FUTURE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

NAME: Adaita Chowdhury ROLL NO: 34201317044 SEM: 7

SUBJECT: Environmental Engineering (CE701)

ASSIGNMENT NO: 1 DATE OF SUBMISSION: 20/09/2019

Q1. Estimate hydraulic gradient in 4m diameter smooth concrete pipe carrying a

discharge of 6 cumecs at 10 °C temperature by using –
i) Darcy-Weisbach’s Formula
ii) Manning’s Formula
iii) Hazen-William’s Formula
iv) Modified Hazen-William’s Formula

Where, kinematic viscosity at 10°C is 𝟏. 𝟑𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔

Manning’s Roughness or Rugosity Constant = 0.013
CH=130 & CR=1

Soln: We have,

Discharge, 𝑄 = 6 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠
Diameter of Pipe, 𝑑 = 4 𝑚

𝜋𝑑2 𝜋42
Area of pipe, 𝐴 = = = 12.57 𝑚2
4 4

𝑄 6
Velocity of flow, 𝑉 = = = 0.477 𝑚⁄𝑠
𝐴 12.57

i) Darcy-Weisbach’s Formula

𝑓′𝐿 𝑉 2
𝐻𝐿 = ∙
𝑑 2𝑔
Calculation for 𝑓′

𝑉𝑑
𝑅𝑒𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟, 𝑅𝑒 =
𝑣
Where,
𝑣 = 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 10℃ = 1.31 × 10−6 𝑚2 ⁄𝑠

0.477 × 4
∴ 𝑅𝑒 = = 1456488
1.31 × 10−6

For smooth pipes and Reynold’s Number varying between 20,000 to 20,00,000

0.396 0.396
𝑓 ′ = 0.005 + 0.3 = 0.005 + = 0.01061
𝑅𝑒 (1456488)0.3
Then,

0.01061 𝐿 0.4772
𝐻𝐿 = ∙
4 2 × 9.81
𝐻𝐿 0.01061 × 0.4772 0.002414 1
𝑜𝑟, = = =
𝐿 4 × 2 × 9.81 78.48 32510
1
Thus, the hydraulic gradient is , i.e., 1m fall in 32510 m length
32510

ii) Manning’s Formula

𝑛2 𝑉 2
𝐻𝐿 = ∙𝐿
𝑅 4⁄3
Where,
𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔′ 𝑠 𝑅𝑢𝑔𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0.013
𝑑 4
𝑅 = 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒 = = =1𝑚
4 4
Then,

0.0132 × 0.4772
𝐻𝐿 = ∙𝐿
14⁄3
𝐻𝐿 0.0132 × 0.4772 1
𝑜𝑟, = =
𝐿 14⁄3 26006
1
Thus, the hydraulic gradient is , i.e., 1m fall in 26006 m length
26006

iii) Hazen-Williams Formula

𝑉 = 0.85𝐶𝐻 ∙ 𝑅 0.63 ∙ 𝑆 0.54

𝑜𝑟, 0.477 = 0.85 × 130 × 10.63 × 𝑆 0.54

0.477
𝑜𝑟, 𝑆 0.54 =
0.85 × 130 × 10.63
0.477
𝑜𝑟, 𝑆 0.54 =
110.5
1
𝑜𝑟, 𝑆 0.54 =
231.66
1
1 0.54
𝑜𝑟, 𝑆 = ( )
231.66
1
𝑜𝑟, 𝑆 =
23953
 1
Thus, the hydraulic gradient is , i.e., 1m fall in 23953 m length
23953

iv) Modified Hazen-Williams Formula

𝑉 = 143.534𝐶𝑅 ∙ 𝑅 0.6575 ∙ 𝑆 0.5525

𝑜𝑟, 0.477 = 143.534 × 1 × 10.6575 × 𝑆 0.5525

0.477
𝑜𝑟, 𝑆 0.5525 =
143.534 × 1 × 10.6575
0.477
𝑜𝑟, 𝑆 0.5525 =
143.534
1
𝑜𝑟, 𝑆 0.5525 =
300.91
1
1 0.5525
𝑜𝑟, 𝑆 = ( )
300.91
1
𝑜𝑟, 𝑆 =
30610
1
Thus, the hydraulic gradient is , i.e., 1m fall in 30610 m length
30610

Q2. Write the difference between slow sand filter and rapid sand filter

Soln:
Sl
Slow Sand Filter Rapid Sand Filter
No.
Effluents from plain sedimentation
tanks or raw waters without any Coagulation, flocculation and
1.
treatment are generally fed into them sedimentation is must
and coagulation is not required
The gravel base supports the sand and also
The gravel base supports the sand and
distributes the wash water uniformly on the
2. varies from 3 to 65 mm in size and 30
surface of sand. It varies from 3 to 40 mm
to 75 cm in depth
in size and 60 to 90 cm in depth
The effective size of filter sand ranges
between 0.2 to 0.4 mm and
The effective size of filter sand ranges
uniformity coefficient between 1.8 to
between 0.35 to 0.55 mm and uniformity
2.5 or 3
coefficient between 1.2 to 1.8
3. The grain size distribution is
The sand is laid in layers with smallest
generally uniform throughout the
grain size at the top and the coarsest grain
depth of filter media except that the
size at the bottom
top 10 to 15 cm may be laid of finer
variety
The rate of filtration is small such as The rate of filtration is large such as 3000
4. 100 to 200 litre per hour per sq. meter to 6000 litre per hour per sq. meter of filter
of filter area area
 Sl
Slow Sand Filter Rapid Sand Filter
No.
High initial cost, but low cost of Low initial cost, but higher cost of
5.
operation and maintenance operation and maintenance
Not flexible for meeting variations in Quite flexible for meeting variations in
6.
demand demand
Complicated to construct as under drainage
7. Easy to construct
is to be properly designed
8. Skilled supervision not required Skilled supervision is required
Cleaning is a laborious method, done
Cleaning is a shot simple method which is
at intervals of 1 to 3 months by
frequently done at intervals of 1 to 3 days
9. scrapping and removing the top 1.5 to
by agitating the sand grains and back
3 cm thick layer and washing down
washing with or without compressed air
by hoses

Q3. Discuss Break Point Chlorination with figure

Ans: Break point chlorination is a term which

represents the dose of chlorination
beyond which any further addition of
chlorine will equally appear as residual
chlorine. When chlorine is added to the
water, it reacts with the ammonia
present in the water, so as to form
chloramines. Hence, if chlorine is
slowly added to the water, and the
residual is tested, it will be found that
the residual will go on increasing with
the addition of chlorine. However, some
chlorine is consumed for killing
bacteria, and thus the amount of residual chlorine shall be slightly less than that added, as
shown by the curve AB. If the addition of chlorine is continued beyond the point B, the
organic matter present in water starts getting oxidised, and therefore, the residual chlorine
content suddenly falls down, as shown by the curve BC. The point C is the point beyond
which any further addition of chlorine will appear equally as free chlorine, since nothing of
it shall be utilised. This point “C” is called the break point, as any chlorine that is added to
water beyond this point, breaks through the water and totally appears as residual chlorine.
The addition of chlorine beyond break point is called break point chlorination.

Q4. Discuss about the ground water sources for drinking water with sketch

Ans: