Chemical Formulas
Uploaded by
Evernim OmpacanChemical Formulas
Uploaded by
Evernim OmpacanChemical Formulas
The 2019 Definition of the Mole
The mole, symbol mol, is the SI unit of amount of
substance. One mole contains exactly 6.02214076×1023
elementary entities. This number is the fixed numerical
value of the Avogadro constant, NA, when expressed in
the unit mol−1 and is called the Avogadro number.
The amount of substance, symbol n, of a system is a
measure of the number of specified elementary entities.
An elementary entity may be an atom, a molecule, an
ion, an electron, any other particle or specified group of
particles.
Chemical Formulas
The mass in atomic mass units (amu) of one atom of
an element is the same numerically as the mass in
grams (g) of 1 mole
• 1 atom of S has a mass of 32.07 amu, 1 mole
(6.0221415x1023 atoms) has a mass of 32.07 g
The mass in amu of one molecule (or formula unit) of
a compound is the same numerically as the mass in
g of 1 mole
• 1 formula unit of NaCl has a mass of 58.44 amu, 1 mole
(6.0221415x1023 formula units) has a mass of 58.44 g
Chemical Formulas
• Molar mass – mass per mole of its entities (atoms,
molecules, or formula unit) and has unit of grams
per mole (g/mol)
• H has a molar mass of 1.00794 g/mol
• 1.00794 g of H = 6.022 x 1023 H atoms
• Mg has a molar mass of 24.3050 g/mol
• 24.3050 g of Mg = 6.022 x 1023 Mg atoms
• Molar mass and Avogadro’s number can be used to
convert between g, mole and # of particles
Chemical Formulas
Calculate the mass in g of a single Mg atom
• 4.04 x 10-23 g Mg
How many atoms are contained in 1.67 moles of Mg?
• 1.01 x 1024 atoms
How many atoms of Mg are present in 73.4 g of Mg?
(Molar Mass = 24.31 g/mol)
• 1.82 x 1024 atoms
Chemical Formulas
• Formula Weight (FW) – sum of the molar masses of
the elements in the formula
• Molecular Weight (MW) – refers to the formula
weight of a molecular substance (non-ionic)
Chemical Formulas
The molecular weight of propane, C3H8, is:
C = 12.01 g/mol
H = 1.01 g/mol
MW C3H8 = 12.01(3) + 1.01(8) = 44.11 g/mol
Chemical Formulas
The formula weight of calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2 is:
Ca = 40.08 g/mol
N = 14.01 g/mol
O = 16.00 g/mol
FW Ca(NO3)2 = 40.08(1) + 14.01(2) + 16.00(6) = 164.10 g/mol
Chemical Formulas
How many (a) moles, (b) molecules, and (c) oxygen
atoms are contained in 60.00 g of ozone, O3?
O = 16.00 g/mol
O3 = 48.00 g/mol
a. 1.25 moles
b. 7.53 x 1023 molecules
c. 2.26 x 1024 atoms
Chemical Formulas
Calculate the number of O atoms in 26.5 g of Li2CO3.
Li = 6.94 g/mol
C = 12.01 g/mol
O = 16.00 g/mol
6.48x1023 atoms O
Chemical Formulas
Calculate the number of mmol in 0.234 g of oxalic
acid, (COOH)2.
C = 12.01 g/mol
O = 16.00 g/mol
H = 1.01 g/mol
2.60 mmols oxalic acid
Chemical Formulas
What mass of (NH4)3PO4 would contain 15g of N
What mass of SO2 would contain the same mass of
oxygen as is contained in 33.7 g of arsenic pentoxide,
As2O5?
H = 1.01 g/mol P = 30.97 g/mol
N = 14.01 g/mol S = 32.07 g/mol
O = 16 g/mol As = 74.92 g/mol
Chemical Formulas
Percentage of the mass of a compound attributed to
one of the elements
mass element
Percent Composition = mass compound x 100
Chemical Formulas
What is the mass percent of H in H2O
What is the mass percent of C in C3H8
What is the mass percent of H in C3H8
What is the mass percent of each element in
Fe2(SO4)3
H = 1.01 g/mol Fe = 55.85 g/mol
C = 12.01 g/mol S = 32.07 g/mol
O = 16 g/mol
Chemical Formulas
• Chemical Formula –representation of the
combination of elements forming compounds
• Shows the kind and number of elements combined and
the whole-number ratio of atoms present
• Empirical formula –the smallest whole-number
ratio of atoms present
• Molecular formula –indicates the actual numbers
of atoms present in a molecule of the compound
• Structural formula –shows the relative placement
and connection of atoms in the molecule
Chemical Formulas
To get the empirical formula
1. Get the moles of each element
• When using percent composition, convert first to grams
by assuming a mass (100g is convenient)
• You may obtain the moles of each element from
compound products
2. Divide all results by the smallest number of moles
• This will give the smallest ratio’s
3. If there are fractional ratios, multiply each ratio
by integers to get whole numbers
Chemical Formulas
A compound contains 52.94% Al and 47.06% O. What
is the empirical formula of the compound?
1 mole
52.94% Al x 100g = 52.94g x 27 g = 1.96 / 1.96 = 1 Al
1 mole
47.06% O x 100g = 47.06g x 16 g = 2.94 / 1.96 = 1.5 O
AlO1.5 x 2 = Al2O3
Chemical Formulas
A compound contains 17.78% H and 82.22% N. What
is the empirical formula of the compound?
1 mole
17.78% x 100g = 17.78g x 1.01 g = 17.60 / 5.87 = 3 H
1 mole
82.22% x 100g = 82.22g x 14.01 g = 5.87 / 5.87 = 1 N
NH3
Chemical Formulas
A sample of a compound contains 6.541g of Co and
2.368g of O. What is the empirical formula for this
compound?
1 mole
6.541g Co x 58.93 g = 0.11 / 0.11 = 1 Co
1 mole
2.368g O x
16 g = 0.15 / 0.11 = 1.36 O
CoO1.36 x 3 = Co3O4
Chemical Formulas
• Molecular formula – integral multiples of empirical
formula
• To get the integral multiple, divide the molecular
weight by the empirical weight
MW of the molecule = Integer(FW of the empirical formula)
MW of the molecule
FW of the empirical formula = integer
Chemical Formulas
A compound is found to contain 85.63% C and 14.37% H.
In another experiment its molar mass is found to be 56.1
g/mol. What is its molecular formula?
1 mole
14.37% x 100g = 14.37g x 1.01 g = 14.22 / 7.13 = 2 H
1 mole
85.63% x 100g = 85.63g x 12.01 g = 7.13 / 7.13 = 1 C
FW CH2 = 14.03 g/mol
FW (CH2)x = X(14.03) = 56.1
X = 3.99 ≈ 4 Molecular formula = C4H8
Chemical Formulas
Getting Empirical Formulas from Combustion
Products
• Sometimes, it is not convenient to obtain atomic
percentages
• Combustion is the reaction with oxygen gas to
obtain stable oxides
• For hydrocarbons, the combustion products CO2
and H2O are used to obtain the amounts of C and H
• To convert these to empirical formulas, we need to
obtain moles C and moles H
Chemical Formulas
A 0.1014-g sample of purified glucose was burned in a C-H
combustion train to produce 0.1486 g of CO2 and 0.0609 g
H2O. Glucose contains only C, H and O. Determine the
masses of C, H and O in the sample and the percentages of
these elements in glucose. Get the empirical formula.
1 mole 2 moles H
Moles H = 0.0609 g H2O x x = 0.0068
18.02 g 1 mole H2O
1 mole 1 mole C
Moles C = 0.1486 g CO2 x 44.01 g x 1 mole CO = 0.0033
2
0.0068 moles H = 0.00687g H / 0.1014 = 6.77%
0.0033 moles C = 0.0396g C / 0.1014 = 39.09%
g O = 0.1014–0.00687 –0.0396 = 0.0549g O / 0.1014 = 54.14%
Chemical Formulas
A 0.1014-g sample of purified glucose was burned in a C-H
combustion train to produce 0.1486 g of CO2 and 0.0609 g
H2O. Glucose contains only C, H and O. Determine the
masses of C, H and O in the sample and the percentages of
these elements in glucose. Get the empirical formula.
Moles H = 0.0068/0.0033 = 2
Moles C = 0.0033/0.0033 = 1
1 mole O
Moles O = 0.0549g O x 16.00 g = 0.0034/0.0033 = 1
Empirical Formula CH2O
Chemical Formulas
67.5 g of unknown hydrate of CaSO4is heated to remove all
the water. The resulting mass of pure CaSO4 is 53.4 g. What is
the formula of the hydrate and what is the formula weight?
(Ca 40.08 g/mol, S 32.07 g/mol, O 16.00 g/mol)
67.5 g Hydrate – 53.4g CaSO4 = 14.1g H2O
1 mole
53.4g CaSO4 x 136.15 g = 0.39 / 0.39 = 1 CaSO4
1 mole
14.1g H2O x 18.02 g = 0.78 / 0.39 = 2 H2O
CaSO4 · 2H2O FW = 172.19 g/mol
Chemical Formulas
Percent Purity – mass percentage of a specified
substance in an impure sample
mass substance
% Purity = x 100
mass sample
Chemical Formulas
A bottle of sodium phosphate, Na3PO4, is 98.3% pure
Na3PO4. What are the masses of Na3PO4 and
impurities in 250.0 g of this sample of Na3PO4?
250.0g x 0.983 = 245.75g Na3PO4
250 – 245.75 = 4.25g impurity
