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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

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1.1 Overview:
The traditional system which involves a paper pen based approach has many limitations like
marking of fake attendance, tedious job of maintaining each and every record also it is time
consuming for the teachers. Thus in order to overcome these drawbacks we have planned to
implement the portable biometric attendance system to reduce tedious jobs done manually to
automatically.

1.2 Literature Review:

There are various other kinds of student attendance management systems available like RFID
based student attendance system and GSM-GPRS based student attendance System[2]. These
systems are having their own pros and cons. Advantages includes that system can be accessed
remotely, generation of the attendance performance graph and limitations include complex
software design ,lack of security, etc.
Fingerprint based system is better than the other because it saves the valuable time that could
be efficiently used for teaching. Portable Attendance system has its own advantage because
the device could be taken to any class wherever it is scheduled. While GSM-GPRS based
systems use position of class for attendance marking which is not dynamic and if at sometimes
the schedule or location of the class changes, wrong attendance might be marked. The problem
associated with RFID based systems is that students have to carry RFID cards and also the
RFID detectors are needed to be installed. Nonetheless, students may give proxies easily using
friend’s RFID card[2]. These problems are not in the Fingerprint based system, so proxies
cannot be given. If portable devices are used, attendance marking will be done at anyplace and
any time thereby providing the portability.

A. RFID Based Attendance:

RFID technology is used in the attendance system where student has to swipe RFID card to
mark the attendance[2]. An android application is developed through which system can be

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accessed from any remote location and record of any student can be checked[2]. The system is
able to detect the location of the students as well as faculty members. The parents can be
informed about the student’s attendance through the Online SMS service.

Fig.No.1.1 - Block Diagram of RFID Based Attendance System

B. Barcode based:
Student academic attendance is very important tool as it give academic outcome of a
student[5].It is essential to keep the students attendance record due to increasing number of
college students. The paper based attendance system of taking attendance manually is time
consuming. By using barcode based attendance system this tedious task can be avoided. In this
system each student provided with its individual id card on which a unique barcode is printed
& by using this each student can scan a unique barcode & attendance will be marked. The
attendance of individual student can be display after scanning his barcode But this record can
be modified by only administrator[8].The system consist of a barcode reader to scan the
barcode which contains the student information. Then the twelve digits are sent to the
attendance system and it will display student record for 5 seconds. Then this recorded data will
be sent to the database[8]. This system can be easily accessed by administrator also the reports
can be generated in real-time processing. Thus, it is possible to maintain records with backup

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functionality[9]. RFID System is less reliable than barcode system .Also RFID tags requires
more memory than barcode labels and at a same time more than one tag can respond. Barcode
system is very cheap & also accurate than RFID based attendance system[6]. Student
attendance can be automatically checked & calculated. Administrator or teachers are also free
from tedious job of taking attendance manually [7].There are some positive points or strengths
of barcode compared to that of traditional attendance system. First is that the system is
automatic & provides various modules which allows admin to calculate attendance
automatically not manually which reduces time[7].However some drawbacks that are
observed are that , students require their ID along with unique barcode each time .If a student
forgets ID at home & comes for the lecture ,his attendance could not be marked[5].Also there
are possibilities of cheating. Anyone can bring ID of another student & mark the attendance[1].

Fig.No.1.2 - Block Diagram of Barcode Based Attendance System

C. GPS/Bluetooth based:
This basically serves the GPS based attendance system which is used to find out the location
of the student in the campus. Thus this system is basically a location based smart time
attendance system which only depends on the applications of smart phones [10] .This GPS
based system consists of 4 sections which are described as the first is the smartphone which is
basically an in build GPS receiver which is basically used to receive the signals from the
satellite [11].The next is the application and user interface which is used to find the current
location of the user, then the user location will be send by the application to the attendance
management software for the further process, after the whole process is executed it is then

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finally stored in the database [11]. Here the various softwares are connected to the database
for the data storage [10]. Management/Application Software operation- 1) Data receiving from
the mobile application software. 2) Data Decryption. 3) Check the user ID from database. 4)
Identification of appropriate user 5) Information storage [10]
This serves the use of Bluetooth in many applications which is basically a wireless technology
used in security and home entertainment industries. It is an automated identification and the
collection of system data [12].Bluetooth smart technology combines microchip and the radio
frequency technology for a better secure system [12].There is use of the electronic tags which
are designed to be embedded in the system. Thus by using this system or application the
professor is able to track the exact location of the student through the Bluetooth software which
consists of the electronic tags [13].

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1.3 Introduction:
Now-a-days people face many problems and fake identity is one of the core problems in the
whole world. Moving towards the digital era biometric technologies have became more and
more popular. Attendance is a concept that exists in different places like institutions,
organizations, hospitals, etc. during every lecture to mark a person’s presence. The way of
taking attendance in a class includes a pen, attendance sheet and a person. Thus the drawbacks
arise as it consumes time, needs manual work and the most important, information or the
attendance can be manipulated. The new procedure of taking attendance using fingerprint is
easier and therefore overcomes all the above mentioned drawbacks.
A fingerprint is based on biometric system that records the attendance automatically. This
attendance system consists of a Raspberry-pi, the heart of the project and fingerprint sensor
which is used to detect the person’s identification. For example, in colleges or schools, the
student needs to place their finger on the fingerprint sensor to obtain their attendance. The
fingerprint captured is recorded in a flash memory. Each time it is checked whether the
obtained fingerprint matches with the record in the flash memory. By making use of this
system, we overcome the problems such as proxy signature and security risk by recognizing
their fingerprints. Enrolling is a onetime process. The fingerprints are stored in the fingerprint
sensor. The attendance of each student is displayed on LCD. At the same time it is updated in
a database. When the users log into the database, the data is sent through Wi-Fi to the server.
Server maintains the records of the students. If the student’s attendance goes below certain
percentage, a SMS will be sent to their registered mobile number. In many real time
applications biometric authentication is used to eliminate proxy so no student can give
attendance for their friends who are absent. The software platform used is Raspberry-pi (Linux
OS), Python programming language.

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1.4 Objective:
Objectives of this project are:
 To design a biometric attendance system using fingerprint
 Tracking workplace attendance
 Local storage of data
 Mail reporting

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CHAPTER 2
WORKING

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2.1 Flow Diagram:

START

SELECTION

SUBJECT 1 SUBJECT 2

TEACHER ID TEACHER ID

MARKING MARKING
ATTENDANCE ATTENDANCE

EXIT

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2.2 Working of the project:

 The Biometric Attendance system uses three major components, NODE-MCU 12-
E Module, Fingerprint module and Raspberry pi.

 Online updation of attendance is carried out using the Adafruit Server which makes
use of the MQTT Protocol.

 The fingerprint sensor is interfaced to the NODE- MCU Module by connecting the
transmitter and receiver pins to the GPIO0 and GPIO2 respectively.

 Interfacing of the 16*2 LCD display to the NODE-MCU Module through the I2C
Converter is done by connecting the SDA and SCL pins to the GPIO4 and GPIO5
of the module respectively.

 The fingerprint Module converts the optical data into digital form and the same is
saved inside the fingerprint Module.

 The devices are programmed to save the fingerprints and matched them to the
previously saved ones.

 There are five buttons placed on the breadboard in order to enroll, increment the
count, decrement the count, enter the ID and restart the Module.

 The database is created by using Raspberry pi in MYSQL software.

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CHAPTER 3
SOFTWARE/HARDWARE DESIGN

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3.1 Hardware Design:

3.1.1 Hardware Block Diagram:

Power Supply

ESP2866 Fingerprint
Module Module

Raspberry-Pi Database

Fig.No.3.1 – Hardware Block Diagram

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3.1 Hardware Design

Hardware List
 Raspberry Pi3 Module B (1)
 Fingerprint Sensor R305 Module
 Node MCU Wi-Fi Module
 LCD
 Push Buttons

3.1.1 Raspberry Pi3 Module B

Fig.No.3.1- Raspberry Pi3 Module B

The raspberry pi is a small single board computer developed in United Kingdom by Raspberry
pi foundation. The Raspberry Pi 3 Model B is the third generation Raspberry Pi. This powerful credit-
card sized single board computer can be used for many applications and supersedes the original
Raspberry Pi Model B+ and Raspberry Pi 2 Model B. Whilst maintaining the popular board format the

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Raspberry Pi 3 Model B brings you a more powerful processer, 10x faster than the first generation
Raspberry Pi. Additionally it adds wireless LAN & Bluetooth connectivity making it the ideal solution
for powerful connected designs. Raspberry pi features a Broadcom system on chip (SoC) with an
integrated ARM compatible central processing unit (CPU) and on chip graphics processing
unit(GPU).
Raspberry Pi 3 specification:
 Processor:- BCM2837

 CPU:- Quad Cortex A53 1.2GHz

 Instruction set:- ARMv8-A

 RAM:- 1GB SDRAM

 Storage:- micro SD

 Wireless:- 802.11n/ Bluetooth 4.0

3.1.2 Fingerprint Sensor R305 module:

Fig.No.3.2 – Fingerprint module R305

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Security with biometrics can be achieved with the help of Fingerprint Sensor R305 module. This
fingerprint sensor module will make fingerprint detection and verification super simple. The
fingerprint module consist of a high powered DSP chip that does the image rendering, calculation,
feature-finding, and searching .It will connect to any microcontroller or system with TTL UART
interface and send packets of data to take photos, detect prints and search. The DSP chip can store
upto 120 fingerprints on its flash memory. The sensor registers a finger print by collecting the
image copy of the fingerprint and store it for future use, and when repeated the sensor once again
collect a new picture of a fingerprint and compare it with the store fingerprint in order the identify
the individual.

3.1.2.1 Fingerprint Sensor R305 module specifications:

Supply voltage: 3.6 – 6.0 VDC

 Current: Typical 90mA, Peak 150mA
 Storage capacity:120
 Matching Method 1:N
 Template size:512 bytes
 Interface: TTL serial
 Baud rate: 9600, 19200, 28800, 38400, 57600 (default is 57600)
 Working temperature rating: -20C to +50C
 Fingerprint imaging time: <1.0 seconds
 Resolution :500 dpi

3.1.3 Node MCU:

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Fig.No.3.3 – Node MCU module

Node MCU is an open source development board which is based ESP2866 -12E WiFi module.It
is an highly integrated chip which provides full internet connectivity in a small package. It can be
programmed directly through USB port using Arduino IDE. We can define input-output pins
according to our needs by establishing a Wi-Fi connection through simple programming. It
is the Wi-Fi equivalent of Ethernet module which combines the features of WiFi access point
and station + microcontroller. It can be used as access point, host, a web server or connect to
internet to upload data.

3.2.3.1 Node MCU module specifications:

 Microcontroller : ESP-8266 32-bit

 Operating Voltage : 3.3V
 USB Converter : CP2102
 Clock Speed : 80 MHz
 USB Connector : Micro USB

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 Flash Memory : 4 MB
 Digital I/O : 11
 Analog Inputs : 1
 Communications : Serial, SPI. I2C and 1-Wire via software libraries
 WiFi : Built-in 802.11 b/g/n

3.2 Software Design:

3.2.1 Arduino Software(IDE)
3.2.1.1 Introduction:

The Arduino Software (IDE) uses the concept of a sketchbook: a standard place to store your
programs (or sketches). The sketches in your sketchbook can be opened from the File >
Sketchbook menu or from the Open button on the toolbar. The first time you run the Arduino
software, it will automatically create a directory for your sketchbook. You can view or change the
location of the sketchbook location from with the Preferences dialog.

3.2.1.2 Uploading:

Before uploading your sketch, you need to select the correct items from the Tools >
Board and Tools > Port menus. On Windows, it's probably COM1 or COM2 (for a serial board)
or COM4, COM5, COM7, or higher (for a USB board) - to find out, you look for USB serial device
in the ports section of the Windows Device Manager. Once you've selected the correct serial port
and board, press the upload button in the toolbar or select the Upload item from the Sketch menu.
Current Arduino boards will reset automatically and begin the upload. When you upload a sketch,
you're using the Arduino bootloader, a small program that has been loaded on to the
microcontroller on your board. It allows you to upload code without using any additional hardware.
The bootloader is active for a few seconds when the board resets; then it starts whichever sketch

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was most recently uploaded to the microcontroller. The bootloader will blink the on-board (pin
13) LED when it starts (i.e. when the board resets).

3.2.1.3 Libraries:
Libraries provide extra functionality for use in sketches, e.g. working with hardware or
manipulating data. To use a library in a sketch, select it from the Sketch > Import Library menu.
This will insert one or more #include statements at the top of the sketch and compile the library
with your sketch. Because libraries are uploaded to the board with your sketch, they increase the
amount of space it takes up. If a sketch no longer needs a library, simply delete
its #includestatements from the top of your code.
There is a list of libraries in the reference. Some libraries are included with the Arduino software.
Others can be downloaded from a variety of sources or through the Library Manager.

3.2.1.4 Serial Monitor:

This displays serial sent from the Arduino or Genuino board over USB or serial connector. To
send data to the board, enter text and click on the "send" button or press enter. Choose the baud
rate from the drop-down menu that matches the rate passed to Serial.begin in your sketch. Note
that on Windows, Mac or Linux the board will reset (it will rerun your sketch) when you connect
with the serial monitor. Please note that the Serial Monitor does not process control characters; if
your sketch needs a complete management of the serial communication with control characters,
you can use an external terminal program and connect it to the COM port assigned to your Arduino
board.

3.2.2 Raspbian OS
3.2.2.1 Steps for installation:

1. Format SD card with SD card formatter tool.

2. Download zip file of 'Raspbian streach' OS from 'www.raspberrypi.org'

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3. Extract zip file and burn that image into SD card with 'win32 Diskimager' or with 'Etcher'.

Fig.No.3.4 – Window of Etcher file extractor

4. Insert that SD card to raspberry and power it.

5. While installing OS first time make use of separate monitor and keyboard only.
6. If everything goes right then UI will be displayed on screen.

Fig.No.3.5 – Raspbian OS

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3.2.3.2 To login to raspberry pi through SSH-

1. First connect raspberry module to monitor and enable required interfaces for headless mode
these are SSH and VNC.
2. Also connect your raspberry to same Wi-Fi hotspot to whom your laptop is already connected.
Note the IP address of your raspberry pi.
3. Now you need not to use monitor.
4. Open 'Putty' and enter the IP address of your raspberry pi and select port 22 and SSH and click
on open.

Fig.No.3.6 – Putty software

5. Terminal will open where you need to login with the username and password.

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Fig.No.3.7 -- Raspbian Terminal

6. Open 'VNC viewer' and enter the same IP address and click on connect and login with same
username and password.

Fig.No.3.8 - VNC Viewer

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7. In this way, we can get access to our raspberry from our laptop.

3.2.3 MySQL
3.2.3.1 Installing MySQL:
If you want MySQL also do the following:

sudo apt-get install mysql-server

sudo apt-get install php5-mysql

The php5-mysql install adds the mysql libraries to allow PHP to access the mysql database.

3.2.3.2 Accessing MySQL from the command line

First connect to the database and specify a user:

mysql -p -u root

Then enter the users password when prompted. You should now have a mysql> prompt.

3.2.3.3 Exiting MySQL connection / command line login

quit

3.2.3.4 Restarting The MySQL service

sudo service mysql restart

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3.2.3.5 Creating A Database

Fist connect to the database using "mysql -p -u root". To create a database:

CREATE DATABASE MY_DATABASE_NAME;

3.2.3.6 Adding A User

Login to mysql using "mysql -p -u root" and then create a new user to avoid using root:

CREATE USER 'MY_USERNAME'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'MY_PASSWORD';

3.2.3.7 Accessing a database

Local Access

For security reasons, by default access to the MySQL server via the main IP address is disabled in
the MySQL config. You can connect locally using:

localhost
127.0.0.1
or the internal socket connection on "/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock"

Remote Access

First we need to edit the MySQL config:

sudo nano /etc/mysql/my.cnf

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3.2.4 VNC Viewer

VNC is a graphical desktop sharing system that allows you to remotely control the desktop
interface of one computer from another computer or mobile device.VNC Viewer transmits the
keyboard and either mouse or touch events to VNC Server, and receives updates to the screen in
return.

STEPS:

1.Enable VNC

Click on the Raspberry Pi icon and select Preferences > Raspberry Pi Configuration.After click
the Interfaces tab which is followed by the Enabled radio button beside VNC.

2.Check your credentials

Click the VNC button and note down the four numbers that appear below connectivity which are
your computer’s IP address on the network.

3.Open VNC Viewer

Click the Raspberry Pi icon and select VNC Viewer from the Internet submenu if you are
connecting from another Raspberry Pi .After enter the IP address of your original machine
otherwise, open it on your computer of choice and enter the IP address there.

4. Download files

To retrieve files from your remote Pi click the horizontal buttons on the window’s drop-down
menu, followed by the ‘Send files’ button. Choose the files you want and click OK.

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5. Upload files

To send files to your remote Raspberry Pi, click the VNC button, then click on the menu at the top
of the new window and choose ‘File Transfer’ and select the files to transmit.

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CHAPTER 5
RESULTS

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5.1 Software Result:

Fig.No.5.1 – Online Database results

Fig.No.5.2 – Database created on Raspberry-pi

Raspberry pi contains the database which contains an individual table for each subject. The
attendance marked on the fingerprint module is updated onto the local server created on the
Raspberry Pi. Push buttons are made available for navigation through the subject selection,
increment and decrement of the student id during enrollment process. The facilities such as

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automatic average percentage calculation is provided along with the provision of specifying
whether the student is in defaulter list or not. In addition to this each student will be able to view
his attendance anytime by entering the student id provided to him. It is also possible to download
the pdf of the generated attendance list.

5.2 Hardware Results:

Fig.No.5.3 – Hardware result

The hardware results provide the compact and easy to use attendance system unit. Push buttons
are been provided to choose the necessary options. The enroll button serves the purpose of
enrolling whereby the user needs to register his ID and enroll the fingerprint. The ID count can be
incremented or decremented by the buttons. The selection of the respective subject as well as
navigation through the list of subjects is done with the help of ‘SELECT’ button and then the finger
can be placed on the fingerprint module.In this manner the attendance for the corresponding
subject is recorded.

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CHAPTER 6
APPLICATIONS, ADVANTAGES,
LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE

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Applications:

 Government offices and hospitals

 Educational colleges and institutes
 Banking security systems
 Workforce management

Advantages

 Biometric systems work with physical traits such as fingerprint, iris, etc. that will always
accurately serve you anywhere and anytime.
 Biometrics are highly scalable solutions.

Limitations

 Biometric devices can make two types of errors FRR and FAR.
 Some people may have damaged or lost body parts such as their eyes or fingers. In these
cases, a fingerprint recognition device would be inappropriate, offensive, and would only
cause embarrassment.

Future Scope
The attendance management system can be improved by adding the features that indicate if the
employee or student is late. Some of the future enhancements for this are to extend the current
flash memory to store the complete details of the student. For additional monitoring this system
can be enhanced to track the arrival and exit time of the student or employee.

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CONCLUSION

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Biometric technology is an effective tool to verify identity and detect fraudulent issues. The
biometric data can be set and confirm the identity of the user by analysis. Expanding the use of
biometrics will enhance the ability to detect fraudulent issues in the presence of the students in
class or employees in an organization. The present work has provided a comparison with the
traditional methods attendance system in terms of efficiency and performance. By using the flash
memory, the data is well structured. This system is user-friendly and very reliable. Therefore, it
can be implemented either in organizations or educational institutions.

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References

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[2]. ShivaniJijankar, AnandDhore, KapilChalkhure, “RFID based student attendance management

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[4]. Raj Kiran T, T Abhinav, V Nafeez, Adithya H B, Amulya S, R Meghana, Sunil MP,’
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[6]. Rishabh Mishra ,’ Student Attendance System Based On Fingerprint Recognition and One-
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[9]. Y.K. Saheed, Moshood A. Hambali,Abdulmumeen A. Adedeji, I.A. Adeniji, ’ Attendance

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[10]. Shermin Sultana1, Asma Enayet1 and IshratJahan Mouri11Department of Computer Science
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[11]. SuryawanshiAboli R., SawantTejashri P. , RaskarMadhuri B. RaykarSuvarna C. (Students)

,RangdalMukesh B.( Asst.Prof) dept.of Computer Engg.VPCOE, BaramatiPune, India “The
Bluetooth Based Attendance Tracker”

[12]. Mohammad Salah Uddin, Member, IACSIT, S. M. Allayear, N. C. Das, and F. A. Talukder
“A Location Based Time and Attendance System”,International Journal of Computer Theory and
Engineering, Vol. 6, No. 1, February 2014

[13]. RiyaLodhaa, SuruchiGuptaa, HarshilJaina, Harish NarulaaaD. J. Sanghvi College of

Engineering, Mumbai-400014, India “Bluetooth Smart based Attendance Management
System”International Conference on Advanced Computing Technologies and Applications
(ICACTA-2015)

Publications:
“Portable Biometric Attendance System using Raspberry Pi”,International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology,Volume 6,Issue 1,January 2019

PORTABLE BIOMETRIC ATTENDANCE SYSTEM USING RASPBERRY PI 35