Forum for Electromagnetic Research Methods and Application Technologies (FERMAT)

Printed Antenna Designs Using Defected

Ground Structures: A Review of Fundamentals
and State-of-the-Art Developments
Debatosh Guha(1), Sujoy Biswas(2), and Chandrakanta Kumar(3)
(1)
Institute of Radio Physics and Electronics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
(Email: [email protected])
(2)
Neotia Institute of Technology, Management and Science, Kolkata, India
(Email: [email protected])
(3)
Communication Systems Group, ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore, India
(Email: [email protected])

[1], from which it evolved. It exhibits a band-stop property

Abstract— Deliberately created defects in the form of etched- and its area of application involves microstrip transmission
out patterns on the ground plane of microstrip circuits and lines and circuits. Kim and Park [2] first proposed and used
transmission lines have been familiar to microwave engineers for the term ‘DGS’ in describing a single unit of dumbbell-shaped
a long time, although their applications to the antennas are
relatively new. The term Defected Ground Structure (DGS), defect. A chronology of its development is thoroughly
specifically implies a single or very limited number of defects. discussed in [3]. Subsequently, three more recent books [4]-
The antenna designers initially employed DGS underneath [6] have addressed the topic of antenna design using the DGS.
printed feed lines to suppress higher harmonics. During 2005- DGS has become a promising alternative to EBG for
2006, DGS was directly integrated with antennas to improve the different applications due to its compact nature and easy
radiation characteristics and to suppress mutual coupling implementation. Initially, dumbbell-shaped DGSs were used
between adjacent elements. Since then, the DGS techniques have
been explored extensively and have led to many possible to realize a filter [7], and shapes were experimented with
applications. Over 1200 technical papers, three book chapters, subsequently to realize different microwave circuits such as
and several granted patents on ‘antennas with DGS’, produced in filters [8]-[12], amplifiers [13], rat race couplers [14], branch
a short span of last eight years, are a measure of the potential of line couplers and Wilkinson power dividers [15], [16], and
this technique. The objective of this work is aimed to address the details on these designs may be found in [3].
topic in a comprehensive way, to provide a chronology of the The DGS was first directly integrated with a microstrip
research and innovations, to offer an insight of the technology,
and to review the state-of-the-art advances in the area of DGS. radiator in 2005 [17] in order to improve its radiation
characteristics. A series of subsequent investigations explored
Index Terms— Defected Ground Structure, DGS, defected the possibility of using DGS technology to address different
ground plane, antenna with DGS, DGS integrated array, printed printed antenna problems [3]. The popularity of this technique
monopole with DGS. has grown immensely amongst antenna engineers, who have
extended the DGS-based technique to monopole UWB
antennas [18]-[26], Planar Inverted ‘F’ Antenna (PIFA)
I. INTRODUCTION antennas for mobile handsets [27]-[28], dielectric resonators
the last decade there have been significant [29], phased arrays [30], RFID tag antennas [31], etc.
D URING
advances in Wireless Technology, which demands the
availability of efficient devices that can be operated at high
Different research groups are currently active in developing
newer and even more applications of DGS to various antenna
data-rates and at low signal powers. Microwave researchers design problems.
have been working towards the development of advanced RF The technical contents of this work are organized for
front ends to meet the requirements. Various novel approaches presentation in seven sections. Section II deals with the
have been explored to improve the performance of printed general ideas and working principle of DGS, and presents
circuits and antennas. commonly used geometries and their modeling in terms of
In this article, we describe a recently developed technique circuit equivalents. Subsequent sections (III-VI) touch on
called the Defected Ground Structure (DGS) approach for possible applications of DGS that have been developed till
designing low profile antennas such as microstrip and date.
dielectric resonator antennas. The DGS can be regarded as a
simplified form of Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) structure

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 Forum for Electromagnetic Research Methods and Application Technologies (FERMAT)

(a)

(b)
Fig. 3. Equivalent circuit representation of DGS (a) LC parallel
combination, (b) LCR parallel combination.
.
A. Geometries and Working Principle
Fig. 1. Different DGS geometries: (a) Dumbbell-shaped (b) Spiral-shaped (c) A DGS may come in a variety of geometries and sizes,
H-shaped (d) U-shaped (e) Arrow head dumbbell (f) Concentric ring shaped depending upon their mode of application, as well as the
(g) Split-ring resonators (h) Meander line (i) Cross-shaped (j) Circular head
dumbbell (k) Square heads connected with U slots (l) Open loop Dumbbell frequency of operation. These shapes include: rectangular
(m) Fractal (n) Half-Circle (o) V-shaped. dumbbell [2], circular dumbbell [32], spiral [33], ‘U’ [34], ‘V’
[34], ‘H’ [35], cross [36], concentric rings [37], etc., and are
illustrated in Fig. 1. Some complex shapes have also been
studied which include meander lines [38], split ring resonators
[39], [40], and fractals [41]. Fig. 2 shows a flow-chart type of
their classifications.
Conventionally, in planar microstrip circuits, a DGS is
located beneath a microstrip line and it perturbs the
electromagnetic fields around the defect. Trapped electric
fields give rise to the capacitive effect (C), while the surface
currents around a defect cause an inductive effect (L). This, in
turn, results in resonant characteristics of a DGS, and it is
important for us to determine the equivalent circuits and
associated parameters, as discussed below. Acquainted

B. Modeling Techniques
Fig. 2. Some basic classification of DGS geometries.
. A quantitative analysis is needed to understand the
performance of a DGS or to extend the design by cascading
multiple units of the same DGS. An equivalent circuit is
II. BASIC IDEAS AND GEOMETRIES helpful in this regard, and the modeling methods can be
classified into following three categories: (a) transmission line
The DGSs refer to certain compact geometrical shapes and modeling [42]; (b) LC and RLC circuit modeling [7] and [43];
they are realized in the form of defects on the ground plane of and (c) quasi-static modeling [44]. The second one appears to
printed circuits. The DGS may either comprise a single defect be more general and it is relatively straightforward to model a
(unit cell), or it may contain a number of periodic and DGS in terms of equivalent parallel LC or RLC circuits, as
aperiodic configurations. A DGS is characterized by its stop- shown in Fig. 3. The equivalent parameters are the functions
band behavior within which it impedes the propagation of of the defect dimensions. The simple example of a dumbbell-
electromagnetic (EM) waves through the substrate containing shaped DGS has been discussed in [7]. For the ‘dumbbell’
the DGS over a range of frequencies. Different configurations geometry in Fig. 4, the rectangular head on either side of the
of DGS have been explored with various applications in mind line introduces a series inductance L, and the narrow slot
and some of these are discussed below along with the beneath the line produces a gap capacitance C in parallel with
modeling techniques for them. L. the extraction of these parameters is discussed below and
has also been presented in [7].
Typically, an EM simulator is utilized to determine the S-

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 Forum for Electromagnetic Research Methods and Application Technologies (FERMAT)

(a)
0
(a)
0 simulated
-10 measured

-10
-20

S21 (dB)
-20
-30
S21 (dB)

-30
-40
-40 circuit
EM
-50
-50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Frequency (GHz)
-60
0 5 10 (b)
Fig. 6. Low pass filter with cascaded dumbbell shaped DGS integrated with
Frequency (GHz)
microstrip transmission line along with T-junction stub (a) schematic
(b) diagram, (b) simulated S parameters [7].
Fig. 4. (a) Dumbbell shaped DGS integrated with microstrip transmission .
line, (b) Simulation results for the DGS unit. Parameters: square head sides The LC modeling presented herein does not account for any
a=b= 5 mm, connecting slot width g= 0.5mm, h=31 mils and εr = 2.2 [7].
.
losses attributable to either radiation, conduction, or dielectric.
More realistic models include a loss resistance R, as shown in
Fig 3(b). It is important to note that, the values of L, C, and R
do not have any definite relationship with the dimensions of
the DGS. Consequently, it is neither possible to derive
accurate dimensions of a DGS from the knowledge of its
desired frequency response, nor it can provide any clues to
how we might obtain the parameters of the equivalent circuit.
This issue has been addressed in [44], and for further
Fig. 5. Butterworth one-pole prototype low-pass filter. information, we refer the reader to [3], [44].
.
parameters of a circuit. The attenuation pole is located at 8
GHz with 3dB cut off at 3.5 GHz as shown in Fig. 4(b). It III. DGS AS FILTER USED IN ANTENNA FEEDS
displays a response similar to that of a single-pole Butterworth
LPF, shown in Fig. 5. The reactance of the equivalent circuit In the early phases of its development, a majority of DGS
in Fig. 3(a) can be expressed as shapes were explored to design printed circuit filters, and
these applications inspired the antenna engineers to realize
௅஼    
ଵ ఠబ ఠ
(1) planar feeds with stop-band characteristics by employing
ఠ೚ ஼ ఠ ఠబ
where ω0 is the angular resonant frequency, and the reactance DGS-integrated microstrip feeds. The primary application was
of the LPF in Fig. 5 is given by to control the higher harmonics when a microstrip patch was
XL=ω1Z0g1 (2) integrated with an oscillator or an amplifier that shared the
where ω1 is the normalized angular frequency, Z0 is input and same substrate. It is well known that active circuits are prone
output port impedances, and g1 is the prototype element [45]. to be affected by undesirable harmonics; however, the DGS-
Equating (1) and (2) at the cutoff, we have integrated feeds can suppress these unwanted frequency
X LC | ω = ω c = X L | ω 1 = 1 (3) bands. Different configurations have been explored since 1999
to achieve this goal and they are discussed below.
ωc  1  (4)
C =  2  A. DGS Filter
Z 0 g1 −
 0 ωc
ω 2

A dumbbell-shaped DGS was used in [7] to design a low pass
1 filter. Two DGS units were integrated with a microstrip line as
L = 2 (5)
4π f 02 C depicted in Fig 6. The S-parameters shown in Fig. 6 are self-
explanatory. The basic concepts of DGS were further explored
where f0 is the resonant frequency for the DGS as well as the subsequently to develop several new DGS configurations [34]-
attenuation poles of the Butterworth prototype.

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 Forum for Electromagnetic Research Methods and Application Technologies (FERMAT)

(a)
0 (a) (b)

-10
S11 (dB)

-20 with DGS

without DGS

0 1 2 3
Frequency (GHz)

(b)
Fig.7. Microstrip line fed microstrip patch integrated with array of circular
DGS (a) schematic diagram, (b) simulated S-parameters with and without (c) (d)
DGS [46].
.
[36], [38]. In addition, an account of the circuit applications of
DGS was provided in [3].

B. DGS-integrated Microstrip Feed

To suppress higher harmonics, in 1999 Horii and Tsutsumi
[46] used defects in the ground plane underneath the feed as
well as below a microstrip patch. They used a 3×4 array of
circular defects in the ground plane as shown in Fig. 7(a).
Measured return loss characteristics with and without the DGS (e)
are shown in Fig. 7(b). The antenna operates at 900 MHz and
the defect diameter is 1/18 of the operating wavelength (λ = Fig. 8. Microstrip line fed square patch antenna integrated with (a) circular
and dumbbell shaped DGS [47], (b) double dumbbell DGS[43], (c) single
33.33 cm). This enables the 900 MHz signal to propagate,
dumbbell [48], (d) H shaped DGS [49], (e) circular headed dumbbell and
while suppressing the frequencies ranging from 1760 MHz to stub [50].
2720 MHz, and achieving levels of S21<-20dB. Specifically,
two harmonics near 1800 MHz and 2700 MHz are suppressed.
A similar square patch was investigated in [47] with a change A different approach for improving the stop-band with the
in the DGS configuration below the feed line. Circular defects aim of suppressing up to the third harmonic was examined by
were replaced by dumbbell-shaped DGSs, as shown Mandal et al. [50]. Their design includes a stub-line along
schematically in Fig. 8(a), to widen the stop-band and the with a pair of dumbbell-shaped DGS, whose schematic view is
effectiveness of the DGS over a wider frequency band. shown in Fig. 8(e). Rejection of frequencies up to the third
Chang and Lee [43] proposed a simpler design as shown in harmonic of the fundamental was experimentally
Fig. 8(b). They removed all the defects underneath the patch demonstrated in [50].
and obtained the desired stop-bands to control the harmonics. The problem of reducing the physical area of a DGS has
Further simplification in terms of number of DGS units was been addressed in a recent investigation carried out by the
explored by Sung and Kim [48]. They used a single dumbbell- present authors [51], who used partial ring DGSs shown in
DGS underneath the feed, as shown in Fig. 8(c). Its radiation Fig. 9, for this purpose. This configuration occupies about
characteristics indicate a considerable level of suppression (> 50% reduced space as compared to other reported designs, but
15 dB) of the first harmonic. Considerable back radiation was does not compromise the performance within the band of
evident in their study, and this issue has been discussed in [3]. operation. Excellent rejection of the modes covering up to the
An even more compact design was realized in [49], where 3rd harmonic has been reported in [51] and suppression of
the DGS was placed at the neck of the inset feed shown in Fig. radiation at these harmonics has been experimentally
8(d). This configuration has the advantages that it does not use demonstrated in [51].
any additional space and that it suppresses up to the first
harmonic.

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 Forum for Electromagnetic Research Methods and Application Technologies (FERMAT)

(a)
0

-5
(a)

-10
S11 (dB)

-15

-20 with DGS

without DGS (b)
-25
2 4 6 8 10 12
Fig. 11. Configuration of a circular microstrip antenna integrated with
Frequency (GHz) dot-DGS; (a) view from ground plane side, (b) cross-sectional view [17].

(b)
shaped DGS was strategically placed underneath a circular
Fig. 9. Square patch antenna fed with partial ring DGS integrated microstrip
line, (a) schematic diagram, (b) measured S11 versus frequency of the patch
patch in the H-plane, as shown in Fig. 11. Their centers
with and without DGS [51]. exactly coincide with the patch boundary, and the diameter 2r
is close to 0.07λ0. The DGSs indeed perturb the electric
boundary condition on the ground plane, and prevent the
excitation of orthogonally generated TM11 fields, sketched in
Fig. 10 (c). This conjecture was verified, and confirmed
experimentally, with a set of prototypes operating around 3.6
GHz. The measured radiation patterns, shown in Fig. 12,
indicate an improvement of about 5 dB in the XP-isolation
without affecting the co-polarized radiations.
(a) (b) (c)
Fig. 10. Field and surface current distributions in a circular microstrip patch Effectiveness of these ‘dot-DGS’ was investigated in more
for different modes; + and ● indicated the electric fields between patch and details in [52], [53]. It was observed that the small size dot-
ground: surface currents are shown using solid lines; white dot indicates the DGSs were effective in suppressing only the E-plane XP. But
location of the feed probe. (a) TM11 mode: X-polarized (dominant mode), (b)
TM21 mode , (c) Orthogonal component of dominant mode (OCDM): Y- the primary concern of significant XP level in the H-plane,
polarized TM11 (sense of x-axis and y-axis are shown in Fig. 11). which is caused by the TM21 mode, could not be addressed
during the first attempt by using the dot-DGS. However, this
aspect was subsequently investigated by the same group, who
IV. DGS FOR ANTENNA DESIGN
employed some innovative techniques that are discussed
A new application of DGS was first conceived and proposed below.
by Guha et al. in 2005 [17], with a focus on the suppression of
cross-polarized (XP) radiations in a circular microstrip patch V. INNOVATIONS IN ANTENNA APPLICATIONS: 2006-2013
by using DGSs. Their approach was based on the known
theory of XP radiations according to which a higher order A. Reduction of Cross-polarized Radiation
mode is responsible for generating the XP fields. First two Circular and Elliptical Patches
modes in a circular patch are sketched in Fig. 10 in which From Fig. 10(b), one can surmise that the fringing fields
TM21 is identified as the XP-generating mode, which results in associated with the TM21 mode are not localized over a small
significant radiations in the H-plane. Theoretically, this mode region; rather they are widely distributed surrounding the
cannot explain the radiation of XP in the E-plane, but this patch boundary instead. Therefore, rather than using a
issue was resolved in [17]. A weak orthogonal resonance (y- localized dot-DGS, it is more effective to employ an elongated
polarized TM11), indicated in Fig. 10(c), was identified as the DGS along the patch contour to interact with the XP-
cause of this unavoidable XP radiation in the E-plane. generating fields.
In the investigation of [17], a pair of small ‘circular-dot’

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 Forum for Electromagnetic Research Methods and Application Technologies (FERMAT)

0
co-polarized

-5 no-DGS
Relative Power (dB)
dot-DGS
-10

cross-polarized
-15

-20

-25
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80
Angle (deg)
(a)

0
co-polarized (a)

-5 no-DGS
Relative Power (dB)

dot-DGS
-10

-15 cross-polarized

-20

-25
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80
Angle (deg)
(b)

Fig. 12. Measured radiation patterns of a probe-fed circular patch with

and without dot-DGS. Parameters: a = 15 mm, ρ = 5 mm, 2r = 6 mm,
dp= 0.76 mm, h = 1.575 mm, εr = 2.32, ground plane: 0.7λ0 × 0.7λ0 ; (a)
E-plane, (b) H-plane: freq. 3.6 GHz [17].
(b)
This idea was extended, and led to the development of a
circular-ring-shaped DGS, shown in Fig. 13(a) [53]. This
improves the H-plane XP radiation by about 4-5 dB, though
further improvement is limited. Such a DGS cannot be placed
at a close proximity of the patch boundary since that may
weaken the primary radiating mode.
To overcome this limitation, the shape of the DGS was (c)
modified to the geometry of an ‘arc’ [54], as indicated in Fig. Fig. 13. Configuration of a circular microstrip antenna integrated with
13 (b). Such an arc-shaped DGS sets the dominant mode DGS; (a) ring-DGS [53] and (b) arc-DGS; as viewed from ground plane
side, (c) cross-sectional view [54]
(fields along the E-plane) free from the possibility of being
affected by the DGS. Therefore, an arc-type DGS can now be
placed very close to the patch to destroy the TM21 mode. is constant for a circular patch whose diameter can be
Improvised DGS with levels of 9-10 dB suppression of the XP arbitrary.
fields in the H-plane but without affecting the primary
Square and Rectangular Patches:
radiations has been reported in [54] and [55]. H-plane
radiation patterns of a C-band antenna with and without arc- In the early phase of its development, the dot-DGS was
DGS, are shown in Fig. 14. This approach which works over directly used for a rectangular patch as well [57]. That group
the entire operating band of the antenna, was verified in [53], followed the work in [17] and reported reduction in boresight
[54], and a set of representative results are presented in Fig. XP, based on the simulated data.
15. Arc-DGS integrated circular patch is found to have more The design methodology of arc-DGS was extended to
than 30 dB of isolation in the C-band [54], and 25 dB in the X- rectangular patches with varying aspect ratios (W/L) [58],
band [53] over a wide range of azimuth angles. [59]. The W/L values that have been tested include: W/L=1
Arc-DGS suppression has also been examined for elliptical (square patch); W/L < 1 (narrow patch); and W/L > 1(wide
patches with varying eccentricity [56], and the design patch). The mode responsible for producing the XP radiation
information, developed through elaborate studies [53]-[56] is in rectangular patches is TM02. To interact with its fields, a
as follows: (i) width of arc-DGS is strictly determined by the DGS needs to follow the patch boundary and, hence, it takes
operating wavelength and substrate parameters, but not by the the shape of square brackets (‘[‘ and ‘]’), as shown in Fig. 16.
antenna geometry; (ii) and the value of α (≈ 65.5°, Fig. 13 (b)) Therefore, it is referred to as ‘folded-DGS’, and its working
principle is the same as that of the ‘arc-DGS’. It significantly
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 Forum for Electromagnetic Research Methods and Application Technologies (FERMAT)

0 no-DGS arc-DGS
meas meas
simu simu
-10 co-pol
Relative Power (dB)

cross-pol

-20

11dB
-30

-40
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
Angle (deg)
Fig. 14. Measured and simulated H-plane radiation patterns of a probe-fed
circular patch with and without arc-DGS. Parameters: a = 9 mm, h =1.575 (a)
mm, d =1.5 mm, ρ = 2.8 mm, εr = 2.33, g = 10 mm, t =2 mm, α = 66˚,
ground plane: 1λ0 × 1λ0; freq. 5.9 GHz [54].

-15
6.06 GHz
no DGS 5.93 GHz (b)
5.80 GHz
-20
Fig. 16. Configuration of a rectangular microstrip antenna integrated with
Relative Power (dB)

folded-DGS; (a) view from ground plane side, (b) cross-sectional view [59].

-25 arc DGS

0 no-DGS fd-DGS
meas meas
-30 simu co-pol simu
-10
Relative Power (dB)

-35
-100 -50 0 50 100
-20 15dB
Angle (deg)

Fig. 15. Measured cross-polarized radiation patterns over the frequency

band (S11 ≤ -10 dB) of the circular patch with and without arc-DGS. -30
Parameters as in Fig. 14.
cross-pol
-40
suppresses the radiation of XP in the H-plane, while leaving -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
the primary radiation relatively unaffected. One example of a Angle (deg)
rectangular patch with W/L = 1.6 is shown in Fig. 17, where
Fig. 17. Measured and simulated H-plane radiation patterns of a probe-fed
H-plane XP fields are suppressed by about 23 dB. Several rectangular patch with and without ‘folded-DGS’. Parameters: L = 8.6 mm, W
interesting results and design information are available in [59], = 13.76 mm, ρ = 3.1 mm, t = 1.5 mm, g = 0 mm, s = 6 mm ground plane 60
and we ask the readers to refer to the same. mm × 60 mm; h = 1.575 mm, εr = 2.33; freq. 10.1 GHz.

Triangular Patch: GHz band. Measured results indicate a suppression of 10-12

Controlling the XP fields originating in triangular patches dB in the XP radiations, in both the principal planes.
was investigated in [60]-[61]. Different DGS shapes were
B. Suppression of Mutual Coupling and Array Applications
explored and an example [61] is shown in Fig. 18. This
antenna operates in a circular polarization (CP) mode, where So far we have discussed about DGS-integrated patches and
the DGSs takes care of the polarization purity as well as slots where they have been used to control their XP radiation.
widening of the axial ratio bandwidth. Improvement in Soon after the pioneering paper published in 2005 [17], the
impedance bandwidth along with gain has also been claimed same group proposed another major application of DGS in
in the above studies. 2006 [37]. The authors first showed how the DGS could be
employed to reduce the mutual coupling between two adjacent
Microstrip Slot Antennas: microstrip patches. In [37], the use of concentric ring DGS
DGS has been improvised to realize microstrip slot radiator. was explored for an array of circular patches. Another
A ‘V-shaped’ DGS has been employed [62] on a 1.575 mm contemporary work [63] focused on a similar approach by
thick substrate, with εr = 2.33, to operate the antenna in the 7-8 using a different geometry.

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 Forum for Electromagnetic Research Methods and Application Technologies (FERMAT)

-10

S11 (dB)
-20

-30 with slot

without slot

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Frequency (GHz)

(a) (b)

Fig. 20. (a) Printed circular disc monopole antenna with L-shaped DGS,
(b) Simulated S11 versus frequency of the antenna with and without DGS
Fig. 18. Diagram of a 2×1 array of triangular patch integrated with hexagonal [18].
DGS (top view). Parameters: area of each DGS 129.5 mm2, substrate
thickness = 1.57 mm, εr= 2.2, freq. 2.61 GHz [61].

(a) (b)

Fig. 21. Printed microstrip monopole antenna with double U shaped

DGS (a) Top view, (b) Bottom view [19].

(a)

-15 w ithou t D G S

-20
L-defect
parasitic
w ith D G S
loading
S21 (dB)

-25

-30

-35 sim ulated

m easured } w ith
DGS
sim ulated
m easured } w ithout
DGS
Air
bridge

-40
10.0 10.5 11.0 Fig. 22. Printed monopole antenna with L shaped DGS and metamaterial
loading [21].
Frequency (G Hz)
(b) characteristics, and indicates a 4-5 dB reduction in the mutual
coupling. The same concept was extended to Dielectric
Fig. 19. (a) Single ring-shaped DGS between two-element E-plane coupled Resonator Antennas (DRAs) array showing a similar reduction
circular microstrip patch [37] (b) Measured and simulated S21 versus
frequency [64].
in mutual coupling in the E-plane [65]. Salehi et al. [63] have
experimented with dumbbell-shaped DGS for rectangular
patches etched on a high permittivity substrate and have
Mutual coupling appears to be one of the major issues in demonstrated a significant reduction in the mutual coupling.
planar arrays, since it introduces unwanted features in the Such configurations were later used for designing sensors for
radiation patterns such as scan blindness and high side lobe the detection of land mines [66]. Multiple units of dumbbell-
levels because of introduction of the surface waves that are DGS have been explored in [67] for multiband antennas and
undesirable. The stop-band property of DGS becomes useful have realized up to 5 dB of suppression.
for controlling the surface waves, when inserted between An important application of DGS was reported for phased
adjacent radiating elements. Based on this idea Guha et al. arrays in [68]. The authors obtained ‘Scan blindness’ near 33o
have explored [37], [64] the possibility of using a for a six-element rectangular patch array with a conventional
configuration shown in Fig. 19(a). Figure 19(b) shows the S21 ground plane and they were able to eliminate the scan

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 Forum for Electromagnetic Research Methods and Application Technologies (FERMAT)

parasitic L- defects
bottom view
loading

top view

(a)
Fig. 23. CPW fed circular monopole antenna with double L shaped DGS
and parasitic U shaped element [22].

(b) (c)

Fig. 24. Schematic configuration of tri-band printed monopole antenna

with DGS [25].

blindness by using dumbbell-shaped DGS [68]. This approach

has been further examined and confirmed by others [69] (see
for instance), both for a finite (7×3) and an infinite phased
array [70]. These examples serve to demonstrate a high
potential of the DGS when employed in advanced array
designs. (d)
It should be noted, however, that designing and
characterizing such DGSs is not very straightforward.
Conventionally, a DGS is characterized in terms of its stop- bottom view
band property, when placed underneath a microstrip line.
However, such a DGS behaves in a completely a different way
when it is used to lower the coupling effects and is placed
between two antenna elements. This issue has been recently
investigated by the present authors [71], and they have
proposed a realistic method which can provide a reliable top view
solution based on a study of an isolated DGS. The method has
also been experimentally verified for two E-plane-coupled
DRAs [71], and for microstrip patches [72]. (e)

C. DGS for Printed Monopole and UWB Antennas

In 2008, two research groups [18], [19] explored the DGS,
almost concurrently to design printed monopoles. However,
their motivation for using the DGS was totally different from
those in earlier applications. The authors of [18] employed Bottom view
defects in a CPW fed circular disc monopole to achieve a
compact ground plane, as well as multiband operation. The L-
shaped defect in the ground plane, shown in Fig. 20(a),
resonates around 3.1 GHz in the absence of a slot, and in the Top view
presence of a wide ground plane (~λg/2). But, in monopole
arrays, commonly used in MIMO/WLAN applications, it is (f)
desired that the size of the antenna be sufficiently small.
However, a reduced size ground plane degrades the low- Fig. 25. Schematic diagram of different monopole antennas integrated
with DGSs.
frequency response of the monopole, which is improved by

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 Forum for Electromagnetic Research Methods and Application Technologies (FERMAT)

introducing an L-shaped DGS, shown in Fig. 20(a). It is

relevant to note that the newly introduced DGS hardly affects Tag antenna
the high frequency response of the antenna. Representative S11 (top layer) Multi resonator
characteristics with and without the DGS are presented in Fig.
20(b), to illustrate the role of the DGS.
In [19], another attempt was made to enhance the matching
bandwidth of a trapezoidal monopole. The DGS was used as a
resonator at a number of specific frequencies and to radiate at
these frequencies. The antenna, shown in Fig. 21, operates ground plane ( bottom layer)
over 790 to 2060 MHz covering nearly 112% impedance
bandwidth. Soon after the publication of this work, the same Fig. 26. Schematic of a 6-bit chipless RFID using spiral DGS integrated
group reported a tunable DGS-integrated monopole [73]. with circular disc monopole [31].
Tuning of the antenna at frequencies ranging from 2.7 GHz to
2.1 GHz was verified experimentally in this work.
The L-shaped DGS was further explored to achieve a tri-
band operation, employing an interesting configuration
comprising of metamaterial loading [21]. The geometry of the
antenna is shown in Fig. 22. Such an L-shaped DGS is found
to be attractive for similar designs. The use of a dual L-shaped
defect was explored in a CPW-fed planar monopole in [22].
The above designs also added parasitic loading structures for
matching as well as for the purpose of modifying the radiation
characteristics. The configuration in [22], depicted in Fig. 23,
is a representative example of the same. The DGSs and
parasitic loadings are responsible for achieving resonances in
specified application bands, such as WiMAX (3.5 GHz) or (a)
WLAN (5.2GHz/5.8GHz). A relatively simpler though 0

interesting work was reported in [25], where the DGS renders measured S 11
simulated S 11
the ground plane a radiating structure and realizes a triple- -10
S-parameters (dB)

measured S 21

frequency operation as shown in Fig. 24 [25]. simulated S 21

Another important application of DGS is to introduce either

-20
a single or multiple stop-bands in UWB operation of a printed
monopole [20], [23], [24], [74]-[76]. Such stop-bands are
needed to avoid interference from Bluetooth/WLAN -30

(2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz), WCDMA (2.1GHz), and WiMAX (3.5/5.5

2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0
GHz) bands, which fall within the specified UWB band, with Frequency (GHz)
the DGSs serving as band-notch filters. The number of stop- (b)
bands varies depending on the shape and patterns of the DGS.
Six examples are schematically shown in Fig. 25 based on the Fig. 27. (a) Schematic of two closely packed PIFA with defected ground
studies carried out in [20], [23], [24], [74]-[76]. The plane, (b) Simulated and measured S-parameters of the PIFA [27].
configurations shown in Figs. 25 (a), (b), (c) result in a single
stop-band. The strategy for designing these antennas is based E. DGS for Miniaturization of Patch Antennas
upon the fact that the DGSs, shown in Fig. 25 (d)-(f), offer
The use of DGS was explored earlier to miniaturize printed
multiple notches, while their dimensions determine the stop-
circuits, and this concept has recently been adopted to the
band frequencies.
problem of antenna designs [77]. A nonstandard DGS shape
has been used below a square patch and a size-reduction of
D. DGSs for RFID Tags 68% has been achieved. Such DGS loads the antenna
Recently, DGSs have also been used for the 4th generation capacitively and shifts the resonant frequency from 3.63 GHz
chipless RFID tags [31]. The idea is to use multiple defects in to 2.05 GHz. Yet another investigation has reported 80%
the ground plane underneath a printed monopole in a way such reduction in size by employing slit and T-shaped DGS for a
that each DGS provides a spectral signature in the backscatter square microstrip radiator [78].
signal. Multi frequency signals are to be used as ‘interrogating F. DGS for PIFA and Mobile Handset
signals’ and the detection is based on the variations in the
Following the use of the suppression of mutual coupling [17],
magnitude and phase of the backscattered signals. A
[63], it was also applied to PIFA [27], which is commonly
representative diagram of the configuration is shown in Fig.
used in mobile handsets. Their aim was to increase the
26. This novel approach using simple DGS geometries should
packing density of PIFA elements sharing the same substrate.
have high potential in realizing low-cost tags, printed on a
A schematic diagram along with its S-parameters is shown in
plastic substrate by using a transparent but conductive ink.
Fig. 27. A subsequent work [28] claimed an S21 ≈ -40 dB for a

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 Forum for Electromagnetic Research Methods and Application Technologies (FERMAT)

PIFA array using a dumbbell-type defect. DGS has also been dumbbell-shaped coplanar waveguide,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory
and Techniques, vol. 54, no. 9, pp. 3559-3564, Sept. 2006.
explored to reduce the size of the ground plane of a mobile
[13] Y. C. Jeong, S. G. Jeong, J. S. Lim, and S. Nam, “A new method to
handset [79], and various shapes and sizes of DGS have been suppress harmonics using λ/4 bias line combined by defected ground
successfully explored. structure in power amplifiers,” IEEE Microwave Wireless Comp. Lett.,
vol. 13, no. 12, pp. 538-540, Dec. 2003.
[14] Y. J. Sung, C. S. Ahn, and Y.-S. Kim, “Size reduction and harmonic
VI. CONCLUSION suppression of rat-race hybrid coupler using defected ground structure,”
There appears to be an increasing trend in terms of research IEEE Microwave Wireless Comp. Lett., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 7-9, Jan.
2004.
publications and patents granted during last few years in this
[15] J. S. Lim, C. S. Kim, J. S. Park, D. Ahn, and S. Nam, “Design of 10dB
relatively new area of DGS-based antenna design. Some major 900 branch line coupler using microstrip line with defected ground
research laboratories have already adopted the DGS technique structure,” Electronic Letters, vol. 36, no. 21, pp. 1784-1785, Oct. 2000.
to realize advanced arrays for airborne radars, as a typical [16] J. S. Lim, S. W. Lee, C. S. Kim, J. S. Park, D. Ahn, and S. Nam, “A 4 :
example. The topic of designing DGS-integrated antennas still 1 unequal Wilkinson power divider,” IEEE Microwave Wireless
Components Letters, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 124-126, Mar. 2001.
remains an open book for both researchers and application [17] D. Guha, M. Biswas, and Y. M. M. Antar, “Microstrip patch antenna
engineers. There are several unresolved issues which need to with defected ground structure for cross polarization suppression,” IEEE
be addressed in the future for further advancements in this Antennas and Wireless Propagat. Lett., vol. 4, pp. 455-458, 2005.
area. These include the minimization of unwanted leakage or [18] M. A. Antoniades, and G. V. Eleftheriades, “A compact multiband
monopole antenna with a defected ground plane,” IEEE Antennas and
backward radiation through the DGS by reshaping or Wireless Propagat. Lett., vol. 7, pp. 652-655, 2008.
reconfiguring its geometry, possibly via the use of DGS in a [19] K. H. Chiang and K. W. Tam “Microstrip monopole antenna with
multi-layered configuration; optimization of DGS dimension enhanced bandwidth using defected ground structure,” IEEE Antennas
and Wireless Propagat. Lett., vol. 7, pp. 532-535, 2008.
to avoid conflicts with the radiating mode; wider use to
[20] A. Nouri and G. R. Dadashzadeh, “A compact UWB band-notched
dielectric resonator antennas, to name a few. printed monopole antenna with defected ground structure,” IEEE
Antennas and Wireless Propagat. Lett., vol. 10, pp. 1178-1181, 2008.
VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT [21] J. Zhu, M. A. Antoniades, and G. V. Eleftheriades, “A compact tri-band
monopole antenna with single-cell metamaterial loading,” IEEE Trans.
The authors are greatly indebted to Prof. Raj Mittra for his Antennas and Propag., vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 1031-1038, 2010.
encouragement, inspiration, and throughout guidance and help [22] Z. Y. Liu, Y. Z. Yin, S. F. Zheng, W. Hu, and L. H. Wen, “A compact
CPW-fed monopole antenna with a U-shaped strip and a pair of L-slits
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Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 16, pp. 11-19, 2010.
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antenna with improved polarization purity and bandwidth

12
 Forum for Electromagnetic Research Methods and Application Technologies (FERMAT)

[76] L.-Xian Li, S.-S. Zhong, and M.-H. Chen, "Compact band-notched ultra- After completing M. Tech, he joined the Birla Group as RF
wideband antenna using defected ground structure," Microwave and
Design Engineer in 2004. Since then he has was actively
Opt. Technol. Lett. Vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 286-289, Feb. 2010.
[77] J. X. Liu, W. Y. Yin, and S. L. He, "A new defected ground structure involved in design and development of various RF systems for
and its application for miniaturized switchable antenna," Progress In DRDO, and SAC till 2006. He has worked on designing
Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 107, pp. 115- 128, 2010. various RF subsystems for 3GHz/1GHz signal generators,
[78] U. Chakraborty, S. K. Chowdhury, and A. K. Bhattacharjee, "Frequency
1kW power amplifiers, DIFM receivers to name a few. In
tuning and miniaturization of square microstrip antenna embedded with
‘T’-shaped defected ground structure," Microwave and Opt. Technol. 2007, he joined Institute of Technology and Marine
Lett. Vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 869-872, Apr. 2013. Engineering as a Lecturer in Electronics and Communication
[79] C. Picher and J. Anguera,"Multiband handset antenna using slots on the Engineering. Presently he is working in the same institute as
ground plane: considerations to facilitate the integration of the feeding
Associate Professor. He has about 20 publications in
transmission line," Progress in Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 7, pp.
95–109, 2009. international journals and conferences to his credit and a book
chapter titled “Defected Ground Structure for Microstrip
Antennas” In a book entitled “Microstrip and Printed
Antennas: New Trends, techniques and Applications” (Wiley,
Debatosh Guha is Professor in the Institute 2011). His present research interest includes application of
of Radio Physics and Electronics of the Defected Ground Structures to printed and dielectric resonator
University of Calcutta, India. He received antennas. He is on the board of reviewers of different journals
the B. Tech., M. Tech., and Ph. D. degrees which include IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging
from the University of Calcutta in 1986, and Manufacturing Technology, Taylor & Francis Journal of
1988 and 1994, respectively. He started his Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Elsevier
professional career as an Engineer in the International Journal of Electronics and Communications.
Webel Telecommunication Industries Limited in1989. In
1990, he joined the Institute of Radio Physics and Electronics, Chandrakanta Kumar was born in
as a Senior Research Fellow of the Council of Scientific and Shibpur, W.B., India in 1976. He received
Industrial Research of India. In 1994, he joined the same his M.Tech and PhD in Radio Physics and
University as a Lecturer in Radio Physics and Electronics. He Electronics from the University of Calcutta,
was a Visiting Research Professor and Visiting Professor in India, in the year 2001 and 2012
the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of the respectively.
Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario for After completion of his M. Tech, he joined Communication
different periods. Systems Group of ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore India as
Debatosh is the present Chair of IEEE Kolkata Section and an engineer. Since then he is actively involved in design and
founding Chair of the IEEE AP-MTT Kolkata Chapter, and development of antenna systems for the Indian space
also served various International Symposia and Conferences in programme and related ground stations including ‘Indian deep
his field as General Chair/Program Chair/Asia Liaison, etc. He space network station’ IDSN-32. He has worked on the
is a recipient of RMTG Senior Researcher Award from the antenna systems of about 10 spacecrafts operating in the
IEEE AP-Society, Chicago, 2012; URSI Young Scientist frequency range between VHF to Ka band. He served as
Award 1996; and Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund Prize project manager, antenna systems, for the first Indian mission
1984. to the Moon; Chandrayaan-1 and GSAT-12 spacecraft.
He is a Fellow of Indian National Academy of Engineering Presently he is holding similar responsibility for ASTROSAT
and a Senior Member of the IEEE. He is on the board of and as a Deputy Project Director; he is responsible for the RF
reviewers of several international journals including IEEE systems of Chandrayaan-2 mission. He has about 40
TRANSACTION ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, publications in international journals and conferences to his
IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION credit. His areas of interest are light weight antennas for
LETTERS, IET Microwave, Antennas and Propagation, spacecraft, microstrip patch antennas, DGS integrated
Electronic Letters, Radio Science etc. He has published more antennas, and DR antennas.
than 175 technical papers and a Book entitled Microstrip and Dr. Kumar is a recipient of ‘Prof. S. N. Mitra Memorial
Printed Antennas: New Trends, Techniques and Applications Award-2011’ from IETE India and ‘Young Scientist Award-
from Wiley in 2010. His current research interest include 2009’ from Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). He is
application of defected ground structures (DGS) for printed also a member of the team that received ‘Team Excellence
and Dielectric Resonator Antennas, analysis and Award-2008’ of ISRO for his contribution in Chandrayaan-1
characterization of printed antennas for wireless antenna systems. He is a Fellow of IETE India; Senior
communications, UWB Dielectric Resonator Antennas, and Member of IEEE, and life member of Astronautical Society of
uncommon DRA modes for MIC applications. India. He is on the board of reviewers of journals like the
IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, IEEE
Sujoy Biswas was born in Kolkata, India in Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, IET Microwaves,
1977. He received the B.Tech, M.Tech and Antennas & Propagation, International Journal of Antennas
PhD degrees in Radio Physics and and Propagation, Indian Journal of Radio & Space Physics,
Electronics from the University of Calcutta, etc.
India, in the year 2002, 2004 and 2014
respectively.
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