DIAGNOSTIC

DISORDER DEFINITION PREVALENCE GENDER ONSET & DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT

CRITERIA
ANXIETY DISORDERS (associated with childhood)
- 12-month
prevalence
Excessive fear or anxiety (adults) – 0.9%- - At least 4 weeks in
SEPARATION
concerning separation from At least 3 of the 1.9% children & adolescents
ANXIETY Females
those to whom the individual following - 6-12-month - 6 mos. or more in adults
DISORDER (SAD) Childhood anxiety
is attached prevalence – 4% in - May start in preschool
disorders are most
adolescents
effectively treated with
-
cognitive-behavioral
- Relatively rare
Do not initiate speech or therapy.
- More likely to - Usually before age 5 until
reciprocally respond when Duration of No variations
SELECTIVE manifest in young entry to school
spoken to by others. Excessive disturbance- at least 1 in sex,
MUTISM children than in - At least 1 month
shyness, fear of month race/ethnicity
adolescents and - Can outgrow
embarrassment
adults
TRAUMA- AND STRESSOR-RELATED DISORDERS

- Evident before 5 years

Persistent – more than developmental age at
REACTIVE Emotionally withdrawn 12 months least 9 months Symptoms of RAD often
Occurring in less than
ATTACHMENT behavior toward adult (Not specified) - Present in the first disappear if children
10% of such children
DISORDER (RAD) caregiver Severe – child exhibits months of life begin to receive
all symptoms - B/w age 9 months and 5 predictable caretaking
years and nurturance, whereas
symptoms of DSED are
- Unknown more persistent (Zeanah
- Rare, occurring Ina & Gleason, 2010).
minority of
DISINHIBITED Persistent – more than children Once RAD or DSED is
- Developmental age of 9 identified, therapeutic
SOCIAL 12 months - Occurs in 20% of
Child actively approaches and months support focuses on
ENGAGEMENT children of high- (Not specified)
interacts with strangers - First month of life building emotional
DISORDER Severe – child exhibits risk population
(DSED) all symptoms - Seen rarely in security (Hornor, 2008).
other clinical
settings
 Duration of - Lifetime prevalence - Therapy – exposure
Having memory of past
disturbance for more among adolescents is - More than 1 month and group therapy
traumatic events such as
than one month 8% for girls and 2.3% - Delayed: at least 6 - Medication –
violence or sexual assault –
POSTTRAUMATIC for boys (Merikangas, months antidepressants,
recurrent mental and physical
STRESS Specification: He, Burstein, Swanson, Females - Can occur at any age anti-anxiety
distress
DISRODER (PTSD) *With dissociative et al., 2010). - From first year of life - Sleep-aids
symptoms - Vary across cultural - Can be seen 3 months - Trauma focused
Recurring thoughts for over 1
*With delayed groups & development after trauma cognitive-behavioral
month
expression (DSM-5) therapies
CONDITIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY
In the last year, at least 5 or - 14%-17% of
more days of intentional self- adolescents and young
NONSUICIDAL Female to male - Early teen years and can
inflicted damage to the Always one of the adults have engaged at -dialectical behavioral
SELF-INJURY ratio – 3:1 or continue many years
surface of his/her body following or more least once, only therapy
(NSSI) 4:1 - Peak at age 20-29
minority engage in
Physical harm repeated session.

DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS

-least two settings and - Individual or group CBT

DISRUPTIVE Higher in males - before 10 years
occur at least 3 times - Family-focused therapy
MOOD Severe recurrent temper 2%-5% range in 6-12 and school - First diagnosis should not
per week for most - Programs focused on
DYSREGULATION outburst months period children be made before age of 6
months over the building resilience
DISORDER or after age of 18
course of 1 year. (Positive psych.)

BIPOLAR DISORDERS

- Less than 1%
- Age 10 through
affects boys and - Lithium
PEDIATRIC Display mood changes and Specify if: no significant adolescence
girls equally - Antipsychotics
BIPOLAR distinct periods of elevated *Bipolar I gender - About 5 years later than
- Lifetime - Family focused
DISORDER energy *Bipolar II differences DMDD
prevalence in interventions
adolescents: 3%
 D I C (DISRUPTIVE, IMPULSE CONTROL, AND CONDUCT DISORDER) OR EXTERNALIZING DISRODERS
-Interventions that
Deliberate and purposeful address the family and
setting of fire. Fascination, Intended fire-setting Not known. Occurs social context of
PYROMANIA interest, pleasure, attraction, on more than one much more often in males - Insufficient data behaviors, as well as
gratification, or relief when occasion males. deficits in psychosocial
doing so. skills, can significantly
improve externalizing
Stealing is not 4%-24% for shoplifting. - Often begins in
Failure to resist impulse to behaviors.
committed to express General prevalence is adolescence. However, it
steal objects that are not Female-male -Parent-focused
anger/ vengeance and very rare: may begin in childhood,
KLEPTOMANIA needed. Pleasure, ratio: interventions can
is not in response to a approximately 0.3%- adolescence, or
gratification, or relief when 3:1 improve both child
delusion or a O.6%. Female to male adulthood, in rare cases,
doing so. behavior and parent
hallucination ratio is 3:1 late adulthood.
mental health
- Must persist at least 6 -Psychosocial
Angry/irritable mood, At least 4 symptoms
OPPOSITIONAL months interventions that focus
argumentative/defiant involving; short- 1%-11% with an
DEFIANT males – 1.4:1 - Must disrupt social on teaching youngsters
behavior to parents, teachers, tempered, resentful, average of 3.3%
DISORDER (ODD) interactions assertiveness and anger
and others in authority blaming, spiteful
management techniques,
Specify if: and building skills in
empathy,
*High-frequency Low- communication, social
- Chronological age; at
intensity relationships, and
Recurrent behavioral outburst least 6 years
INTERMITTENT (Twice weekly for at Female-male problem solving, can also
representing a failure to 7.8% in a community - Average age of onset is
EXPLOSIVE least 3 months) ratio: produce marked and
control aggressive impulses; sample of adolescence 12
DISORDER (IED) 1.4-2.3 durable changes in
brief - Outburst typically last for
*Low-frequency High- disruptive behaviors.
less than 30 mins
intensity -Mobilizing adult
(3 outburst occurring mentors who
w/in 1 year period) demonstrate empathy,
Presence of at least 3 warmth, and acceptance
different behaviors for is another effective
- 2%-9%
at least 12 months intervention.
- Rise from
-Although CD is
childhood and - Typically 13 y.o but not
Specify if: particularly difficult to
CONDUCT Persistent pattern of antisocial adolescents until 18
*Childhood-onset type males treat, success is
DISORDER behavior - Fairly consistent - Childhood < 10
(Before age 10) increased when
across various - Adulthood <18
*Adolescent-onset treatment begins before
countries
type patterns of antisocial
(Between age 10-18) behavior are firmly
*Unspecified onset established.
 -Incarceration within
juvenile or adult facilities
is the one of the most
frequent interventions
for youth with CD.
ELIMINATION DISORDERS

- Providing education
and support for the
parents and child, setting
up reward systems, or
using a bedtime urine
Nocturnal –
Specify if: - Must be at least 5 years alarm can all produce
- Involved periodic voiding males
Nocturnal only – 5-10% - 5 years old old successful results
of urine Diurnal –
night time 3-5% - 10 years old - Must void (Nevéus, 2011).
ENURESIS - Most likely to occur females
Diurnal only – 1% - 15 years and inappropriately at least - Medication is
during sleep
day time older twice per week for at sometimes used to
(enuretic
least 3 months prevent bedwetting,
fathers)
often in combination
with other techniques
such as enuresis alarms
(Deshpande, Caldwell, &
Sureshkumar, 2012).

Specify if:
- The most common
means of treatment
*With constipation - At least one such event
- 0.7%-4.4% among includes proper medical
and overflow occur each month for at
Repeated passage of feces children evaluation, increasing
ENCOPRESIS incontinence Males least 3 months
into inappropriate places - 1% of 5 years old fluid intake, and parent
- Chronological age: at
have encopresis and child education
*Without constipation least 4 years
about toileting regimens
and overflow
(Kuhl et al., 2010).
incontinence
 NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS

Tourette’s disorder
- Both multiple motor and Simple
one or more vocal tics Complex
- More than 1 year since
first tic onset Verbal:
- Before age 18 - Echolalia
Persistent (chronic) motor or - Palilalia - 2%-5%; 4 times as - Starts before age 18
- Psychotherapy: Habit
vocal tic disorder - Coprolalia common in males Males-female - Onset: typically between
TOURETTE’S reversal
- Single or multiple motor - Ranges from 3 to 8 ratio: ages 4 and 6
DISORDER (TIC) - Antipsychotic
or vocal tics but not both Motor: per 1000 in school-age 2:1 to 4:1 - Peak severity: between
medications
- More than 1 year - Copropraxia children ages 10 and 12
- Before age 18 - Echopraxia
Provisional tic disorder
- Single or multiple motor Specify if:
and/or vocal tics Motor tic only
- Less than 1 year Vocal tic only
- Before age 18
Inattention or
Hyperactivity:
6 or more symptoms
- 5% in children and
per criteria (5 if age 17 - Male-female
2.5% in adults
and older) for at least 6 ratio in
ADHD is characterized by
months children:
attentional problems or - 8%-9%; twice as
2:1
impulsive, hyperactive common in males
Specify whether: - Present prior to age 12
ATTENTION behaviors that are atypical for - Stimulant
- In adults: - Present in two or more
DEFICIT the child’s age and -One national parent medications/Behavioral
*Combined 1.6:1 settings
HYPERACTIVITY developmental level. survey revealed that & psychological
presentation - interfere with social or
DISORDER 11 % of children ages 4 treatments (Ritalin)
Female might academic functioning.
Lack of: to 17—over 6.4 million
*Predominantly have
Norepinephrine(NE)/GABA children and
inattentive inattentive
and Dopamine adolescents—have
presentation features more
received an ADHD
than males
diagnosis.
*Predominantly
hyperactive/impulsive
presentation
 1. Deficits in social
communication and social
interaction.
• Atypical social-emotional
reciprocity
• Atypical nonverbal - often given multiple
communication medications
Severity specifier:
-approximately • Difficulties developing and - oxytocin
1 out of 68 maintaining relationships - Interventions that
ASD is characterized by Level 1 – “requiring
children in emphasize social
significant impairment in support”
the United 2. Repetitive behavior or communication,
AUTISM social communication skills Level 2 – “Requiring - 0.6%-1%; 4 times as
States restricted interests or reinforcement of
SPECTRUM and by the display of substantial support” common in males
- 5 times more activities appropriate responses to
stereotyped interests and Level 3 – “Requiring
frequently in social stimuli, and
behaviors. very substantial • Repetitive speech,
boys compared prevention of repetitive
support” movement, or use of objects.
to girls behaviors produce the
(e.g., Echolalia) most significant gains
• Intense focus on rituals or (Helt et al., 2008).
routines and strong
resistance to change
• Intense fixations or
restricted interests.
•Atypical sensory reactivity.

Onset: present during

childhood or adolescence
Following criteria must Support for Individuals
Mild
ID, formerly referred to as be met: with
Male-female a. significantly below-average
mental retardation, is 1. Deficits in Neurodevelopmental
ratio: 1.6:1 general intellectual
INTELLECTUAL characterized by significant intellectual functions - 1%-2%; more Disorders
functioning (ordinarily
DISABILITY limitations in intellectual 2. Deficits in adaptive common on males
Severe interpreted as an IQ score of
functioning and adaptive functioning 1. Build skills and
Male-female 70 or less on an individually
behaviors, including: 3. Onset: develop each individual’s
ratio: 1.2:1 administered IQ test); and
developmental period potential to the fullest
extent possible.
b. deficiencies in adaptive
behavior (e.g., self-care;
 understanding of health and 2. For children with
safety issues; ability to live, ADHD, LD, mild ID, or
work, or plan leisure activities mild ASD, support may
and use community occur primarily in the
resources; functional use of school setting.
academic skills) that are
greater than would be 3. Interventions for LD
expected based on age or and mild ID typically
cultural background. involve remedial
interventions targeting
the area of academic
difficulty, whereas
supports for ASD and
Dyslexia - significant more severe intellectual
difficulties with accuracy or impairment are generally
Diagnosed when someone
fluency of reading more comprehensive.
with at least average
intellectual abilities - 5%-15% among
Dysgraphia -disorders of
demonstrates development of school age children
SPECIFIC Male-female written expression.
basic math, reading, or writing At least one symptom - In adults,
LEARNING ratio:
skills that is substantially for at least 6 months approximately 4%
DISORDER 2:1 to 3:1 Dyscalculia -significant
lower than would be expected - more common in
difficulties in understanding
for the person’s chronological males
quantities, number symbols,
age, educational background,
or basic arithmetic
and intellectual ability.
calculations