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Interchange EFFECTIVE WRITING [Advanced Level]

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Interchange
Effective Writing

Advanced Level

Rebat Kumar Dhakal

Gopal Bhattarai

Guinness Publication Pvt. Ltd.

G lulgh klAnj]mzg k|f= ln=
Kathmandu, Nepal
email: [email protected]
 Published By
Guinness Publication Pvt. Ltd.

Interchange Effective Writing

© Publisher

Rebat Kumar Dhakal

Gopal Bhattarai

First Print : 2019 (2076 B.S.)

All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or
mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval system, without
written permission from the publisher and authors, except by a teacher who may make
photocopies of different pages for classroom purpose.

Printed in Nepal

Layout and Design

Guinness Desktop Team
 Preface

Interchange Effective Writing is a three-book series (elementary,

intermediate, and advanced) intended to help students and academics
boost their academic writing skills. In writing this series, we have
two aims: encourage the right attitude to writing, and help you create
the best work through effective strategies for thinking, planning, and
composing. Therefore, this series aims to provide our readers with a
practical approach to learning the skills, strategies, and knowledge that
are necessary for succeeding in academic writing.

Effective writing requires a combination of substance and style: having

something worthwhile to say and knowing how to say it effectively. You
can write clearly and successfully if you go about it in the right way. To
be effective, writers must reflect carefully on their aims, audiences, and
contexts, and then make smart choices of what to say and how to say it.
The advice in these pages is based on the authority of established authors
and publishers, and also on our personal experiences. This has covered
many years of close involvement in writing, editing and producing
publications of several kinds.

With the unwavering belief that ‘writing is a skill and it can be learned’,
we have focused extensively on ‘how-to-write’ over ‘what-is-writing’?
Therefore, readers may find this book as their ‘writing skill coach’ which
guides them to write well. While readers will benefit from reading this
book from cover to cover, some may wish to dip into individual chapters
as per their needs. The book is written in a creative and lively style and
is suited not only for the high-beginners who need a quick checklist
of the essentials of writing a paragraph, but for the more experienced
practitioners who are eager to improve their mastery of the English
academic writing and some hints on how to pep up their writing style. As
such, this is an essential guide for everyone who needs to communicate
in clear and effective English.

We would like to express our appreciation to everyone at Goldengate

College (Kathmandu), Kathmandu University School of Education
(Lalitpur), Sainik Awasiya Mahavidyalaya (Bhaktapur), Tamang
Kharka Higher Secondary School (Dhading), and Guinness Publication
(Kathmandu) for creating a great environment for teaching-leaning,
writing and publishing. We especially want to applaud the ESL/EFL
faculty for their insightful suggestions and to the ESL/EFL students
(budding writers) for their generosity in sharing their writing. We
hope you find this series ‘practical, solidly researched, and easy to
use’ reference. We will welcome and acknowledge with gratitude your
comments and feedback on the usefulness and practicality of this series.

Rebat Kumar Dhakal

Gopal Bhattarai
 Author Profiles
Rebat Kumar Dhakal is a Research Fellow (also a former faculty
member) at the School of Education, Kathmandu University. He leads
PhD research colloquium and research writing seminars at the School of
Education. He is also the Managing Editor of the Journal of Education
and Research, a biannual peer reviewed publication of the School of
Education. He has lectured and conducted workshops widely on aspects
of academic writing, publishing, and communication. He has published
a number of scholarly articles on teacher education, educational
technology, school governance, and English language teaching and
learning. He has written, edited or contributed to more than 30 books, including Intact English
Manual: Grammar and Composition (2012); Interchange English Grammar and Composition
(Series: 1-10) [2015 and subsequent revised updates], Interchange Communicative English
(Series: 1-8) [2016 and subsequent revised updates], Proceedings of the International
Conference on Transformative Education Research and Sustainable Development (2016,
2018). He researches, writes and speaks about educational leadership, transformative
education, and inclusive governance. He delivered a keynote address “Elitism in Educational
Leadership: The Rise of a Necessary Evil?” at the International Elitological Congress 2017,
Astrakhan State University, Russia. He is a life member of International Forum of Researchers
in Education (IFORE), and member of British Association of International and Comparative
Education (BAICE), and International Society of Managing and Technical Editors (ISMTE).

Gopal Bhattarai, MPhil in English Education from the School of

Education, Kathmandu University, lectures at GoldenGate International
College, Premier International College and The Times International
College, Kathmandu. He has completed ‘Professional Writing Course’
from the American Language Center, and ‘Writing English and
Composition’ from the Campus of International Languages, Faculty of
Humanities and Social Sciences, Bishwa Bhasha Campus, Kathmandu.
He has written and/or contributed to more than 30 books, including
Intact English Manual: Grammar and Composition (2012); Interchange
English Grammar and Composition (Series: 1-10) [2015 and subsequent revised updates],
Interchange Communicative English (Series: 1-8) [2016 and subsequent revised updates],
Interchange English Practice Book (8-10) (2016-2018). He is a life member of NELTA and
International Forum of Researchers in Education (IFORE).
 1 Paragraphs 9
Paragraph Structure 11
Essentials of a Good Paragraph 15
Types of Paragraphs 17
Stages of Writing 23
Checklist for Writing a Paragraph 27
Specimen Paragraphs 28

2 Essays 36
Essay Structure 41
Essentials of a Good Essay 51
Types of Essays 53
Descriptive Essay 54
Definition Essay 56
Narrative Essay 62
Expository Essay 65
Argumentative Essay 67
contents

Compare-and-Contrast Essay 72
Cause-and-Effect Essay 76
Process Essay 81
Checklist for Writing an Essay 84
Specimen Essays 85

3 Letters 159
Parts of a Letter 159
Types of Letters 161
Friendly Letters 161
Business Letter 164
Cover Letter 167
Letter to the Editor 173
Complaint Letter 175
Letter of Appointment 179
Letter of Resignation 183
Specimen Letters 185

4 Invitations 192
Formal Invitations 192
Informal Invitations 197
Specimen Letters of Invitations 198

5 Condolences and Congratulations 201

Messages of Condolences 201
Letters of Condolences 202
Messages of Congratulations 203
Letters of Congratulations 204
Letters of Condolence and Sympathy 204

6 Postcards 206
Specimen Postcards 209
 7 Diaries 212
Specimen Diaries 215

8 Emails 218
Specimen Emails 222

9 Curriculum Vitae or Resume 225

Specimen Curriculum Vitae or Resume 229

10 Notices 237
Specimen Notices 239

11 Memos 241
Specimen Memos 244

12 Advertisements 247
Hints for Writing General Advertisements 248
contents

Types of Advertisements 249

Classified Advertisements 249
Display Advertisements 253

13 Posters 257
Specimen Posters 260

14 Leaflets 264
Specimen Leaflets 268

15 Brochures 270

16 Menus and Recipes 275

17 Stories 281
Elements of a Short Story 282
Tips to Write a Good Short Story 284
Specimen Stories 285

18 News Stories 294

Specimen News Stories 298

19 Newspaper Articles 305

Specimen News Articles 309

20 Summaries 317
Types of Summary 318
Steps in Writing a Summary 319
Planning Your Summary Writing 320
Revisiting the Good Ideas for Writing a Good Summary 322
Summary Rubric 324
Summary Writing Checklist 324
Specimen Summaries 325
 21 Writing an Agenda of a Meeting 338
Format of an Agenda 339
Hints for Working on an Agenda 341
Agenda: Dos and Don’ts 341
Template of an Agenda
Specimen Agenda 343

22 Minutes 346
Guidelines for Attending Meetings and Drafting the Minutes 347
Templates for Minutes of Meetings 348
Standard Parts of a Minute 350
Features of the Minutes of a Meeting 351
Specimen Minutes 352

23 Communiques/Press Releases 355

Specimen Communiques 360
contents

24 Interpreting Charts and Graphs 365

Pie Charts 367
Graphs 370
Bar Graphs 370
Line Graphs 372
Tables 375
Some Tips on Interpreting Charts and Graphs 376
Checklist for Writing about Charts, Graphs and Tables 377
Interpreting Pictures 378
Interpreting Lists 379
Specimen Charts and Graphs 380

25 Reviews 384
Book Review 387
Film Review 390
Specimen Reviews 392

26 Biographies 396

27 Reports 403
Typical Format of a Report 404
Sections of a Report 406
Informal Reports vs. Formal Reports 408
Specimen Reports 410

Bibliography 413
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