A

Summer Training Report

On

ROAD CONSTRUCTION
AT
PUBLIC WORK DEPARTMENT
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the requirement for the
Award for the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering
By
ASHUTOSH YADAV
Roll No. – 1613300040

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGNEERING

NOIDA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh APJ Abdul Kalam Technical University
2019
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to all those who gave me the
possibility to complete this report. A special thanks to our final year project
coordinator, Mr Rajesh Meena, whose help, stimulating suggestions and
encouragement, helped me to coordinate my project especially in writing this report.

I would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial role of the staff
of PWD construction, who gave the permission to use all the required machinery and
the necessary material.

Last but not the least, many thanks goes to the head of the project Mr. Pankaj Singh
Yadav in Jaunpur, who gave his full effort in guiding the team in achieving the goal
as well as his encouragement to maintain our progress on track. I would like to
appreciate the guidance given by other supervisor as well the panels especially in our
project presentation that has improved our presentation skills by their comment and
tips.

Ashutosh Yadav

Roll No-1613300040

(ii)
 ABSTRACT

For a civil engineer practical knowledge is of utmost importance. For achieving the
same purpose, I worked as an intern in a construction company named PWD
Construction. I worked on one of its sites in village road which is centrally located at
Jaunpur.

The purpose of this internship was to apply and learn theoretical knowledge into
practical work.

The internship started at 15.06.2019 and lasts till 20.07.2019 during this you can see
the subsequent of the construction work and how to perform various jobs at construction
site.

(iii)
 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER-1
1. PWD Introduction 1

CHAPTER-2
2. Introduction of Bitumen 2

CHAPTER-3
3. Introduction of bituminous Road 3

CHAPTER-4
4. Road layers 4
4.1 Sub grade layer
4.2 Capping layer
4.3 Sub base layer
4.3.1 Particular layer in road pavement construction
4.3.2 The material used in this layer
4.4 Road Base
4.5 Binder Course 5
4.6 Wearing Course or Surface Course 6

CHAPTER-5
5. TEST 7
5.1 The Marshall stability of bituminous mixture 7-8

CHAPTER-6
6. Bituminous road construction steps 9
6.1 Penetration of base
6.2 Application of Tuck coat
6.3 Preparation and planning of premix 10
6.4 Rolling 11
6.5 Quality control of bituminous concrete construction 12
6.6 Finished Surface 12

7. CONCLUSION 13
8. REFERENCE 14
 LIST OF FIGURES

S.No Description Page No.

1. Road Construction………………………………………………...1
2. Component of flexible pavement…………………………………3
3. Bituminous road layer…………………………………………….6
4. Marshall stability curve…………………………………………...8
5. Stabilization of soil………………………………………………..9
6. Placing of premix…………………………………………………10
7. Road roller………………………………………………………...11
8. Finished surface…………………………………………………...12
 CHAPTER 1

1. PWD INTRODUCTION

Point of view geographic and population of the state is the nation's largest state. State
Industrial, economic and social development of the state and the population of each
village is absolutely necessary to re-connect to the main roads. In addition to state
important national roads, state roads and district roads and their proper broad be made
to improve the quality of traffic point of view is of particular importance.

Public Works Department to build roads and improve connectivity in rural zones,
Other District Road and State broad and improvement of rural roads and main routes
narrow construction of zones and depleted bridges brides reconstruction of the bases
are transacted on a priority basis . Also under Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana and
prefabricated construction of rural roads linking the work of other district roads broad
Suddikrn the scale bases are edited.

Successful operation of various schemes for the Public Works Department engineers
and supervisory boards in different districts of the engineer’s office has been settled.
Activities by planning, execution, and quality control etc. remove impediments find
joy in relation to the supervision over the activities are focused. Various schemes
operated by the Department of the Office of the Regional Chief Engineers and Chief
Engineers office.

FIG 1. Construction of Bitumen Road

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 CHAPTER 2

2. INTRODUCTION OF BITUMEN

• Bitumen is a black or dark coloured solid or viscous cementitious substance

having an adhesive properties.
• It consist of chiefly high molecular weight hydrocarban derived from
distillation of petroleum or natural asphalt.
• It is a semi-solid hydrocarban product produce by removing the lighter
fractions (such as liquid petroloum gas,petrol and diesel ) from heavy crude
oil during the refining process .
• Bitumen is after confused with tar .Although Bitumen and Tar are Similarly
black and sticky, they are distintly different Subastance in Origin , chemical
composition and in their properties.
• Tar are residues from the distructive distillation of organic subastance such
as coal, wood, or petroleum.

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 CHAPTER 3

3.INTRODUCTION TO BITUMINOUS ROAD

• Bituminous road is a road constructed by using bitumen .

• It is also called flexible pavement road.
• Because it changes its shape according to nature of load and sub base.
• A road or pavement is a structure consisting of superimposed of processed
material above the natural soil sub-grade, whose primary function is to
distribute the applied vehicle loads to the sub-grade .
• This type of pavement has four layers , namely , Sub-grade (bottom layer ),sub-
base, and wearing surface (top most).

Fig 2:Component of flexible pavement

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 CHAPTER 4

4. ROAD LAYERS

4.1 Sub grade layer:

• The sub grade is the layer of naturally occu-ring material or the fill material the
road is built upon.
• The strength of the subgrade layer is measured using the CBR test.
• The strength of the subgrade layer is an important factor influencing the
thickness of the road pavement design.
• Where the subgrade is weak, i.e a low CBR, it will be necessary to ca-pping
layer over the subgrade to increase the actual road pavement thickness is
designed.

4.2.Capping layer:

• When the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of the sub grade is than 5%, if is
normal to require a suitable capping layer of low-cost material.
• This capping layer is usally a granular type material designed provide a
working plat for on which sub-grade construction can proceed with
minimum intersuption from wet weather.
• Capping is also to minimize the effect of a weak subgrade pavement
strength.

4.3. Sub base layer

4.3.1 Particular layer in road pavement construction
The primary function of sub base layer is
• Improve drainage
• Minimize frost action damage.
• Provide a working platform for construction .
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4.3.2 The material used in this layer

• Granular Sub base (GSB)

• Cement bound material
GSB Type-1:
This material is typically crushed stone ,crushed slag , crushed concrete or non-plastic
well-burnt shale .

GSB Type -2:

It is a much finer material , has a much wider grading envelope and is of a lesser
“engineering” qualify than GSB Type - 1. Therefor it does not generate as much
interlock as a type 1 and is consequently not a strong .

4.4 Road base :

The road base is the main load-bearing , load ,load sepreading layer . In road structure
usally 100 mm or more thick depending on the loading of the traffic for which the road
is designed.
The road base is usally a bituminous material ,dense bitumen macadam (asphalt
concrete ) or hot rolled asphalt.

4.5 Binder course:

This is the layer of material below the surface course and above road base.

• The base course (binder course ) is a load spreading layer, spreading the
load imposed on the wearing course (surface course ) over a wider area of
the road base.
• Base course (binder course) is most commonly a bituminous material, can
be either Hot rolled asphalt or dense bitumen Macadam (asphalt concrete).
• This is a strengthening layer of the pavement and should be at least 40 mm,
preferably 50 mm thick.

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4.6 Wearing course or surface course
The wearing course is top layer of the road pavement and is designed
• To be impervious to the ingress (entering )of water .
• To have an even running surface .
• To be durable , and have a high resistsnce to skidding, and
• To be chosen so as not to deform the weight of trafic .

Some other layer-

1. SOAL COAT- It is a thin surface treatment used to water proof the surface and to
provide skid resistance.
2. TACK COAT-It is very light application of asphalt, usually asphalt emulsion
diluted with water .it provide proper bonding between two layer of binder course
and must be thin, uniformly cover the entire surface ,and set very fast.
3.PRIME COAT-It is an application of low viscous cutback bitumen to an absorbent
surface like granular bases on which binder layer is placed . Unlike tack coat ,prime
coat penetrates into the layer below ,plugs the voids ,and forms a water tight
surface.

Fig.3 Bituminous road layer

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 CHAPTER 5

5. TEST

5.1 The Marshall Stability of Bituminous Mixture

This test is done to determine the Marshall Stability of bituminous mixture as per
ASTM D 1559.The principle of this test is that Mar-shall Stability is the resistance
to plastic flow of cylindrical specimen of bituminous mixture loaded on the lateral
surface .it is the load carrying capacity of the mix at 60'c and is measured in kg.The
apparatus needed to determine Marshall stability of bituminous mi-mixture is -

1.Marshall stability apparatus

2.Balance and water bath

The sample needed is -

From Marshall stability graph, select proportions of coarse aggregates, fine

aggregates and filler in such a way, so as to fulfill the require specification. The
total weight of mix should be 1200 gram.

PROCEDURE TO DETERMINE MARSHALL STABILITY OF BITUMINOUS

MIXTURE-:

1. Heat the weighed aggregates and the bitumen separately upto 170'C and 163'C
respectively.
2. Mix them throughly ,transfer the mixed material to the compaction mould
arranged on the compaction pedestal.
3. Give 75 blows on the top side the specimen mix with a standard hammer ( 45
cm,4.86 kg).Reverse the specimen and cool it for a few minutes.
4. Remove the specimen from the mould by gentle pushing. Mark the specimen
and care it at room temperature overnight.
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 5. A Series of specimen are prepared by a similar method with varying quantities
of bitumen content, with an increment of 0.5 % (3 specimen) or 1 bitumen
content.
6. Before testing of the mould, keep the mould in the water bath having a
temperature of 60'C for half an hour.
7. Check the stability of the mould on the Marshall Stability apparatus.

REPORTING OF RESULT:
Plot of bitumen content on the X-axis and stability in kg on the Y-axis to get maximum
Marshall stability of the bitumen mix, A sample plot is given.

Fig 4: marshall stability curve

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 CHAPTER 6
6. BITUMINOUS ROAD CONSTRUCTIONS STEPS

6.1 Preparation of base

W.B.M. base
As base material of W.B.M. Road; stone ballast, concrete 10-15cm layer are used for
bonding between concrete slab & W.B.M. used 1:2 cement wash on W.B.M .

Granular medium material layer

10-15cm composite layer of sand , moorum, bajriare used for better drainage facileties
stabilizations of soil.

Fig 5(stabilization of soil)

6.2. Application of Tuck Coat

It is desirable to lay AC layer over a bituminous base or binder course. A tack coat of
bitumen is applied at 6.0 to 7.5 kg per 10 sq.marea, this quantity may be increased to
7.5 to 10 kg for no bituminous base.
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6.3.Preparation and placing of Premix

The premix is prepared in a hot mix plant of a required capacity with the desired Quality
control. The bitumen may be heated upto 150 – 177 deg C and the aggregate
temperature should not differ by over 14 deg C from the binder temperature. The hot
mixed material is collected from the mixture by the transporters, carried to the location
is spread by a mechanical paver at a temperature of 121 to 163 deg C. the camber and
the thickness of the layer are accurately verified. The control of the temperatures during
the mixing and the compaction are of great significance in the strength of the resulting
pavement structure.

Fig 6. (placing of premix)

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6.4 Rolling

A mix after it is placed on the base course is thoroughly compacted by rolling at a

speed not more than 5km per hour. The initial or break down rolling is done by 8 to 12
tonnes roller and the inter-mediate rolling is done with a fixed wheel pneumatic roller
of 15 to 30 tonnes having a tyre pressure of 7kg per sq.cm. the wheels of the roller are
kept damp with water.

The number of passes required depends on the thickness of the layer. In warm weather
rolling on the next day, helps to increase the density if the initial rolling was not
adequate. The final rolling or finishing is done by 8 to 10 tonne tandem roller.

Fig 7. (Road rolling)

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6.5 Quality control of bituminous concrete construction
The routine checks are carried out at site to ensure the quality of the resulting pavement
and the pavement surface.

Periodical checks are made for

• Aggregate grading
• Grade of bitumen
• Temperature of aggregate
• Temperature of paving mix during mixing and compaction.

At least one sample for every 100 tonnes of the mix discharged by the hot mix plant is
collected and tested for above requirements. Marshall tests are also conducted. For
every 100 sq/m of the compacted surface, one test of the field density is conducted to
check whether it is atleast 95% of the density obtained in the laboratory. The variation
in the thickness allowed is 6mm per 4.5m length of construction.

6.6 Finished surface

Fig.8. (finished surface)

12
 CONCLUSION

In this one month of summer training I came across various aspects of practical
engineering applications. Overall it was a wonderful experience to introduce with
different insights of civil project work.
The major part of the work conclude each and every segment of construction of roads
including various site safety requirements, management of man power and other
possible conditions required while working in the field. I learnt a bit of procedures
involved in the construction of roads.
Apart from that the friendly welcome from all the employees is appreciating, sharing
their experience and giving their piece of wisdom which they have gained in long
journey of work. I am very thankful for the wonderful hospitality from PUBLIC
WORK DEPARTMENT.
I hope this experience will surely help in my future and also shaping my career.

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 REFERENCE

1. Building Construction by B.C. Punmia

2. Fundamentals of Building Construction by Edward Allen
3. UPPWD.gov.in

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