinase (CK) is an enzyme found in muscle and brain tissue that
reflects tissue catabolism resulting from cell trauma. The CK level begins to
rise within 6 hours of muscle damage, peaks at 18 hours, and returns to
normal in 2 to 3 days. The test for CK is performed to detect myocardial or
skeletal muscle damage or central nervous systemdamage. Isoenzymes
include CK-MB (cardiac), CK-BB (brain), and CK-MM (muscles):

 CK-MM is found mainly in skeletal muscle.

 CK-MB is found mainly in cardiac muscle

 CK-BB is found mainly in brain tissue

Normal Lab Values for Creatinine Kinase and Isoenzymes

ADVERTISEMENT

 Creatine kinase (CK)

o Male: 38 – 174 U/L

o Women: 26 – 140 U/L

 Creatinine kinase isoenzymes

o CK-MM: 95% – 100% of total

o CK-MB: 0% – 5% of total

o CK-BB: 0%

Nursing Considerations

 If the test is to evaluate skeletal muscle, instruct the client to avoid

strenuous physical activity for 24 hours before the test.

 Instruct the client to avoid ingestion of alcohol for 24 hours before

the test.

 Invasive procedures and intramuscular injections may falsely elevate

CK levels.

Myoglobin

Myoglobin, an oxygen-binding protein that is found in striated (cardiac and

skeletal) muscle, releases oxygen at very low tensions. Any injury to skeletal
muscle will cause a release of myoglobin into the blood. Myoglobin rise in 2-4
hours after an MI making it an early marker for determining cardiac damage.

Normal Lab Values for Myoglobin

 Myoglobin: 5–70 ng/mL

Nursing Considerations

 The level can rise as early as 2 hours after a myocardial infarction,

with a rapid decline in the level after 7 hours.

 Because the myoglobin level is not cardiac specific and rises and
falls so rapidly, its use in diagnosing myocardial infarction may be
limited.

Troponin I and Troponin T

Troponin is a regulatory protein found in striated muscle (myocardial and

skeletal). Increased amounts of troponin are released into the bloodstream
when an infarction causes damage to the myocardium. Troponin levels are
elevated as early as 3 hours after MI. Troponin I levels may remain elevated
for 7 to 10 days and Troponin T levels may remain elevated for as long as 10
to 14 days. Serial measurements are important to compare with a baseline
test; elevations are clinically significant in the diagnosis of cardiac pathology.

Normal Lab Value for Troponin

 Troponin: Less than 0.04 ng/mL; above 0.40 ng/mL may indicate MI

 Troponin T: Greater than 0.1 to 0.2 ng/mL may indicate MI

 Troponin I: Less than 0.6 ng/mL; >1.5 ng/mL indicates myocardial

infarction

Nursing Considerations

 Rotate venipuncture sites.

 Testing is repeated in 12 hours or as prescribed, followed by daily

testing for 3 to 5 days.
Natriuretic Peptides

Natriuretic peptides are neuroendocrine peptides that are used to identify

clients with heart failure. There are three major peptides:

 atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP) synthesized in cardiac ventricle

muscle,

 brain natriuretic peptides (BNP) synthesized in the cardiac ventricle

muscle

 C-type natriuretic peptides (CNP) synthesized by endothelial cells.

BNP is the primary marker for identifying heart failure as the cause of
dyspnea. The higher the BNP level, the more severe the heart failure. If the
BNP level is elevated, dyspnea is due to heart failure; if it is normal, the
dyspnea is due to a pulmonary problem.

Normal Lab Values for Natriuretic Peptics

 Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP): 22 to 27 pg/mL

 Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP): less than 100 pg/mL

 C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP): reference range provided with

results should be reviewed

Nursing Considerations

 Fasting is not required.

HIV and AIDS Testing

The following laboratory tests are used to diagnose human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV), which is the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS). Common tests used to determine the presence of antibodies to HIV
include ELISA, Western blot, and Immunofluorescence assay (IFA).

 A single reactive ELISA test by itself cannot be used to diagnose HIV

and should be repeated in duplicate with the same blood sample; if
 the result is repeatedly reactive, follow-up tests using Western blot
or IFA should be performed.

 A positive Western blot or IFA results is considered confirmatory for

HIV.

 A positive ELISA result that fails to be confirmed by Western blot or

IFA should not be considered negative, and repeat testing should
take place in 3 to 6 months.

CD4+ T-cell counts

CD4+ T-cell counts help Monitors the progression of HIV. As the condition
progresses, usually the number of CD4+ T-cells decreases, with a resultant
decrease in immunity. In general, the immune system remains healthy with
CD4+ T-cell counts higher than 500 cells/L. Immune system problems occur
when the CD4+ T-cell count is between 200 and 499 cells/L. Severe immune
system problems occur when the CD4+ T-cell count is lower than 200 cells/L.

Normal Lab Value for CD4+ T-cell:

 Normal: 500 to 1600 cells/L.

 Severe: Less than 200 cells/L

 CD4-to-CD8 ratio: 2:1

Thyroid Studies Normal Lab Values

Thyroid studies are performed if a thyroid disorder is suspected. Common
laboratory blood tests such as thyroxine, TSH, T4, and T3 are done to
evaluate thyroid function. Thyroid studies help differentiate primary thyroid
disease from secondary causes and from abnormalities in thyroxine-binding
globulin levels. Thyroid peroxidase antibodies test may be done to identify
the presence of autoimmune conditions involving the thyroid gland.

Laboratory Values for Thyroid Function Test

 Triiodothyronine (T₃): 80 to 230 ng/dL

  Thyroxine (T₄): 5 to 12 mcg/dL

 Thyroxine, free (FT₄): 0.8 to 2.4 ng/dL

 Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin): 0.2 to 5.4 microunits/mL

Nursing Considerations

 Results of the test may be invalid if the client has undergone a

radionuclide scan within 7 days before the test.

Hepatitis Testing
Serological tests for specific hepatitis virus markers assist in determining the
specific type of hepatitis. Tests for hepatitis include radioimmunoassay,
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and microparticle
enzyme immunoassay.

Nursing Considerations

 If the radioimmunoassay technique is being used, the injection of

radionuclides within 1 week before the blood test is performed may
cause falsely elevated results.

 Hepatitis A: Presence of immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody to

Hepatitis A and presence of total antibody (IgG and IgM) may
suggest recent or current Hep A infection.

 Hepatitis B: Detection of Hep B core Antigen (HBcAg), envelope

antigen (HBeAg), and surface antigen (HBsAg), or their
corresponding antibodies.

 Hepatitis C: Confirmed by the presence of antibodies to Hep C

virus.

 Hepatitis D: Detection of Hep D antigen (HDAg) early in the course

of infection and detection of Hep D virus antibody in later stages of
the disease.

 Hepatitis E: Specific serological tests for hepatitis E virus include

detection of IgM and IgG antibodies to hepatitis E.
 Therapeutic Drug Levels Normal Lab Values
Monitoring the therapeutic levels of certain medications is often conducted
when the patient is taking medications with a narrow therapeutic range
where a slight imbalance could be critical. Drug monitoring includes drawing
blood samples for peak and trough levels to determine if blood serum levels
of a specific drug are at a therapeutic level and not a subtherapeutic or toxic
level. The peak level indicates the highest concentration of the drug in the
blood serum while the trough level represents the lowest
concentration. The following are the normal therapeutic serum medication
levels:

 Acetaminophen (Tylenol): 10 to 20 mcg/mL

 Carbamazepine (Tegretol): 5 to 12 mcg/mL

 Digoxin (Lanoxin): 0.5 to 2 ng/mL

 Gentamicin (Garamycin): 5 – 10 mcg/mL (peak); <2.0 mcg/mL

(trough)

 Lithium (Lithobid) 0.5 to 1.2 mEq/L

 Magnesium sulfate: 4 to 7 mg/dL

 Phenobarbital (Luminal): 10 to 30 mcg/mL

 Phenytoin (Dilantin): 10 to 20 mcg/mL

 Salicylate: 100 to 250 mcg/mL

 Theophylline: 10 to 20 mcg/dL

 Tobramycin (Tobrex): 5 – 10 mcg/mL (peak); 0.5 – 2.0 mcg/mL

(trough)

 Valproic acid (Depakene): 50 – 100 mcg/mL

 Vancomycin (Vancocin): 20 – 40 mcg/mL (peak); 5 – 15 mcg/mL

(trough)

How to Obtain a Blood Sample

A phlebotomist or a nurse with training and certification in collecting a blood
sample are allowed to perform venipuncture for the purpose of blood
specimen collection. These are the steps to follow in obtaining a blood
sample:

1. Identify the client. Accurately identify the client by asking his or her
name and birthdate; Explain the reason for the test and procedure
to the client.

2. Proper position. Blood samples should be drawn in a sitting

position and the client should remain in that position for at least 5
minutes before the blood collection.

3. Confirm the request. Check the laboratory form for the ordered
test, client information, and additional requirements (fasting, dietary
restrictions, medications).

4. Provide comfort. Make sure the client remove any tight clothing
that might constrict the upper arm. The arm is placed in a downward
position supported on the armrest.

5. Ensure proper hand hygiene. Perform hand washing before

putting on non-latex gloves.

6. Identify the vein. Examine the client’s arm to select the most easily
accessible vein for venipuncture then place the tourniquet 3 to 4
inches above the chosen site. Do not place the tourniquet tightly or
leave on more than 2 minutes.

7. Prepare the site. When a vein is chosen, cleanse the area using
alcohol in a circular motion beginning at the site and working
toward.

8. Draw the sample. Ask the client to make a fist. Grasp the client’s
arm firmly using your thumb to draw the skin taut and anchor the
vein from rolling. Gently insert the needle at a 15 to 30º angle
through the skin and into the lumen of the vein.

9. Fill the tube. Obtain the needed amount of blood sample, then
release and remove the tourniquet.
10. Remove the needle. In a swift backward motion, remove the
needle from the client’s arm. and apply a folded gauze over the
venipuncture site for 1 to 2 minutes.

11. Label the tube. Label the tube with the client’s name, date of
birth, hospital number, date and time of the collection.

12. Transport specimen. Deliver the specimen to the laboratory for

immediate processing and analysis.