Performance Based Design Of RC Structures 2017-18

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND

Performance-Based Building Design is an approach to the design of any complexity of

building, from single-detached homes up to and including high-rise apartments and office
buildings. A building constructed in this way is required to meet certain measurable or
predictable performance requirements, such as energy efficiency or seismic load, without a
specific prescribed method by which to attain those requirements. This is in contrast to
traditional prescribed building codes, which mandate specific construction practises, such as
stud size and distance between studs in wooden frame construction. Such an approach
provides the freedom to develop tools and methods to evaluate the entire life cycle of the
building process, from the business dealings, to procurement, through construction and the
evaluation of results.

As per the conventional earthquake-resistant design philosophy, the structures are

designed for forces which are much less than the expected design earthquake forces . Even
though the structure may not collapse, the damages can be beyond repairs. These methods
usually don’t consider the expected performance level and seismic risk levels of the structure
after an earthquake event. Since, these methods give high base shear, high ductility demand
and also don’t give the actual performance of structure after an earthquake event need of new
method comes which would give the actual performance of the structure after an earthquake
event.

Because of shortcoming in the current building codes with respect to predicting the
performance of concrete structures to earthquakes, in recent years, performance-based design
or capacity spectrum method has received attention by researches and new codes. The
purpose is to design a structure with predictable performance for different types of
earthquake, so that the performance of the structure can be chosen on the basis of its purpose.
In seismic evaluation of a concrete structure, its behaviour, particularly plastic behaviour in
the effect of earthquake, is studied. For this purpose, seismic requirement parameter is
compared to the capacity parameter of the structure. In the capacity spectrum method, it is
necessary to determine of performance purpose of the structure, the Capacity Curve of the

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structure, and the performance point of the structure. In this article, 3D analyzes, and
nonlinear and push-over design and analysis is performed for a concrete building with
various percentages of symmetry. The performance purposes of the structure will be studied
by performing of these analyses and drawing the capacity spectrum of the structure, together
with capacity curves for individual members. In this article, five-storey concrete buildings
with storey heights of 3 meters are designed, which have three spans in Y direction and five
span in X direction, with a size of 5 m, in an area with highly earthquake risk with a type II
soil, according to ABA and 2800 code (Iran codes), as a intermediate bending frame with
shear walls.

The design is performed for two cases: symmetrical and unsymmetrical. The
eccentricity is applied by moving shear walls, and is defined with various models with type of
eccentricity percentages. After that the models are designed and their structural details are
obtained in accordance with ABA code (Iran code) (for structures with intermediate bending
frames), the bending and shear joints, along with the interaction of bending and axial force
diagrams must be extracted for various elements (beams, columns, walls) from ATC and
FEMA codes, and applied to individual elements for nonlinear analyses were performed on
the structure by using ETABS and SAP software, in order to obtain a seismic evaluation for
nonlinear static and nonlinear dynamic analysis. In all models, whether symmetrical or
nonsymmetrical, the nonlinear static analysis results are in good conformity with the
nonlinear dynamic results. Nonlinear dynamic analyses show that selection of accelerometers
and their scaling (calibration) has a considerable effect on the response of the structure.

The performance-based seismic design process explicitly evaluates how a building is

likely to perform; given the potential hazard it is likely to experience, considering
uncertainties inherent in the quantification of potential hazard and uncertainties in assessment
of the actual building response. In performance-based design, identifying and assessing the
performance capability of a building is an integral part of the design process, and guides the
many design decisions that must be made.

. It is an iterative process that begins with the selection of performance objectives,

followed by the development of a preliminary design, an assessment as to whether or not the
design meets the performance objectives, and finally redesign and reassessment, if required,
until the desired performance level is achieved. Performance-based design begins with the
selection of design criteria stated in the form of one or more performance objectives. Each

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performance objective is a statement of the acceptable risk of incurring specific levels of

damage, and the consequential losses that occur as a result of this damage, at a specified level
of seismic hazard.

The basic concept of Performance Based Seismic Design is to provide engineers with
the capability to design buildings that have a predictable and reliable performance in
earthquakes. Performance based Seismic design is an elastic design methodology done on the
probable performance of the building under input ground motions. The present study is an
effort to understand Performance Based Design Approach. In this, Residential building is
designed and the performance based seismic design is performed using ETABS,. The
procedure compares the capacity of the structure (in the form of a pushover curve) of a
MDOF system with the demands on the structure (in the form of inelastic response spectra of
a single degree freedom system). The method is formulated in acceleration displacement
format. The graphical intersection of the two curves approximates the performance point of
the structure. The proposed method is illustrated by finding the seismic performance point for
reinforced concrete framed building , symmetrical in plan (designed according to IS
456:2002) subjected to three different PGA levels as input ground motion. An extensive
parametric study is conducted to investigate the effect of many important parameters on the
Performance point. The parameters include effect of input ground motion on performance
point, changing percentage of reinforcement in columns, size of columns, beams individually.
The results of analysis are compared in terms of base shear and storey displacements.

1.2 ADVANTAGES OF PERFORMANCE-BASED SEISMIC DESIGN

Performance-based design provides a systematic methodology for assessing the

performance capability of a building, system or component. It can be used to verify the
equivalent performance of alternatives, deliver standard performance at a reduced cost, or
confirm higher performance needed for critical facilities. It also establishes a vocabulary that
facilitates meaningful discussion between stakeholders and design professionals on the
development and selection of design options. It provides a framework for determining what
level of safety and what level of property protection, at what cost, are acceptable to
stakeholders based upon the specific needs of a project.

Performance-based seismic design can be used to:

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• Design individual buildings with a higher level of confidence that the performance intended by
present building codes will be achieved.

• Design individual buildings that are capable of meeting the performance intended by present
building codes, but with lower construction costs.

• Design individual buildings to achieve higher performance (and lower potential losses) than
intended by present building codes.

• Design individual buildings that fall outside of code-prescribed limits with regard to configuration,
materials, and systems to meet the performance intended by present building codes.

• Assess the potential seismic performance of existing structures and estimate potential losses in the
event of a seismic event.

• Assess the potential performance of current prescriptive code requirements for new buildings, and
serve as the basis for improvements to code-based seismic design criteria so that future buildings can
perform more consistently and reliably.

Performance-based seismic design offers society the potential to be both more efficient and
effective in the investment of financial resources to avoid future earthquake losses. Further, the
technology used to implement performance-based seismic design is transferable, and can be adapted
for use in performance-based design for other extreme hazards including fire, wind, flood, snow,
blast, and terrorist attack.

1.3 OUTLINE OF DESIGN METHODOLOGY

Process in the performance-based design In the performance-based design, a designer has to:
clarify the actual performance demand of the client through discussion with them; determine the
target performance based on the agreement with them and confirm that results of deign satisfy the
target. In addition, there are other activities of designers/consultants after design completion to realize
and maintain the required performance. These activities are related to overall design and consulting
stages and indicated in Table 1.

Table 1: Process of the performance-based design

Pre-design Stage Preliminary Design Stage Clarify/confirm clients requirements

Preliminary Design
Basic design Determine target performance

Design Development Stage

Detail/working Design Determine design performance
Design Specification Specify/document design performance

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Construction Contract Stage

Construction Supervision Stage Agree/confirm construction performance
Confirm as-built performance
Maintenance Support Stage Quality Provide support to maintain as-built
Inspection performance

Performance Analysis

The seismic performance of a building is evaluated in terms of pushover curve, performance

point and plastic hinge formation.

1. Pushover Analysis

An incremental static analysis used to determine the force displacement relationship or the
capacity curve for a structure .The analysis involves applying horizontal loads, in a prescribed pattern
to a computer model of the structure incrementally and plotting the total applied shear force and
associated lateral displacement at each increment until the structure reaches a limit state or collapse
condition. It is also seen that all hinges are within assumed performance level life safety.

2. Capacity Demand Spectrum

Capacity demand spectrum is the representation of structures ability to resist the seismic
demand. The point of intersection of capacity spectrum and demand spectrum is required
performance point, the performance point in terms of different structural parameter like base shear
(V), displacement (D), spectral acceleration (Sa), spectral displacement (Sd), effective time period
(Teff), effective damping (βeff).

3. Inter Storey Drift

The limiting value of inter storey drift is 0.4% as per IS 1893:2002. For building under consideration
inter storey drift is within permissible limit satisfying the displacement requirements. Hence, the
building performance is satisfactory

4. Plastic Hinge Results

The sequence of plastic hinge formation and state of hinge at various levels of building performance
is obtained from SAP output All the hinges are within required performance levels. Since no hinge is.
going in collapse prevention range designed building is safe for design basis earthquake and life
safety performance level is achieved. Plastic hinge results give the information about the weakest
member and so the one which is to be strengthened to achieve required performance level.

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Accordingly the detailing of the member can be done in order to achieve the desired pattern of
failure of members in case of severe earthquakes.

In the conventional nonlinear static push over analysis, it was assumed that the response of
the Multi Degree of Freedom (MDOF) system could be represented by an equivalent single degree of
freedom. It is to conclude that the response is controlled by single mode and that the shape of the
mode remains constant throughout, irrespective of the level of the deformation. A. Performance It is
an intersection point of capacity and demand spectrums. The performance of a building is depended
upon the performance of the structural and the non-structural components. The performance of a
structure is checked against the obtained performance levels. B. Immediate Occupancy It is a state of
structural damage due to earthquake, where life threatening injury due to structural failure is
minimal. C. Life Safety In spite of injuries to occupants due to the damage with some collapse margin
caused to the structure there is no risk of life threatening injury. The results of the nonlinear
pushover analysis of the MDOF system are used to determine the force – deformation
characteristics of the equivalent SDOF system. The pushover analysis or NSP method came into
picture in late 70’s. In mid-90’s the potential of pushover analysis has gained importance and found
its way to seismic guidelines for instance SEAOC 1995, FEMA 273/274 1997,ATC 40 1997. It’s
importance is well recognized and included in codes such as FEMA 356/357 2000, ATC 55 2005 ,
FEMA 440 2006. However pushover analysis suffers from several from several inherent deficiencies.
Invariant load distribution in traditional N S P is one of the most limitations. It also cannot take
higher-mode effects and torsional effects in to consideration hence many attempts have been made
to develop enhanced pushover procedures to overcome the deficiencies.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General

Since the 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu (Kobe) Earthquake, request of clients and the
society to clarify various performances, especially seismic ones of buildings is becoming
stronger. In order to respond these requests, it is essential to establish a methodology for
performance-based design where seismic performances are clearly defined and expressed.
Although the authors developed seismic design methodology developed for various building
components such as finishes, claddings M&E systems etc., those for structures are focused in
this paper.

Katsuhiko YAMAWAKI1 , Haruyuki KITAMURA , Yasuhiro TSUNEKI , Nobuyuki

MORI And Satoru FUKAI (2000), the authors proposed a performance-based seismic design
methodology to respond a variety of demands of the clients, where various levels of
performance design target are clearly defined and described. In addition, a building seismic
performance menu was also provided for standard types of building use. Basically,
performance levels required only in general or standard types of buildings are explained this
menu, the authors believe that it will act as an useful tool to determine design performance in
each specific project through communication with the clients. The authors also presented
criteria for selected design parameters corresponding to each performance level target.
Although, these parameters are key issues in structural design, it is obvious that more
simplified representative criteria are requested in the practical design procedure. The authors
selected the ratio of design target ultimate story shear forces to those required by the current
Building Code in Japan and carried out some trial design of reinforced concrete and steel
structures. Finally, a series of time history response analyses were carried out. It was
concluded from the results of analyses that the buildings designed on the bases of the
simplified criteria demonstrate the original target performance levels fairy well. A seismic
design methodology highlighting post earthquake function level of structural finish and other
systems was introduced in this paper. However, the post-earthquake performance is not the
only one matter to define the total performance. The authors believe a more reliable design
methodology to realize integrated performance requirements in buildings can be established
taking the concept of life cycle cost and of the risk management into account.

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A. Emin Aktan, Bruce R. Ellingwood and Brian Kehoe (2000) This paper offers a
synthesis of specification-based versus performance-based civil engineering and articulates
the committee’s progress in framing and articulating: “what is performance-based civil
engineering?”, “how can we objectively define performance?” and, “what are the issues that
should be recognized along our way to performance-based engineering and their possible
resolutions?

Andreas J. Kappos and Georgios Panagopoulo(2004) In this paper A new framework of

seismic design for realistic (3D) R/C buildings has been presented, based on the explicit
consideration of performance criteria for two distinct limit states and a feasible partial inelastic
model of the structure. At least for the buildings studied, a careful selection of the necessary explicit
verifications required (for the serviceability and the life safety limit states) leads to an implicit
satisfaction of performance criteria for the collapse prevention state as well. ISET Journal of
Earthquake Technology, March 2004 157 The time-history-based version of the method requires
reliable and efficient software, and it appears that ample room for improvement exists in this
direction; it is recalled that unrealistic amounts of computation time were found to be needed in the
presented case study (involving a simple 3D building), wherein a well-known commercial package
was used. In applying the proposed method, the choice of biaxial moment pairs from inelastic
dynamic analysis, to be used for column design, is a matter worth further investigation, since over-
conservatism should be avoided. The suggested new procedure was found to lead to a very
satisfactory seismic performance, at least for the type of regular multi-storey frame buildings to
which it has been applied herein. Performance under the earthquake related to serviceability, life
safety and collapse-prevention objectives was assessed using a full inelastic model of the structure
and found to be quite satisfactory. The suggested procedure was compared with that prescribed by
a modern design code, compatible with current European practice, and was found to lead to
generally better seismic performance than the standard (elastic analysis-based) code procedure,
which, nonetheless, results also in acceptable performance. The better control of the plastic
mechanism achieved by applying the proposed method permitted a substantial relaxation of the
confinement requirements in columns, particularly those at the lower half of the building where
axial loading governs these requirements. Despite the reduced amount of confinement in many
columns, the building designed to the proposed procedure was able to develop a larger horizontal
displacement than the corresponding code-designed structure. Although the proposed design
framework can readily be applied to realistic 3D buildings, the validity of the procedure has currently
been verified only for the case of regular buildings. Further calibration is needed of some empirical
factors used, particularly those for estimating shears and inelastic demands for earthquakes higher

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than that related to life safety. Alternatively, the designer might choose to explicitly check the
collapse-prevention limit state, since the strength hierarchy imposed by the method allows a
realistic assessment of even this stage; the additional computational effort is moderate, in the light
of currently available analysis tools. It is noted though, that even if this additional effort is spent,
ductility demands in columns are found to be very low and the designer has to decide on
appropriate minimum requirements, which should be preferably based on probabilistic criteria.
Finally, compared to other recent proposals, in particular those based on the displacement-based
design (DBD) approach, the method suggested herein is generally more involved in the case that
timehistory analysis is utilized (fib, 2003), but almost equally demanding in the case of pushover
analysis. Direct displacement based procedures are based on the ability to have a reasonably
accurate estimate of the displacement profile of the structure responding to different fractions of
the design earthquake; whenever this is the case, pushover analysis can generally be used, and the
effort required by the two approaches becomes similar. The time-history version of the proposed
method is clearly the most appropriate option for complex and/or higher-mode dominated
structures, to which it is currently being applied by the writers. The seismic performance of buildings
designed to the proposed and to other DBD methods is deemed to be similar if the selected
performance criteria are similar. It is particularly noted in this respect that the explicit verification of
two limit states suggested in this paper is not addressing drift control only, but also tackles issues
like degree of damage and need for repair in structural members (which also affects the ‘function’ of
the building) after an “occasional” earthquake, which unavoidably leads to higher strength
requirements than in DBD procedures. As a closing remark, one can say that there is certainly room
for further improvement in all the aforementioned methods, and time will show which the right
option is for each particular class of structures.

A.Q. Bhatti National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
H.Varum University of Aveiro, Portugal(2012), In this research paper seismic evaluation of already
existing buildings is carried out based using ASCE 31-03 provisions in order to understand the
procedure in insight. ASCE 31-03 is based in 3 tiers of increasing performance detail and reducing
conservativism for safety. Prior to the evaluation of Tier 1 the performance level desired (Life Safety
or Immediate Occupancy) the seismicity region (low, moderate and/or high) & the structure type is
evaluated. Detailed nonlinear static (pushover) is performed. The time history analysis is considered
to be the most accurate method to evaluate the force & deformation demand at various frame
elements/components of the building. However time history analysis is limited for its use because
dynamic behaviour is very sensitive to modelling and characteristics of ground motion. Inelastic

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static analysis or pushover analysis is recommended method for evaluating seismic performance
because of its simplicity.

S S Gehlot and Ravi K Sharma(2013) The chosen unsymmetrical building has been
upgraded using SAP2000 in this work. Following observations are drawn from this study: i)
Seismic evaluation by non-linear static analysis exposes design weaknesses that may remain
hidden in an elastic approach. SAP2000 is an effective tool for performing pushover analysis
and can be used for seismic evaluation of both new and existing structural systems. ii) The
performance point for the up-graded building in terms of base shear and displacement is
(560.11 kN, 0.027 m). This performance point lies in linear range, hence, the structure is said
to be safe after the up-gradation. iii) The lateral displacement of the performance point (0.027
m) is less than 0.031 m (2% of storey height). Thus, the proposed up gradation of the building
satisfies the performance level of life safety at DBE.

M.G.Shaikh , Hashmi S.Shakeeb(2013) in this paper Results indicate a general trend

in the columns chosen for observation in all the three parameters considered for study namely
viz. moment, shear and axial force in columns. The absolute minimum value of all the three
parameters are observed to be increasing with storey height and bay width of the building as
well, for continuity conditions at the junctions and decreasing for gap and seismic joint
condition at the junction. Understandably the continuity effect is contributing for the
increment in the chosen parameter, while the gap or seismic joint conditions are imparting
discontinuity to the structure at the junction. The result hints towards providing a seismic
joint in a gap in such L-shaped building for better seismic performance.

Er. Jayam Praveen Kumar , Dr. G. Vani (2016) In this paper the performance of
reinforced concrete building was investigated using the Push Over Analysis from which the
following conclusions can be drawn: The main output of a pushover analysis is in terms of
response demand versus capacity. If the demand curve intersects the capacity envelope near
the elastic range, then the structure has a good resistance. If the demand curve intersects the
capacity curve with little reserve of strength and deformation capacity, then it can be
concluded that the structure will behave poorly during the imposed seismic excitation and
need to be retrofitted to avoid future major damage or collapse. In this study, after the
pushover analysis the hinges were found on column which shows the structure is seismically
unsafe. The provision of bracings in the ground storey increases the stiffness of the structure
and reduces the displacement is proved in the pushover analysis. The performance of the in

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filled reinforced concrete frame has enhanced due to the provision of bracings in the open
ground storey.

Dilip J. Chaudhari, Gopal O. Dhoot2016 ,The need for performance based seismic
engineering in contrast to force-based design approaches as studied and the four building
performance levels namely operation, immediate occupancy, life safety and collapse
prevention were studied. In performance based design, multi-level seismic hazards are
considered with an emphasis on the transparency of performance objectives, thus ensuring
better performance and minimum life-cycle cost.

Recognized that the story drift performance of a multi-story building is an important

measure of structural and non-structural damage of the building under various levels of
earthquake motion. Storey drift requirement specified by FEMA 273 is satisfied for building
under consideration. Thus the global performance of the building was considered as
satisfactory for design objective.

Performance based seismic design provides reliable methodology for seismic up-
gradation or for retrofitting of the existing building to achieve required performance
objectives.

Pushover analysis is a reliable method in determination of the sequence of yielding of

the components of a building, possible mode of failure, and final state of the building after a
predetermined level of lateral load sustained by the structure.

Prof. Shinde Ganesh M, Birari Vipul R, Desale Sachin L, Jondhale Rohini B, Sabale
Ganesh V (2017) The static analysis only produces storey shear in the direction of loading.
Static analysis gives higher values for maximum displacement of the stories in both X and Z
direction. Base shear values obtained by manual analysis are slightly higher than software
analysis. Static analysis is not sufficient for high rise buildings and it’s necessary to provide
dynamic analysis. Base shear value is more in the zone V for both symmetrical and
asymmetrical structure. Irregular shapes are severely affected during earthquakes especially
in high seismic zones. Base shear is calculated by using IS 1893-2002 method for all models
and illustrate the comparison of base shear using Equivalent Static Method. The lower base
shear is getting in symmetric shape building and the higher base shear is getting in
asymmetric shape building. The irregular shape building undergoes more deformation and
hence regular shape building must be preferred. Time period does not depend on the zone

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value. Maximum displacement for irregular structure and minimum for regular structure.
There is slightly change in displacement, moments and reaction upto G+6 structure in both
asymmetric and symmetric. Equivalent Static Analysis gives higher values as compared to
Response Spectrum Method.

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