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Development of The Learners at Various Stages Hard

The document discusses prenatal development and development from infancy through toddlerhood. It covers 3 primary stages of prenatal development: the germinal period, embryonic period, and fetal period. It also discusses physical, cognitive, language, and socio-emotional development in infants and toddlers. Key topics include brain development, motor skills, memory, attachment, temperament, and theories of development from Piaget and Erikson.

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Irika Craste Sapanza Horan
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154 views

Development of The Learners at Various Stages Hard

The document discusses prenatal development and development from infancy through toddlerhood. It covers 3 primary stages of prenatal development: the germinal period, embryonic period, and fetal period. It also discusses physical, cognitive, language, and socio-emotional development in infants and toddlers. Key topics include brain development, motor skills, memory, attachment, temperament, and theories of development from Piaget and Erikson.

Uploaded by

Irika Craste Sapanza Horan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Development of the Learners at Various Stages

Unit 1: Pre-natal period


Module 11: Pre-natal Development

Pre-natal Development

 Refers to the process in which a baby develops from a single cell


after conception into an embryo and later a fetus.

 Takes 38 weeks to complete

3 Primary Stages of Pre-natal Development

1. Germinal Period - the first two weeks after conception.

- the sperm cell and egg cell unite in one of the two

fallopian tube.

Development:

- creation of zygote

- continued cell division

- attachment of zygote to uterine wall

2. Embryonic Period -2-8 weeks after conception.

-zygote become embryo.

Development:

- cell differentiation intensifies

- life-support systems for the embryo develop


- organs appear

 Zygote attached to the wall of uterus, thus two layers of cells are
formed.

 the endoderm which is the inner layer of cells.

 the outer layer are divided in two parts. The ectoderm and the
mesoderm which is the middle layer.

 the first two months of pre-natal development is called


organogenesis.

The life support systems of the embryo:

 the placenta

 the umbilical cord

 the amnion

3. Fetal period- 2-7 months after conception

-growth and development continue dramatically during this


period.

Teratology and Hazards to Pre-natal Development

 Teratology- investigates the causes of congenital (birth) defects.


It comes from the Greek word “TERA” which means monster.

 CLUSTERS of HAZARD

1. Prescription and Nonprescription Drugs


2. Psychoactive Drugs

3. Environmental Hazards

4. Other maternal factors

Unit 2:(Infancy and Toddlerhood)


Module 12: physical development of infants and toddlers

 Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal Patterns

 Cephalocaudal Trend – is the post natal growth from conception


to 5 months when the head grows more than the body.

 Proximodistal Trend- is the earlier maturation of muscular


control of the trunk and arms.

Height and Weight of infants and toddlers

 Newborn babies drop 5 to 10 percent of their body weight


within the couple of weeks of birth.

 Breastfed babies are heavier than bottle-fed babies.

 Babies weight triples during the first year but slows down in the
second year of life.

Brain Development of infants and toddlers

 The babies brain produces more connections between neurons.

 The infants brain is literally waiting for experiences to determine


how connections are made.

Motor Development

 Common Reflexes of Babies:


 Sucking Reflex

 Rooting Reflex

 Gripping Reflex

 Curling Reflex

 Startle/Moro Reflex

 Galant Reflex

 Tonic Neck Reflex

 Gross Motor Skills-

 The ability of a baby to use his muscles in large movement using


his arms, legs, feet or entire body.

 Fine Motor Skills

 The ability of a baby to make smaller actions using a small


muscles, arms, hands and fingers.

Module 13: Cognitive Development of infants and toddlers

 Cognitive development refers to development in the way a baby


thinks.

 Include his/her language, communication and exploration skills.

4 Stages of Cognitive Development According to Piaget

1.Sensorimotor stage

 infants construct an understand of the world by coordinating


sensory experiences with physical motoric action.
2. Pre- operational stage

 this stage begins around age of 2.

 children begin to engage in symbolic plays.

 learn to manipulate symbols.

. Concrete Operational Stage

 Characterized by the development of logical thoughts.

 A child is able to think rationally about objects if they work with


or see the object.

4. Formal Operational Stage

 Begins at approximately age of 12 and last into adulthood.

 They are able to think rationally and do not need the object
being thought about the present.

Learning and Remembering of Infants and Toddlers

 Childhood memories usually involve memories of significant


events.

 Infantile amnesia the inability to recall events that happened


when the child is very young

Language Development of Infants and Toddlers

 Infants appear to be programed to tune in to their linguistic


environment.
 Vocabulary expands rapidly more than tripling from about 300
words at about 2 years of age to about 1,000 words at about 3
years of age.

 LAD – Language Acquisition Device

 Noam Chomsky, a noted linguist claims that human have innate


language acquisition device wherein preprogrammed to learn
language community children find themselves in.

MODULE 14: Socio-emotional Development of Infants and


Toddlers

 Socio-emotional development

 has something to do with the development of a persons ability


to master one’s emotions and the ability to relate to others.

 The formative years

 is the importance in the first 3 years in human development.

Factors of Socio-emotional Development

. Attachment

 according to Dr. John Bowly, the father of attachment theory


noted that the beginning of attachment occur with the first 6
months of a babies life with the variety of built in signal the
baby uses.

2. Temparament – is the word that “captures the ways that


people differ, even at birth, in such things as their emotional
reactions, activity level, attention span, persistence and ability
to regulate their emotion”
(K. Pasek and R Golinkeff, 2003)

Researcher’s Thomas, Chess and Birch describe Nine Different


Temparament Categories

 Activity level

 Mood

 Treshold for distress

 Rhythmicity

 Intensity of response

 Approach withdrawal

 Distractibility

 Adaptability

 Persistence

3 Basic Types of Babies’ Temparament

 The easy child

 easily establishes regular routines

 generally cheerful

 adapts readily to new experiences.

 The difficult child

 is irregular in daily routines

 slow to accept new experience


 tends to reacts negatively to new things.

 The slow-to-warm-up child

 show mild

 low-key reactions to environmental changes

 negative in mood and adjust slowly to new experiences.

The development of emotions

 Early Infancy (Birth-six months)

 Between 6 to 10 weeks, a social smile emerges, accompanied by


other pleasure – indicative actions and sounds

 Laughter begins at around 3 to 4 months requires a level of


Cognitive Development because it demonstrates the child can
recognize incongruity.

• Later Infancy Months 7 to 12 Months

• The last half of the first year, infants begin expressing fear,
disgust and anger because of the maturation of cognitive
abilities.

• Socialization of emotion begins in infancy

 teaching them on how to express their emotions.

• Social referencing

 infants begin to recognize the emotions of others.

 Toddlerhood Years 1 to 2 Years


 Infants express emotions of shame or embarrassment and pride.

 Emotional understanding of toddlers: toddlers acquire language


and are learning to verbally express their feelings.

 Children begin to develop skills to regulate their emotions with


the emergence of language.

Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory

 8 STAGES

1. Trust vs. Mistrust (birth-1year old)

2. Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (2-3 years old)

3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years old)

4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 years old)

5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18 years old)

6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (20’s through early 40’s)

7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (40’s)

8. Integrity vs. Despair (mid 60’s

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