“Renewable Energy Sources”

Technological Concepts Project

Produced by:

Khaled El-Geneidy – 105716 – B3

Amr Abdelmohsen – 105277 – B3
Omar Mohamed – 105725 – B3
Zakaria Gamal – 105168 – B3
Tarek Ihab - 105444 – B3

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 “Renewable Energy Sources”

“Table of Contents"

Topic Page
 Introduction to the report 1
 Types of renewable energy sources:
1) Wind energy 4
2) Solar energy 10
3) Nuclear energy 17
4) Geothermal 18
5) Biomass 19
6) Hydropower 20
 Barriers against using renewable energy sources 21
 Conclusion 22
 References 23

“Introduction”

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 “Renewable Energy Sources”
Renewable energy sources are the sources of energy that are not used-up by time
like the wind, sun, water ...etc. Nowadays the world is considering to depend on these
sources of energy, since the non renewable sources that are mostly used these days, are
running scarce becoming more expensive, making the renewable sources seem cheaper
and better to be used especially that the renewable sources cause almost no pollution.
Therefore, we thought to prepare this report to show you the different types of renewable
energy, how they are used, and the benefits and drawbacks of each source.
Furthermore, we will mainly concentrate on the use of wind and solar energy in
this report, because in our opinion they will are the most suitable energy sources to be
used in Egypt. More details about why we chose these two sources will be found in the
conclusion at the end of the report.
There will be a number besides each heading that will be found again at the end of
the report, in the References section, written beside it the reference we used to get this
information. We did not just copy the information as it is but we tried as much as possible
to use our own words or we at least just summarized the information. If a heading has no
number beside it then it has been completely written by us. Some numbers are grouped
together this means that we used the sites below them together to write for all these
numbers.

“Wind energy”

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Harnessing the wind is one of the cleanest, most sustainable ways to generate electricity.
Wind power produces no toxic emissions and none of the heat trapping emissions that
contribute to global warming. This, and the fact that wind power is one of the most
abundant and increasingly cost-competitive energy resources, makes it a viable
alternative to the fossil fuels that harm our health and threaten the environment.

The History of Wind Power [1]

Early in the twentieth century, windmills were commonly used across the Great Plains to
pump water and to generate electricity.

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Wind power is both old and new. From the sailing ships of the ancient Greeks, to
the grain mills of pre-industrial Holland, to the latest high-tech wind turbines rising over
the Minnesota prairie, humans have used the power of the wind for millennia.
New ways of using the energy of the wind eventually spread around the world. By
the 11th century, people in the Middle East were using windmills extensively and
crusaders carried this idea back to Europe. The Dutch refined the windmill and adapted
it for draining lakes in the Rhine River Delta. When settlers took this technology to the
New World in the late 19th century, they began using windmills to pump water for farms,
and later, to generate electricity for homes and industry.
Industrialization, first in Europe and later in America, led to a gradual decline in
the use of windmills. In the 1930s, the Rural Electrification Administration's programs
brought inexpensive electric power to most rural areas in the United States. However,
industrialization also sparked the development of larger windmills to generate electricity.
Commonly called wind turbines.
Today, the lessons learned from more than a decade of operating wind power
plants, along with continuing R&D, have made wind-generated electricity very close in
cost to the power from conventional utility generation in some locations. Wind energy is
the world's fastest-growing energy source and will power industry, businesses and homes
with clean, renewable electricity for many years to come.

How Wind Turbines Work [2]

Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the
irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation of the earth. Wind flow patterns are
modified by the earth's terrain, bodies of water, and vegetation. Humans use this wind
flow, or motion energy, for many purposes: sailing, flying a kite, and even generating
electricity.
The terms wind energy or wind power describes the process by which the wind is
used to generate mechanical power or electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic
energy in the wind into mechanical power. This mechanical power can be used for specific
tasks or a generator can convert this mechanical power into electricity.
Wind turbine works the opposite of a fan. Instead of using electricity to make wind,
like a fan, wind turbines use wind to make electricity. The wind turns the blades, which
spin a shaft, which connects to a generator and makes electricity. The electricity is sent
through transmission and distribution lines to homes, businesses, schools, and so on.

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Blades: Wind blowing over the blades causes the blades to "lift" and rotate.

Anemometer: Measures the wind speed and transmits data to the controller.

Controller: The controller starts up the machine at wind speeds of about 8 to 16 miles
per hour (mph) and shuts off the machine at about 55 mph.

Brake: A disc brake, which can be applied to stop the rotor in emergencies.

High-speed shaft: Drives the generator.

Rotor: The blades and the hub together are called the rotor.

Low-speed shaft: The rotor turns the low-speed shaft at about 30 to 60 rpm.

Gear box: Gears connect the low-speed shaft to the high-speed shaft and increase the
rotational speeds from about 30 to 60 rotations per minute to about 1000 to 1800 rpm,
the rotational speed required by most generators to produce electricity. The gear box
is a costly part of the wind turbine.

Tower: Towers are made from tubular steel or concrete. Because wind speed increases
with height, taller towers enable turbines to capture more energy.

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Nacelle: The nacelle sits atop the tower and contains the gear box, low- and high-
speed shafts, generator, controller, and brake.

Pitch: Blades are turned out of the wind to control the rotor speed and keep the rotor
from turning in winds that are too high or too low to produce electricity.

Wind vane: Measures wind direction and communicates with the yaw drive to orient
the turbine properly with respect to the wind.

Yaw drive: It is used to keep the rotor facing into the wind as the wind direction
changes. Downwind turbines don't require a yaw drive.

Sizes of Wind Turbines [3]

Utility-scale turbines range in size from 100 kilowatts to as large as several
megawatts. Larger turbines are grouped together into wind farms, which provide bulk
power to the electrical grid.
Single small turbines, below 100 kilowatts, are used for homes, telecommunications
dishes, or water pumping. Small turbines are sometimes used in connection with diesel
generators, batteries, and photovoltaic systems. These systems are called hybrid wind
systems and are typically used in remote, off-grid locations, where a connection to the
utility grid is not available.

Advantages of wind power: [4]

 Wind energy is fuelled by the wind, so it's a clean fuel source, also Wind turbines
don't produce atmospheric emissions.
 Wind energy is a domestic source of energy.
 Wind energy relies on the renewable power of the wind, which can't be used up.
 Wind energy is one of the lowest-priced renewable energy technologies available
today, costing between 4 and 6 cents per kilowatt-hour.
 Wind turbines can be built on farms or ranches, thus benefiting the economy in
rural areas, where most of the best wind sites are found.

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Disadvantages of wind power: [5]
 Although wind power plants have relatively little impact on the environment, it
causes some noise pollution and some flying birds die from hitting the blades. Most
of these problems have been resolved through technological development or by
properly sitting wind plants.
 Depending on how energetic a wind site is, the wind farm may or may not be cost
competitive. Even though the cost of wind power has decreased dramatically in the
past 10 years, the technology requires a higher initial investment.
 The major challenge to using wind as a source of power is that the wind is
intermittent and it does not always blow when electricity is needed. Wind energy
cannot be stored (unless batteries are used).
 Good wind sites are often located in remote locations, far from cities where the
electricity is needed.
 Wind resource development may compete with other uses for the land and those
alternative uses may be more highly valued than electricity generation.

The Market for Wind: [6]

The cost of electricity from the wind has dropped from about 25 cents/kWh in 1981
to as low as 4-6 cents/kWh in recent years. Though wind turbine prices have increased
some since 2005, in areas with the best resources, wind power is cost competitive with new
generation from coal and natural gas plants.
As wind power costs become more competitive, demand is growing exponentially
all over the world. Global wind power capacity rose from just over 6,000 MW in 1996 to
more than 59,000 MW by the end of 2005

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The Future of Wind Power:

Due to the increase in prices of other non-renewable energy sources and the
increasing concern for the environment, wind power is becoming the best source of energy
in our opinion. Although there could be some obstacles like: the high initial cost of
manufacturing wind turbines, especially that steel prices are increasing, these problems
could be solved by extensive R&D, and if engineers managed to solve these problems, the
wind power will be absolutely the best energy source to be used in the future.

“
S
o l
a r

Energy”

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Introduction: [7]
The sun's heat and light provide an abundant source of energy that can be spread
in many ways. There are a variety of technologies that have been developed to take
advantage of solar energy. These include concentrating solar power systems, passive solar
heating and day lighting, photovoltaic systems, solar hot water, and solar process heat and
space heating and cooling.
Solar power technologies, from individual home systems to large-scale
concentrating solar power systems, have the potential to help meet growing energy needs
and provide diversity and reliability in energy supplies.

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Concentrating Solar Power: [8]

Parabolic-trough systems concentrate the sun's energy through long rectangular,

curved (U-shaped) mirrors. The mirrors are tilted toward the sun, focusing sunlight on a
pipe that runs down the centre of the trough. This heats the oil flowing through the pipe.
The hot oil then is used to boil water in a conventional steam generator to produce
electricity.

A dish/engine system uses a mirrored dish (similar to a very large satellite dish).
The dish-shaped surface collects and concentrates the sun's heat onto a receiver, which
absorbs the heat and transfers it to fluid within the engine. The heat causes the fluid to
expand against a piston or turbine to produce mechanical power. The mechanical power
is then used to run a generator or alternator to produce electricity.

A power tower system uses a large field of mirrors to concentrate sunlight onto the
top of a tower, where a receiver sits. This heats molten salt flowing through the receiver.
Then, the salt's heat is used to generate electricity through a conventional steam
generator. Molten salt retains heat efficiently, so it can be stored for days before being
converted into electricity. That means electricity can be produced on cloudy days or even
several hours after sunset.

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Types of solar energy:

1-Passive Solar: [9]

Thousands of years ago, the Anasazi Indians in Colorado incorporated passive

solar design in their cliff dwellings.
Step outside on a hot and sunny summer day, and you'll feel the power of solar heat
and light. Today, many buildings are designed to take advantage of this natural resource
through the use of passive solar heating and day lighting.
The south side of a building always receives the most sunlight. Therefore, buildings
designed for passive solar heating usually have large, south-facing windows. Materials
that absorb and store the sun's heat can be built into the sunlit floors and walls. The
floors and walls will then heat up during the day and slowly release heat at night, when
the heat is needed most. This passive solar design feature is called direct gain.
Other passive solar heating design features include sunspaces and trombe walls. A
sunspace (which is much like a greenhouse) is built on the south side of a building. As
sunlight passes through glass or other glazing, it warms the sunspace. On the other hand,
a trombe wall is a very thick, south-facing wall, which is painted black and made of a
material that absorbs a lot of heat. A pane of glass or plastic glazing, installed a few inches
in front of the wall, helps hold in the heat. The wall heats up slowly during the day. Then
as it cools gradually during the night, it gives off its heat inside the building.
Of course, too much solar heating and day lighting can be a problem during the hot
summer months. Fortunately, there are many design features that help keep passive solar
buildings cool in the summer.

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2-Photovoltaic: [10]

Solar cells, also called photovoltaic (PV) by solar cell scientists, convert sunlight
directly into electricity. Solar cells are often used to power calculators and watches. They
are made of semi conducting materials similar to those used in computer chips. When
sunlight is absorbed by these materials, the solar energy knocks electrons loose from their
atoms, allowing the electrons to flow through the material to produce electricity. This
process of converting light (photons) to electricity (voltage) is called the photovoltaic (PV)
effect.
Solar cells are typically combined into modules that hold about 40 cells; about 10 of
these modules are mounted in PV arrays that can measure up to several meters on a side.
These flat-plate PV arrays can be mounted at a fixed angle facing south, or they can be
mounted on a tracking device that follows the sun, allowing them to capture the most
sunlight over the course of a day. About 10 to 20 PV arrays can provide enough power for
a household; for large electric utility or industrial applications, hundreds of arrays can be
interconnected to form a single, large PV system.
Thin film solar cells use layers of semiconductor materials only a few micrometers
thick. Thin film technology has made it possible for solar cells to now double as rooftop
shingles, roof tiles, building facades, or the glazing for skylights or atria. The solar cell
version of items such as shingles offer the same protection and durability as ordinary
asphalt shingles.
Some solar cells are designed to operate with concentrated sunlight. These cells are
built into concentrating collectors that use a lens to focus the sunlight onto the cells. This
approach has both advantages and disadvantages compared with flat-plate PV arrays.

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3-Solar Hot Water: [11]

For solar hot water systems, flat-plate solar collectors are typically installed facing
south on a rooftop.
The shallow water of a lake is usually warmer than the deep water. That's because
the sunlight can heat the lake bottom in the shallow areas, which in turn, heats the water.
It's nature's way of solar water heating. The sun can be used in basically the same way to
heat water used in buildings and swimming pools.
Most solar water heating systems for buildings have two main parts: a solar
collector and a storage tank. The most common collector is called a flat-plate collector.
Mounted on the roof, it consists of a thin, flat, rectangular box with a transparent cover
that faces the sun. Small tubes run through the box and carry the fluid — either water or
other fluid, such as an antifreeze solution — to be heated. The tubes are attached to an
absorber plate, which is painted black to absorb the heat. As heat builds up in the
collector, it heats the fluid passing through the tubes.
The storage tank then holds the hot liquid. It can be just a modified water heater,
but it is usually larger and very well-insulated. Systems that use fluids other than water
usually heat the water by passing it through a coil of tubing in the tank, which is full of
hot fluid.
Solar water heating systems can be either active or passive, but the most common
are active systems. Active systems rely on pumps to move the liquid between the collector
and the storage tank, while passive systems rely on gravity and the tendency for water to
naturally circulate as it is heated.
Swimming pool systems are simpler. The pool's filter pump is used to pump the
water through a solar collector, which is usually made of black plastic or rubber. And of
course, the pool stores the hot water.

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4-Solar Process Heat: [12]

Commercial and industrial buildings may use the same solar technologies—
photovoltaic, passive heating, delighting, and water heating—that are used for residential
buildings. These non-residential buildings can also use solar energy technologies that
would be impractical for a home. These technologies include ventilation air preheating,
solar process heating and solar cooling.
Many large buildings need ventilated air to maintain indoor air quality. In cold
climates, heating this air can use large amounts of energy. A solar ventilation system can
preheat the air, saving both energy and money. This type of system typically uses a
transpired collector, which consists of a thin, black metal panel mounted on a south-facing
wall to absorb the sun's heat. Air passes through the many small holes in the panel. A
space behind the perforated wall allows the air streams from the holes to mix together.
The heated air is then sucked out from the top of the space into the ventilation system.
Solar process heating systems are designed to provide large quantities of hot water
or space heating for non-residential buildings. A typical system includes solar collectors
that work along with a pump, a heat exchanger, and/or one or more large storage tanks.
The two main types of solar collectors used—an evacuated-tube collector and a parabolic-
trough collector—can operate at high temperatures with high efficiency. An evacuated-
tube collector is a shallow box full of many glass, double-walled tubes and reflectors to
heat the fluid inside the tubes. A vacuum between the two walls insulates the inner tube,
holding in the heat. Parabolic troughs are long, rectangular, curved (U-shaped) mirrors
tilted to focus sunlight on a tube, which runs down the centre of the trough. This heats the
fluid within the tube.
The heat from a solar collector can also be used to cool a building. It may seem
impossible to use heat to cool a building, but it makes more sense if you just think of the
solar heat as an energy source. Your familiar home air conditioner uses an energy source,
electricity, to create cool air. Solar absorption coolers use a similar approach, combined
with some very complex chemistry tricks, to create cool air from solar energy. Solar
energy can also be used with evaporative coolers (also called "swamp coolers") to extend
their usefulness to more humid climates, using another chemistry trick called desiccant
cooling.

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Advantages of solar energy: [13]
1-Solar cells are long lasting sources of energy which can be used almost anywhere. They
are particularly useful where there is no national grid and also where there are no people
such as remote site.
2-Solar cells provide cost effective solutions to energy problems in places where there is no
mains electricity.
3-Solar cells are also totally silent and non-polluting.
4- They have no moving parts they require little maintenance and have a long lifetime.
4-Solar cells can also be installed in a distributed fashion, i.e. they don't need large scale
installations.
5-Solar cells can easily be installed on roofs i.e. no new space is needed and each user can
quietly generate their own energy.

Disadvantages of solar energy:[14]

1-The main disadvantage of solar energy is the initial cost. Solar energy is currently
thought to cost about twice as much as traditional sources (coal, oil etc).
2-Most types of solar cell require large areas of land to achieve average efficiency.
3-Air pollution and weather can also have a large effect on the efficiency of the cells.
4- Solar cells can only generate electricity during the daytime.

The Future of Solar Energy:

Solar energy technologies are expected to significantly grow in the 21st century. More and
more architects and contractors are recognizing the value of passive solar and learning
how to effectively incorporate it into building designs. Solar hot water systems can
compete economically with conventional systems in some areas. And as the cost of solar
photovoltaic continues to decline, these systems will penetrate increasingly larger
markets. As solar energy continues to expand, there will be occasional bumps in the roads
and many other problems. But these problems could be solved easily by the time and solar
energy would play an important role in people’s lives.
Referring to Egypt, we have huge areas of the desert which are not used at all, and the
sun in these areas is very strong. Thus, the Egyptian deserts represents an ideal place to
be used to generate electricity from solar energy.

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“Nuclear energy” [15]

What is meant by Nuclear energy?

The nuclear energy is a type of energy in which is produced by the heat generated by the
nuclear fission process, and it satisfies 11% of the world’s energy needs.
The Idea of creating nuclear energy from Uranium is simplified into conserving or
changing the energy between atomic bonds into a useful form of energy. When the
Neutrons smash into the nuclei of the Uranium atoms in the nuclear fission process, the
nuclei splits into halves and releases heat energy. This heat energy is used to heat the
water for making steam which will turn the turbines. Then the turbines turn the
generators for producing electric energy.

Advantages:
 It has low costs that reduce the economical obstacles.
 It does not produce pollution like burning the fossil fuels, and it does not produce
carbon dioxide or greenhouse gases.
 It produces high amounts of energy compared to the amount of input fuel.

Disadvantages:
 The waste of producing this energy which is very dangerous needs to be treated.
 The costs of safety procedures which should be accompanied with developing the
nuclear energy are high.
 There is always the risk of nuclear explosions causing disasters.

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“Geothermal energy” [16]

What is meant by geothermal energy?

Geothermal energy is the heat energy located within the earth it could be used by a power
station to generate electricity. This heat energy is produced from the hot rocks
underground, in form of steam, to the surface of the earth through the drilling holes, and
then the steam will be used to drive turbines for producing electric energy.

Advantages:
 Since it produces low level of pollution compared to the fossil fuel.
 It does not require a fuel to be produced so it is considered to be less expensive than
some of other sources of energy.

Disadvantages:
 The Geothermal power station cannot be built on many places since it requires
specific hot rocks for drilling.
 The geothermal site may run out of steam for a several years which reduces the
efficiency of using this energy source
 Some hazardous gases and materials may come up while drilling which could cause
spread of diseases and damages the landscape.

“Biomass energy” [17]

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What is meant by Biomass energy?

Biomass is an organic material found in plants and animals, it contains mainly of
carbohydrates, which is burned to release energy.
 Woods have been used to provide heat to homes and cooking food .It still used for
same reasons but now it is used in small amount, its usage have been decreasing
significantly
 Sugar cane can be converted to alcohol by fermentation, but for a direct way it is
crushed then burned to drive steam for turbines
 Solids wastes have an important usage as a fuel to drive steam for power stations as
well as for giving heat
 Animal and plant wastes can be converted by using "bioconversion" method to
produce methanol, natural gas and oil.

Advantages of using biomass fuel:

 These resources are available.
 The energy in such materials used is very cheap.
 It reduces the consumption and pressure on earth resources.
 It gets rid of wastes.

Disadvantages of using biomass fuel:

 The materials used are very difficult to collect with amounts.
 Green house effect may be released on burning.
 The materials are not available along the year.
 It causes the most pollution compared to renewable energy sources.

“Hydropower” [18]

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What is meant by hydroelectric energy?

Hydroelectric energy is a renewable energy source dependent upon the hydrologic cycle
of water. Its main components are: The powerhouse that contains the mechanical and
electrical equipment and water from a lake or a river that is controlled by a dam, water is
then released from the dam to turn turbines, which then generates the electricity.

Advantages of Hydroelectricity:
 Clean and reliable as water never stops flowing.
 Easy to increase or decrease electricity output according to demand.
 No pollution is caused and no heat or toxic gases are released.
 Improves wetlands and provides habitats for local wildlife.
 Hydroelectric energy is very cheap and has low operating and maintenance costs.
 Hydroelectric stations have a long life and many existing stations have been in
operation for more than half a century like the High Dam in Egypt.

Disadvantages of Hydroelectricity:
 Dams disrupt the normal flow of rivers.
 Fish are unable to migrate.
 If a hydroelectric plant fails or is destroyed, the results could be disastrous.

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Barriers against using renewable

sources of energy [19]
Infrastructure:
Developing new renewable resources will require large initial investments to build infrastructure.
These investments increase the cost of providing renewable electricity.

Economies of Scale:
Most renewable energy technologies are manufactured on assembly lines, where mass production
can greatly reduce costs. Economies of scale are also likely to lead to cost reductions for wind,
and biomass technologies. Unfortunately, as long as relatively few units are produced, prices will
remain high. This leads to low demand and therefore low production volumes.

Market Failure:
Everyone will benefit from the benefits of using renewable energy sources instead of using fossil
fuels, for example the reduction in pollution levels will benefit everyone. However, since most
people in Egypt are unaware of these benefits they become unwilling to pay for it. Researches
shows that if people understand the benefits of the renewable energy source they will be willing to
even pay more. Therefore, the media in Egypt must not only explain these benefits to the public,
but also, they must show them the danger of using fossil fuels, this will make Egyptian people
accept the renewable energy sources.

Small Size
Clean energy projects and companies are generally small. Thus they have fewer resources than
large generation companies or integrated utilities. These small companies are less able to
communicate directly with large numbers of customers.

High Financing Costs

In addition to having higher transaction costs, financial institutions are generally unfamiliar with
the new technologies and likely to perceive them as risky, so that they may lend money at higher
rates.

“Conclusion”
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After explaining all these renewable energy sources, we think that solar and wind
power are the best renewable energy sources to be used in Egypt, because we have huge
unused areas of the desert that have strong wind and sun, so if we built wind turbines and
solar panels in these deserts we can generate enormous amounts of energy. Although this
will need high initial investments, the energy generated will be very cheap so the initial
investment is actually nothing compared to the money we will save in the future and the
benefits we will gain if we depended only on these energy sources, along with the energy
generated from the high dam, and stopped using fossil fuels to reduce the pollution that is
killing people in Egypt.

Moreover, the reason why we do not think the other renewable energy sources are not
suitable for Egypt is as follows:
 The Biomass energy causes a lot of pollution, and we want to reduce not to increase
pollution in Egypt.
 The nuclear energy has the problem of getting rid of the dangerous nuclear wastes,
which will cause health hazards if we did not get rid of it properly. Besides, there is
always the risk of a nuclear reactor exploding, like what happened in Russia
before, especially that safety in Egypt is not a major concern. So we need more
research to use nuclear energy.
 The Geothermal energy can only be applied at certain places and conditions that
we may not have in Egypt. Besides, it causes pollution and destruction of the
landscape and we want none of this.
 As for the Hydropower energy it is not new for Egypt as we already rely on the
High Dam to generate most of our energy needs that is why we did not focus on it
in this report.

To sum up, due to the benefits of solar and wind energy, and the limitations of the
other sources we decided that solar and wind are the best sources to be used in Egypt, and
we hope that one day they could be applied, and we hope that we could be the engineers
who manage to apply them in our country Egypt.
We hope that we managed to explain our point of view and wish that you like our
report, which we made a lot of effort to prepare.

“Thanks for reading”

“References”

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 “Renewable Energy Sources”

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[12] : http://www.nrel.gov/learning/re_solar_process.html

[13] : www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2003/ledlie/advantages_of_solar_energy.htm

[14] : www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2003/ledlie/advantages_of_solar_energy.htm

[15] : www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/nuclear.htm

[16] : www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/geothermal.html

[17] : www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/biomass.htm

[18] : http://www.canren.gc.ca/tech_appl/index.asp?CaId=4&PgId=26

http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/renewable_energy_basics/barriers-to-
[19] : renewable-energy-technologies.html

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