DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

2 3
𝑑3𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
( ) −𝑥( ) + 𝑥 3 = 0 2nd degree
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 2

I. DEFINITION OF TERMS
(𝑦 ′′ )3 − 3(𝑥 + 𝑦 ′ )2 = 0 3rd degree
o DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Is an equation containing derivatives or
differentials.
IV. TYPES OF FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION
o GENERAL SOLUTION
Is the set of all possible solutions, which includes
the particular and singular solutions. It contains  Variable Separable
number of arbitrary constants equal to the order  Homogeneous Differential Equation
of the equations.  Linear Differential Equation
 Bernoulli’s Differential Equation
o PARTICULAR SOLUTION  Exact Differential Equation
Is the solution obtained from the general solution  Unexact Differential Equation
by assigning particular values to the arbitrary
constants.
A. Variable Separable
o SINGULAR SOLUTION
Is the solution that does not contain any arbitrary Standard Form
constants and is not deducible from the general 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
solution by giving particular values to the General Solution
arbitrary constants in it, except in certain cases. ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑄(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶

Example :
II. ORDER OF THE DIFFERENTIAL
Solve:
EQUATION
o The Order of a Differential equation is the order of 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
the highest ordered derivative appearing in a
differential equation. Solution:

Example : 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 1st order D.E 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
=−
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
𝑑𝑥

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑑𝑦
− 3 [2 + ] = 0 2nd Order D.E ∫ = −∫
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦

2 3 −𝑙𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = −𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝐶
𝑑3𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
( ) −𝑥( ) + 𝑥 3 = 0 3rd Order
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 2
−𝑙𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 𝐶

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
𝑙𝑛 [ ]=𝐶
III. DEGREE OF THE DIFFERENTIAL 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
EQUATION 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
𝑙𝑛[ ]
o The degree of the differential equation is the 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑒𝐶
degree of the highest ordered derivative.
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 𝐶𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 answer
Example :

𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 1st degree
𝑑𝑥
B. Homogeneous Differential Equation 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑃(𝑦)𝑥 = 𝑄(𝑦) linear in x
𝑑𝑦
General Solution
Standard Form
𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑥𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑄(𝑦)𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐
where:
Degree of M = Degree of N
Example :
General Solution Solve:
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦
The resulting D.E becomes a variable
separable type (3𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 − 4)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 1)2 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Example : Solution:
The D.E is linear in y
Solve:
𝑑𝑦 3 4
(𝑦 + 3𝑥)𝑑𝑦 + (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 = 0 + 𝑦=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 1)2
Solution:
The coefficients in the equation are
where;
homogeneous in the degree of 1
3 4
𝑃= & 𝑄=
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 𝑥+1 (𝑥 + 1)2
Substitute to the given equation
Integrating Factor:
(𝑣𝑥 + 3𝑥)(𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣) + (𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
(𝑣 2 + 3𝑣 − 𝑣 + 1)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥(𝑣 + 3)𝑑𝑣 = 0 3𝑑𝑥 3
𝑒 ∫𝑥+1 = 𝑒 3ln(𝑥+1) = 𝑒 ln(𝑥+1) = (𝑥 + 1)3
𝑑𝑥 (𝑣 + 3)𝑑𝑣
+ 2 =0
𝑥 𝑣 + 2𝑣 + 1 then;

𝑑𝑥 (𝑣 + 3)𝑑𝑣
∫ +∫ =0
𝑥 (𝑣 + 1)2 𝑦𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑄(𝑥)𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
2
𝑙𝑛𝑥 + ln(𝑣 + 1) − = 𝑙𝑛𝐶
𝑣+1
𝑥(𝑣 + 1) 2 Substituting:
𝑙𝑛 =
𝐶 𝑣+1
(𝑥 + 1)3 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑦(𝑥 + 1)3 = 4 ∫ +𝐶
𝑥( + 1) 2 (𝑥 + 1)2
𝑙𝑛 𝑥 =𝑦
𝐶 +1 𝑦(𝑥 + 1)3 = 4 ∫(𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥
𝑦(𝑥 + 1)3 = 2(𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐶
2𝑥
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 answer Thus;

2(𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐶
𝑦=
C. LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION (𝑥 + 1)3

𝑦 = 2(𝑥 + 1)−1 + 𝐶(𝑥 + 1)−3 answer

Standard Form
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥) linear in y
𝑑𝑥
General Solution
𝑦𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑄(𝑥)𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

Standard Form
D. BERNOULLI’S DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION Example :
Solve:
(2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑦 = 0
Standard Form
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)𝑦 𝑛 Solution:
𝑑𝑥

General Solution Test for exactness

𝑣𝑒 (1−𝑛) ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = (1 − 𝑛) ∫ 𝑄(𝑥)𝑒 (1−𝑛) ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑀 = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4 𝑁 = 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3
where; 𝜕𝑀
=1
𝜕𝑁
=1
𝑣 = 𝑦1−𝑛 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑥

NOTE: if n=1, the solution is: 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁

 The D.E is exact since; =
𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = ∫(𝑄 − 𝑃)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
2𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 4𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 3𝑑𝑦 + (𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦) = 0

Note: 𝑑(𝑥𝑦) = 𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥

Example :

∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 4𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 3𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑑(𝑥𝑦) = 0

Solve:
(𝑥 5 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 𝑦 2 + 3𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 = 𝐶 answer

Solution:
Simplifying further;
F. UNEXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
𝑑𝑦 −1 −𝑥 4
+𝑦[ ] = this is Bernoulli in y
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2𝑦 Standard Form
𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
1 𝑥4 where;
𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑛 = −1, 𝑃 = [− ] , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 = − 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
2𝑥 2 ≠
𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑥

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑣 = 𝑦1−𝑛 = 𝑦 2
Example :
Bernoulli’s Solution: Solve:
(𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑣𝑒 (1−𝑛) ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = (1 − 𝑛) ∫ 𝑄(𝑥)𝑒 (1−𝑛) ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Solution:

Test for exactness
Substituting:
𝑀 = 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 𝑁 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 2𝑦
4 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 1 = 1 − 2𝑥𝑦
𝑦 2 𝑒 2 ∫ −2𝑥 = 2 ∫ [− ] 𝑒 2 ∫ −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
𝑥 −1 𝑦 2 = − ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥  The D.E is not exact since; ≠
𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑥

𝑦2 −𝑥 4 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

=[ ] + 𝐶1
𝑥 4
1
𝑙𝑒𝑡; 𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
2 5 𝑥 2𝑦2
4𝑦 + 𝑥 = 𝐶𝑥 ; 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐶 = 4𝐶1 answer
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦
− + =0
E. EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION 𝑥 𝑦 (𝑥𝑦)2

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦
∫ −∫ +∫ =0
Standard Form 𝑥 𝑦 (𝑥𝑦)2
𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 1 0−(𝑦𝑑𝑥+𝑥𝑑𝑦)
where; but : 𝑑 ( ) = (𝑥𝑦)2
𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
if = therefore it is exact
𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1
∫ −∫ − ∫𝑑( ) = 0
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥𝑦
 1 Solve
𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛𝑦 − ( ) = 𝑙𝑛𝐶 2
𝑥𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
[ + 36] = 0
1 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛𝑦 − 𝑙𝑛𝐶 =
𝑥𝑦

𝑥
𝑙𝑛 ( ) =
1 VI. NON-HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR
𝐶𝑦 𝑥𝑦 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
𝑥 1
= 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 a. Standard non-homogeneous linear D.E
𝐶𝑦
(𝑎0 𝐷𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝐷𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝐷 + 𝑎𝑛 )𝑦 = 𝑅(𝑥)
1 b. General Solution:
𝑥 = 𝐶𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦 answer 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑝 + 𝑦𝑐
where;
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
V. LINEAR EQUATIONS OF HIGHER ORDER ( 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙
2ND ORDER ) – HOMOGENEOUS
c. Methods of determining the particular integral
 Methods of undetermined
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑎𝑑𝑦 coefficients
+ + 𝑏𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥  Method of reduction of order
where; a and b are real constants  Methods of variation of parameters

Example 1:
SOLUTIONS TO HOMOGENEOUS HIGHER LINEAR
Finding particular solution using method of
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
undetermined coefficient

Case 1: Equation has real and distinct roots Find the general solution of
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚1𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑚2𝑥 (𝐷2 − 3𝐷 − 4)𝑦 = 2𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Example :
Solve: Example 2:
𝑑2 𝑦 7𝑑𝑦 Finding particular solution using Reduction of
− + 12 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Order
Case 2: Equation has real and repeated roots
Find the general solution of
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚1𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 𝑚2𝑥
(𝐷2 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
Example :
Example 3:
Solve:
Finding particular solution using variation of
𝑑2 𝑦 4𝑑𝑦
− + 4𝑦 = 0 Parameters
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Find the general solution of
Case 3: Equation has conjugate complex roots;
(𝐷2 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝑚 = 𝑎 ± 𝑏𝑖

𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥)

Example :
Solve:
𝑑2 𝑦 8𝑑𝑦
− + 25𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Case 1: Repeated complex roots :
𝑚1 = 𝑎 ± 𝑏𝑖
𝑚2 = 𝑎 ± 𝑏𝑖

𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑥 2 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥
+ (𝐶4 + 𝐶5 𝑥 + 𝐶6 𝑥 2 )𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥

Example :
 1
n. (𝑡 + 1)𝑑𝑡 − 𝑦2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
PRACTICE PROBLEMS 1 1
o. 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 𝑦
1. Determine the order, degree,
unknown function, and the 1
p. 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
independent variable in each of the
following differential equations: q.
4
𝑑𝑡 −
𝑦−3
𝑑𝑦 =0
𝑡 𝑦
′′′ ′ 𝑥
a. 𝑦 − 5𝑥𝑦 = 𝑒 + 1
1
r. 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦2 −6𝑦+13 𝑑𝑦 = 0
b. 𝑡𝑦̈ + 𝑡 2 𝑦̇ − (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)√𝑦 = 𝑡2 −𝑡+1
𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 𝑡
c. 𝑠 2 𝑑𝑠
2 𝑑𝑡
2 + 𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑠
s. 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑦

4 5 10 𝑑𝑦
d. 5 (𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑏4) + 7 (𝑑𝑏 ) + 𝑏7 − 𝑏5 = 𝑝 t. = 𝑦2
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
e. 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
2 = 𝑦 +1 u. 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑡

𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑥+1
f. 𝑦 (𝑑𝑦 ) = 𝑥2 + 1 v. 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑦

g. 2𝑥⃛ + 3𝑥̇ − 5𝑥 = 0 𝑑𝑦
w. 𝑑𝑡
= 3 + 5𝑦
h. 17𝑦 (4) − 𝑡 6𝑦 (2) − 4.2𝑦 5 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑦
x. 𝑦 ′ =
𝑥2
2𝑦+𝑥
SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS y. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥

a. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑦 2 𝑥 3 𝑥 2 +𝑦2
z. 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 +2
b. =
𝑑𝑥 𝑦

c. 𝑦 ′ = 5𝑦
𝑥+1
d. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑦4 +1

e. 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑡(𝑦 2 + 9)𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
f. 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2
𝑦+𝑥
g. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥

2𝑦 4 +𝑥 4
h. 𝑦 ′ =
𝑥𝑦 3

2𝑥𝑦
i. 𝑦 ′ =
𝑥 2 −𝑦 2

j. 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
k. 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦
l. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦4 = 0

m. 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0
 2𝑑𝑦 (4𝑥+5)2
f. + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥(𝑦) = (𝑦 3 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑥𝑑𝑦
g. 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑦 = 𝑦 2 𝑥 2 ln(𝑥)
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
𝑑𝑦
1. Find the integrating factor and then h. = 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝑦 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝑑𝑥
solve the D.E
a. 𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 = 6 ASSIGNMENT
′
b. 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥
2. Solve the given differential
c. 𝑦 ′ + (𝑥) (𝑦) = 𝑥 4
4 equation:
𝑑𝑦
′ a. + 5𝑦 = 0
d. 𝑦 + 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
f. 𝑦 ′ − 5𝑦 = 0 b. − 0.01𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧
g. 𝑑𝑥
− 𝑥𝑧 = −𝑥 c. 𝑦 ′ + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 = 0

h.
𝑑𝑄
+
2
(𝑄) =4 d. 𝑦 ′ − 3𝑥 4 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑡 10+2𝑡
2
𝑑𝑇 e. 𝑦 ′ + 𝑥 (𝑦) = 0
i. + 𝑘𝑇 = 100𝑘
𝑑𝑡
2
′ 2 f. 𝑦 ′ − 𝑥 2 (𝑦) = 0
j. 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦
g. 𝑦 ′ − 7𝑦 = 14𝑥

EXERCISES h. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

1. The general form of a Bernoulli i. 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 3

𝑑𝑦
equation is + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)𝑦 𝑛 , 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 j. 𝑦 ′ =
2𝑦
where P and Q are functions of x, and
n is a constant. Show that the
transformation to a new dependent
variable 𝑣 = 𝑦1−𝑛 reduces the
equation to one that is linear in 𝑣 (
and hence solvable using integrating
factor method).
2. Solve the following Bernoulli
Differential Equations:
𝑑𝑦 1
a. − (𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
b. 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑥 = 𝑦2
𝑑𝑦 1
c. 𝑑𝑥
+ 3 (𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 4
𝑥𝑑𝑦
d. 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 3
𝑑𝑦 2
e. 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑥 (𝑦) = −𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(𝑦 2 )
PRACTICE PROBLEMS

1. Determine whether the differential

equation is exact and then solve it.

a. 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
b. 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
c. (𝑦 2 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

d. (𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
e. 𝑦 ′ (2𝑦 − 𝑥𝑒 𝑥𝑦 ) = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦

SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS

1.1 Test whether the differential

equation are exact and solve those
that are.
a. 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
b. 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0

c. (𝑡 2 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑡 − 𝑡𝑑𝑥 = 0
d. (𝑥𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0
e. (𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 +
1)𝑑𝑦 = 0
2𝑦 1
f. − 𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0

g. (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

h. 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 3 𝑦 + 4𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
INTRODUCTION

Jomar and Jhon rio are solving a

problem leading to a quadratic
equation. Jomar made a mistake in the
coefficient of the first degree term and
got roots of 2 and -3. Jhon rio made a
mistake in the coefficient of the
constant term and got roots of -1 and
4. What is the correct equation?

PRACTICE PROBLEMS

1. 𝑦” − 𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 0
2. 𝑦” − 7𝑦 ′ = 0
3. 𝑦” − 5𝑦 = 0
4. 𝑥̈ − 0.01𝑥 = 0
5. 𝑦” + 4𝑦 ′ + 5𝑦 = 0
6. 𝑦” + 4𝑦 = 0
7. y”-3y’+4y=0
8. 𝑦̈ − 6𝑦̇ + 25𝑦 = 0
9. 𝑦” − 8𝑦 ′ + 16𝑦 = 0
10. 𝑦” = 0
ASSIGNMENT

2. Convert the following differential

equation into an exact D.E
a. 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥

b. 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥𝑦 2 −𝑦
c. 𝑦 ′ =
𝑥

3. Find an appropriate integrating

factor for each differential equation
and solve.
a. (𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

b. (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
c. 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
d. 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

e. (𝑦 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0