Proposed Curriculum and Syllabus

For

B. Sc. (Honours) Physics

Submitted
to

KAZI NAZRUL UNIVERSITY

Under

Choice Based Credit System

(From Session 2016-2017)

Department of Physics
Kazi Nazrul University
Asansol, Burdwan, W.B.

June 2016
1
 Outline of Choice Based Credit System:

1. Core Course: A course, which should compulsorily be studied by a candidate as a core

requirement is termed as a Core course.
2. Elective Course: Generally a course which can be chosen from a pool of courses and which
may be very specific or specialized or advanced or supportive to the discipline/ subject of study
or which provides an extended scope or which enables an exposure to some other
discipline/subject/domain or nurtures the candidate’s proficiency/skill is called an Elective
Course.
2.1 Discipline Specific Elective (DSE) Course: Elective courses may be offered by the main
discipline/subject of study is referred to as Discipline Specific Elective.
2.2 Dissertation/Project: An elective course designed to acquire special/advanced knowledge,
such as supplement study/support study to a project work, and a candidate studies such a course
on his own with an advisory support by a teacher/faculty member is called dissertation/project.
2.3 Generic Elective (GE) Course: An elective course chosen generally from an unrelated
discipline/subject, with an intention to seek exposure is called a Generic Elective.
P.S.: A core course offered in a discipline/subject may be treated as an elective by other
discipline/subject and vice versa and such electives may also be referred to as Generic Elective.
3. Ability Enhancement Courses (AEC): The Ability Enhancement (AE) Courses may be of
two kinds: Ability Enhancement Compulsory Courses (AECC) and Skill Enhancement Courses
(SEC). “AECC” courses are the courses based upon the content that leads to Knowledge
enhancement; i. Environmental Science and ii. English/MIL Communication. These are
mandatory for all disciplines. SEC courses are value-based and/or skill-based and are aimed at
providing hands-on-training, competencies, skills, etc.
3.1 Ability Enhancement Compulsory Courses (AECC): Environmental Science, English
Communication/MIL Communication. 3.2 Skill Enhancement Courses (SEC): These courses
may be chosen from a pool of courses designed to provide value-based and/or skill-based
knowledge.

2
 Department of Physics, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol
Curriculum For B.Sc. Honours in Physics [Choice Based Credit System]

Semester-I

Teaching Scheme in
Sr. hour per week
Name of the Subject Nature Code credit
No.
L T P
Core Course-I
1 Mathematical Methods of Physics-I 5 1 0 6

Core Course-II
2 Mechanics 4 0 4 6
(Theory +Lab)
3 GE-I (Theory)
GE -I 5 1 0 6

4 GE-I
4 0 4 6
(Theory +Lab)
5 EVS AECC 4
Total Credit =22

Semester-II

Teaching Scheme
Sr. in hour per week
Name of the Subject Nature Code credit
No.
L T P
Core Course III
1 Mathematical Methods of Physics-II 4 0 4 6
(Theory +Lab)
Core Course-
IV (Theory
2 Electricity and Magnetism +Lab) 4 0 4 6

3 GE-II (Theory)
GE -II 5 1 0 6

4 GE-II
4 0 4 6
(Theory +Lab)
5 Eng/MIL AECC 2
Total Credit =20
3
 Semester-III

Teaching Scheme
Sr. in hour per week
Name of the Subject Nature Code credit
No.
L T P
Core Course-V
Classical Mechanics and Special (Theory +Lab) 4 0 4 6
1
Theory of Relativity

Core Course-VI
2 Thermal Physics- I (Theory +Lab) 4 0 4 6

3 Analog Systems and Applications Core Course VII 4 0 4 6

4 GE-III (Theory)
GE -III 5 1 0 6

5 GE-III
4 0 4 6
(Theory +Lab)
6 SEC -I AEEC-I 2

Total Credit =26

Semester-IV

Teaching Scheme
Sr. in hour per week
Name of the Subject Nature Code credit
No.
L T P
Core Course-VIII (Theory
1 Electromagnetic Theory 4 0 4 6
+Lab)
Core Course IX (Theory
2 Waves and Optics 4 0 4 6
+Lab)
3 Digital Systems and Core Course X( Theory
4 0 4 6
Applications +Lab)
4
GE -I GE-I (Theory) 5 1 0 6

GE-I
4 0 4 6
(Theory +Lab)
5 SEC -II AEEC-II 2

Total Credit = 26

4
 Semester-V

Teaching Scheme
Sr. in hour per week
Name of the Subject Nature Code Credit
No.
L T P
Core Course-XI
1 Quantum Mechanics 4 0 4 6
(Theory +Lab)
Core Course XII
2 Thermal Physics-II 4 0 4 6
(Theory +Lab)
3
DSE -III DSE-III (Theory) 5 1 0 6

DSE-III
4 0 4 6
(Theory +Lab)
4 DSE -IV DSE-IV(Theory)
5 1 0 6

DSE-IV
4 0 4 6
(Theory +Lab)
Total Credit = 24

Semester-VI

Teaching Scheme
Sr. in hour per week
Name of the Subject Nature Code Credit
No.
L T P
Core Course-XIII
1 Statistical Mechanics 5 1 0 6
(Theory)
Core Course XIV
2 Condensed Matter Physics 4 0 4 6
(Theory +Lab)
3 DSE-III (Theory) 5 1 0 6
DSE -III
DSE-III
4 0 4 6
(Theory +Lab)
4 DSE -IV DSE-IV(Theory) 5 1 0 6
DSE-IV
4 0 4 6
(Theory +Lab)
Total Credit =24

5
 Total Credit : 142
Core Course

Sr. Semester Teaching Scheme in hour per week

Name of the Subject Credit
No. L T P
1 I Mathematical Methods of Physics-I 5 1 0 6
2 I Mechanics 4 0 4 6
3 II Mathematical Methods of Physics-II 4 0 4 6
4 II Electricity and Magnetism 4 0 4 6
III Classical Mechanics and Special Theory
5 4 0 4 6
of Relativity
6 III Thermal Physics- I 4 0 4 6
7 III Analog Systems and Applications 4 0 4 6
8 IV Electromagnetic Theory 4 0 4 6
9 IV Waves and Optics 4 0 4 6
10 IV Digital Systems and Applications 4 0 4 6
11 V Quantum Mechanics 4 0 4 6
12 V Thermal Physics-II 4 0 4 6
13 VI Statistical Mechanics 5 1 0 6
14 VI Condensed Matter Physics 4 0 4 6

AECC – Ability Enhancement Compulsory Courses : English/Modern Indian Language/EVS

AEEC –Ability Enhancement Elective Courses [i.e., Skill Enhancement Course (SEC)]
[Two papers are to be taken and each paper will be of 2 credits]*1

Semester III
I. Electrical Circuit Network Skills, II. Technical Drawing Skills.

Semester IV
III. Basic Instrumentation Skills, IV. Computational Physics.

6
 Discipline Specific Electives (DSE)
[ Four papers are to be taken and each paper will be of 6 credits]

For Semester V: (Any two from the following)

1. Nuclear and Particle Physics, 2. Atomic Physics & Spectroscopy, 3. Communication
Electronics, 4. Astronomy and Astrophysics
For Semester VI : (Any two from the following)
5. Applied Optics, 6. Classical Dynamics, 7. Physics of Devices and Instruments, 8. Nano
Materials and Applications.

Interdisciplinary/ Generic Elective (G.E.) from other Department

[Four papers are to be taken and each paper will be of 6 credits]

Note : Papers are to be taken from the following disciplines. (At least two papers are to be taken
from mathematics)
1. Mathematics, 2. Chemistry, 3. Computer Science, 4. Electronics, 5. Geology, 6. Economics,
7. Biology, 8. Humanities, 9. Any relevant course from B.A./B. Sc. Program.

Interdisciplinary/ Generic Elective (G.E.) for Other Departments

Semester Code Teaching Scheme in hour

Sr. Name of the per week
No. Subject Credit
L T P
1 I Mechanics 4 0 4 6
II Electricity and
2 4 0 4 6
Magnetism
III Thermal Physics and
3 4 0 4 6
Statistical Mechanics
4 IV Waves and Optics 4 0 4 6

7
 SYLLABUS

Semester – I
I. MATHEMATICAL METHODS OF PHYSICS I

[Credit: 6, Lecture : 60 hours, Marks : 50]

1. Calculus : Infinite sequences and series; Conditional and Absolute Convergence; Tests for
Convergence (proofs not required, only applications), Functions of several real variables - partial
differentiation, Taylor's series, multiple integrals. Elementary idea about Г function, β function
and error function (no derivation). (5)
2. Vector Analysis : Definition, Transformation properties, Differentiation and integration of
vectors; Line integral, volume integral and surface integral involving vector fields; Gradient,
divergence and curl of a vector field; Gauss' divergence theorem, Stokes' theorem, Green's
theorem - application to simple problems; Orthogonal curvilinear co-ordinate systems, unit
vectors in such systems, illustration by plane, spherical and cylindrical co-ordinate systems only.
(15)
3. Statistics : Random variables and probabilities - statistical expectation value, variance;
Analysis of random errors: Probability distribution functions (Binomial, Gaussian, and Poisson).
(5)
4. Determinant and Matrices :
Algebra of matrices – Equality, Addition, Multiplication; Transpose and conjugate transpose of
a matrix, Singular and non-singular matrices; Adjoint and Inverse of a Matrix; rank of a matrix;
Normal Forms; Solution of simultaneous equation of matrices by Cramer’s rule; Solution of
systems of linear homogenous and inhomogeneous equations by matrix method; Cayley-
Hamilton theorem; Characteristics equation of a square matrix and diagonalization; Properties of
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of matrices; Types of matrices - Symmetric, Skew- symmetric,
Hermitian, Orthogonal and unitary matrices and their properties. (15)

5. Ordinary Differential Equations : Solution of second order linear differential equations with
constant coefficients and variable coefficients by Frobenius’ method (singularity analysis not

8
required); Solution of Legendre and Hermite equations about x=0; Legendre and Hermite
polynomials – orthonormality properties. (7)
6. Partial Differential Equations
Functions of several variables; Partial Derivatives; Partial Differential Equations; Partial
Differential Equations in Physics; Solutions by the method of separation of variables; Simple
examples, Laplace's equation and its solution in Cartesian, spherical polar (axially symmetric
problems), and cylindrical polar (`infinite cylinder' problems) coordinate systems; Diffusion
equation. (8)

Recommended Books :
1. Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences, Mary L. Boas
2. Essential Mathematical Methods for Physicists by Hans J. Weber and George B. Arfken
3. Introduction to Mathematical Physics - C. Harper (Prentice-Hall of India).
4. Mathematical Methods - M. C. Potter and J. Goldberg (Prentice-Hall of India).
5. Vector Analysis - M. R. Spiegel, (Schaum's Outline Series) (Tata McGraw-Hill).
6. Mathematical Physics – P.K. Chattopadhyay (Wiley Eastern)

II. MECHANICS (Theory + LAB.) [Credits: 06]

Theory - 45 Lectures [Marks : 50]

1. Mechanics of a Single Particle

Velocity and acceleration of a particle in (i) plane polar coordinates - radial and cross-radial
components (ii) spherical polar and (iii) cylindrical polar co-ordinate system; Time and path
integral of force; work and energy; Conservative force and concept of potential; Conservation of
energy; Dissipative forces; Conservation of linear and angular momentum. (10)
2. Mechanics of a System of Particles
Linear momentum, angular momentum and energy - centre of mass decompositon; Equations of
motion, conservation of linear and angular momenta. (8)
3. Rotational Motion

9
Moment of inertia, radius of gyration; Energy and angular momentum of rotating systems of
particles; Parallel and perpendicular axes theorems of moment of inertia; Calculation of moment
of inertia for simple symmetric systems; Ellipsoid of inertia and inertia tensor; Setting up of
principal axes in simple symmetric cases. Rotating frames of reference - Coriolis and centrifugal
forces, simple examples. Force free motion of rigid bodies - free spherical top and free
symmetric top. (12)
4. Central force Motion
Motion of a particle under a central force field. Two-body problem and its reduction to one-body
problem and its solution. The energy equation and energy diagram. Kepler’s Laws. Satellite in
circular orbit and applications. Geosynchronous orbits. Weightlessness. Basic idea of global
positioning system (GPS). Physiological effects on astronauts. (7)
5. Oscillations:
SHM: Simple Harmonic Oscillations. Differential equation of SHM and its solution. Kinetic
energy, potential energy, total energy and their time-average values. Damped oscillation. Forced
oscillations: Transient and steady states; Resonance, sharpness of resonance; power dissipation
and Quality Factor. Concept of different types of waves (plane, spherical, cylindrical), Group
and phase velocity, Growth and decay of sound waves in hall, Sabine’s formula, reverberation.
(8)
Recommended Books :
1. Classical Mechanics – J. Goldstein (Narosa Publ. House).

2. Principles Of Mechanics - John. L Synge and Byron. A Griffith,

3. Theoretical Mechanics - M. R. Spiegel, (Schaum's Outline Series) (McGraw-Hill).

4. Mechanics - K. R. Symon (Addison-Wesley).
5. Introduction to Classical Mechanics - R. G. Takwale and P. S. Puranik (Tata McGraw-Hill).
6. Classical Mechanics – N. C. Rana and P. S. Joag (Tata McGraw-Hill).
7. The Feynman Lectures on Physics – Vol I (Addison-Wesley).
8. Mechanics – H. S. Hans and S. P. Puri (Tata McGraw-Hill).
9. Berkeley Physics Course, Vol – I (Mechanics) (Mc Graw Hill).

10
 MECHANICS LAB [Marks: 50]
1. Measurements of length (or diameter) using vernier caliper, screw gauge and travelling
microscope.
2. To study the random error in observations.
3. To study the Motion of Spring and calculate (a) Spring constant, (b) g and (c) Modulus of
rigidity.
4. To determine the Moment of Inertia of a Flywheel.
5. To determine Coefficient of Viscosity of water by Capillary Flow Method (Poiseuille’s
method).
6. To determine the Young's Modulus of a Wire by Optical Lever Method.
7. To determine the elastic Constants of a wire by Searle’s method.
8. To determine the value of g using Bar Pendulum.
9. Determination of surface tension of a liquid by Jaeger’s method.
10. Determination of Young’s modulus by flexure method.

Semester – II
III. Mathematical Methods of Physics-II (Theory + LAB.) [Credits: 06]
Theory - 45 Lectures [Marks : 50]
Fourier Series: Periodic functions. Orthogonality of sine and cosine functions, Dirichlet
Conditions (Statement only). Expansion of periodic functions in a series of sine and cosine
functions and determination of Fourier coefficients. Complex representation of Fourier series.
Expansion of functions with arbitrary period. Expansion of non-periodic functions over an
interval. Even and odd functions and their Fourier expansions. Application. Summing of Infinite
Series. Term-by-Term differentiation and integration of Fourier Series. Parseval Identity.
(14 Lectures)
Frobenius Method and Special Functions: Singular Points of Second Order Linear Differential
Equations and their importance. Frobenius method and its applications to differential equations.
Legendre, Bessel, Hermite and Laguerre Differential Equations. Properties of Legendre
Polynomials: Rodrigues Formula, Generating Function, Orthogonality. Simple recurrence
relations. Expansion of function in a series of Legendre Polynomials. Bessel Functions of the
11
First Kind: Generating Function, simple recurrence relations. Zeros of Bessel Functions and
Orthogonality. (24 Lectures)
Some Special Integrals: Beta and Gamma Functions and Relation between them. Expression of
Integrals in terms of Gamma Functions. Error Function (Probability Integral). (4 Lectures)
Theory of Errors: Systematic and Random Errors. Propagation of Errors. Normal Law of
Errors. Standard and Probable Error. (4 Lectures)
Functions of a complex variable: Limit, continuity and complex differentiation, analytical
functions, the Cauchy Riemann equations, multivalued functions, complex, integration, Cauchy’s
theorem, Taylor’s series, Laurent series, singularities of complex functions, Cauchy residue
theorem, Principle value of integral, evaluation of certain definite integrals by contour
integration.

Reference Books :
• Mathematical Methods for Physicists: Arfken, Weber, 2005, Harris, Elsevier.
• Fourier Analysis by M.R. Spiegel, 2004, Tata McGraw-Hill.
• Mathematics for Physicists, Susan M. Lea, 2004, Thomson Brooks/Cole.
• Differential Equations, George F. Simmons, 2006, Tata McGraw-Hill.
• Partial Differential Equations for Scientists & Engineers, S.J. Farlow, 1993, Dover Pub.
• Mathematical methods for Scientists & Engineers, D.A. McQuarrie, 2003, Viva Books

Mathematical Methods of Physics-II LAB [Marks: 50]

Part –I:
Introduction and Overview: Computer architecture and organization, memory and Input/output
devices.
Basics of scientific computing: Binary and decimal arithmetic, Floating point numbers,
algorithms, Sequence, Selection and Repetition, single and double precision arithmetic,
underflow &overflow emphasize the importance of making equations in terms of dimensionless
variables, Iterative methods.
Errors and error Analysis: Truncation and round off errors, Absolute and relative errors,
Floating point computations.

12
Review of C & C++ Programming fundamentals: Introduction to Programming, constants,
variables and data types, operators and Expressions, I/O statements, scanf and printf, c in and c
out, Manipulators for data formatting, Control statements (decision making and looping
statements) (If‐statement. If‐else Statement.Nested if Structure. Else‐if Statement. Ternary
Operator.Goto Statement. Switch Statement. Unconditional and Conditional Looping. While
Loop. Do-While Loop. FOR Loop. Break and Continue Statements. Nested Loops), Arrays (1D &
2D) and strings, user defined functions, Structures and Unions, Idea of classes and objects.
Programs: Sum & average of a list of numbers, largest of a given list of numbers and its
location in the list, sorting of numbers in ascending descending order, Binary search.
Random number generation: Area of circle, area of square, volume of sphere, value of pi (π).
Solution of Algebraic and Transcendental equations by Bisection, Newton Raphson and Secant
methods: Solution of linear and quadratic equation.
Part –II:
Introduction to Numerical computation software Scilab : Introduction to Scilab, Advantages
and disadvantages, Scilab environment, Command window, Figure window, Edit window,
Variables and arrays, Initialising variables in Scilab, Multidimensional arrays, Subarray, Special
values, Displaying output data, data file, Scalar and array operations, Hierarchy of operations,
Built in Scilab functions, Introduction to plotting, 2D and 3D plotting (2), Branching Statements
and program design, Relational & logical operators, the while loop, for loop, details of loop
operations, break & continue statements, nested loops, logical arrays and vectorization (2) User
defined functions, Introduction to Scilab functions,
Variable passing in Scilab, optional arguments, preserving data between calls to a function,
Complex and Character data, string function, Multidimensional arrays (2) an introduction to
Scilab file processing, file opening and closing, Binary I/o functions, comparing binary and
formatted functions, Numerical methods and developing the skills of writing a program (2).

Curve fitting, Least square fit, Goodness of fit, standard deviation : Ohms law to calculate
R, Hooke’s law to calculate spring constant.
Solution of Linear system of equations by Gauss elimination method and Gauss Seidal
method. Diagonalization of matrices, Inverse of a matrix, Eigen vectors, eigen values

13
problems : Solution of mesh equations of electric circuits (3 meshes), Solution of coupled spring
mass systems (3 masses).

Reference Books:
 Introduction to Numerical Analysis, S.S. Sastry, 5th Edn. , 2012, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
 Schaum's Outline of Programming with C++. J. Hubbard, 2000, McGraw‐Hill Pub.
 Numerical Recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing, W.H. Pressetal, 3rd Edn., 2007,
Cambridge University Press.
 A first course in Numerical Methods, U.M. Ascher & C. Greif, 2012, PHI Learning.
 Mathematical Methods for Physics and Engineers, K.F Riley, M.P. Hobson and S. J. Bence,
3rd ed., 2006, Cambridge University Press.
 Complex Variables, A.S. Fokas & M.J. Ablowitz, 8th Ed., 2011, Cambridge Univ. Press.
 First course in complex analysis with applications, D.G. Zill and P.D. Shanahan, 1940, Jones
& Bartlett.
 Computational Physics, D.Walker, 1st Edn., 2015, Scientific International Pvt. Ltd.
 A Guide to MATLAB, B.R. Hunt, R.L. Lipsman, J.M. Rosenberg, 2014, 3rd Edn.,
Cambridge University Press.
 Simulation of ODE/PDE Models with MATLAB®, OCTAVE and SCILAB: Scientific and
Engineering Applications: A.V. Wouwer, P. Saucez, C.V. Fernández. 2014 Springer.
 Scilab by example: M. Affouf 2012, ISBN: 978-1479203444 20.
 Scilab (A free software to Matlab): H.Ramchandran, A.S.Nair. 2011 S.Chand & Company.
 Scilab Image Processing: Lambert M. Surhone. 2010 Betascript Publishing.
 www.scilab.in/textbook_companion/generate_book/291.

IV. ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM (Theory + LAB.) [Credits: 06]

Theory - 45 Lectures [Marks : 50]

Electric Field and Electric Potential:

Electric field: Electric field lines. Electric flux. Gauss’ Law with applications to charge
distributions with spherical, cylindrical and planar symmetry. Conservative nature of

14
Electrostatic Field. Electrostatic Potential. Laplace’s and Poisson equations. The Uniqueness
Theorem. Potential and Electric Field of a dipole. Force and Torque on a dipole. mutual potential
energy of two dipoles, force and torque between two dipoles, linear and planner quadrupoles –
their potentials and fields. (12 hrs)
Electrostatic energy of system of charges. Electrostatic energy of a charged sphere. Conductors
in an electrostatic Field. Surface charge and force on a conductor. Capacitance of a system of
charged conductors. Parallel-plate capacitor. Capacitance of an isolated conductor. Method of
Images and its application to: (1) Plane Infinite Sheet and (2) Sphere.
(6 hrs)
Dielectric Properties of Matter: Electric Field in matter. Polarization, Polarization Charges.
Electrical Susceptibility and Dielectric Constant. Capacitor (parallel plate, spherical, cylindrical)
filled with dielectric. Displacement vector D. Relations between E, P and D. Gauss’ Law in
dielectrics.
(4 hrs)
Magnetic Field: Magnetic force between current elements and definition of Magnetic FieldB.
Biot-Savart’s Law and its simple applications: straight wire and circular loop. Current Loop as a
Magnetic Dipole and its Dipole Moment (Analogy with Electric Dipole). Ampere’s Circuital
Law and its application to (1) Solenoid and (2) Toroid. Properties of B: curl and divergence.
Vector Potential. Magnetic Force on (1) point charge (2) current carrying wire (3) between
current elements. Torque on a current loop in a uniform Magnetic Field.
(6 hrs)
Magnetic Properties of Matter: Magnetization vector (M). Magnetic Intensity(H). Magnetic
Susceptibility and permeability. Relation between B, H, M. Ferromagnetism. B-H curve and
hysteresis. (3 hrs)
Electromagnetic Induction: Faraday’s Law. Lenz’s Law. Self Inductance and Mutual
Inductance. Reciprocity Theorem. Energy stored in a Magnetic Field. Introduction to Maxwell’s
Equations. Charge Conservation and Displacement current. (4 hrs)
Electrical Circuits: AC Circuits: Kirchhoff’s laws for AC circuits. Complex Reactance and
Impedance. Series LCR Circuit: (1) Resonance, (2) Power Dissipation and (3) Quality Factor,
and (4) Band Width. Parallel LCR Circuit. (4 hrs)

15
Ballistic Galvanometer: Torque on a current Loop. Ballistic Galvanometer: Current and Charge
Sensitivity. Electromagnetic damping. Logarithmic damping. CDR. (2 hrs)
Network theorems: Ideal Constant-voltage and Constant-current Sources. Network Theorems:
Thevenin theorem, Norton theorem, Superposition theorem, Reciprocity theorem, Maximum
Power Transfer theorem. Applications to dc circuits. (4 hrs)

Reference Books:
• Introduction to Electrodynamics, D.J. Griffiths, 3rd Edn., 1998, Benjamin Cummings.
• Electricity and Magnetism, Edward M. Purcell, 1986 McGraw-Hill Education
• Electricity and Magnetism, J.H.Fewkes & J.Yarwood. Vol. I, 1991, Oxford Univ. Press.
• Feynman Lectures Vol.2, R.P.Feynman, R.B.Leighton, M. Sands, 2008, Pearson Education
• Electricity, Magnetism & Electromagnetic Theory, S. Mahajan and Choudhury, 2012, Tata
McGraw

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM LABORATORY [Marks: 50]

1. Use a Multimeter for measuring (a) Resistances, (b) AC and DC Voltages, (c) DC Current, (d)
Capacitances, and (e) Checking electrical fuses.
2. To study the characteristics of a series RC Circuit.
3. To determine an unknown Low Resistance using Potentiometer.
4. To determine an unknown Low Resistance using Carey Foster’s Bridge.
5. To compare capacitances using De’Sauty’s bridge.
6. Measurement of field strength B and its variation in a solenoid (determine dB/dx)
7. To verify the Thevenin and Norton theorems.
8. To verify the Superposition, and Maximum power transfer theorems.
9. To determine self inductance of a coil by Anderson’s bridge.
10. To study response curve of a Series LCR circuit and determine its (a) Resonant
frequency, (b) Impedance at resonance, (c) Quality factor Q, and (d) Band width.
11. To study the response curve of a parallel LCR circuit and determine its (a) antiresonant
frequency and (b) Quality factor Q.
12. Measurement of charge and current sensitivity and CDR of Ballistic Galvanometer

16
13. Determine a high resistance by leakage method using Ballistic Galvanometer.
14. To determine self-inductance of a coil by Rayleigh’s method.
15. To determine temperature co-efficient of resistance by meter-bridge.

Semester- III
V. Classical Mechanics and Special Theory of Relativity
(Theory + LAB.) [Credits: 06]
Theory - 45 Lectures [Marks : 50]

1. Mechanics of a Single Particle

Velocity and acceleration of a particle in (i) plane polar coordinates - radial and cross-radial
components(ii) spherical polar and (iii) cylindrical polar co-ordinate system; Time and path integral
of force; work and energy; Conservative force and concept of potential; Dissipative forces;
Conservation of linear and angular momentum.
(7)
2. Central force problem
Motion under central force; Nature of orbits in an attractive inverse square field; Kepler's laws of
planetarymotion. Rutherford scattering as an example of repulsive potential. (7)

3. Mechanics of Ideal Fluids

Streamlines and flowlines; Equation of continuity; Euler's equation of motion; Streamline motion -
Bernoulli's equation and its applications. Definition of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. (6)

4. Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulation of Classical Mechanics

Generalised coordinates, constraints and degrees of freedom; D’Alembart’s principle; Lagrange’s
equationfor conservative systems (from D'Alembert's principle; variational principle not required)
and its applicationto simple cases; Generalised momentum; Idea of cyclic coordinates, its relation
with conservation principles;Definition of Hamiltonian, Hamilton’s equation (derivation by
Legendre transformation) and its applicationto simple cases. (12)

17
5. Special Theory of Relativity : a) Michelson Moreley experiment : implication of this
experiments; non -invariance of Maxwell’s equations under Galilean transformation.
(4)
b) Postulates of Special Theory of Relativity; Lorentz transformation; length contraction; time
dilatation; simultaneity; velocity addition theorem; explanation of stellar aberration, Fi zeau’s
experiment and Michelson Morley experiment; Doppler effect; variation of mass with velocity;
force and kinetic energy; transformation relations for momentum, energy and force :invariance
of Maxwell’s wave equation under Lorentz transformation. (9)

Books Recommended:
1. Classical mechanics-Goldstein
2. Mechanics- Landau and Liftshitz.
3. Classical Mechanics- Rana and Jog
4. Strogatz, Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos
5. R. Resnick – Introduction to Special Theory of Relativity.
6. S. Banerji and A. Banerjee – The Special Theory of Relativity (Prentice Hall of India, 2002)
7. Stephen Wiggins, “Introduction to Applied Nonlinear Dynamical Systems and Chaos”,
Springer-Verlag, Second Edition.
8. Dominic Jordan, Peter Smith, “Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations: An Introduction for
Scientists and Engineers” (Oxford Texts in Applied and Engineering Mathematics).

CLASSICAL MECHANICS LABORATORY [Marks: 50]

1. Measurement of the moment of inertia of a rigid body.
2. Measurement of the rigidity modulus of a wire by dynamic method.
3. Measurement of surface tension of a liquid by capillary tube method and verification of Jurin’s
law (capillary tubes of different bores to be supplied).
4. To draw the frequency – resonance length curve of a sonometer wire and to determine an
unknown frequency of a tuning fork
5. To determine the value of g using Kater’s Pendulum.
6. Measurement of the velocity of sound by Kundt’s tube.
7. Determination of the boiling point of a liquid by Platinum resistance thermometer.
8. Determination of the refractive index of the material of a thick prism by spectrometer.

18
 VI. THERMAL PHYSICS – I (Theory + LAB.) [Credits: 06]
Theory - 45 Lectures [Marks : 50]

1. Kinetic Theory of Gases : Basic assumptions of kinetic theory, Ideal gas approximation,
deduction of perfect gas laws. Maxwell’s distribution law, root mean square and most probable
speeds. Effect of finite size of molecules. Collision probability, Distribution of free paths and
mean free path from Maxwell’s distribution. Degrees of freedom, Equipartition of energy.
(14)

2. Real Gases : Nature of intermolecular interaction : isotherms of real gases. van der-Waals
equation of state, Other equations of state (mention only), critical constants of a gas, law of
corresponding states; Virial Coefficients, Boyle temperature. (10)

3. Conduction of Heat : Thermal conductivity, diffusivity. Fourier’s equation for heat conduction
– its solution for rectilinear and radial (spherical and cylindrical) flow of heat. (8)

4. Radiation : Spectral emissive and absorptive powers, Kirchoff’s law, blackbody radiation,
energy density, radiation pressure. Stefan-Boltzmann law, Newton's law of cooling, Planck’s
law. (13)
Reference Books:
1. Heat and Thermodynamics, M.W. Zemansky, Richard Dittman, 1981, McGraw-Hill.
2. A Treatise on Heat, Meghnad Saha, and B.N.Srivastava, 1958, Indian Press
3. Thermal Physics, S. Garg, R. Bansal and Ghosh, 2nd Edition, 1993, Tata McGraw-Hill
4. Modern Thermodynamics with Statistical Mechanics, Carl S. Helrich, 2009, Springer.
5. Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory & Statistical Thermodynamics, Sears & Salinger.
1988, Narosa.
6. Concepts in Thermal Physics, S.J. Blundell and K.M. Blundell, 2nd Ed., 2012, Oxford
University Press

Thermal Physics - I Lab [Marks: 50]

19
1. To determine Mechanical Equivalent of Heat, J, by Callender and Barne’s constant flow
method.
2. To determine the Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity of Cu by Searle’s Apparatus.
3. To determine the Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity of a bad conductor by Lee and
Charlton’s disc method.
4. To determine the Temperature Coefficient of Resistance by Platinum Resistance Thermometer
5. To study the variation of Thermo-Emf of a Thermocouple with Difference of Temperature of
its Two Junctions.

VII. Analog Systems and Applications (Theory + LAB.) [Credits: 06]

Theory - 45 Lectures [Marks : 50]

Semiconductor Diodes
P and N type semiconductors. Energy Level Diagram. Conductivity and Mobility, Concept of
Drift velocity. PN Junction Fabrication (Simple Idea). Barrier Formation in PN Junction Diode.
Static and Dynamic Resistance. Current Flow Mechanism in Forward and Reverse Biased Diode.
Drift Velocity. Derivation for Barrier Potential, Barrier Width and Current for Step Junction.
Current Flow Mechanism in Forward and Reverse Biased Diode.
Two-terminal Devices and their Applications
Rectifier Diode: Half-wave Rectifiers. Centre-tapped and Bridge Full-wave Rectifiers,

Calculation of Ripple Factor and Rectification Efficiency, C-filter

Zener Diode and Voltage Regulation. Principle and structure of (1) LEDs, (2) Photodiode and (3)
Solar Cell.
Bipolar Junction transistors
n-p-n and p-n-p Transistors. Characteristics of CB, CE and CC Configurations. Current gains α
and β Relations between α and β. Load Line analysis of Transistors. DC Load line and Q-point.
Physical Mechanism of Current Flow. Active, Cutoff and Saturation Regions.
Field Effect transistors
Basic principle of operations only.
20
Amplifiers
Amplifiers: Transistor Biasing and Stabilization Circuits. Fixed Bias and Voltage Divider Bias.
Transistor as 2-port Network. h-parameter Equivalent Circuit. Analysis of a single-stage CE
amplifier using Hybrid Model. Input and Output Impedance. Current, Voltage and Power Gains.
Classification of Class A, B & C Amplifiers. Frequency response of a CE amplifier.
Coupled Amplifier: Two stage RC-coupled amplifier .
Feedback in Amplifiers: Effects of Positive and Negative Feedback on Input Impedance, Output
Impedance, Gain, Stability, Distortion and Noise.
Sinusoidal Oscillators: Barkhausen's Criterion for self-sustained oscillations. RC Phase shift
oscillator, determination of Frequency. Hartley & Colpitts oscillators.
Operational Amplifiers (Black Box approach): Characteristics of an Ideal and Practical Op-Amp.
(IC 741) Open-loop and Closed-loop Gain. Frequency Response. CMRR. Slew Rate and concept
of Virtual ground.
Applications of Op-Amps: Linear - (1) Inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, (2) Adder, (3)
Subtractor, (4) Differentiator, (5) Integrator, (6) Log amplifier, (7) Zero crossing detector (8)
Wein bridge oscillator. Non-linear – (1) inverting and non-inverting comparators, (2) Schmidt
triggers.
Conversion: Resistive network (Weighted and R-2R Ladder). Accuracy and Resolution. A/D
Conversion (successive approximation)
Reference Books
► Integrated Electronics, J. Millman and C.C. Halkias, 1991, Tata Mc-Graw Hill.
► Electronics: Fundamentals and Applications, J.D. Ryder, 2004, Prentice Hall.
► Solid State Electronic Devices, B.G.Streetman & S.K.Banerjee, 6th Edn.,2009, PHI
Learning
► Electronic Devices & circuits, S.Salivahanan & N.S.Kumar, 3rd Ed., 2012, Tata Mc-
Graw Hill
► OP-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuit, R. A. Gayakwad, 4th edition, 2000, Prentice
Hall
► Microelectronic circuits, A.S. Sedra, K.C. Smith, A.N. Chandorkar, 2014, 6th Edn.,
Oxford University Press.

21
► Electronic circuits: Handbook of design & applications, U.Tietze, C.Schenk,2008,
Springer
► Semiconductor Devices: Physics and Technology, S.M. Sze, 2nd Ed., 2002, Wiley India
► Microelectronic Circuits, M.H. Rashid, 2nd Edition, Cengage Learning
► Electronic Devices, 7/e Thomas L. Floyd, 2008, Pearson India

Analog Systems and Applications Lab [Marks: 50]

1. To study V-I characteristics of PN junction diode, and Light emitting diode.

2. To study the V-I characteristics of a Zener diode and its use as voltage regulator.
3. Study of V-I & power curves of solar cells, and find maximum power point & efficiency.
4. To study the characteristics of a Bipolar Junction Transistor in CE configuration.
5. To study the various biasing configurations of BJT for normal class A operation.
6. To design a CE transistor amplifier of a given gain (mid-gain) using voltage
divider bias.
7. To study the frequency response of voltage gain of a RC-coupled transistor
amplifier.
8. To design a Wien bridge oscillator for given frequency using an op-amp.
9. To design a phase shift oscillator of given specifications using BJT.
10. To study the Colpitt`s oscillator.
11. To design a digital to analog converter (DAC) of given specifications.
12. To study the analog to digital convertor (ADC) IC.
13. To design an inverting amplifier using Op-amp (741,351) for dc voltage of given gain
14. To design inverting amplifier using Op-amp (741,351) and study its frequency response
15. To design non-inverting amplifier using Op-amp (741,351) & study its frequency
response
16. To study the zero-crossing detector and comparator
17. To add two dc voltages using Op-amp in inverting and non-inverting mode
18. To design a precision Differential amplifier of given I/O specification using Op-amp.
19. To investigate the use of an op-amp as an Integrator.
20. To investigate the use of an op-amp as a Differentiator.
22
 21. To design a circuit to simulate the solution of a 1st/2nd order differential equation.
References Books :
► Basic Electronics: A text lab manual, P.B. Zbar, A.P. Malvino, M.A. Miller, 1994, Mc-
Graw Hill.
► OP-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuit, R. A. Gayakwad, 4th edition, 2000, Prentice
Hall.
► Electronic Principle, Albert Malvino, 2008, Tata Mc-Graw Hill.
Electronic Devices & circuit Theory, R.L. Boylestad & L.D. Nashelsky, 2009, Pearson.

SEMESTER-IV
VIII. Electromagnetic Theory (Theory + LAB.) [Credits: 06]
Theory - 45 Lectures [Marks : 50]
1. Electromagnetic Theory :
a) Displacement current; continuity equation; Maxwell’s equations; scalar and vector potentials,
wave equation for the electromagnetic wave and its solution – plane wave and spherical wave
solutions; relation between E and B; field energy; Poynting vector and Poynting’s theorem;
boundary conditions. (6)
b) Wave equation in Isotropic Dielectrics; reflection and refraction at plane surfaces; reflection
and transmission coefficients; Fresnel’s formulae and applications; change of phase on
reflection; Brewster’s law; total internal reflection.
(5)
c) Wave equation in Anisotropic Dielectrics; crystal optics – equation of the wave surface:
electromagnetic theory of optical activity. (5)
d) Waves in a Conducting Medium; reflection and transmission at metallic surface – skin effect.
Propagation of electromagnetic waves between parallel conducting plates – wave guides with
rectangular cross -sections; TE and TM modes. Optical fibres – total internal reflection; optical
fibre as wave -guide; step index and graded index fibres. (7)
2. Dispersion : Normal and Anomalous Dispersions; Sellmeier’s and Cauchy’s formulae from
electromagnetic theory. (3)

23
3. Scattering : Radiation from an Oscillating Dipole (qualitative only) scattering of radiation by
a bound charge. Rayleigh scattering; depolarization factor; blue of the sky; absorption; Raman
scattering (qualitative). (6)
4. Electro-and Magneto-optic Effects : Zeeman and Faraday effects (Vector atom model to be
used) qualitative discussions of Stark effect and Kerr electro–optic effect. (5)
5. Acceleration of a charged particle by longitudinal and transverse electric fields: Lorentz force
in a moving medium. (3)

Reference Books :
1. Born and Wolf : Principles of Optics – Pergamon.
2. Sommerfeld : Optics – Academic Press.
3. Jackson : Classical Electrodynamics – John Wiley.
4. Ditchburn : Light – Pergamon.
5. Marion and Heald : Classical Electromagnetic Radiation – Academic Press.
6. Reitz, Milford and Christy : Electromagnetic Theory – Addison Wesley.
7. Kittel, Knight and Ruderman : Mechanics, Berkeley Physics, Vol.I – McGraw Hill.
8. French : Special Theory of Relativity – ELBS.
9. SriranjanBandopadhyay :ApekshikataTatwa (in Bengali) – W.B. State Book Board.
10. A.K. Raychaudhuri : Uchchatara Gratividya (in Bengal) – W.B. State Book Board.

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY LABORATORY [Marks: 50]

1. To verify the law of Malus for plane polarized light.
2. To determine the specific rotation of sugar solution using Polarimeter.
3. To analyze elliptically polarized Light by using a Babinet’s compensator.
4. To study dependence of radiation on angle for a simple Dipole antenna.
5. To study the reflection, refraction of microwaves.
6. To study Polarization and double slit interference in microwaves.
7. To determine the refractive index of liquid by total internal reflection using Wollaston’s air-
film.

24
8. To determine the refractive Index of (1) glass and (2) a liquid by total internal reflection using
a Gaussian eyepiece.

Reference Books
• Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L. Flint and H.T. Worsnop, 1971, Asia Publishing
House.
• Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th Edition, reprinted
1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers
• A Text Book of Practical Physics, I. Prakash & Ramakrishna, 11th Ed., 2011, Kitab Mahal
• Electromagnetic Field Theory for Engineers & Physicists, G. Lehner, 2010, Springer.

IX. WAVES AND OPTICS (Theory + LAB.) [Credits: 06]

Theory - 45 Lectures [Marks : 50]

Superposition of Collinear Harmonic oscillations: Linearity and Superposition Principle.

Superposition of two collinear oscillations having (1) equal frequencies and (2) different
frequencies (Beats). Superposition of N collinear Harmonic Oscillations with (1) equal phase
differences and (2) equal frequency differences. (5 Lectures)

Superposition of two perpendicular Harmonic Oscillations: Graphical and Analytical

Methods. Lissajous Figures (1:1 and 1:2) and their uses. (2 Lectures)

Wave Motion: Plane and Spherical Waves. Longitudinal and Transverse Waves. Plane
Progressive (Travelling) Waves. Wave Equation. Particle and Wave Velocities. Differential
Equation. Pressure of a Longitudinal Wave. Energy Transport. Intensity of Wave. Water Waves:
Ripple and Gravity Waves. (4 Lectures)

Interference of light waves

Young’s experiment; spatial and temporal coherence; intensity distribution; Fresnel’s biprism,
interference in thin film; fringes of equal inclination and equal thickness; Newton’s ring.

25
Michelson’s interferometer, Multiple beam interference – reflected and transmitted pattern.
Fabry-Perot interferometer. (9 Lectures)
Diffraction of light waves
Fresnel and Fraunhofer class, Fresnel’s half period zones; explanation of rectilinear propagation
of light; zone plate. Fraunhofer diffraction due to a single slit, double slit and circular aperture
(qualitative). Planediffraction grating (transmission). Rayleigh criterion of resolution; resolving
power of prism, telescope,microscope and transmission grating. (10 Lectures)

Polarisation
Different states of polarisation; double refraction, Huygen’s construction for uniaxial crystals;
polaroids and their uses. Production and analysis of plane, circularly and elliptically polarised
light by retardation plates and rotatory polarisation and optical activity; Fresnel’s explanation of
optical activity; Biquartz and half shade polarimeter. (6 Lectures)

Reference Books
• Waves: Berkeley Physics Course, vol. 3, Francis Crawford, 2007, Tata McGraw-Hill.
• Fundamentals of Optics, F.A. Jenkins and H.E. White, 1981, McGraw-Hill
• Principles of Optics, Max Born and Emil Wolf, 7th Edn., 1999, Pergamon Press.
• Optics, AjoyGhatak, 2008, Tata McGraw Hill
• The Physics of Vibrations and Waves, H. J. Pain, 2013, John Wiley and Sons.
• The Physics of Waves and Oscillations, N.K. Bajaj, 1998, Tata McGraw Hill.

Wave Optics Laboratory [Marks: 50]

1. To investigate the motion of coupled oscillators.
2. To study Lissajous Figures.
3. Familiarization with: Schuster`s focusing; determination of angle of prism.
4. To determine refractive index of the Material of a prism using sodium source.
5. To determine the dispersive power and Cauchy constants of the material of a prism using
mercury source.
6. To determine wavelength of sodium light using Fresnel Biprism.

26
7. To determine wavelength of sodium light using Newton’s Rings.
8. To determine wavelength of (1) Na source and (2) spectral lines of Hg source using plane
diffraction grating.
9. Febry Perrot Interferrometer.
10. Laser Diffraction.

Reference Books
• Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L. Flint and H.T. Worsnop, 1971, Asia Publishing
House
• A Text Book of Practical Physics, I. Prakash & Ramakrishna, 11th Ed., 2011, Kitab Mahal
• Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th Edition, reprinted
1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers
• A Laboratory Manual of Physics for undergraduate classes, D. P. Khandelwal, 1985, Vani Pub.

X. Digital Systems and Applications (Theory + LAB.) [Credits: 06]

Theory - 45 Lectures [Marks : 50]
Integrated Circuits : Active & Passive components. Discrete components. Wafer. Chip.
Advantages and drawbacks of ICs. Scale of integration: SSI, MSI, LSI and VLSI (basic idea and
definitions only). Classification of ICs. Examples of Linear and Digital lCs.
Digital Circuits: Difference between Analog and Digital Circuits. Binary Numbers. Decimal to
Binary and Binary to Decimal Conversion. BCD, Octal and Hexadecimal numbers. AND, OR
and NOT Gates (realization using Diodes and Transistor). NAND and NOR Gates as Universal
Gates. XOR and XNOR Gates and application as Parity Checkers.
Boolean algebra : De Morgan's Theorems. Boolean Laws. Simplification of Logic Circuit using
Boolean Algebra. Fundamental Products. Idea of Minterms and Maxterms. Conversion of a
Truth table into Equivalent Logic Circuit by (1) Sum of Products Method and (2) Karnaugh Map.
Data processing circuits : Basic idea of Multiplexers, De-multiplexers, Decoders, Encoders.
Circuits: Arithmetic Circuits: Binary Addition. Binary Subtraction using 2's Complement. Half
and Full Adders. Half & Full Subtractors, 4-bit binary Adder/Subtractor. Sequential Circuits: SR,

27
D, and JK Flip-Flops. Clocked (Level and Edge Triggered) Flip-Flops. Preset and Clear
operations. Race-around conditions in JK Flip-Flop. M/S JK Flip-Flop.
Timers : IC 555: block diagram and applications: Astable multivibrator and Monostable
multivibrator.
Shift registers : Serial-in-Serial-out, Serial-in-Parallel-out, Parallel-in-Serial-out and Parallel-in-
Parallel-out Shift Registers (only up to 4 bits).
Counters (4 bits) : Ring Counter. Asynchronous counters, Decade Counter. Synchronous
Counter.
Computer Organization : Input/Output Devices. Data storage (idea of RAM and ROM).
Computer memory. Memory organization & addressing. Memory Interfacing. Memory Map.

Reference Books
► Digital Principles and Applications, A.P. Malvino, D. P. Leach and Saha, 7th Ed., 2011,
Tata McGraw
► Fundamentals of Digital Circuits, Anand Kumar, 2nd Edn, 2009, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
► Digital Circuits and systems, Venugopal, 2011, Tata McGraw Hill.
► Digital Electronics G K Kharate ,2010, Oxford University Press
► Digital Systems: Principles & Applications, R.J.Tocci, N.S.Widmer, 2001, PHI Learning
► Logic circuit design, Shimon P. Vingron, 2012, Springer.
► Digital Electronics, Subrata Ghoshal, 2012, Cengage Learning.
► Digital Electronics, S.K. Mandal, 2010, 1st edition, McGraw Hill
► Microprocessor Architecture Programming & applications with 8085, 2002, R.S.
Goankar, Prentice Hall.

Digital Systems and Applications Lab [Marks: 50]

1. To measure (a) Voltage, and (b) Time period of a periodic waveform using CRO.

2. To test a Diode and Transistor using a Multimeter.

3. To design a switch (NOT gate) using a transistor.
4. To verify and design AND, OR, NOT and XOR gates using NAND gates.
5. To design a combinational logic system for a specified Truth Table.
28
 6. To convert a Boolean expression into logic circuit and design it using logic gate ICs.
7. To minimize a given logic circuit.
8. Half Adder, Full Adder and 4-bit binary Adder.
9. Half Subtractor, Full Subtractor, Adder-Subtractor using Full Adder I.C.
10. To build Flip-Flop (RS, Clocked RS, D-type and JK) circuits using NAND gates.
11. To build JK Master-slave flip-flop using Flip-Flop ICs
12. To build a 4-bit Counter using D-type/JK Flip-Flop ICs and study timing diagram.
13. To make a 4-bit Shift Register (serial and parallel) using D-type/JK Flip-Flop ICs.
14. To design an astable multivibrator of given specifications using 555 Timer.
15. To design a monostable multivibrator of given specifications using 555 Timer.

Reference Books
► Modern Digital Electronics, R.P. Jain, 4th Edition, 2010, Tata McGraw Hill.
► Basic Electronics: A text lab manual, P.B. Zbar, A.P. Malvino, M.A. Miller, 1994, Mc-
Graw Hill.

SEMESTER – V
XI. QUANTUM MECHANICS (Theory + LAB.) [Credits: 06]
Theory - 45 Lectures [Marks : 50]

Old quantum theory

Planck's formula of black-body radiation. Photoelectric effect. Bohr atom and quantization of
energy levels. (5)
Basic quantum mechanics
de Broglie hypothesis, Electron double-slit experiment, Compton effect, Davisson-Germer
experiment, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle (statement) with illustrations. Concept of wave
function as describing the dynamical state of a single particle. Group and phase velocities,
classical velocity of a particle and the group velocity of the wave representing the particle.
Principle of superposition. Schrodinger equation.

29
Probabilistic interpretation; equation of continuity, probability current density. Boundary
conditions on the wave function. (10)
Basic postulates of quantum mechanics
Dynamical variables as linear hermitian operators and eigenvalue equations, Momentum, energy
and angular momentum operators. Measurement of observables, expectation values.
Commutation relations between operators. Compatible observables and simultaneous
measurements, Ehrenfest theorem. (10)
Time dependent and time independent Schrodinger equation
Eigenstates, normalization and orthonormality. (4)
Simple applications of Quantum Mechanics
One dimensional potential well and barrier, boundary conditions, bound and unbound states.
Reflection and transmission coefficients for a rectangular barrier in one dimension – explanation
of alpha decay. Free particle in one dimensional box, box normalization, momentum
eigenfunctions of a free particle. Linear harmonic oscillator, energy eigenvalues from Hermite
differential equation, wave function for ground state, parity of wave function.
(11)
Schrodinger equation in spherical polar coordinates
Angular momentum operators and their commutation relations; eigenvalues and eigenfunctions
of L2 and Lz; theorem of addition of angular momenta [statement with examples]. The hydrogen
atom problem – stationary state wavefunctions as simultaneous eigenfunctions of H, L2, and Lz;
radial Schrodinger equation and energy eigenvalues [Laguerre polynomial solutions to be
assumed]; degeneracy of the energy eigenvalues. (10)

QUANTUM MECHANICS LABORATORY [Marks: 50]

1. Measurement of Planck’s constant using black body radiation and photo-detector.
2. Photo-electric effect: photo current versus intensity and wavelength of light; maximum energy
of photo-electrons versus frequency of light.
3. To determine work function of material of filament of directly heated vacuum diode.
4. To determine the Planck’s constant using LEDs of at least 4 different colours.
5. To determine the ionization potential of mercury.
6. To determine the value of e/m by Magnetic focusing.
30
 XII. THERMAL PHYSICS II (Theory + LAB.) [Credits: 06]
Theory - 45 Lectures [Marks : 50]

First Law of Thermodynamics : Basic concepts : microscopic and macroscopic points of view;
thermodynamic variables of a system; exact and inexact differentials; thermal equilibrium and
the zeroth law; concept of temperature: internal energy; external work; thermodynamic
equilibrium; quasi –static processes; first law of thermodynamics and applications; magnetic
systems; specific heats and their ratio; isothermal and adiabatic changes in perfect and real gases.
(6)
Second Law of Thermodynamics : Reversible and irreversible processes :Carnot’s cycle and
Carnot’s theorem – efficiency of heat engines; entropy; second law of thermodynamics –
different formulations and their equivalence; Clausius theorem: entropy changes in simple
processes : T -S diagrams for simple processes; isothermal and adiabatic elasticities; increase of
entropy in natural processes; entropy and disorder; probabilistic interpretation of entropy.
Kelvin’s scale of temperature – relation to perfect gas scale. (10)
Thermodynamic Functions: Enthalpy, Helmholtz and Gibbs Free energies: Legendre
transformations; Maxwell’s relations and simple deductions using these; thermodynamic
equilibrium and free energies. (5)
Heat Engines : External Combustion engine – steam engine and the Rankinecycle; internal
combustion engines – Otto and Diesel cycles.
Refrigerators : Compression and absorption types of machines. (5)
Thermodynamics of Reversible cells – Gibbs Helmholtz equation (2)
Change of State : Equilibrium between phases and triple point : Gibbs phase rule and simple
applications; first and higher order phase transitions – Ehrenfest’s classification; Clausius
Clapeyron’s equation; Joule Thomson effect; inversion temperature, regenerative cooling,
liquefaction of air, hydrogen and helium; cooling by adiabatic expansion and adiabatic
demagnetization. (6)

31
Multicomponent Systems : Thermodynamic functions for a mixture of gases; change of entropy
in diffusion; law of mass action; heat of reaction; effect of temperature and pressure on reaction
constant; chemical potential; conditions of chemical equilibrium; principle of Le -Chatelier.
Nernst heat theorem; third law of thermodynamics. (5)
Radiation : Prevost’s theory of exchanges; emissive and absorptive powers; Kirchoff’s law,
black body radiation; energy density; radiation pressure; Wien’s displacement law; Stefan
Boltzmann law; Wien’s law (no derivation) and Rayleigh Jean’s law; Planck’s law and
deductions from Planck’s law, radiation pyrometer. (6)

Reference Books :
1. Saha and Srivastava : A Treatise on Heat – Indian Press, Allahabad.
2. Zemansky and Ditman; Heat and Thermodynamics – McGraw Hill Kogakusha.
3. Sears and Salinger : Thermodynamics, Statistical Mechanics and Kinetic Theory – Narosa.
4. Kittel and Kroemer : Thermal Physics – Freeman.
5. Loeb : Kinetic Theory - Radha
6. Jeans : Dynamical theory of Gases - Cambridge
7. Fermi : Thermodynamics – Chicago University Press
8. Callen : Thermodynamics – Wiley International
9. Pratip Chaudhuri :Gaser Anabiktatwa (in Bengali) = W.B. state Book Board.
10. AshokeGhosh :Tapgatitatwa (in Bengali) – W.B. state Book Board.

Thermal Physics- II Lab [Marks: 50]

1. To determine the Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity of Cu by Angstrom’s Method.
2. To calibrate a thermocouple to measure temperature in a specified range using Null Method
and to determine Neutral Temperature.
3. To calibrate a thermocouple to measure temperature in a specified Range using Op-Amp
difference amplifier and to determine Neutral Temperature.
4. Experiments on Newton’s law of cooling.
5. Determination of coefficient of linear expansion by optical lever method.

32
 SEMESTER VI
XIII. STATISTICAL MECHANICS [Credit: 6, Lecture : 60 hours, Marks : 50]

1. Microstates and macro states

Classical description in terms of phase space and quantum description in terms of wave
functions. Hypothesis of equal a priori probability for microstates of an isolated system in
equilibrium. Interactions between two systems – thermal, mechanical and diffusive. Statistical
definition of temperature, pressure, entropy and chemical potential. Partition function of a
system in thermal equilibrium with a heat bath.
(15)
2. Classical statistical mechanics
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution law. Calculation of thermodynamic quantities for ideal
monoatomic gases. (5)
3. Motivations for quantum statistics
Gibbs’ paradox. Identical particle and symmetry requirement. Derivation of MB, FD and BE
statistics as the most probable distributions (micro-canonical ensemble). Classical limit of
quantum statistics. (10)
4. Quantum statistical mechanics
Bose-Einstein statistics: Application to radiation – Planck’s law. Rayleigh Jeans and Wien laws
as limitingcases, Stefan’s law. B-E Condensation, Phonon Specific Heat, Specific Heat,
Comparison with Einstein modification with Debye’s theory, properties of liquid He (qualitative
description. (15)
Fermi-Dirac statistics: Fermi distribution at zero and non-zero temperatures. Fermi energy and
its expression in terms of particle density. Degenerate and non-degenerate Fermi gas. Electron
specific heat of metals at low temperature. Saha’s equation for thermal ionization and its
application to astrophysics. Relativistic Fermi gas, White Dwarf Stars, Chandrasekhar Mass
Limit. (15)
Suggested Readings:

1. R. K. Pathria, Statistical Mechanics

2. K. Huang, Statistical Mechanics, John Wiley.

33
3. L. D. Landau, and E. M. Lifshitz, Statistical Physics (Pt.-I)

4. R. P. Feynaman, Statistical Mechanics, A set of lectures

5. S. K. Ma, Statistical Physics

6. A. Ishihara, Statistical Physics

7. Reif – Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics : McGraw Hill

8. Stephen J. Blundell and Katherine M. Blundell - Concepts in Thermal Physics

XIV. Condensed Matter Physics (Theory + LAB.) [Credits: 06]

Theory - 45 Lectures [Marks : 50]
Crystal Structure Solids: Amorphous and Crystalline Materials. Lattice Translation Vectors.
Lattice with a Basis – Central and Non-Central Elements. Unit Cell. Miller Indices. Reciprocal
Lattice. Types of Lattices. Brillouin Zones. Diffraction of X-rays by Crystals. Bragg’s Law.
Atomic and Geometrical Factor.
Elementary Lattice Dynamics Lattice Vibrations and Phonons: Linear Monoatomic and
Diatomic Chains. Acoustical and Optical Phonons. Qualitative Description of the Phonon
Spectrum in Solids. Dulong and Petit’s Law, Einstein and Debye theories of specific heat of
solids. T3 law
Magnetic Properties of Matter Dia-, Para-, Ferri- and Ferromagnetic Materials. Classical
Langevin Theory of dia– and Paramagnetic Domains. Quantum Mechanical Treatment of
Paramagnetism. Curie’s law, Weiss’s Theory of Ferromagnetism and Ferromagnetic Domains.
Discussion of B-H Curve. Hysteresis and Energy Loss.
Dielectric Properties of Materials Polarization. Local Electric Field at an Atom. Depolarization
Field. Electric Susceptibility. Polarizability. Clausius Mosotti Equation. Classical Theory of
Electric Polarizability. Normal and Anomalous Dispersion. Cauchy and Sellmeir relations.
Langevin-Debye equation. Complex Dielectric Constant. Optical Phenomena. Application:
Plasma Oscillations, Plasma Frequency, Plasmons, TO modes.
Ferroelectric Properties of Materials Structural phase transition, Classification of crystals,
Piezoelectric effect, Pyroelectric effect, Ferroelectric effect, Electrostrictive effect, Curie-Weiss
Law, Ferroelectric domains, PE hysteresis loop.
34
Elementary band theory Kronig Penny model. Band Gap. Conductor, Semiconductor (P and N
type) and insulator. Conductivity of Semiconductor, mobility, Hall Effect. Measurement of
conductivity (04 probe method) & Hall coefficient.
Superconductivity Experimental Results. Critical Temperature. Critical magnetic field.
Meissner effect. Type I and type II Superconductors, London’s Equation and Penetration Depth.
Isotope effect. Idea of BCS theory (No derivation).

Reference Books :
 Introduction to Solid State Physics, Charles Kittel, 8th Edition, 2004, Wiley India Pvt.
Ltd.
 Elements of Solid State Physics, J. P. Srivastava, 4th Edition, 2015, Prentice-Hall of
India.
 Introduction to Solids, Leonid V. Azaroff, 2004, Tata Mc-Graw Hill.
 Solid State Physics, N.W. Ashcroft and N.D. Mermin, 1976, Cengage Learning.
 Solid-state Physics, H. Ibach and H. Luth, 2009, Springer.
 Solid State Physics, Rita John, 2014, McGraw Hill.
 Elementary Solid State Physics, 1/e M. Ali Omar, 1999, Pearson India.
 Solid State Physics, M.A. Wahab, 2011, Narosa Publications.

Condensed Matter Physics Lab. [Marks: 50]

1. Measurement of susceptibility of paramagnetic solution (Quinck`s Tube Method)

2. To measure the Magnetic susceptibility of Solids.

3. To determine the Coupling Coefficient of a Piezoelectric crystal.
4. To measure the Dielectric Constant of a dielectric Materials with frequency
5. To determine the complex dielectric constant and plasma frequency of metal using
Surface Plasmon resonance (SPR)
6. To determine the refractive index of a dielectric layer using SPR
7. To study the PE Hysteresis loop of a Ferroelectric Crystal.
8. To draw the BH curve of Fe using Solenoid & determine energy loss from Hysteresis.

35
 9. To measure the resistivity of a semiconductor (Ge) with temperature by four-probe
method (room temperature to 150oC) and to determine its band gap.
10. To determine the Hall coefficient of a semiconductor sample.

Reference Books
 Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L. Flint and H.T. Worsnop, 1971, Asia
Publishing House.
 Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th Edition,
reprinted 1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers.
 A Text Book of Practical Physics, I.Prakash & Ramakrishna, 11th Ed., 2011, Kitab
Mahal.
 Elements of Solid State Physics, J.P. Srivastava, 2nd Ed., 2006, Prentice-Hall of India.
DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVES (DSE)

PHYSICS-DSE: Nuclear and Particle Physics

[Credits: Theory-05, Tutorials-01, 60 Lectures]

General Properties of Nuclei : Constituents of nucleus and their Intrinsic properties,

quantitative facts about mass, radii, charge density (matter density), binding energy, average
binding energy and its variation with mass number, main features of binding energy versus mass
number curve, N/A plot, angular momentum, parity, magnetic moment, electric moments,
nuclear excites states. (10)

Nuclear Models : Liquid drop model approach, semi empirical mass formula and significance of
its various terms, condition of nuclear stability, two nucleon separation energies, Fermi gas
model (degenerate fermion gas, nuclear symmetry potential in Fermi gas), evidence for nuclear
shell structure, nuclear magic numbers, basic assumption of shell model, concept of mean field,
residual interaction, concept of nuclear force. (12)

Radioactivity decay (a) Alpha decay: basics of α-decay processes, theory of α- emission,
Gamow factor, Geiger Nuttall law, α-decay spectroscopy. (b) β-decay: energy kinematics for β-
36
decay, positron emission, electron capture, neutrino hypothesis. (c) Gamma decay: Gamma rays
emission & kinematics, internal conversion. (10)

Nuclear Reactions Types of Reactions, Conservation Laws, kinematics of reactions, Q-value,

reaction rate, reaction cross section, Concept of compound and direct Reaction, resonance
reaction, Coulomb scattering (Rutherford scattering). (8)

Interaction of Nuclear Radiation with matter Energy loss due to ionization (Bethe- Block
formula), energy loss of electrons, Cerenkov radiation. Gamma ray interaction through matter,
photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, pair production, neutron interaction with matter. (8)

Detector for Nuclear Radiations Gas detectors: estimation of electric field, mobility of particle,
for ionization chamber and GM Counter. Basic principle of Scintillation Detectors and
construction of photo-multiplier tube (PMT). Semiconductor Detectors (Si and Ge) for charge
particle and photon detection (concept of charge carrier and mobility), neutron detector. (8)

Particle Accelerators Accelerator facility available in India: Van-de Graaff generator (Tandem
accelerator), Linear accelerator, Cyclotron, Synchrotrons. (5)

Particle physics Particle interactions; basic features, types of particles and its families.
Symmetries and Conservation Laws: energy and momentum, angular momentum, parity, baryon
number, Lepton number, Isospin, Strangeness and charm, concept of quark model, color
quantum number and gluons. (14)

Reference Books :
1. Introductory nuclear Physics by Kenneth S. Krane (Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., 2008).
2. Concepts of nuclear physics by Bernard L. Cohen. (Tata Mcgraw Hill, 1998).
3. Introduction to the physics of nuclei & particles, R.A. Dunlap. (Thomson Asia, 2004).
4. Introduction to High Energy Physics, D.H. Perkins, Cambridge Univ. Press.
5. Introduction to Elementary Particles, D. Griffith, John Wiley & Sons.

37
 6. Quarks and Leptons, F. Halzen and A.D. Martin, Wiley India, New Delhi.
7. Basic ideas and concepts in Nuclear Physics - An Introductory Approach by K.
Heyde (IOP- Institute of Physics Publishing, 2004).
8. Radiation detection and measurement, G.F. Knoll (John Wiley & Sons, 2000).
9. Physics and Engineering of Radiation Detection, Syed Naeem Ahmed (Academic Press,
Elsevier, 2007).
10. Theoretical Nuclear Physics, J.M. Blatt & V. F. Weisskopf (Dover Pub.Inc., 1991).

PHYSICS-DSE: ATOMIC & MOLECULAR PHYSICS

[Credits: Theory-04 (45 Lectures), Practicals-02]

1. Atomic Spectrum
Good quantum numbers and selection rules. Stern-Gerlach experiment and spin as an intrinsic
quantum number. Incompatibility of spin with classical ideas. Bohr-Sommerfeld model. Fine
structure. Study of fine structure by Michelson interferometer.
(16)
2. Vector atom model
Magnetic moment of the electron, Landé g factor. Vector model – space quantization. Zeeman
effect. Explanation from vector atom model.
(12)
3. Many electron model
Pauli exclusion principle, shell structure. Hund’s rule, spectroscopic terms of many electron
atoms in the ground state. (4)

4. Molecular spectroscopy
Diatomic molecules – rotational and vibrational energy levels. Basic ideas about molecular
spectra. Raman effect and its application to molecular spectroscopy (qualitative discussion only).
(5)
5. Laser Spectroscopy

38
Population inversion, Einstein's A and B coefficients; feedback of energy on a resonator; 3-level
and 4-levelsystems. (8)

PRACTICAL - DSE LAB : ATOMIC & MOLECULAR PHYSICS

1. To determine the value of e/m by Bar magnet.

2. Determination of Rydberg constant through Balmer line using hydrogen discharge tube.

3. To determine the absorption lines in the rotational spectrum of Iodine vapour.

4. To determine the thickness of a thin mica sheet using the white light spectrum from Michelson

interferometer.

5. Determination of Landé g factor by DPPH-Diphenyl using electron spin resonance.

PHYSICS-DSE: Communication Electronics

[Credits: Theory - 04 (45 Lectures), Practical - 02]
Electronic communication
Introduction to communication – means and modes. Need for modulation. Block diagram of an

electronic communication system. Brief idea of frequency allocation for radio communication

system in India (TRAI). Electromagnetic communication spectrum, band designations and usage.

Channels and base-band signals. Concept of Noise, signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio.

Analog Modulation Amplitude Modulation, modulation index and frequency spectrum.

Generation of AM (Emitter Modulation), Amplitude Demodulation (diode detector), Concept of

Single side band generation and detection. Frequency Modulation (FM) and Phase Modulation

(PM), modulation index and frequency spectrum, equivalence between FM and PM,

Generation of FM using VCO, FM detector (slope detector), Qualitative idea of Super

heterodyne receiver.

39
Analog Pulse Modulation Channel capacity, Sampling theorem, Basic Principles- PAM, PWM,

PPM, modulation and detection technique for PAM only, Multiplexing.

Digital Pulse Modulation Need for digital transmission, Pulse Code Modulation, Digital Carrier

Modulation Techniques, Sampling, Quantization and Encoding. Concept of Amplitude Shift

Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), Phase Shift Keying (PSK), and Binary Phase

Shift Keying (BPSK).

Introduction to Communication and Navigation systems: Satellite Communication–

Introduction, need, Geosynchronous satellite orbits geostationary satellite advantages of

geostationary satellites. Satellite visibility, transponders (C - Band), path loss, ground station,

simplified block diagram of earth station. Uplink and downlink. Mobile Telephony System –

Basic concept of mobile communication, frequency bands used in mobile communication,

concept of cell sectoring and cell splitting, SIM number, IMEI number, need for data encryption,

architecture (block diagram) of mobile communication network, idea of GSM, CDMA, TDMA

and FDMA technologies, simplified block diagram of mobile phone handset, 2G, 3G and 4G

concepts (qualitative only). GPS navigation system (qualitative idea only).

Reference Books

► Electronic Communications, D. Roddy and J. Coolen, Pearson Education India.

► Advanced Electronics Communication Systems- Tomasi, 6th edition, Prentice Hall.
► Electronic Communication systems, G. Kennedy, 3rd Edn, 1999, Tata McGraw Hill.
► Principles of Electronic communication systems – Frenzel, 3rd edition, McGraw Hill
► Communication Systems, S. Haykin, 2006, Wiley India.
► Electronic Communication system, Blake, Cengage, 5th edition.
► Wireless communications, Andrea Goldsmith, 2015, Cambridge University Press.

Communication Electronics Lab

40
 1. To design an Amplitude Modulator using Transistor
2. To study envelope detector for demodulation of AM signal
3. To study FM - Generator and Detector circuit
4. To study AM Transmitter and Receiver
5. To study FM Transmitter and Receiver
6. To study Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
7. To study Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
8. To study Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
9. To study Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
10. To study ASK, PSK and FSK modulators
Reference Books
 Electronic Communication systems, G. Kennedy, 1999, Tata McGraw Hill.
 Electronic Communication system, Blake, Cengage, 5th edition.

PHYSICS-DSE: Astronomy & Astrophysics

[Credits: Theory-05, Tutorials-01, 60 Lectures]
Astronomical Scales: Astronomical Distance, Mass and Time, Scales, Brightness, Radiant Flux
and Luminosity, Measurement of Astronomical Quantities Astronomical Distances, Stellar Radii,
Masses of Stars, Stellar Temperature. Basic concepts of positional astronomy: Celestial Sphere,
Geometry of a Sphere, Spherical Triangle, Astronomical Coordinate Systems, Geographical
Coordinate Systems, Horizon System, Equatorial System, Diurnal Motion of the Stars,
Conversion of Coordinates. Measurement of Time, Sidereal Time, Apparent Solar Time, Mean
Solar Time, Equation of Time, Calendar. Basic Parameters of Stars: Determination of Distance
by Parallax Method; Brightness, Radiant Flux and Luminosity, Apparent and Absolute
magnitude scale, Distance Modulus; Determination of Temperature and Radius of a star;
Determination of Masses from Binary orbits; Stellar Spectral Classification, Hertzsprung-Russell
Diagram. (24 Lectures)
Astronomical techniques: Basic Optical Definitions for Astronomy (Magnification Light
Gathering Power, Resolving Power and Diffraction Limit, Atmospheric Windows), Optical
Telescopes (Types of Reflecting Telescopes, Telescope Mountings, Space Telescopes, Detectors
41
and Their Use with Telescopes (Types of Detectors, detection Limits with Telescopes). Physical
principles: Gravitation in Astrophysics (Virial Theorem, Newton versus Einstein), Systems in
Thermodynamic Equilibrium. (9 Lectures)
The sun (Solar Parameters, Solar Photosphere, Solar Atmosphere, Chromosphere. Corona, Solar
Activity, Basics of Solar Magneto-hydrodynamics. Helioseismology). The solar family (Solar
System: Facts and Figures, Origin of the Solar System: The Nebular Model, Tidal Forces and
Planetary Rings, Extra-Solar Planets. Stellar spectra and classification Structure (Atomic Spectra
Revisited, Stellar Spectra, Spectral Types and Their Temperature Dependence, Black Body
Approximation, H R Diagram, Luminosity Classification) (11 Lectures)
The milky way: Basic Structure and Properties of the Milky Way, Nature of Rotation of the
Milky Way (Differential Rotation of the Galaxy and Oort Constant, Rotation Curve of the
Galaxy and the Dark Matter, Nature of the Spiral Arms), Stars and Star Clusters of the Milky
Way, Properties of and around the Galactic Nucleus. (14 Lectures)
Galaxies: Galaxy Morphology, Hubble’s Classification of Galaxies, Elliptical Galaxies (The
Intrinsic Shapes of Elliptical, de Vaucouleurs Law, Stars and Gas). Spiral and Lenticular
Galaxies (Bulges, Disks, Galactic Halo) The Milky Way Galaxy, Gas and Dust in the Galaxy,
Spiral Arms. (7 Lectures)
Large scale structure & expanding universe: Cosmic Distance Ladder (An Example from
Terrestrial Physics, Distance Measurement using Cepheid Variables), Hubble’s Law (Distance-
Velocity Relation), Clusters of Galaxies (Virial theorem and Dark Matter). (10 Lectures)

Reference Books :

 Modern Astrophysics, B.W. Carroll & D.A. Ostlie, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.
 Introductory Astronomy and Astrophysics, M. Zeilik and S.A. Gregory, 4th Edition, Saunders
College Publishing.
 The physical universe: An introduction to astronomy, F.Shu, Mill Valley: University Science
Books.
 Fundamental of Astronomy (Fourth Edition), H. Karttunen et al. Springer.
 K.S. Krishnasamy, ‘Astro Physics a modern perspective,’ Reprint, New Age International (p)
Ltd, New Delhi, 2002.
42
 Baidyanath Basu, ‘An introduction to Astro physics’, Second printing, Prentice - 58 Hall of
India Private limited, New Delhi, 2001.
 Textbook of Astronomy and Astrophysics with elements of cosmology, V.B. Bhatia, Narosa
Publication.

PHYSICS-DSE: APPLIED OPTICS

[Credits: Theory - 04 (45 Lectures), Practical - 02]
(i) Matrix methods : Introduction, Refraction and Translation matrix, System matrix for thin
and thick lens, Cardinal points of optical system.
(08 periods)
(ii) Sources and Detectors : Basic principle of LED, Characteristics and applications of various
kinds of LEDs, Lasers, Spontaneous and stimulated emissions, Theory of laser action,
Einstein’s coefficients, Light amplification, Characterization of laser beam, He-Ne laser,
Semiconductor lasers. Characteristics and applications of various kinds of photo detectors.

(14 Periods)
(iii) Holography : Basic principle and theory: coherence, resolution, Types of holograms,
white light reflection hologram, application of holography in microscopy, interferometry, and
character recognition.
(8 Periods)
(iv) Fibre Optics : Optical fibres and their properties, Principal of light propagation through a
fibre, The numerical aperture, Attenuation in optical fibre and attenuation limit, Single mode
and multimode fibres, Fibre optic sensors: Fibre Bragg Grating.
(15 Periods)
Reference Books :
 Fundamental of optics, F. A. Jenkins & H. E. White, 1981, Tata McGraw hill. 78
 LASERS: Fundamentals & applications, K.Thyagrajan & A.K.Ghatak, 2010, Tata McGraw
Hill
 Fibre optics through experiments, M.R.Shenoy, S.K.Khijwania, et.al. 2009, Viva Books
 Nonlinear Optics, Robert W. Boyd, (Chapter-I), 2008, Elsevier.
43
 Optics, Karl Dieter Moller, Learning by computing with model examples, 2007, Springer.
 Optical Systems and Processes, Joseph Shamir, 2009, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
 Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, S.C. Gupta, 2005, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
 Optical Physics, A.Lipson, S.G.Lipson, H.Lipson, 4th Edn., 1996, Cambridge Univ. Press

PRACTICAL- DSE LAB: Applied Optics

a. Determination of the grating radial spacing of the Compact Disc (CD) by reflection using He-
Ne or solid state laser.
b. To find the width of the wire or width of the slit using diffraction pattern obtained by a He-Ne
or solid state laser.
c. To find the polarization angle of laser light using polarizer and analyzer
d. V-I characteristics of LED
e. Study the characteristics of LDR.
f. Photovoltaic Cell.
g. To measure the numerical aperture of an optical fibre
h. To study the variation of the bending loss in a multimode fibre.
i. To determine the power loss at a splice between two multimode fibre.

PHYSICS-DSE: CLASSICAL DYNAMICS

[Credits: Theory-05, Tutorials-01, 60 Lectures]

The emphasis of the course is on applications in solving problems of interest to physicists.
Students are to be examined on the basis of problems, seen and unseen.

Classical Mechanics of Point Particles: Review of Newtonian Mechanics; Application to the

motion of a charge particle in external electric and magnetic fields- motion in uniform electric
field, magnetic field- gyroradius and gyrofrequency, motion in crossed electric and magnetic
fields. Generalized coordinates and velocities, Hamilton’s principle, Lagrangian and the Euler-
Lagrange equations, one-dimensional examples of the Euler-Lagrange equations- one-
dimensional Simple Harmonic Oscillations and falling body in uniform gravity; applications to
simple systems such as coupled oscillators Canonical momenta & Hamiltonian. Hamilton's

44
equations of motion. Applications: Hamiltonian for a harmonic oscillator, solution of Hamilton’s
equation for Simple Harmonic Oscillations; particle in a central force field- conservation of
angular momentum and energy. (22 Lectures)
Small Amplitude Oscillations: Minima of potential energy and points of stable equilibrium,
expansion of the potential energy around a minimum, small amplitude oscillations about the
minimum, normal modes of oscillations example of N identical masses connected in a linear
fashion to (N -1) - identical springs. (10 Lectures)
Special Theory of Relativity: Postulates of Special Theory of Relativity. Lorentz
Transformations. Minkowski space. The invariant interval, light cone and world lines. Space-
time diagrams. Time-dilation, length contraction and twin paradox. Four-vectors: space-like,
time-like and light-like. Four-velocity and acceleration. Metric and alternating tensors. Four-
momentum and energy-momentum relation. Doppler effect from a four-vector perspective.
Concept of four-force. Conservation of four-momentum. Relativistic kinematics. Application to
two-body decay of an unstable particle. (33 Lectures)
Fluid Dynamics: Density  and pressure P in a fluid, an element of fluid and its velocity,
continuity equation and mass conservation, stream-lined motion, laminar flow, Poiseuille’s
equation for flow of a liquid through a pipe, Navier-Stokes equation, qualitative description of
turbulence, Reynolds number. (10 Lectures)

Reference Books:
 Classical Mechanics, H.Goldstein, C.P. Poole, J.L. Safko, 3rd Edn. 2002, Pearson Education.
 Mechanics, L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, 1976, Pergamon.
 Classical Electrodynamics, J.D. Jackson, 3rd Edn., 1998, Wiley.
 The Classical Theory of Fields, L.D Landau, E.M Lifshitz, 4th Edn., 2003, Elsevier.
 Introduction to Electrodynamics, D.J. Griffiths, 2012, Pearson Education.
 Classical Mechanics, P.S. Joag, N.C. Rana, 1st Edn., McGraw Hall.
 Classical Mechanics, R. Douglas Gregory, 2015, Cambridge University Press.
 Classical Mechanics: An introduction, Dieter Strauch, 2009, Springer.
 Solved Problems in classical Mechanics, O.L. Delange and J. Pierrus, 2010, Oxford Press

45
 PHYSICS-DSE: PHYSICS OF DEVICES AND INSTRUMENTS
[Credits: Theory - 04 (45 Lectures), Practical - 02]

Devices: Characteristic and small signal equivalent circuits of UJT and JFET. Metal-
semiconductor Junction. Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) device. Ideal MOS and Flat Band
voltage. SiO2-Si based MOS. MOSFET– their frequency limits. Enhancement and Depletion
Mode MOSFETS, CMOS. Charge coupled devices. Tunnel diode. (14 Lectures)

Power supply and Filters: Block Diagram of a Power Supply, Qualitative idea of C and L Filters.
IC Regulators, Line and load regulation, Short circuit protection. (3 Lectures)

Active and Passive Filters, Low Pass, High Pass, Band Pass and band Reject Filters.
(3 Lectures)
Multivibrators: Astable and Monostable Multivibrators using transistors. (3 Lectures)

Phase Locked Loop (PLL): Basic Principles, Phase detector (XOR & edge triggered), Voltage
Controlled Oscillator (Basics, varactor). Loop Filter– Function, Loop Filter Circuits, transient
response, lock and capture. Basic idea of PLL IC (565 or 4046). (5 Lectures)

Processing of Devices: Basic process flow for IC fabrication, Electronic grade silicon. Crystal
plane and orientation. Defects in the lattice. Oxide layer. Oxidation Technique for Si.
Metallization technique. Positive and Negative Masks. Optical lithography. Electron lithography.
Feature size control and wet anisotropic etching. Lift off Technique. Diffusion and implantation.
(12 Lectures)
Digital Data Communication Standards: Serial Communications: RS232, Handshaking,
Implementation of RS232 on PC. Universal Serial Bus (USB): USB standards, Types and
elements of USB transfers. Devices (Basic idea of UART). Parallel Communications: General
Purpose Interface Bus (GPIB), GPIB signals and lines, Handshaking and interface management,
Implementation of a GPIB on a PC. Basic idea of sending data through a COM port.
(5 Lectures)

46
Introduction to communication systems: Block diagram of electronic communication system,
Need for modulation. Amplitude modulation. Modulation Index. Analysis of Amplitude
Modulated wave. Sideband frequencies in AM wave. CE Amplitude Modulator. Demodulation
of AM wave using Diode Detector. basic idea of Frequency, Phase, Pulse and Digital
Modulation including ASK, PSK, FSK. (15 lectures)
Reference Books:
 Physics of Semiconductor Devices, S.M. Sze & K.K. Ng, 3rd Ed.2008, John Wiley &
Sons
 Electronic devices and integrated circuits, A.K. Singh, 2011, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
 Op-Amps & Linear Integrated Circuits, R.A.Gayakwad,4 Ed. 2000,PHI Learning Pvt.
Ltd
 Electronic Devices and Circuits, A. Mottershead, 1998, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
 Electronic Communication systems, G. Kennedy, 1999, Tata McGraw Hill.
 Introduction to Measurements & Instrumentation, A.K. Ghosh, 3rd Ed., 2009, PHI
Learning Pvt. Ltd
 Semiconductor Physics and Devices, D.A. Neamen, 2011, 4th Edition, McGraw Hill
 PC based instrumentation; Concepts & Practice, N.Mathivanan, 2007, Prentice-Hall of
India

PRACTICAL- DSE LAB: PHYSICS OF DEVICES AND INSTRUMENTS

Experiments from both Section A and Section B:
Section-A
1. To design a power supply using bridge rectifier and study effect of C-filter.
2. To design the active Low pass and High pass filters of given specification.
3. To design the active filter (wide band pass and band reject) of given specification.
4. To study the output and transfer characteristics of a JFET.
5. To design a common source JFET Amplifier and study its frequency response.
6. To study the output characteristics of a MOSFET.
7. To study the characteristics of a UJT and design a simple Relaxation Oscillator.
8. To design an Amplitude Modulator using Transistor.
47
9. To design PWM, PPM, PAM and Pulse code modulation using ICs.
10. To design an Astable multivibrator of given specifications using transistor.
11. To study a PLL IC (Lock and capture range).
12. To study envelope detector for demodulation of AM signal.
13. Study of ASK and FSK modulator. 14. Glow an LED via USB port of PC.
15. Sense the input voltage at a pin of USB port and subsequently glow the LED connected
with another pin of USB port.
Section-B: SPICE/MULTISIM simulations for electrical networks and electronic circuits.
1. To verify the Thevenin and Norton Theorems.
2. Design and analyze the series and parallel LCR circuits.
3. Design the inverting and non-inverting amplifier using an Op-Amp of given gain
4. Design and Verification of op-amp as integrator and differentiator
5. Design the 1st order active low pass and high pass filters of given cutoff frequency
6. Design a Wein`s Bridge oscillator of given frequency.
7. Design clocked SR and JK Flip-Flop`s using NAND Gates
8. Design 4-bit asynchronous counter using Flip-Flop ICs
9. Design the CE amplifier of a given gain and its frequency response.
10. Design an Astable multivibrator using IC555 of given duty cycle.

Reference Books :
 Basic Electronics:A text lab manual, P.B. Zbar, A.P. Malvino, M.A.Miller,1994, Mc-Graw
Hill.
 Integrated Electronics, J. Millman and C.C. Halkias, 1991, Tata Mc-Graw Hill.
 Electronics : Fundamentals and Applications, J.D. Ryder, 2004, Prentice Hall.
 OP-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuit, R. A. Gayakwad, 4th edn., 2000, Prentice Hall.
 Introduction to PSPICE using ORCAD for circuits & Electronics, M.H. Rashid, 2003, PHI
Learning.
 PC based instrumentation; Concepts & Practice, N.Mathivanan, 2007, Prentice-Hall of
India.

48
 PHYSICS-DSE: Nano Materials and Applications
[Credits: Theory - 04 (45 Lectures), Practical - 02]

NANOSCALE SYSTEMS: Length scales in physics, Nanostructures: 1D, 2D and 3D

nanostructures (nanodots, thin films, nanowires, nanorods), Band structure and density of states

of materials at nanoscale, Size Effects in nano systems, Quantum confinement: Applications of

Schrodinger equation- Infinite potential well, potential step, potential box, quantum confinement

of carriers in 3D, 2D, 1D nanostructures and its consequences. (10 Lectures)

SYNTHESIS OF NANOSTRUCTURE MATERIALS: Top down and Bottom up approach,

Photolithography. Ball milling. Gas phase condensation. Vacuum deposition. Physical vapor

deposition (PVD): Thermal evaporation, E-beam evaporation, Pulsed Laser deposition. Chemical

vapor deposition (CVD). Sol-Gel. Electro deposition. Spray pyrolysis. Hydrothermal synthesis.

Preparation through colloidal methods. MBE growth of quantum dots. (8 Lectures)

CHARACTERIZATION: X-Ray Diffraction. Optical Microscopy. Scanning Electron

Microscopy. Transmission Electron Microscopy. Atomic Force Microscopy. Scanning Tunneling

Microscopy. (8 Lectures)

OPTICAL PROPERTIES: Coulomb interaction in nanostructures. Concept of dielectric

constant for nanostructures and charging of nanostructure. Quasi-particles and excitons. Excitons

in direct and indirect band gap semiconductor nanocrystals. Quantitative treatment of quasi-

49
particles and excitons, charging effects. Radiative processes: General formalization-absorption,

emission and luminescence. Optical properties of heterostrctures and nanostructures.

(14 Lectures)

ELECTRON TRANSPORT: Carrier transport in nanostrcutures. Coulomb blockade effect,

thermionic emission, tunneling and hoping conductivity. Defects and impurities: Deep level and

surface defects. (6 Lectures)

APPLICATIONS: Applications of nanoparticles, quantum dots, nanowires and thin films for

photonic devices (LED, solar cells). Single electron transfer devices (no derivation). CNT based

transistors. Nanomaterial Devices: Quantum dots heterostructure lasers, optical switching and

optical data storage. Magnetic quantum well; magnetic dots - magnetic data storage. Micro

Electromechanical Systems (MEMS), Nano Electromechanical Systems (NEMS). (14 Lectures)

Reference books :

 C.P. Poole, Jr. Frank J. Owens, Introduction to Nanotechnology (Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.).

 S.K. Kulkarni, Nanotechnology: Principles & Practices (Capital Publishing Company)

 K.K. Chattopadhyay and A. N. Banerjee, Introduction to Nanoscience and Technology

(PHI Learning Private Limited).

 Richard Booker, Earl Boysen, Nanotechnology (John Wiley and Sons).

 M. Hosokawa, K. Nogi, M. Naita, T. Yokoyama, Nanoparticle Technology Handbook

(Elsevier, 2007).

 Introduction to Nanoelectronics, V.V. Mitin, V.A. Kochelap and M.A. Stroscio, 2011,

Cambridge University Press.

 Bharat Bhushan, Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2004).

50
PRACTICAL-DSE LAB: Nano Materials and Applications

1. Synthesis of metal nanoparticles by chemical route.

2. Synthesis of semiconductor nanoparticles.

3. Surface Plasmon study of metal nanoparticles by UV-Visible spectrophotometer.

4. XRD pattern of nanomaterials and estimation of particle size.

5. To study the effect of size on color of nanomaterials.

6. To prepare composite of CNTs with other materials.

7. Growth of quantum dots by thermal evaporation.

8. Prepare a disc of ceramic of a compound using ball milling, pressing and sintering, and study

its XRD.

9. Fabricate a thin film of nanoparticles by spin coating (or chemical route) and study

transmittance spectra in UV-Visible region.

10. Prepare a thin film capacitor and measure capacitance as a function of temperature or

frequency.

11. Fabricate a PN diode by diffusing Al over the surface of N-type Si and study its V-I

characteristic.

Reference Books:

 C.P. Poole, Jr. Frank J. Owens, Introduction to Nanotechnology (Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.).

 S.K. Kulkarni, Nanotechnology: Principles & Practices (Capital Publishing Company).

 K.K. Chattopadhyay and A.N. Banerjee, Introduction to Nanoscience &Technology (PHI

Learning Private Limited).

 Richard Booker, Earl Boysen, Nanotechnology (John Wiley and Sons).

51
SKILL ENANFANCEMENT COURSE (SEC) : (any two) (Credit : 02 each)

I. ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND NETWORK SKILLS (Theory: 30 Lectures)

The aim of this course is to enable the students to design and trouble shoots the
electrical circuits, networks and appliances through hands-on mode

Basic Electricity Principles: Voltage, Current, Resistance, and Power. Ohm's law, Series,
parallel, and series-parallel combinations. AC Electricity and DC Electricity, Familiarization
with multimeter, voltmeter and ammeter. (3 Lectures)
Understanding Electrical Circuits: Main electric circuit elements and their combination. Rules
to analyze DC sourced electrical circuits. Current and voltage drop across the DC circuit
elements. Single-phase and three-phase alternating current sources. Rules to analyze AC sourced
electrical circuits. Real, imaginary and complex power components of AC source. Power factor.
Saving energy and money. (4 Lectures)
Electrical Drawing and Symbols: Drawing symbols. Blueprints. Reading Schematics. Ladder
diagrams. Electrical Schematics. Power circuits. Control circuits. Reading of circuit schematics.
Tracking the connections of elements and identify current flow and voltage drop. (4 Lectures)
Generators and Transformers: DC Power sources. AC/DC generators. Inductance,
capacitance, and impedance. Operation of transformers. (3 Lectures)
Electric Motors: Single-phase, three-phase & DC motors. Basic design. Interfacing DC or AC
sources to control heaters & motors. Speed & power of ac motor. (4 Lectures)
Solid-State Devices: Resistors, inductors and capacitors. Diode and rectifiers. Components in
Series or in shunt. Response of inductors and capacitors with DC or AC sources. (3 Lectures)
Electrical Protection: Relays. Fuses and disconnect switches. Circuit breakers. Overload
devices. Ground-fault protection. Grounding and isolating. Phase reversal. Surge protection.
Interfacing DC or AC sources to control elements (relay protection device) (4 Lectures)
Electrical Wiring: Different types of conductors and cables. Basics of wiring-Star and delta
connection. Voltage drop and losses across cables and conductors. Instruments to measure
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current, voltage, power in DC and AC circuits. Insulation. Solid and stranded cable. Conduit.
Cable trays. Splices: wirenuts, crimps, terminal blocks, split bolts, and solder. Preparation of
extension board. (5 Lectures)
Reference Books:
 A text book in Electrical Technology - B L Theraja - S Chand & Co.
 A text book of Electrical Technology - A K Theraja
 Performance and design of AC machines - M G Say ELBS Edn.

II. TECHNICAL DRAWING SKILLS Theory: 30 Lectures

Introduction: Drafting Instruments and their uses. lettering: construction and uses of various
scales: dimensioning as per I.S.I. 696-1972. Engineering Curves: Parabola: hyperbola: ellipse:
cycloids, involute: spiral: helix and loci of points of simple moving mechanism. 2D geometrical
construction. Representation of 3D objects. Principles of projections. (4 Lectures)
Projections: Straight lines, planes and solids. Development of surfaces of right and oblique
solids. Section of solids. (6 Lectures)
Object Projections: Orthographic projection. Interpenetration and intersection of solids.
Isometric and oblique parallel projection of solids. (4 Lectures)
CAD Drawing: Introduction to CAD and Auto CAD, precision drawing and drawing aids,
Geometric shapes, Demonstrating CAD- specific skills (graphical user interface. Create, retrieve,
edit, and use symbol libraries. Use inquiry commands to extract drawing data). Control entity
properties. Demonstrating basic skills to produce 2-D and 3-Ddrawings. 3D modelling with Auto
CAD (surfaces and solids), 3D modelling with sketch up, annotating in Auto CAD with text and
hatching, layers, templates & design centre, advanced plotting (layouts, viewports), office
standards, dimensioning, internet and collaboration, Blocks, Drafting symbols, attributes,
extracting data. basic printing, editing tools, Plot/Print drawing to appropriate scale.
(16 Lectures)
Reference Books:
 K. Venugopal, and V. Raja Prabhu. Engineering Graphic, New Age International
 AutoCAD 2014 & AutoCAD 2014/Donnie Gladfelter/Sybex/ISBN:978-1-118-57510-9

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  Architectural Design with Sketchup/Alexander Schreyer/John Wiley & Sons/ISBN:978-
1-118-12309-6

III. BASIC INSTRUMENTATION SKILLS Theory: 30 Lectures

This course is to get exposure with various aspects of instruments and their usage through
hands-on mode. Experiments listed below are to be done in continuation of the topics.

Basic of Measurement: Instruments accuracy, precision, sensitivity, resolution range etc. Errors
in measurements and loading effects. Multimeter: Principles of measurement of dc voltage and
dc current, ac voltage, ac current and resistance. Specifications of a multimeter and their
significance. (4 Lectures)
Electronic Voltmeter: Advantage over conventional multimeter for voltage measurement with
respect to input impedance and sensitivity. Principles of voltage, measurement (block diagram
only). Specifications of an electronic Voltmeter/Multimeter and their significance. AC
millivoltmeter: Type of AC millivoltmeters: Amplifier- rectifier, and rectifier- amplifier. Block
diagram ac millivoltmeter, specifications and their significance. (4 Lectures)
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope: Block diagram of basic CRO. Construction of CRT, Electron gun,
electrostatic focusing and acceleration (Explanation only– no mathematical treatment), brief
discussion on screen phosphor, visual persistence & chemical composition. Time base operation,
synchronization. Front panel controls. Specifications of a CRO and their significance.
(6 Lectures)
Use of CRO for the measurement of voltage (dc and ac frequency, time period. Special features
of dual trace, introduction to digital oscilloscope, probes. Digital storage Oscilloscope: Block
diagram and principle of working. (3 Lectures)
Signal Generators and Analysis Instruments: Block diagram, explanation and specifications
of low frequency signal generators. pulse generator, and function generator. Brief idea for
testing, specifications. Distortion factor meter, wave analysis. (4 Lectures)

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Impedance Bridges & Q-Meters: Block diagram of bridge. working principles of basic
(balancing type) RLC bridge. Specifications of RLC bridge. Block diagram & working principles
of a Q- Meter. Digital LCR bridges. (3 Lectures)
Digital Instruments: Principle and working of digital meters. Comparison of analog & digital
instruments. Characteristics of a digital meter. Working principles of digital voltmeter.
(3 Lectures)
Digital Multimeter: Block diagram and working of a digital multimeter. Working principle of
time interval, frequency and period measurement using universal counter/frequency counter,
time- base stability, accuracy and resolution. (3 Lectures)
The test of lab skills will be of the following test items:
1. Use of an oscilloscope.
2. CRO as a versatile measuring device.
3. Circuit tracing of Laboratory electronic equipment.
4. Use of Digital multimeter/VTVM for measuring voltages.
5. Circuit tracing of Laboratory electronic equipment.
6. Winding a coil / transformer.
7. Study the layout of receiver circuit.
8. Trouble shooting a circuit.
9. Balancing of bridges.
Laboratory Exercises:
1. To observe the loading effect of a multimeter while measuring voltage across a low resistance
and high resistance.
2. To observe the limitations of a multimeter for measuring high frequency voltage and currents.
3. To measure Q of a coil and its dependence on frequency, using a Q- meter.
4. Measurement of voltage, frequency, time period and phase angle using CRO.
5. Measurement of time period, frequency, average period using universal counter/frequency
counter.
6. Measurement of rise, fall and delay times using a CRO.
7. Measurement of distortion of a RF signal generator using distortion factor meter.
8. Measurement of R, L and C using a LCR bridge/ universal bridge.

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Open Ended Experiments:
1. Using a Dual Trace Oscilloscope.
2. Converting the range of a given measuring instrument (voltmeter, ammeter).

Reference Books:
A text book in Electrical Technology - B L Theraja - S Chand and Co.
Performance and design of AC machines - M G Say ELBS Edn.
Digital Circuits and systems, Venugopal, 2011, Tata McGraw Hill.
Logic circuit design, Shimon P. Vingron, 2012, Springer.
Digital Electronics, Subrata Ghoshal, 2012, Cengage Learning.
Electronic Devices and circuits, S. Salivahanan & N. S.Kumar, 3rd Ed., 2012, Tata Mc-Graw Hill.
Electronic circuits: Handbook of design and applications, U.Tietze, Ch.Schenk, 2008, Springer.
Electronic Devices, 7/e Thomas L. Floyd, 2008, Pearson India.

IV. COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS Theory: 30 Lectures

The aim of this course is not just to teach computer programming and numerical analysis but to
emphasize its role in solving problems in Physics.
 Highlights the use of computational methods to solve physical problems
 Use of computer language as a tool in solving physics problems (applications)
 Course will consist of hands on training on the Problem solving on Computers.

Introduction: Importance of computers in Physics, paradigm for solving physics problems for
solution. Usage of linux as an Editor. Algorithms and Flowcharts: Algorithm: Definition,
properties and development. Flowchart: Concept of flowchart, symbols, guidelines, types.
Examples: Cartesian to Spherical Polar Coordinates, Roots of Quadratic Equation, Sum of two
matrices, Sum and Product of a finite series, calculation of sin(x) as a series, algorithm for
plotting (1) lissajous figures and (2) trajectory of a projectile thrown at an angle with the
horizontal. (4 Lectures)
Scientific Programming: Some fundamental Linux Commands (Internal and External
commands). Development of FORTRAN, Basic elements of FORTRAN: Character Set,

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Constants and their types, Variables and their types, Keywords, Variable Declaration and
concept of instruction and program. Operators: Arithmetic, Relational, Logical and Assignment
Operators. Expressions: Arithmetic, Relational, Logical, Character and Assignment Expressions.
Fortran Statements: I/O Statements (unformatted/formatted), Executable and Non-Executable
Statements, Layout of Fortran Program, Format of writing Program and concept of coding,
Initialization and Replacement Logic. Examples from physics problems. (5 Lectures)
Control Statements: Types of Logic (Sequential, Selection, Repetition), Branching Statements
(Logical IF, Arithmetic IF, Block IF, Nested Block IF, SELECT CASE and ELSE IF Ladder
statements), Looping Statements (DO-CONTINUE, DO-ENDDO, DOWHILE, Implied and
Nested DO Loops), Jumping Statements (Unconditional GOTO, Computed GOTO, Assigned
GOTO) Subscripted Variables (Arrays: Types of Arrays, DIMENSION Statement, Reading and
Writing Arrays), Functions and Subroutines (Arithmetic Statement Function, Function
Subprogram and Subroutine), RETURN, CALL, COMMON and EQUIVALENCE Statements),
Structure, Disk I/O Statements, open a file, writing in a file, reading from a file. Examples from
physics problems.
Programming:
1. Exercises on syntax on usage of FORTRAN.
2. Usage of GUI Windows, Linux Commands, familiarity with DOS commands and working in
an editor to write sources codes in FORTRAN.
3. To print out all natural even/ odd numbers between given limits.
4. To find maximum, minimum and range of a given set of numbers.
5. Calculating Euler number using exp(x) series evaluated at x = 1. (6 Lectures)

Scientific word processing: Introduction to LaTeX: TeX/LaTeX word processor, preparing a

basic LaTeX file, Document classes, Preparing an input file for LaTeX, Compiling LaTeX File,
LaTeX tags for creating different environments, Defining LaTeX commands and environments,
Changing the type style, Symbols from otherlanguages. Equation representation: Formulae and
equations, Figures and other floating bodies, Lining in columns- Tabbing and tabular
environment, Generating table of contents, bibliography and citation, Making an index and
glossary, List making environments, Fonts, Picture environment and colors, errors. (6 Lectures)

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Visualization: Introduction to graphical analysis and its limitations. Introduction to Gnuplot.
importance of visualization of computational and computational data, basic Gnuplot commands:
simple plots, plotting data from a file, saving and exporting, multiple data sets per file, physics
with Gnuplot (equations, building functions, user defined variables and functions),
Understanding data with Gnuplot

Hands on exercises:
1. To compile a frequency distribution and evaluate mean, standard deviation etc.
2. To evaluate sum of finite series and the area under a curve.
3. To find the product of two matrices
4. To find a set of prime numbers and Fibonacci series.
5. To write program to open a file and generate data for plotting using Gnuplot.
6. Plotting trajectory of a projectile projected horizontally.
7. Plotting trajectory of a projectile projected making an angle with the horizontally.
8. Creating an input Gnuplot file for plotting a data and saving the output for seeing on the
screen. Saving it as an eps file and as a pdf file.
9. To find the roots of a quadratic equation.
10. Motion of a projectile using simulation and plot the output for visualization.
11. Numerical solution of equation of motion of simple harmonic oscillator and plot the outputs
for visualization.
12. Motion of particle in a central force field and plot the output for visualization.
(9 Lectures)

Reference Books:
 Introduction to Numerical Analysis, S.S. Sastry, 5th Edn., 2012, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
 Computer Programming in Fortran 77”. V. Rajaraman (Publisher: PHI).
 LaTeX–A Document Preparation System”, Leslie Lamport (Second Edition, Addison-
Wesley, 1994).
 Gnuplot in action: understanding data with graphs, Philip K Janert, (Manning 2010)
 Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Programming with Fortran, S Lipsdutz and
A Poe, 1986Mc-Graw Hill Book Co.
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 Computational Physics: An Introduction, R. C. Verma, et al. New Age International
Publishers, New Delhi (1999)
 A first course in Numerical Methods, U.M. Ascher and C. Greif, 2012, PHI Learning
 Elementary Numerical Analysis, K.E. Atkinson, 3 r d Edn. , 2007, Wiley India Edition.

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