System Users and

Developers
De elope s
Chapter 4

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Raymond McLeod and George Schell
 Learning Objectives
► Know
o that
t at tthe
eoorganizational
ga at o a co content
te t for
o syste
systemss
development and use is changing from a physical
to a virtual structure.
► Know
K who
h theh information
i f i specialists
i li are andd how
h
they can be integrated into an information services
organization.
► Be alert to new directions that the information
services organization may take.
► Understand what is meant by “end-“end-user
computing” and why it came about.

© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 2

Raymond McLeod and George Schell
 Learning Objectives (Cont
(Cont’d)
d)
► Appreciate
pp that users,, especially
p y those with an
end--user computing capability, are a valuable
end
information resource.
► Know the benefits and risks of end-
end-user
computing.
► Be aware of the types of knowledge and skill that
are important
i t t tto systems
t d
development.
l t
► Appreciate the value of managing the knowledge
held by information specialists and users.
► Recognize the benefits and risks of the virtual
office and the virtual organization.

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Raymond McLeod and George Schell
 Figure 4.1 Information Systems Are
Developed to Support Organizational
Levels and Areas

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Raymond McLeod and George Schell
 Information Services (IS)
O
Organization
i ti
► Information resources
► Information specialists
ƒ System analysts
ƒ Database administrators
ƒ Webmasters
ƒ Network specialists
ƒ Programmers
og a es
ƒ Operators

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Raymond McLeod and George Schell
 The Informational Services
O
Organizational
i ti l Structure
St t
► Trend from centralized to decentralized
structure.
ƒ Divisional information officer (DIO)
► Innovative
ƒ Partner
P t model
d l
ƒ Platform model
ƒ Scalable model

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Raymond McLeod and George Schell
 Figure 4.3 A Network Model of
Information Services Organization

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Raymond McLeod and George Schell
 Network Model (Cont’d)
(Cont d)
► Visioning network enables the CIO to
work with top management in strategic
planning
p g for information resources.
► Innovation network is used by the CIO to
interface with business areas so that
innovations can be developed.
► Sourcing g network is utilized to interface
with vendor for acquiring information
resources.
© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 8
Raymond McLeod and George Schell
 End--user Computing
End
► End
End--user computing (EUC
EUC)) is the
development by users of all or parts of their
y
information systems.
► EUC has 4 main influences:
ƒ The impact
p of computer
p education.
ƒ The information services backlog.
ƒ Low--cost hardware.
Low
ƒ Prewritten software.

© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 9

Raymond McLeod and George Schell
 Benefits of EUC
► Matchcapabilities and challenges.
challenges
► Reduce the communication gap.

© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 10

Raymond McLeod and George Schell
 Risks of EUC
► Poorly targeted systems
systems.
► Poorly designed and documented systems.
► Inefficient
I ffi i t use off iinformation
f ti resources.
► Loss of data integrity.
► Loss of security.
► Loss of control
control.

© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 11

Raymond McLeod and George Schell
 Education Criteria, Knowledge, and Skills
Needed for Careers in Information
Systems
► Systems development knowledge
ƒ Computer literacy
ƒ Information literacyy
ƒ Business fundamentals
ƒ Systems theory
ƒ Systems development process
ƒ Systems life cycle (SLC) and Systems development life
cycle (SDLC)
ƒ Systems modeling

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Raymond McLeod and George Schell
 Table 4.1 Knowledge Requirements

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Raymond McLeod and George Schell
 Education Criteria, …(Cont
…(Cont’d)
d)
► Systems development skills
ƒ Communications skills
ƒ Analytical ability
ƒ Creativity
ƒ Leadership

© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 14

Raymond McLeod and George Schell
 Table 4.2 Skill Requirements

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Raymond McLeod and George Schell
 Managing the Knowledge Represented
b the
by th Firm’s
Fi ’ Information
I f ti RResources
► Office automation includes all of the
formal and informal electronic systems
primarily concerned with the communication
of information to and from persons both
inside and outside the firm.
firm
► Shift from clerical to managerial problem
solving.
solving

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Raymond McLeod and George Schell
 The Virtual Office
► Telecommuting describes how employees
could electronically “commute” to work.
► Hoteling is when the firm provides a
central facility that can be shared by
employees as the need for office space and
support arises.

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Raymond McLeod and George Schell
 The Virtual Office (Cont
(Cont’d)
d)
► Advantages
ƒ Reduced facility cost.
ƒ Reduced equipment cost.
ƒ Reduced work stoppages.
ƒ Social contribution.
► Disadvantages
ƒ Low
o morale.
o ae
ƒ Fear of security risks.

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Raymond McLeod and George Schell
 The Virtual Organization
► Three I Economy is those industries that
are most attracted to the concept of the
virtual office and the virtual organization
and those that add value in the form of
information, ideas, and intelligence.

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Raymond McLeod and George Schell
 The Human Element
► Most important ingredient in the
development and use of information
systems.
systems
► Main players
ƒ Users
U
ƒ Information specialists

© 2007 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems, 10/e 20

Raymond McLeod and George Schell