ES 200-S2

Module B
Solid Waste Management and
Other Aspects of Environmental
Management
Prof. Anurag Garg
[email protected]

1
 Course Outline
• Solid waste management
Municipal solid waste
E-waste
• Environmental law and policy
• Environmental management tools

Total Weightage: 33 marks (Assignment/

quiz = 8 marks and End sem exam = 25
marks) 2
 Key References
• Masters, G.M., Introduction to Environmental
Engineering and Science, Prentice Hall, New
Delhi.
• Nathanson, J. A., Basic Environmental
Technology – Water supply, Waste
Management and Pollution Control. Prentice
Hall, New Delhi.
• Additional reading material will be suggested
as needed.

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 Basic Questions
• What is municipal solid waste (MSW)
• How much waste is generated in India
• What is the composition and constituents of MSW
• How would you classify MSW
• How the waste is disposed in India
• How the waste is managed in your city
• How do you dispose domestic waste
• Rules for Solid Waste Management in India

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 What is MSW?
• Solid Waste: Solid or semi-solid domestic waste,
sanitary, commercial, institutional, catering and
market waste and other non residential wastes,
street sweepings, silt removed or collected from
the surface drains, horticulture waste, agriculture
and dairy waste, treated bio-medical waste
excluding industrial waste, bio-medical waste and
e-waste, battery waste, radio-active waste
(Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016:
http://www.moef.gov.in/sites/default/files/SWM%202
016.pdf)
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 Waste Generation Rates (kg/capita/d)
Countries Waste generation rate
Current 2025
Bangladesh 0.43 0.75
China 1.02 1.70
India 0.34 0.70
Malaysia 1.52 1.90
Nepal 0.12 0.70
Philippines 0.50 0.90
Thailand 1.76 1.95
Vietnam 1.46 1.80

Source: Srivastava et al., 2014

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Global Waste Composition
 Global Waste
Composition by
Income Level
 Classification of MSW
MSW components

Organic Inorganic
(e.g. metals, inerts)

Biodegradable Non-biodegradable
(e.g. plastics)

Readily degradable Slowly or partially

(e.g. food waste) degradable (e.g. paper,
textile) 9
Solid Waste Management
Rules, 2016
 Terminology
• Bulk waste generator: This includes buildings occupied by the Central
government departments or undertakings, State government departments
or undertakings, local bodies, public sector undertakings or private
companies, hospitals, nursing homes, schools, colleges, universities,
other educational institutions, hostels, hotels, commercial establishments,
markets, places of worship, stadia and sports complexes having an
average waste generation rate exceeding 100 kg per day.
• Biodegradable waste: Any organic material that can be degraded by
micro-organisms into simpler stable compounds;
• Combustible Waste: Non-biodegradable, non-recyclable, non-reusable,
non-hazardous solid waste with minimum calorific value (C.V.) 1500
kcal/kg excluding chlorinated materials

• Extended Producer’s Responsibility: Responsibility of producer of

packaging products for environmentally sound management till end-of-life
of products 11
 Terminology…..
• Co-processing: Use of non-biodegradable and non recyclable
solid waste having CV > 1500 kcal/kg as raw material or as a source of
energy or both to replace or supplement the natural mineral resources
and fossil fuels in industrial processes

• Decentralized processing: Establishment of dispersed facilities

for maximizing the processing of recovery of wastes, closest to the
source of generation to minimize transportation

• Refuse Derived Fuel: Fuel derived from combustible waste

fraction of solid waste in the form of pellets produced by drying,
shredding, dehydrating and compacting of solid waste

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 Duties of Waste Generators
• Segregate and store the waste generated in three streams: bio-
degradable, non-biodegradable and domestic hazardous wastes and
handover these to authorised waste pickers
• Should not burn or bury the solid waste on streets, open public spaces
or in the drain or water bodies
• All waste generators should pay user fee for solid waste management
• To organise a gathering of more than hundred persons at any
unlicensed place, intimate the local body, at least three working days in
advance and ensure segregation at source and handing over of waste
• Every street vendor shall keep suitable containers for storage of waste
generated during the course of his activity
• All gated communities and institutions with more than 5,000 m2 area,
hotels and restaurants should ensure segregation. The bio-degradable
waste shall be processed, treated and disposed off through composting
or bio-methanation within the premises
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 Major Changes
• Name: The name has been changed from “Municipal Solid Waste
(Management and Handling) Rules” to “Solid Waste Management
Rules”
• Jurisdiction: The jurisdiction of the rules has been extended beyond
Municipal area to cover industrial townships, areas under control of
Indian Railways, airports, defense establishments etc.
• Duties:
 Duties of waste generators have been introduced in the new rules
 Manufacturers have been allotted the duty to provide pouch or wrapper
for safe disposal of sanitary napkins and diapers
• Compulsory use of RDF: All industrial units within 100 km of RDF
plants shall replace at least 5% of their fuel by RDF
• Energy recovery: Non recyclable waste with C.V.>1500 kcal/kg shall
not be landfilled and used for RDF
• Criteria for compost: Minimum 90% of the compost should be less
than 4 mm.
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 Major Changes contd…
• Co-marketing of compost:
The Department of Fertilisers, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers
should ensure promotion of co-marketing of compost with chemical
fertilizers
• Setting up WtE Plants:
MoUD shall formulate policies and Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy Sources shall facilitate infrastructure and subsidy for creation for
WtE Plants.
• Promotion of WtE Plants:
Ministry of Power shall fix tariff and ensure compulsory purchase of
power generated from WtE plants by DISCOMs
• Financial assistance to local bodies:
The manufacturers of disposable products such as tin, glass, plastics
etc. shall provide financial assistance to local authorities for
establishment of waste management system

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Waste Disposal
Existing Generalized MSW Management
System in India

Collection system (House to

MSW house and/ or by sweepers

Junkyard/ community
Ragpickers
dustbin

Processing of waste
Transportation by
for material and
vehicle
energy recovery

Landfilling in low
lying areas

Source: Srivastava et al., 2014 17

 Existing MSW Recycling System in India
Source: Srivastava et al., 2014

Municipal Solid
Waste

Household Hotels and

Parks Street waste Junkyard waste markets

Ragpickers Scrap dealers

Recycling Recyclers Scrap wholesalers

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A Typical Composition of the Wastebasket
of Waste Collectors or Pickers
Material Quantity (kg/d)
Plastics 1.2
Polythene 7.8
Paper 6.4
Metals 4.7
Bottles (unbroken) 1.9
Broken glass 1.7
Rubber 0.9

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 Queries
• What are the potential environmental
threats from uncontrolled waste disposal.
• What is ISWM.

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Adverse Impacts of Unsustainable Waste
Disposal
• Health impacts
 Can cause direct and indirect impacts

• Environmental impacts
 Soil
 Water
 Air

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 Need to Shift from Landfilling to 3Rs

http://www.downtoearth.org.in/coverage/waste-smart-cities-54119#0 22
 Integrated Solid Waste Management
(ISWM)
• ISWM can be defined as the selection and
application of suitable techniques,
technologies and management programs to
achieve specific waste management
objectives and goals.

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Integrated Solid Waste Management System

Stakeholders: NGOs, Local

and regulatory authorities,
service users

Public Environmental
health protection

ISWM
System
Elements: Generation and Aspects: Socio-cultural,
separation, collection, transfer, financial, policies and
treatment and disposal, implementation, Laws/
recovery, 3Rs Legislation, Political,
Institutional
Resource
management

Source: Srivastava et al., 2014 24

Waste Hierarchy – A Shift in Thinking
(CPHEEO, 2016)

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 Reading Materials
• Srivastava et al., 2014. Urban solid waste management in developing
world with emphasis on India: Challenges and Opportunities. Reviews in
Environmental Science and Biotechnology, pages 17. (Available online)

• Sharholy, M., Ahmad, K., Mahmood, G., Trivedi, R.C., 2008. Municipal
solid waste management in Indian cities – A review. Waste Manage. 28,
459-467. (Available online)

• CPHEEO, 2016. Ministry of Urban Development, New Delhi, India. Taken

from: http://cpheeo.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/Part2.pdf

• Solid Waste Management Rules (2016)

• https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/75-of-municipal-garbage-in-india-
dumped-without-processing/articleshow/65190477.cms (published on 30th July
2018)

• Tchobanoglous G, Theisen H, Vigil SA (1993) Integrated solid waste

management- engineering principals and management issues. McGraw-
Hill Newyork ISBN:0-07-112865-4.
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