REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Fertilizer is any organic or inorganic of a natural synthetic origin that is added to the soil to supply one or
more plants nutrients essential to the growth of plants. The NPK(nitrogen,potassium,phosphorus) that help
plants to grow healthier, without enough of any one of these nutrients, a plant will fail.

According to knowledgebank.com that potassium (K) is an essential plant nutrient that improves root growth and
plant vigor, helps prevent lodging and enhances crop resistance to pests and diseases. Potassium is mobile in the
plant and quite mobile in the soil. The function of Phosphorus in the plant is very important because it helps the
plant to convert other nutrients into useable building blocks with which to growth, base on
gardeningknowhow.com. The Nitrogen gives plants energy to grow and produce fruit or vegetables, and gives
plants their green color and is involved in creating food for the plant through photosynthesis.

The researchers do research to fertilize rice crops in simpler way. They choose carabao grass clippings,
banana peel and egg shell to be their main materials. These materials they've come up with to use are very easy
to find in every corner of your house or garden. These materials must contain NPK elements ( Nitrogen,
Phosphorus , and Potassium) that are good in rice growth.

Banana peel added soil Organic matter contributes to plant growth through its effect on physical, chemical
and biological properties of soil. It acts as a source of nitrogen and phosphorus for plant growth. It promotes the
good soil structure by improving aeration and moisture retention. Organic matter has both indirect and direct
effect on availability of nutrients for plant growth. It serves as a source of energy for both macro and micro faunal
organism. In present studies we have found that the organic matter of soil increases due to banana peel addition.
This organic matter in soil can have direct physiological effect on plant growth. It is also determined that this
organic matter in soil influences the incidence of pathogenic organisms in soils. This plentiful supply of organic
matter may favor the growth of saprophytic organism relative to parasitic organisms and thereby reduce the
population of pathogenic organisms from Studies on Physicochemical Characteristics and Fertility of Soil by
Addition of Banana Peels – Waste Management Neha Panwar1 1Department of Bioscience 1Christian Eminent
College, Indore.

The banana one of the oldest cultivated crops in the Philippines, is a tree-like herb. The large spirally
arranged overlapping leaf base fro the supporting trunk. To produce organic fertilizers, these organic matters like
the dead plants and animals and othes can undergo decomposition. This investigation is limited to the production
of organic fertilizers from the decomposition of banana peelings by cellulase-producing bacteria from the soil,
based on the study about Organic Fertilizer from the decomposition of the banana peelings by cellulase
-producing bacteria from the soil.

According to Jumaus-as,J.B.U.(2017).Paspalum conjugatum and Cynodon dactylon as organic bio

fertilizer. Research Paper(Vol.8, no.4,pp.55-52).DENR Region, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines. In using
Carabao grass as IMO, addition of 10% and 25% formulation were effective since all the lettuce plants
survived. However, the addition of 50% formulation of IMO was not very effective since there was a
mortality rate (40%) of the planted lettuce. One probably reason might be that there was not enough
soil for the plant to grow and the IMO formulation added seem to compete with the growth of the
lettuce plant. Perhaps, 50% formulation of IMO was not ideal and should not be recommended in future
studies.

Grasses our potential plants for phytoremediation (Abaga et al., 2014, Spiak and Gediga 2012).
They are distinguished by a fast growth rate, well-developed root system, large biomass and a long term
growth cycle. In addition, they show a high tolerance to soil contamination with heavy metals (Ali et al.,
2012). Grasses can accumulate large quantities ofheavy metals in both roots and shoots [Aibibu et al.
2010, Xu and Wang 2013, Zhang et al.2014]. Carabao grass (Paspalum conjugatum) as the subject for
bioaccumulation of heavy metalsin contaminated soil is rampant in an open waste places and settled
areas, about towns, alongtrails, streams throughout the Philippines. Carabao grass is a vigorous,
creeping perennial withlong stolons rooting at nodes. Its leaf-sheath is strongly compressed.

Eggshells can be utilized for various purposes that minimize their effect on environmental pollution.
Eggshells present healthy, balanced calcium due to its trace amounts of other minerals and is probably the best
natural source of calcium. It also provides a valuable source of calcium for growing plants and also deters certain
pests without the need for chemicals. It consists of 93% calcium carbonate and other trace elements which make
it an organic fertilizer from the study in Impact of Egg Shells in Organic Agriculture by Sarakanam Bala Murali
(2015).

Eggshell is discarded as wastes from different sources like hotels, houses etc. They were collected, purified
and powdered by mixer. Eggshell powder was used as a fertilizer in a Tomato plant and also used as calcium
supplement for females. Extracted calcium from different eggshell was characterized for Fourier Transform
Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the data indicated the percentage of calcium in eggshell. pH of soil and
percentage of calcium in the soil was tested by soil testing .Eggshell is probably the best natural source of
calcium. The purpose of this particular project is mainly to use eggshell in different application like fertilizer,
calcium supplement based on the study Application of Eggshell as Fertilizer and Calcium Supplement Tablet by M
G Gaonkar, A. P. Chakraborty Published 2016.

Taking a general overview, the growth rate of plants that used eggshell as fertilizer was higher than that
of RHA’s with the mean of growth rate of 37.3% and 13.8% respectively. Statistical testing was demonstrated on
the data collected using Kruskal-Wallis’s test and resulted in rejection of null hypothesis which stated that there
would be no significant difference between the rates of growth obtained from the plants of these two fertilizers.
The results eventually supported the experimental hypothesis that said there was significant difference between
growth rate for the plants with eggshell in its soil and RHA’s as the test statistic for the fertilizers was greater than
that of critical value at 2.5% significant level according to the study: Fertilizers On The Growth Rate Of Plants.

Chicken eggshells can be used as an alternative soil stabilizer like lime since they have the same chemical
composition. Such stabilized soil can be used as subgrade materials in road construction works. Eggshell
membrane consists of collagen as a component. Eggshell membrane collagen is very low in autoimmune and
allergic reactions as well as high in bio-safety and is of similar characteristics to other mammalian collagen.
Eggshells/shell membranes have multiple uses in nutrition, medicine, construction and art works, article in
International Journal of Poultry Science 10 (2011).