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SEMINAR
OHP & LCD

Submitted by, Submitted to,

Mrs Gayathri .R Dr Annie P Alexander
1stYear MSc nursing Professor cum HOD
Upasana college of nursing Psychiatric department
Kollam. Upasna college of nursing
Kollam

Submitted on 12.10.2018
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INDEX

1.INTRODUCTION [4]

2. CONTENT (OHP)

 Definition [5]

 History [5-6]

 Parts [6-8]

 Using OHP [8]

 Preparations [8-9]

 Effective use [9-10]

 Materials Required [10-11]

 Guide lines for OHP Preparation [11-12]

 Specific techniques used [11-13]

 Advantages [13-14]

 Disadvantages [14]

 Limitations [14]

 CONCLUSION [15]

3. CONTENT (LCD)
 Definition [16]

 History [16]
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 Functioning [17]

 Instructions [17]

 Guidelines [17]

 Advantages [17-18]

 Disadvantages [18]

 CONCLUSION [18]

4. BIBLIOGRAPHY [19]
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INTRODUCTION
Instructional technology is a process consisting of educational media as well as
methods for organizing & effectively utilizing these media in the extension teaching
situation, i.e. without manipulating the media effectively we may not achieve the
goal. Instructional technology involves the integration of men, machines, materials &
ideas.

‘What I hear I forgot, What I see I remember, What I do I know’. This quote
mentioned points suggest that for effective teaching & learning to take place, the
extension agent must go beyond mere talking. It should be noted that educational or
AV media should adequately compliment words as concrete experiences & provide a
solid base of knowledge.

‘A picture is worth million words’. The audio visual aids can play a powerful role in
enhancing the impact of presentation. When used properly they can entertain &
enliven the audience while increasing their receptivity & recall. The reason for an
audio visual aid is simply to present an idea in a form that the audience will
understand most quickly; in a form that close reality, to the real tings as is possible;
in a form that asks the listener to do as little translating as possible.

CONTENT

OVERHEAD PROJECTOR (OHP )

Overhead projector is a device for projecting a matter, which is written or drawn on

transparent sheet of acetate on to a screen. It’s the cheapest projecting aid currently
available. The overhead projector is a very vital teaching aid which has made
projections so simple & easy that it has replaced a chalkboard completely in many
classrooms. An overhead projector produces images on a screen behind or over the
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head of teacher. In an overhead projector, the large sized transparency is kept

horizontal which is intensely illuminated illuminated by a condenser lens. The final
image is produced on a vertical screen with a highly polished titled mirror & object
lens capable of sliding on a vertical mask.

DEFINITION

 Overhead projector is a device for projecting a matter, which is written or

drawn on transparent sheet of acetate on to a screen. It’s the cheapest
projecting aid currently available.

(Text book of communication & educational technology

–

Binu sankaranarayanan)

 An overhead projector is a variant of slide projector that is used to display

images to an audience. The name is often abbreviated to OHP.
(Wikipedia)

HISTORY
Some ancient projectors like the magic lantern can be regarded as
predecessors of the overhead projector. The stenographic mirror possibly
came closest to how the overhead projector was used.
German Jesuit scholar Athanasius Kircher’s 1645 book Ars Magna Lucis et
Umbrae included a description of his invention, the “Stenographic Mirror”: a
primitive projection system with a focusing lens & text of pictures painted on a
concave mirror reflecting sunlight, mostly intended for long distance
communication. In 1654 Belgian Jesuit Mathematician Andre Tacquet used
Kircher’s technique to show the journey from China to Belgium of Italian Jesuit
missionary Martino Martini. It is unknown how exactly Taquet used in
Kircher’s system, but it is imaginable that he drew pictures on the projecting
mirror while details of the journey were explained.
French physicist Edmund Becquerel developed the first known overhead
projection apparatus in 1853. It was demonstrated by French instrument
maker & inventor Jules Duboscq in 1866.
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An overhead projector designed by American scientist Henry Morton was

marketed around 1880 as a “vertical lantern”.
The use of transparent sheets for overhead projections, called viewgraphs,
was largely developed in the united states.
Overhead projectors were introduced into U.S.military training during World
war 2. After the war they were used at schools like the U.S.military academy.
Overhead projectors began widely used in schools & businesses in the late
1950s & 1960s.In the late 1950s Roger Appeldorn was challenged by his
boss at 3M to find a use for the transparencies that were the waste of their
color copy process. Appeldorn developed a process for the projection of
transparent sheets that led to 3M’s first marketable transparency film. The
Strategic Air Command base in Omaha was one of the first big clients, using
20,000 sheets per month. 3M then decided to develop their own overhead
projector instead of the one they had been selling until then, which was
produced by an outside manufacturer. It took several prototype before a cost-
effective, small & foldable version could be presented on January 15, 1962. It
had a new Fresnel lens made with a structured-surface plastic, much better
than other plastic lenses & much cheaper than glass. In 1957, the United
States first Federal Aid to Education program stimulated overhead sales
which remained high up to the late 1990s & into the 21st century.

PARTS
 A metal box
 1000 watt bulb
 Concave reflector
 Condenser lens
 Glass sheet on the top of the box
 Vertical rod by side of the box
 Objective lens
 Knob
 Small exhaust or cooling fan
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OPTICAL ELEMENTS

An overhead projector works on the same principle as a 35mm slide projector

,in which a focusing lens projects light from an illuminated slide on to a
projection screen where a real image is formed. However some differences
are necessitated by the much larger size of the transparencies used
(generally the size of a printed page), and the requirement that the
transparency be placed face up (and readable to the presenter). For the latter
purpose, the projector include a mirror just before includes a mirror just before
or after the focusing lens to fold the optical system toward the horizontal. That
mirror also accomplishes a reversal of the image in order that the image
projected onto the screen corresponds to that of the slide as seen by the
presenter looking down at it, rather than a mirror image there of. Therefore,
the transparency is placed face up (towards the mirror & focusing lens), in
contrast with a 35mm slide projector or film projector (which lack such a
mirror) where the slides image is non-reversed on the side opposite the
focusing lens. The device has sometimes been called a “Belshazzar’s”, after
Belshazzar’s fest.

CONDENSOR
Because the focusing lens (typically less than 10cm in diameter) is much
smaller than the transparency, a crucial role is played by the optical
condenser which illuminates the transparency .Since this requires a large
optical lens but may be of poor optical quality, a Fresnel lens is employed
.The Fresnel lens is located at the glass it plate on which the transparency is
placed, and serves to redirect most of the light hitting it into a converging cone
towards the focusing lens. Without such a condenser at that point, most of the
light would miss the focusing lens. Additionally, mirrors or other condensing
elements below the Fresnel lens serve to increase the portion of the light
bulb’s output which reaches the Fresnel lens in the first place. In order to
provide sufficient light on the screen, a high intensity bulb is used which must
be fan cooled.

FOCUS ADJUSTMENT
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Overhead projectors normally include a manual focusing mechanism which

raises & lowers the position of the focusing lens in order to adjust the object
distance to focus at the chosen image distance given the fixed focal length of
the focusing lens. This permits a range of projection distance.

SOURCE OF ILLUMINATION
A useful innovation for overhead projectors with integrated lamps/reflectors is
the quick-swap dual-lamp control, allowing two lamps to be installed in the
projector in movable sockets. If one lamp fails during a presentation the
presenter can merely move a lever to slide the spare into position & continue
with the presentation, without needing to open the projection until or waiting
for the failed bulb to cool before replacing it.
The lamp technology of an overhead projector is typically very simple
compared to a modern LCD or DLP video projector. Most overheads use an
extremely high power halogen lamp that may consume up to 750 watts. A
high flow blower is required to keep the bulb from melting due to the heat
generated, and this blower is often on a timer that keeps it running for a
period after the light is extinguished.

USING AN OHP
 Place the OHP on a stable table with the objective lens facing the screen
behind the teacher
 Put the cord plug into a power wall-socket. Switch on the blower first & then
the bulb
 Place the acetate or cellophane transparency on the glass top
 Move the objective lens & mirror assembly up and down to get the image in
focus on the screen
 Explain about the material on the transparency sitting behind the OHP with a
small pointer

PREPARATION OF OHP TRANSPARENCIES

 Use standard size of acetate sheet measuring 18cm * 22.5cm
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 OHP markers are available in two types; temporary & permanent. Temporary
markers having soluble ink & written matter can be wiped off with the help of a
damp cloth. Permanent markers are oil, spirit or wax based & their writing is
preserved for long time. Additions & alteration during teaching should be
made with water soluble OHP markers so that the same are wiped off after
use.
 Transparencies must be clearly written with at least 8mm size letters either
free hand or by transfer letters or template, etc.
 A transparencies which can be clearly read from a distance of 2m should
project well for a class room 6m deep. Transparencies should be patiently
prepared with bright harmonizing or contrasting colors, legibly &
systematically. There should be no more than 6 words in each line & no more
than 8 lines in each transparency. Put margins appropriately. Of the various
types of visuals, diagrams, schematics, cure words, cartoons & graphs make
better visual for the OHP.
 The best colors to use to write on the transparencies are black, blue & green.
Use red sparingly. It’s not a color project well.
 Whether you are drawing image on the transparency or copying it from a
printed page, keep the amount of information on the sheet to a minimum &
make the image large enough so that students in the back of the room will be
able to see it.
 Avoid copying information from a printed book or journal page or a type
written sheet. Such pages have too much information for the students to take I
& print is usually is too small for them to see easily.
 Transparencies can be very creative, especially if you have artistic help. If you
have produced a transparency worth saving for future classes you may want
to mount it in cardboard frame that gives it some protection enables you to
handle it without touching the acetates & reduces glare around the image
.
EFFECTIVE USE OF TRANSPARENCIES
 The OHP & the screen should be positioned in such a way that every student
in the class can see every part of the projected image with ease.
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 OHP should be on, with the transparency in position as & when required. The
fan switch if provided should not be switched of until the light source cool
down. The main plug & switch should not be turned off after using the
projector. One should not transport an OHP while the lamp is still hot. A spare
lamp may however kept ready.
 Transparent colour Perspex arrow heads or pointed objects such as pencils
placed on the transparency at the platform are recommended for the pointing.
Pointer should not rolled down. Never hold pointer in hand to avoid
silhouetting effect. Its better to lay the pointer flat on the transparency than
waving around.
 Human silhouettes are irritating so one should not interrupt the beam of light
by movement & gesticulation.
 Its best not to project the entire transparency at the very beginning. Optimal
progressive disclosure of information achieves the same objective as the
sequential presentation of the information of the blackboard. Progressive
disclosure of the information can be achieved by unmasking the information at
a controlled rate. A paper or a cardboard may be used as a mask. This
technique is called revelation technique.
 Never leave a visual on the screen after a point has been discussed. Turn off
the projector by keeping the fan on when you are not actually projecting the
transparency.
 Many radiographs can be projected successfully with the OHP. For this
purpose the class room must be darkened. Dense photographs are not
suitable for use with OHP.
 Transparencies can be made with overlays additional acetate sheets can be
placed over the base transparency to add new features or colors.
 By using silhouetting effect opaque objects can be projected.
 While you are showing a transparency, be careful that you are not blocking
the students view.
 Leave the transparency on screen long enough for students to read and
observe all the information.
 It can be used similarly a chalk board for writing down spontaneous ideas,
outlining , class contents or doing math problems.
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MATERIALS REQUIRED
Transparency
 Acetate sheet single / roll
 Washed X-ray plate
 Cellophane paper pens
-Best are acetate
-Spirit based inks permanent use
-Water based ink (temporary use)
-Spirit based can be erased with methylated spirit & water based with clamp
cloth
-Lined paper or grid sheet
Chart paper/frame & masking tape
Method of preparing
 Placed line paper or 6mm lined grid sheet beneath the acetate sheet beneath
the acetate sheet before writing the material
 Use simple lettering style 6mm for text & 9mm for titles
 Use capital letters for title
 Limit the written material to 6 lines in each transparency
 Use only one lettering style & space it for regular and even look
 Use thick chart paper or readymade frame for framing the transparencies for
better & neat looks
 Use masking tape rather than cellulose tape to prevent from brittleness from
heat
 Store from flat, clean & interlocked with papers

GUIDE LINES FOR PREPARING OHP TRANSPARENCIES

BEFORE TEACHNG

 Place the OHP stable stand with objective lens facing the screen behind the
teacher.
 In order to see the projected image the screen arrangement should be such a
way that each they can see it.
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 If available using lifting screen.

 To obtain correct image size moving machine backwards and forward in
relation to screen.
 Focus image sharply.
 Ensure that even all the small letters should be visible to all.
 Transparency of the letter should be 8mm to 10mm.
 There should be no more than six words in each line no more than eight lines
in each transparency.
 Use diagrams in proportion to its letterings.
 Keep transparencies in correct order.
 Place the marking sheet.
 Put off the OHP before adjusting includes only relevant figures and diagrams.
 Keep the message simple and clear. Emphasis the key messages use colour
and lettering with discretion.
 It is best not to project the entire transparency at the very beginning, optimal
progressive disclosure of information achieve the same objective as the
sequential presentation of information on the black board.
 Black ,Blue , Green are the best colour for transparency.
 Use red sparingly.
 Pointer must be laid flat on the transparency not waved around.
 When using mask and layout they should look attractive and logical
sequence.

MASKING AND OVERLAY TECHNIQUES

TYPES OF MASKS
 Spot mask
 Sliding mask
 Pleated or folding mask
 Circular mask
 Overlays
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SPECIFIC TECHNIQUES USED IN OHP

PROGRESSIVE DISCLOSURE: MASKING
It is used for uncovering the information sequentially at various stages
in the lecture. It’s more than one idea for peace of information is projected at
once, the viewer’s immediately read and copy down all items while the first
item is being discussed and thus they miss the important information that
being discussed. This problem can be effectively overcome by covering up all
but the first point, and by progressively disclosing each item as it is discussed;
using an ordinary sheet of plane paper the lecture can mask the whole
transparency and reclaim full attention of audience. By moving the paper,
point by point, by reading or verbally going the whole text and is in complete
control of the presentation and can also leave a discussion to a particular
point before projecting the next lines of notes. If possible use a covered
hinged flap for each point.

SILHOUETTING
This can be produced by laying objects on the stage this often leads to better
understanding.

OVERLAYS
The basic idea of an overlay is simple, but the variations and versatility of the
concept largely contribute greater usefulness of the OHP as a visual aid. An
overlay is a separate sheet that carries additional information, and which is
super imposed on the sheet having the main drawing over or an outline
diagram. The overlays are hinged down to one side of mount to main
transparency and required it’s turned over to lie down flat on the stage. Many
overlays can be used with the master one.

USING DETACHED MOVABLE PARTS

Coloured or opaque pieces can be moved on the bare stage of the OHP, or in
relation to a prepared diagram.

ADVANTAGES OF OHP
 It permits face to face interaction with the student all the time.
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 It can be day light conditions

 Teacher can maintain complete class control and interest.
 Effective visuals can be made in a minimum of time at a low coast.
 OHP is very lite and hence portable.
 The students see the visualization from the same point of view as the
communication teacher.
 It can present information in systematic developmental sequences simple to
sue with presentation rate control by the teacher.
 The surface area is limitless material can be prepared well in advance.
 The prepared transparencies can be preserved for future use.
 The services of a projectionist are not required.
 Material can be prepared at short notice by speaker himself.
 Use of OHP can be quite cheap as transpercy can be used repeatedly.
 In OHP the teacher can be writing directly with a glass marking pencil and the
writing is directly projectily on the screen. After use the writing can be wiped
with closed piece.
 Keep eye contact with students.
 Use of OHP saves lot of time.
 With the OHP an enlarged image can be obtained with quite a less distance
therefore, student can sit close to the teacher and this produces rapport.

DISADVANTAGES OF OHP
 Non availabity of teaching material it is not possible to use outside the
classroom.
 It is difficult to transport.
 Needs electricity
 Equipment may block the leaners view.
 Storing of equipment may be problematic.
 After use it should be left cooling.

LIMITATIONS
 This methods required special equipment’s facilities and skill of more
advances preparation methods.
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 Projection lamps are costly.

 Keystone effect can be there.
 Overhead transparencies are large compared to other projected aids such as
slides.

CONCLUSION

The overhead projector facilitates an easy low-cost interactive environment for

educators. Teaching materials can be pre-printed on plastic sheets, upon which the
educator can directly write using a non-permanent, washable color marking pen.
This saves time, since the transparency can be pre-printed and used repetitively,
rather than having materials written manually before each class.
The overhead is typically placed at a comfortable writing height for the educator and
allows the educator to face the class, facilitating better communication between the
students and teacher. The enlarging features of the projector allow the educator to
write in a comfortable small script in a natural writing position rather than writing in
an overly large script on a blackboard and having to constantly hold his arm out in
midair to write on the blackboard.
OHP is one of the newest projected techniques which replaced black board
completely and helps the teaching to more effective.
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LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY PROJECTOR [LCD]

INTRODUCTION

University has invested heavily in modernizing classrooms and halls to take

advantages on instructional technology in LCD projectors. LCD is used with a
computer to project an image on a screen or blank wall and provide more instruction
flexibility in the types of content that can be used in the classroom. Classroom
support will train instructors on how to use the LCD projector as well as our
classroom projectors.

DEFINITION

LCD is a display technology uses road shaped molecules [liquid crystals] used in
digital watches, laptops Mobliephones & other electronic devices.

HISTORY

1880’s &1960’s the origin and the complex history of LCD from the prospective one
inside during the early days where described by Joseph A. In 1888 Friedrich
Reinitzerc discovered the liquid crystalline nature of cholesterol extracted from
carrots and published his findings at meetings of the Vienna Chemical Society. In
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1911 Charls Mauguin firstly experiment with liquid crystal display confined between
plates in thin layers. In 1922 Georges Friedel describes the structure and properties
of liquid crystals and classified in three types (lunatics pneumatics, Smectics, and
Cholesterols). In 1927 Vscvolod Fredric devised the electrical switched light valve
called the Fredrics transition, the essential effects of all LCD technology. In 1936 LC
light valve introduced. In 1962 molecular structure and properties of Liquid Crystals
is introduced. In 1970 TNLCD’s and numerous other products, in 1973 use of LCD
displays for calculator. In 1983 invented the super twisted pneumatic structure for
address LCD’s. In 1980 first colour LCD televisions where developed in Japan. 1996
multidomain LCD is introduced in 2011 Toshiba announced LCD panels suitable for
panel computer.

FUNCTIONING OF LCD

Utilizes two sheets of polarizing materials, with a liquid crystal solution between
them. An electric current passed through the liquid causes the crystal to align so that
light can’t pass through them.

INSTRUCTIONS THROUGH THE USE OF LCD

 Opening side must be the title or main theme of the day

 Use slides to tell a story. Talk to the students, not at them.
 Involve the students in the discussion of the visuals
 Subsequent slides might be key terms; discussions, questions & important
concepts.
 By using standard series of slides, very the layout & color for each lecture
 If you use slides regularly the final or end slide will become a signal t the
students that the class is over with accompanying lack of interest and closure
 Use animations sound clips & clip art with discretion
 Avoid use too many slides

GUIDELINES

 Limit the no of slides to not more than 12 for a presentation

 Ensure text contrast with background avoid , patterned backgrounds
 Standardized positions colors & styles.
 Use only one or two animations or transition effects
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ADVANTAGES

 Presentations are easily made using PowerPoint

 Since slides are stored on files of the computer, they can be made accessible
to students or other instructors
 Some instructors post their PowerPoint slides to their course site so that
students may download for the study purpose.
 Many of classroom technology installations include connecting a video
cassette player & document camera to the computer.
 Use for teaching , learning activity
 Make class interesting
 Draws the attention of students
 Content is retained in memory
 Provide live demonstrations

DISADVANTAGES

 Expensive
 Requires electricity
 Repeated slides may bored the students
 Time consuming to prepare for teachers
 PowerPoint can take up to a minute for loading a presentation

CONCLUSION

This aid has been largely superseded by data projectors. Since many smaller
teaching & training rooms may not be fitted with data projectors. A LCD panel
connected to a computer & placed overhead projector will enable t project computer
generated images on to a display screen for the whole class to read. LCDs are used
now days in a wide range of applications in loading LCD TV, computer monitor,
instrument panel, aircraft cockpit display etc. These it’s more energy efficient & can
be disposed of more safely than a CRT scan.
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BIBILIOGRAPHY

 Loretta. E. Heidgerggein, Teaching & Learning in school of Nursing.

Principles & Methods , 3rd Edition, Konark Publishers Pvt Ltd , Page No: 526
– 529
 S. Malarvizhi , Text book of Communication & Educational Technology , 1 st
Edition, EMMESS publishers , Page NO: 292,293,295,310-313,305
 I Clement , Text Book On Communication & Educational Technology , 2nd
Edition, EMMESS Publishers ,Page No: 75, 305-307,313-314
 KP Neeraja, Text Book on Communication & Educational Technology for
Nurses, 1st Edition, Jaypee Brothers, Page No: 397-38,384.
 B. Sankaranarayanan, Learning & Teaching Nursing, 4th Edition, Jaypee
Brothers, Page No: 384,176,177.

 Shabeer .P ,Textbook of nursing education ,First edition ,EMMESS

Publication ,Page No: 187-193.
 Website Refernces: http://enwikipedia.org/wiki