Chapter 2

Review of Related Studies and Literatures

This chapter presents the local and foreign articles, reports and journal publications that

will support related literature and studies to the present study on Factors Affecting Student

Exodus from Local Private Colleges to Local Public Colleges and Universities as perceived by

Jose Rizal Memorial State University students.

Local Literature

Gonzalez (2017) stated on Rappler that Filipino students will begin benefitting from the

free tuition law starting school year 2018 to 2019. This law has been viewed as a solution to

increasing numbers of youth who can no longer proceed to tertiary education. Santos (2015) said

that free tuition fee in will greatly help parents send their children to schools.

Angeles (2017) published in Philippine Star which stated that Commission on Higher

Education (CHED) officer-in-charge Prospero de Vera III said P40 billion has been allotted for

the first year of implementation of Republic Act No. 10931 or the Universal Access to Quality

Tertiary Education Act. The law covers the tuition and fees of students enrolled in 112 state

universities and colleges (SUCs), 78 local universities and colleges (LUCs), and all technical-

vocation education and training (TVET) programs registered under the Technical Education and

Skills Development Authority (TESDA). This Act will help millions of students who can’t afford

tertiary to finish college and enjoy free tuition fees, miscellaneous fees and other school fees

covered by law.

Martinez (2018) added that aside from free college tuition fees, public colleges are now

competing with private colleges in terms of standards, academic performance and in school
facilities. On a recent survey, more board passer top notchers graduated from local public

schools and universities. Felipe (2016) stated that standards and academic performance of certain

schools are additional that affect the decision-making of parents as to what school they’ll be

sending their children. Bernal (2015) said that the courses available in certain institution will also

add up to the factors mentioned above. Cruz (2018) parents, as well as the students now days are

wiser in choosing the course they will be taking, they are looking forward to courses that are on

demand; courses that will have them, a 99% chance of landing them a job.

According to Primer (2015) most of families even those who have the capability to send

their children to Private colleges would still prefer to send their children to a free-tuition fee

institution not just to save more but also they believed that public schools can now give their

children the same learning just the same as those provided by Private colleges.

Morales (2016) stated that being government-managed schools, public colleges and

universities will have the high tendency to progress; more buildings, more books, more digital

facilities to help the learning experience of students more easy.

Cruz (2018) said that surveys have shown that poverty is the main reason why there are a

lot of students who are unable to pursue college. The passage of the Republic Act No. 10931 and

other government aids is expected to alleviate the number of out of school youth and

undergraduates from all over the Philippines.

Cortez (2017) of Gulf News said that Tuition in tertiary education in state universities

and colleges is a very strong pillar or cornerstone of the President’s social development policy,”

Additionally, President Duterte signed the bill that grantees will also have to render one year of

service in the country for every year of cash grant received as part of their public service
responsibility. This is to make sure that students stay and serve in the country after graduation in

exchange for the public subsidy given for their education.

Foreign Literature

Mathew (2018) stated that public colleges have its deficiencies, but more students of new

generation would prefer to go and study in public colleges because it is cost effective and can

lessen their worries in funding their studies.

Dissent (2015) said that Free college is not a new idea, but, with higher education costs

(and student loan debt) dominating public perception, it’s one that appeals to more and more

people. He added that College is the domain of the relatively privileged, and will likely stay that

way for the foreseeable future, even if tuition is eliminated.

McDuffie et al (2016) stated as to why are there less people going to college? He raised

088that one obvious answer would be cost, especially the cost of tuition. But the problem isn’t

just that college is expensive. It is also that going to college is complicated. It takes cultural and

social, not just economic capital. It means navigating advanced courses, standardized test forms.

It means figuring out implicit rules—rules that can change.

Hearsonz (2017) provided ideas that college does not only mean dealing with tuition fees,

but also deals with other important aspects of a learner’s life. One factor include dealing with

complicated subjects ranging from Sciences, Mathematics and others that is comprise in each

year of college; it mainly deals on passing all the subjects being taken aside from other forms of

extra activities inside the school. Another factor is that college includes dealing with numbers of

people of different culture and raise, thus a certain student will need to make adjustments in

order for him to fit in socially. A college student is expected to be versatile in terms of dealing
with other students’ attitudes; for an institution is a diverse environment that needs large amount

of adjustments year after year.

Harrelson (2017) added that aside from hard to deal cultural, social and economic

differences, dealing with professors are also another factor in choosing between private and

public colleges. He stated that incoming college student will do a “little survey” and “asking”.

Singer (2017) highlighted that public colleges attract the best teachers. He added that it is not the

case at many charter or private schools, but most of professors in private colleges do not have the

same high level of education, experience, commitment and patience compared to professors in

public colleges thus, making public colleges more favorable to more students.

Merch et al (2017) stated that academes who offered high standard and in demand

courses are mostly attended by female students; which makes it more female students attending

Private college rather and more male students in public colleges. Bryce (2014) also added that

most males are sent to local public colleges because they have a higher tendency to have

inconsiderable behaviors that greatly affect academics compared to females.

Machells (2015) identifies that institution’s environment and facilities also contribute to

better learning of students. Private Colleges have higher standards in terms of facilities especially

those that offer medical courses and engineering courses. Students who opted to proceed to these

types of courses will definitely find Private Colleges appropriate than studying in Public

Colleges.

David (2016) stated that despite all factors; economical, social and cultural, there is still

certainty that a student will also have his own preference like having a dream school. A “Dream

School” is a goal that others would work hard on; it is not relying on the factors but because of
the willingness and drive to graduate on that certain institution, it is like following what one

loves rather than what one needs.

Local Related Studies

Benson and Algue (2016) study investigates the factors contributing to all types of

quality and economic measures in both Philippine public colleges and state universities and in

private colleges. They conducted a survey held in different areas of Rizal province with 300

parents as participants. The main goal of the study is to distinguish the quality and economic

factors that would affect the decision of parents with regards to sending their students to school.

It was found out that 85.36 percent of the participants preferred to send their students to local

public colleges and universities because it is much cheaper compared to local Private universities

and colleges. The provided result also showed that 67.32 percent of the parents agree that the

quality of education provided by the local public colleges and state universities is as same level

as the quality of education provided by local private colleges. They have concluded that parents

would choose to send their college students to local public colleges and universities because they

can save money and their children will just get the same learning as those who are enrolled in

private college institutions and private universities.

Marquez (2017) conducted a study on more students prefer to go to local public colleges

and state universities than in private colleges. His study was participated by random students

from both public colleges and universities as well as college students from local private colleges

and universities. He has said that the students were greatly affected by the decision of their

parents in choosing the college institution they will be attending. The hard family situations drive

more students to choose taking up courses available in local public colleges and universities
because it will aid the finances of their parents. With the present standing of our economy,

wherein 7 out of 10 families say that they are poor, he concluded that more students will

definitely enroll in local public colleges and state universities than in Private Universities and

colleges.

Madrigal and Morcohos (2017) made a study on gender relation between Public College

and State Universities and in Private Universities and Colleges. The study was done through

random distribution of survey forms in over 15 public colleges and universities and Private

institutions. It was found out that more female are in private universities, especially those who

are taking up medicines and other bachelor sciences courses. Trinidad (2015) also stated that

most males are in public colleges and universities because most of the courses available are those

they are inclined with.

Foreign Studies

On a recent study conducted by Scott-Clayton which involves researchers at Harvard

University and the University of California, Berkeley, who examined a national database of state

funding levels, tuition policies, institutional expenditures and student outcomes over time to

answer whether reducing the price of tuition had more of an impact on enrollment and

completion than increasing institutional expenditures.

"Tellingly, the authors find large effects when state funds are used to increase

institutional expenditures but virtually no effect when they are used for across-the-board

reductions in sticker price," Scott-Clayton stated.

The Berkley researchers found that a 10 percent increase in institutional spending per

student leads to a 3 percent increase in enrollment and larger percentage increases in degree
completion up to three years later. However, sticker prices have no measurable effect on

enrollment or attainment.

Another recent study conducted; through Bankrate survey of one thousand people found

that 62% of Americans support free tuition at public colleges. The number is even higher among

18- to 29-year-olds, with 77% in favor of tuition-free education. It's no secret that tuition and

student debt have been on the rise in recent years.

Between 2014 and 2015, tuition rose 3.6% and 2.9% at private and public colleges,

respectively, according to the College Board. Over the past ten years, the increase rate has

hovered near 5%. National student debt, meanwhile, has passed $1.3 trillion and continues to

climb by thousands of dollars per second, according to MarketWatch's running counter. Making

college more affordable and student debt less debilitating matters to young voters more now than

perhaps ever before, which is why they're keeping a close eye on the presidential candidates'

prospective policies.

Hansen et al (2017) has made a study that provided the following provisions:

Free college would expand access to education.

Offering free college tuition would make it possible for more people to pursue higher

education. The bright young people who currently skip college because they can’t afford it

would have the opportunity to get a degree and get better jobs. The high cost of a degree would

no longer be an obstacle. For many proponents of free college, it’s a question of fairness. They

say that access to a bachelor’s degree should be accessible to everyone, especially because a

B.A. or B.S. is increasingly necessary to get a good job.

A more educated population would have economic and social benefits for the country.

If more Americans were living up to their potential, getting a college degree and getting better
jobs, there would be positive ripple effects. Proponents of free college argue that the change

would boost the country’s productivity and GDP as people sorted themselves into more suitable,

higher-paying jobs. There are also social benefits to having a more educated populace and

helping young people find their path.

Students would be free to follow their passions and abilities.

Because the current college education system leaves many students with high amounts of

debt, students’ choices are constrained. They may choose a major they don’t really love simply

because it promises a higher future salary. They might go to a college that’s not the best one they

could get in to because it’s cheaper. They might take fewer risks later in life because of their

debt. High levels of debt discourage people from starting businesses, moving to another city in

search of better job opportunities or changing jobs. If you eliminate student loan debt you

eliminate these problems, with benefits for students and for the overall economy.

Free college would help repair historic inequities.

In the U.S., we don’t just have a problem of people being too poor to pay for college. We

have a problem of generations of inequity based on discrimination. If your great-grandparents,

grandparents and parents all had the opportunity to go to college you’re much more likely to

have that opportunity yourself, both because of accumulated net worth across the generations and

because going to college will be expected in your family. Many Americans don’t have the

opportunity to go to college because their parents and grandparents and so on didn’t have the

opportunity. Free college would help redress that inequity.