Scribd
Upload
108 views

Artificial Intelligence: Course Instructor: Dr. Muhammad Kamran Malik

The document provides an overview of artificial intelligence, discussing definitions of intelligence, what AI is, differences between weak and strong AI, a brief history, applications, and programming languages used in AI. It explores how intelligence can be defined in terms of problem solving abilities and discusses thinking rationally versus thinking humanly in the context of AI.

Uploaded by

Adeel Ahmad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
108 views

Artificial Intelligence: Course Instructor: Dr. Muhammad Kamran Malik

The document provides an overview of artificial intelligence, discussing definitions of intelligence, what AI is, differences between weak and strong AI, a brief history, applications, and programming languages used in AI. It explores how intelligence can be defined in terms of problem solving abilities and discusses thinking rationally versus thinking humanly in the context of AI.

Uploaded by

Adeel Ahmad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

َّ ٰ َّ َ ُ ُ َ

ْ‫اعوذ ِباہللِ ِمن الش ِیط ِن الر ِجیم‬


َّ ‫الر َح ٰمن‬
ْ‫الر ِحیم‬ َّ ‫ہللا‬
ِ ‫ِبس ِم‬
ِ

Lecture 1

Artificial Intelligence
Course Instructor: Dr. Muhammad Kamran Malik
Note: Some slides and/or pictures are adapted from Lecture slides / Books of
• Dr Zafar Alvi.
• Text Book - Aritificial Intelligence Illuminated by Ben Coppin, Narosa Publishers.
• Ref Books
•Artificial Intelligence- Structures & Strategies for Complex Problem Solving by George F. Luger, 4th edition,
Pearson Education.
• Artificial Intelligence A Modern Approach by Stuart Russell & Peter Norvig.
•Artificial Intelligence, Third Edition by Patrick Henry Winston
Outline
• Course overview
• What is Intelligence?
• What is AI?
• Weak AI vs Strong AI
• History
• Application
• AI languages
What is Intelligence?
• How can we define Intelligence?
• Is it something tangible?
• Consider the image on next slide where a
mouse is trying to search a maze in order to
find its way from the bottom left to the piece
of cheese in the top right corner of the image.
What is Intelligence?
What is Intelligence?
• The mouse tries various paths as shown by
arrows and can reach the cheese by more
than one path.
• In other words the mouse can find more than
one solutions to this problem.
• The mouse was intelligent enough to find a
solution to the problem at hand.
• Hence the ability of problem solving
demonstrates intelligence..
What is Intelligence?
• Consider the sequence of numbers below:
1, 3, 7, 13, 21, ___.
• Example of Automated Timetable Generation
– the ability to think, plan and schedule
demonstrate intelligence
What is Intelligence?
• Correct and efficient memory and
information manipulation (doctor & patient)
• Ability to tackle ambiguous and fuzzy
problems (height of person i.e tall)
• Ability to learn and recognize
• Ability to understand and perceive
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
Views of AI fall into four categories:

Thinking humanly Thinking rationally


Acting humanly Acting rationally
• A system is rational if it does the “right thing”,
given what it knows.
What is AI?
Thinking humanly Thinking rationally
1. “The exciting new effort to make 1. “The study of mental faculties through the use
computers think … machines with minds, in of computational models” (Charniak and
the full and literal sense” (Haugeland, 1985) McDermott)
2. “[The automation of] activities that we 2. “The study of computation that make it
associate with human thinking, activities possible to perceive reason and act” (Winston
such as decision making, problem solving, 1992)
learning …” (Bellman, 1978)

Acting humanly Acting rationally


1. “The art of creating machines that 1. “Computational Intelligence is the study of the
perform functions that require intelligence design of intelligent agents.” (Poole et al., 1998)
when performed by people” (Kurzweil 1990) 2. “AI . . . Is concerned with intelligent behaviour
2. “The study of how to make computers do in artifacts.” (Nilsson, 1998)
things at which, at the moment, people are
better” (Rich and Knight, 1991)
Acting humanly: Turing Test

• The computer would need to possess the following capabilities:


– Natural Language Processing (to enable it to communicate successfully in english)
– Knowledge representation (to store what it knows or hears)
– Automated reasoning (to use the stored information to answer questions and to draw
new conclusions)
– Machine learning (to adapt to new circumstances and to detect and extrapolate
patterns)
– Computer vision (to perceive objects)
– Robotics (to manipulate objects and move about)
Schools of Thought
Weak AI Versus Strong AI

• As discussed earlier, AI is considered to be an effort to


try to simulate human behavior. But, the need is to
define up to what extent the computer can
demonstrate the simulation, raising the idea of strong
AI and weak AI

11
Weak AI Versus Strong AI
• Strong AI: The followers of strong AI believe that by
giving a computer program sufficient processing
power, and by providing it with enough intelligence,
one can create a computer that can literally think and
is conscious in the same way that a human is
conscious.
• Weak AI: Weak AI, in contrast, is simply the view that
intelligent behavior can be modeled and used by
computers to solve complex problems.
• This point of view argues that just because a
computer behaves intelligently does not prove that it
is actually intelligent in the way that a human is
12
AI Programming Language
• Prolog
• LISP
History and Evolution
Applications
• Information Retrieval System
• Robotic
• Games
• NLP
• Computer Vision
• etc

You might also like