CULVERT

HYDRAULIGS
MANUAL

FLETCHER MAN U FACTU RING

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lFtrlettclhdr
P.O. Box 845
LAE
Phone: 42 2666
Fax: 42 5640
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This HYDRAULICS MANUAL has been compiled to provide the

engineer with a basic reference for the analysis and design
of culverts. As you wil-I note, the method of computation
used in thi-s manual- is a graphical and iterative process in
place of more theoretically based mathematical sol-utions.'

After working through the exampl-es detailed in this paper,

we are sure you will conclude that the use of hydraulics
nomographs provides a simple solution and alternative in
t'
s the analysis of most culvert install-ations.

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 . .1. prfiffi),,
ffiv
CULVERT ;{YDRAUiJICS

i.1. TN?RODUCTiON
i.2 SITE INVESTIGATION
1..3 ESTIMATION OT PEAK FLOW
1.4 HYDRAUiJIC DESIGN
L.5 ",INI,AT CONTROi,
i.6 OUTLET CONTROIT
i.7 TYPICAT FLOI{ TYPES
i. 8 Ai,IJOWABi,E }IEAD'TIATER'
i.9 MA}WAL COMPUTAT ioi[
i. iO PROCEDiJR.S FO3, SELECTIO}I OI' CULVERT SIZE
!.tL INSTS.UCTIOI\S ;ITOR UST 03 NOMOGRAPIiS
i.L2 EXAM?i..ES

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r'\:.Ijr--'i-' - -li
t' l')
:- ' (:) Jil\::
;.,.1'.''j' ,,,- .j;
LIST OF SYMBOI.,S -
' r:':'i:'''

A = AREA
C = RUNOFF COEFFICTENT
D = CULVERI DEPTH
d.c = CRITICAL DEPTii
dr = NORMAL DEPTii :
. F = FACTOR Or PROPORTIONAi,ITY REi,ATING TO AREA UNiTS USED
g = ACCEIJERATfON DUE TO GRAVITY
i = HEAD LOSS ACROSS CUI,VER'T
;ie = ENTRANCE LOSS
iif = FRICTIO]V LOSS
ho CONTROI, Ei,EVATIOI{ AT OUTLET
' -Ev = VELOCITY iiEAD
=
Hw = IiEADWATER DE??H
I = RAINFA],L II(TENSiTY
he = II(LET irOSS COEFFICIEI{T
ir = i,EliGT:i OF FRICTION CUI.,VER'T BAR:IEI..
N = MANNINGS FRICTION FACTOR
? = EXCESS RAINFAi,iJ IN T;iE ii\T33VAL
0 = . VOIJUMETRIC DISCHARGE
Qm = fi,OOD HYDROGRAP}{ ORDINATE
Qo = NORMAI, DISCIiARGE
R = iiYDRAUtIC RADIUS
Sc = CRITICAi. SI.,O?E
So = SITOPE O' TiiE FLOW LINE
Tw = TAIiJ WATER DEPTii
V = MEAII VELOCITY IN CdL,VAR'T
Vo = NORMAiJ VEIJOCITY
WP = {'WETTED PERIMETER'
Y E Fi.,OW DEPTH
 /a

CULVER.T :jYDRAUIJICS

1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.1.1 A culvert, is an enclosed channeL. serving as a continuation
of and substitute for.an open stream wirere that stream
meets an artificiai barrier such as a roadway, railway or
'other embankment. The purpose of the culvert is to carry the
stream f rom one side of the barrier to t.he other.
1.1.2 In the seLection of cuLverts tne following stages can be
identifieC:
1. site investigation
2. estinate peak flow
3. hyd.raulic i.esign
i.2 SITE INVESTIGATION
L.2.L From the site investigation informat,ion is gathered
rel.ating Lo the const,raints affect,ing a particular location.
Such const,raints include grade, alignrnent, head
limit,ations, ef f ects of upst,ream ponding and conditions
.

downstream of the culvert. Selection of an appropriate

'structure. ban only be made with ttrese details in nind.
L.2.2 A bulvert should be located to al1ow a direct, entranbe and
. exit, avoiding abrupt changes which couId. retard flow. A
skewed structure result,ing in a greater length of pipe meiy
be required. This is usually justified by improvement of
hydraulic conditions and, stibitity oe fiLL over the
culvert.
L.2.3 The ideal- grad,e for a culvert, is one that, prod,uces neither
silting nor scour and is of the shortest Iengt.h.
VeLocities greater than 3 m/s may cause scouring downstream
unless the strean bed is protected. (lfote technical design
detail in the Fletcher Gabion Manual). Generally the grade
line coinciCes with the average above and beiow the
cuivert. Typical grai.e consicierations are summarised
in the figure beiow (iig f.i).
 /)l

INLET CONTROL

@-.-
lTHydraulic Grade Line A

OUTLET CONTROL

Flgure 1.I
 /c

L.2.4 Considerat.ion must be given to maximum a1lowab1e height,

of t,he st,ructure. This may 6e due to the road alignment or
limitat,ions on upstream ponding. Wherever possible a
singie pipe of circular section provides the rnost
economical solution. However, due to headroom
considerations a multiple barrei instaiiat'ion or non
circular shapes may need to te assessed'
L.2.i Most import,antly suff icient head, must be avaiiable to drive
the required flow from one end of the pipe to the other-
Avaiiable head is d.ependea'u on the difference between the
water level at ;he iniet ani at tee outlet. The inlet
leve1 iepends on t.he Cegree to which ponding is aiio.we<i
whil-e taiiwater leve1 wilL depend on a combination of
stream grade, downstream cons'Erictions and, outLet velocicy.
i.3 ESTIMATION OF PEAK FLOW
i.3.1 The two most commonly used methods to estimate peak flow
are:
.rate
1. rational rnethod.
2. unit hydrograph methoC.
L.3.2 The ratlonal method which is recommended for use on smalier
catchments aliows calculation of peak discharge by the
following formula:
Q = FCiR Eqn 1.1
where
A = area of catchment
Q = maximum volumetric rate of d,ischarge
F = factor of proportiona1ity depending on units used
(F=1.0 when an area is expressed in square rnetres
and rainiall intensity in metres per seconi,).
C= runoff coefficient,
. I-ralnfallintensity
The rationaL method reiies on the following assumptions:
1. rainf all is uni.f orm
2. storm aut.tio"-i;-equal to the time of concentration
of the catchment.
3. the recurrence interval of. peak discharge is equal to
that of rainfall intensity.
1.3.3 The use of the unit hydrograph method is usually limited to
situations where the catchment is larger than ten square km.
in area and involves structures of major importance. The
method involves finding the flow pattern (hydrograph)
resulting from a depth of run off of 1mm across an entire
catchment.
 . /.6

1.3.4 The f 1ood. hydrograph is Ceriyed by muitiplying t.he unit

hydrograph ordinates by the excess rainfall in each time
pLrioa then lagging the resuLting hydrograph by the time
increments of the excess rainfall and summing the
hydrographs to produce the flood hy<irograph.
i.3.5 Use of the foLLowing eqriations wili produce the fiood
. hydrograph:
Q1 = t,I. UJ.
Q2 = P1.U2 + P2.U1
Q3 = PL.U3 + ?2.V2 + P3.Ui
:
Qx = Pl.Ur + P2.U(r-i) + P3.U(r'21 + Pr.U1
Qm = Pr.Um Eqn 1.2
i.3.6 fn this instance the iollowing applies:
U = unit, hydrograPh ordinate
P = excess rainfalL
I - flooC hydrograPh ordinate
L.3.7 A detailed explanation of flow estimatiom is however,
outside the scope of this manual and readers are directed
to "Australian RainfaLl and Runoff" (Ref 1) for a
thorough expJ.anation oi this subject.
i.4 iiYDRAULIC DESIGN
L.4.L The hydraulic design process should strive for a balanced
result. Pure fluici mechanics should, be combined with
practicai considerati-ons to he1p. assure satisfactory
performance under fieid conditions. In considering
hydraulic design for corrugated steel pipes designers
shouid. differentiate between the two basic flow condit,ions:
f. inlet control
2. Out,iet, control
 /t

5 INI,ET CONTROI,
5. i This node of culvert operation is defined by the Victorian
R.oaC Construction Authority (n'ef 2l in the foLlowing way;
"fn]et control wiLl exist as long as water can flow through
the culvert at a greater rate than it can enter the in]et"
and "culverts operating unCer inLet control will always flow
part ful1 in the cuLvert even though the cuLvert may be
sulcmerged, at the entrance. " 31ow is aLways supercriticai
under inlet control and it therefore follows that roughness
and culvert barrel length and outlet conditions are
not factors in deterrniningr culvert capaciiy.
L.5.2 In}et, control rneans that the discharge capacit,y of a
culvert is controiled at, the cuivert entrance by the depth
' of heaCwater (;iW) and the entrance geometry, including the
area, shape and type of inlet ed,ge. A bevelied entrance
moves the control downstream to approximately the top of
(

the roitre.
'.r.5 OUTLET CONTROL
L-6-L OutLet controi is defined. by the Victorian Road
Construction Authority (Ref 2) as the foilowing; "Out1et
controL wiLl exist as long as water can enter the culvert at a
qreater rate than it can run through. Culverts fiowing
with outlet'controi can fiow with the barrel fu1I for part
or aLl of it" and "the capacity is affected by sIope, .
length and roughness of the culvert barrel as welL as'in1et
geometry. ?he flow is always subcritical.".Pipes
operating on outlet controL are usua}I-y on grades of lt or'
1ess. Under outlet controi the import,ant factors, in addition
t,o those f or inlet controi are:
1. elevation of tailwater
2. slope roug'hness and length of cond'uit.
1.7 TYPICAIJ FLOW TY-DES

'L.7.L The discussi-on of inlet and outiet control is well

ilLustrated by the Main Roacs Dept, of 91d (Ref 3)
who identify eight t,ypicai flow types in their report
t,it}ed, "Hydraulics of Cuivert, Design". Excerpt,s f rom this
report are reproduced below
i.7 .2 One comnon method of d,esign assumes f j.rst, that if the
ratio of the headwater depth to the depth of the culvert is
equal to or less than L.2, i.e. iiW/D < t-2 the entrance
will not be submerged, but if the ratio is greater than
!.2, i.e. iiW/D > 1.2 ihe entrance wiLl be submerged.
 ..lB
This.statement.,maybegenerally.correctj,f,orlno'stculverts
some'idea'of the type'
consldere&.and'wi11 giie a d.esignqr' wif t;be'noted that the
it
of r f lowriiti.-.rip"ot"a..-Xow.r.rl paper'does
deslgn(method,.recommended in the: lot require the
' inlti"f,r ""p"t"iion t into submerged- and'non-submerged
entranceS.
For convenience' toidescioe the'tYpeas-o{"I19I
(a)
encountered
class'1 wlth
U;-;;;;erts have been consideredl
(b) Class 11
'r*"Ail"rged entrance or free water and
with submerged entrance'
i.7.3 Class 1 - TYPe 1
1
the . entrance ig'unsubmerged " (ii!I<1' 2?) sroPe at the
D) th:-?l:-!:^:t.
Itt
(resrsu
desiqn
':'the
:;
;dlscharg":is,="irciiticafl(S<S"), and the tailwater is
below ciiticat dePth (T!I<dc) '
ThLs condition is common where the latural channels are on'flat'
gra,iles and'have w'ide flat f lood plains''
The.control.iscriticald,epth.atthe-outlet.
o- tlro rii <r:haroe' dividedlbV the area
The.out].etvelocityis.the<iisc}lTgudivided.bY. of,
.f 10w atr'critical depth' (i.e. critical vel0city).

co trtru I
T __=.::==
lrs
.L l
'l'lt <J
T c

Filure 1.2

,/
L.7.4 Class 1L - TYPe 2

.2Dl', the'slopd at- the

The entrance,is'unsubrnerged (iiw(1(s(sc),
a"'liiii;aii"rr""g":ir: ""r"iiticat" and the tailwater
i":"i""" critical dePth (TW)dc);'

Th{s eondition-is common where- the'.channef . is' deep, narrbw'

and welL defined'with-a flat:slope' ..

The control is at the-outIet.

Theioutlet'
jthe velocity is the discharge diviaed by the.,'area. of
f low'in 'culvert::at' thej. tailwater 1evel.

1-
ilw

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-F- Figure 1.1
 -/g

1.7 ,5 Class L - TYPe 3

The entrance 'is unsubmerged (IiW<l .2D) , and t'he slope at

critical
the design discharge is eeuat to or greater than
(supercritical) (s>Sc) .

This condit,ion is common for culverts in rolling or at the

mountainous couniry. The control is critical'depth
. entrance.
The velocity varies between critical velocity at the entrance
to normat v6tocit,y at, the out,let provided the culvert is
sufficientLY iong-

T
lln
.L
control

'l'lv < D

Figure 1'4

L.7.6 CLass 1 - TYPe 4

tbe d,esign discharge
. fhe entrance is unsubmerged (IiW(l .zDl ,('supercritical)
is equal to or greater. than critical '

(s>sc) and the tail.water subnerges the outLeL (rIl,)D)'

ThistypeofoperationwillconverttoClassll-Type7 the barrel to

fulL tiow if tie hydraulic jump .travelsif up
the entrance, oE to Class li - Type 8 the iump is pusheu*
out of the barrel-
Type 4 is not a common method of operation'
The control is critical- d,epth of the entrance '
The outlet velocity is the discharge provided by the fu1I
cross sectional area of the culvert' outlet'

T
HIT
J- 7
control 'l'lT > t)

l.

Figure 1.)
 ./to

t.7.7 C1ass 11 - SYPe 5

The ent,rance is submergid (Sfi>1 .zDt' , the taiLwater
-crcjwn
is
below the of the cu1v6rt, at the outlet', and the nornal
depth is Less than the height of.the barrel'
This condition is common'
The cont'roi is at, t'he entrance'
' Th" outLet, velocity is the discharge divided, by the area of
f].owattheoutlet,whichmaybeexpectedtobesomewhere
iletween two i:riras' of the total arei and the area at normal
depiil

Figure I-6

1.7.8 Class 11 - TYPe 6

The entrance is submerged (:il{>i.2Dl , the tailvrater.'is-be1ow
the crown of tire culveit at the outiet, 3nq the normal
(dn)D), '
depth is greater than the height of the'culvert
or pipe cfrarts indicat,e a pipe would flow iu1l.
whether a particular cuLvert wouLd operate -under Type 5 :
conditions rather than Type 5 would. te hard to predict and
the hYdrauiics are comPlex'
 ..ltt

The outlet velodity for Type 6 is the discharge divided by

the fu1] cross sectional area, but when t,here is doubt
about the type .of operation,',the velocity may be computed
as for Type 5'?or safety
,ln> D

lilv
I ,r% :r-
1'r<D

Figure 1.f
!.7.9 Class i1 - TyPe 7

The entrance is subrnerged (:{W>i.2D) -

The taiLwater compiet,eiy submerges the outlet.
This condition is common
The control is the tailwater eLevation at the out,let,.
the outlet velocity is the discharge divid,ed by the fuI1
cross sectional area df the culvert-

ilr

Ic
Figure 1.8

1.7.10 Class ii - Type 8

The entrance is submerged (iillJ>1.2D) and the tailwater
is above the crown at the outlet as in Type 7 but' the
velocity at lhe outlet is higa enough t,o keep the
tailwater from submerging the outlet.
The control is at the entrance
It, would, be difficuit, to assess whether fipe 7 ot Type
flow would operate depending on whether the outlet is
submerged before the entrance or vice versa when the
velocity is hiqh.
 ../rz

The outlet veLocity is the discharge diviced by the .'

two thirds the
cross sect,ional- arla oi flow which isnormal depth for
between
area of the cu.ivuit "na the area at the
culvert sl,oPe and roughness

t,*
llt{'

*AI@Z 'I$ > l)

._*.-
control-{ t fik^
Figure 1.!
NOTE:

D= culvert dePth
dc= criticaL dePt,h (invert inl-et, Level to-energy fine
^llw = headwater aeptn
of the headwater Pool.
S = slope of flow line
Sc = critical sloPe
1..8 AI,LOWASI,E IiEADWATER
1.8.1 The headwater iilll is the verticaLtodistance fron the
culvert invert at the entrance the energy line of'the
headwate" poor. The aLlowable headwatd.r wiii usualIy.be
det,ermined: by the foll'owing condit'ions:
1. elevation of upstream property sha1l be s.uch as to
avoid flooding
2. adequate freeboard between water surface an<i the
road,waY

3. aliowable ou1et, velocitY

 ..ltl

1.9 MANUAiJ COMPUTATIOI{

i.9.1 As stated, preyiously two baszc flow conditions addressed

are:
1. f Iow wi-th .iniei control
2. flow with outlet control
L.g .2 1.For each type of controL, different factors and formulae
are used. to compute the hydraulic capacity of of a culvert.
Under inLet control, the cross sectionai area the
culvert barrel, the inLei, geornetry and the amount of
headr+ater or ponding at the'entrance are of primary
importance. outlet control j.nvolves the ad,ditional
consideration of the eievation of the tailwater in of t'he
tire
outlet, channel and, the siope, roughness and iengt,h
cuivert, barrel:
1.9.3.It is difficuit in many instances to predict the type of
cuivert
ilow like}y to occur for any given discharge and
installation. The cype of flow or the location of the
control is depend,eni on t,he quant,ity of f]ow, roughness of
the cuivert birrel, changes in alignment, obstructions,
sedirnent deposits, type of inlet, ilow pat,tern in the
approach channel and other factors. In some instances the
flow control changes with change in discharg.e and
'occasional'ly the control fluctuates fron inLet controL to
outLet conlro1 and'vice versa for the same discharge.'
Thus, to design culverts one should have an understanding
of both t,ypes of flow so that computaLions can be made for
'each t,ype-ind the design based on the more adverse flow
conditions.
1.9.4 For inlet controi research data has been anaiysed'and
nomographs for determining culvert capacity for inlet
contiol deveioped oy the Division of liydrauLic research
Bureau of Public Road.s (Ref 4) have been developed,.
Metricat,ed, versions of these nomographs, charts L and 2
give headwater discharge relat,ionsi:ips for conventional
culverts fiowing with inlet cont,rol through a range
of headwater depths of discharges.
1.9.5 If , under inie'. control, the entire cross section of the
barrel is fi}led with water for the total length of the
barrel i,he culvert is said to be in fu1} fiow or flowing
ful-l, (fig !.7,1-8). The other common type of
outlet control flow is shown in fig 1.2. The procedure give
'given in this manual for outlet, control flow does not
an exact soJ.ution for a free water surface condition
throughout the barrel lbngth shown in ii..g 1.2.
However, EII approximate soLution is given for this ease
when the headwater (IiW) is .75D and above.
 . -/t\

1.9.6 The head H required to pass a given quantity of water

through a cuivert flowing in out,let controi wlih tae barrel
flowing fuii tnroughout its length is mad,e up of ihree
major parts. These three parts are usually expressed in
mecres of water and inciude a veiocity head, Hv, an entrance
loss ,te, and a friction loss iif expressed in equation form:
!i=i{v*5e+iif Eqn 1.3
\.9.7 Jhe veiocity heac iiv equals v(v/29) where v is the mean or
average veiocity in the cuLvert barrel. The mean velocity
is found by diviiing the discharge Q by the cross sectional
area A of the flowing water. Tae velocity head is the
kinetic energy of the water in the culverL barrei.
Potential energy is obtained from ponding of water at the
entrance. (Energy fron the velocity of the flow in the
approach channel is negiected in the i,esign procedure given
in this nranual. Also ali of the velocity head liv is assumed,
to be lost or, in other woris, the exit loss coefficient
equais 1.0).
1.9.8 The entrance loss iie varies with ihe type of design of the
culvert inlet. This loss is expressed as a coefficient
'ke times t.he barrel velocity head or ke(vk/29)1. The
coefficients ke for various types of culvert entrances
are as follows:
projecting'from fill (no head waI1) 0.9
headwall or head.walI with wingwalis 0.5.
mitred (bevel) to conform to fill slope 0.7
 .. /r5

L.9.9 The friction head i{f is the energy required to overcome the
roughness of the cuLvert carrel. Hf can be. expressed in
several ways. ,Since rnost, engineers are familiar wltn
Manning's trlf rr -u.a,e following expression is used:

H, = (2.g .nZ.L / nr'33).u'1".* Eqn 1.4

n = Mannings friction fact,or

iJ = length of culvert barrel
V = mean veLocity of flow in culvert barrel m,/s

g - acceleration due to gravity 9.81 m/s/s

R = hydraulic radius A / WP

A - area of flow for fuli cross section

WP= wetted .perimeter (m)
Rewriting and simpLifying we get, for fuLl flow:

n = (1 + ke + (2gn2L.R]-'33)) . vz/ee Eqn 1.5 '

1.9.10 Equation 1.5 can be solved. readily by the use of the

fuI1 flow nomographs, refer to chart n.o.s 3, 4 anC 5.
These nomographs give the same results as eqn 1.5.
Each nornograph is drawn for a single vaLue of n as noted on
the respective charts. These nomographs can be used for
ot,her values of 'n by modifying the culvert length as
directed
 . .. /t6

r. y.II Finding the value of H from the nomograph is not the complete
solution for outiei, controi type of flow. Iieadwater must
be determined hnd other factors such as slope of the
cul-vert barrel and outlet conditions enter into this
computation.
J . LA The value of Ii in metres must be measured from some
control elevation at the outlet. This control
-.

e,levation is depend,ent on the rate of i,ischarge or the

dlevation of the water surface oi the tailwater. For
simpJ.icity a value ho is used as the distance in metres
from the culvert invert (floru line) at the outlet to the
control elevation. Tne foilowing equation is used to
compute headwater (HW):
iill = ho + :{ i.,So i.6 Eqn
So = slope of the flow Line and all other terms are im met,res -
The deteimination of ho is discussed in the following
paragraphs for the various flow conditions at, the out'iet.
i.9.13' If the water surface in the outlet, channel (tailwater
elevation is at or above the top of the barrel at, the
outiet (fig L.7) the solution for iiw is simpLe. The
taiiwater i,ept.h TW is equal t,o ho and the relationship
of iiI^J to the other terms in eqn 1.3 are illustrated in
figure 1.10.

Figure 1.10

i.g.L4 Tf the tailwater is below the top or crown of ""he

culvert at the outiet, the determination of ho for a
given discharge and size of culvert is more difficuLt.
 --/q

fn these cases, ho is found by comparing two values,

(i) TW depth in the outlet channel and
(ii) (dc + D) /.2 , '
and sei,ting ho to the Larger of these values. The
fraction (dc + D) /2 is a simpiified means of comput,ing ho
when the tailwater is 1ow and the discharge Coes not fiLl
the culvert barrei at the outlet. fn this fraction dc
is critical Cepth as <ietermined from chart 5 and D is the
qulvert height. The vaiue of ic shouli. never exceed D,
.,naking the upper limit of this fract.ion equai to D..3igure
1.11 shows tne terms of eqn 1.3 for the case i,i.scussei. above.

Figure l.IL
1.9.15 From more rigorous solutions it has been found that
equation 1.5 gives accurate answers if the culvert flow
is fu1l for a part of Lhe barrel length as illust,rated by
fig 1.10. This condition of flow wiLl exist if the
, headwater .( as Cetermined by equation 1.5 ) is equal to
or greater than the quantity:
D + (l+xe)vk/29) Eqn L.7
where V is the mean velocity for the fuIl cross section of
the barreL: ke is'the entrance loss coefficient ani D is
the culvert height. If the headwater d.rops beLow this point
the water surface wiil be free for part or a1l- of the
cul"vert barrel- as shown in f ig 1.11, and. eqn 1.5
gives ansllers with some error as expiained. in the next
paragraph.
:.9.16 For fig 1.11, eqn 1.5 is used to solve for Iill wnen
a f ree water surf ace exists through t,he barrel. Such a
computation does not, give a true vaLue since the only
correct way of finding iiW in this case is by a backwater
computation starting at the culvert outiet. i{owever,
eqn 1.5 will give ansv{ers of sufficient, accuracy for
design purposes if-the heaiwater is,limited, to values
greater than .75D. ii'is used in fig i.11 to show
that the headloss here is an approximation of ii. Ho
solut.ion is given for iiW less than .75D.
 . /t8

t.9 .t7 Comput,ing Depthof Tailwater

The ieptn of. t.aiiwater is important in determining toe
hydrauiic capacity of culverts flowing vrith out'iet'
control. rn rnost cases the downstrearn channei is of
considerable widtn and the iepth of water in the natural
channei is iess than the height of water in the outiet end'
of the culvert barrel, mal<ing the tailwater ineffective as
a controi, so that its d'epth need not be computed to
d,etermine cuLvert d.ischarge capacity or heai.water. Tnere
1 are instances however, where the downstream water suriace
eLevation is controlled cy a downstream obstruction or
backwater frorn another stream. A field inspection of ali
major cul-vert locations should ce mace to evaiuate
Cownstream controis.
i.9. i8 An approxj.mation of the i,epth of f Iow in a naturaL stream
. (outllt channei) can be nade by using Manning's Eqn if
the channei is reasonably uniform in cross section, siope
and roughness.
i.9.19 If the water surface in the outlet caannel is established
d.ownstream controls other means must be found to
' by
determine the taiiwater elevation. Sometimes this
necessitates a study of the reiacionship of another stream
into which the stream in question flows or the securing of
data on reservoir elevations if a storage dam is invoived.
i.9.20 Velocity of Flow
A culvqrt, because of its hydraulic characteristiis,
increases the velocity of flow over that, in the naturai
channel. .{igh velocities are rnost critical just'
downstream form the culvert outlet and the erosion
potentiai from the energy j-n Ci}e wacer is a feature io be.
considered in culvert design.
L.g.2L Energy dissipators for channel flow have been investigated
in the iaborat.ory and'many have been constructed,
especially in irrigation channels. A11 energy dissipators
ado to the cost of a culvert and engineers shouli, consid,er
using them oniy nhen requirei to prevent a iarge scour hole
or as renrediai construstion
L.g .22 The juCgement of engineers worl<ing in a part,icular area is
required to determine the need for energy dissipators at,
culvert outlets. As an aid in evaiuating this need it is
suggest,e<i t,hat the outlet veiocities be computed. Thes
computed velocit,ies can be compared with outLet velocities
oi other sizes and t,ypes of cuiverts and. with the naturai
channel velocities. A change in size of culvert does not
change outlet velocities appreciabiy in most cases.
 --ltg

!.9.23 Average out,let veiocities for culverts f lowing with inIet,

, control may be approximated, by computing the normaL
velocity for. the culvert cross section using Manning's
equation:

v=t/n .R2/3.sL/2 Eqn 1. g

e=A. t/n . a2/3 . s'/' Eqn 1.9

A = area
V = veiocity
a = volumetric discharge
R = hydraulic radius
So = slope of iiow iine

, Graphical-'methods
'erroi are recommended in preference to trial
and solutions as the f low depth at the out,Let is
unknown. (Chart,8)
t.g.24 fn outlet control t.he average outlet, velocity will be the '

discharge <iivided by the cross sectionaL area of flow aL

t,he outlet. This f 1ow area will be between that,
corresponding to critical depth and the fuIl area of tire
pipe, depending upon the taiiwater conditions.

\
 l./zo
Figure I.12

$l

.B
9i
z
o
F
o
o
E d
E,
o
IL
tr
o
$e
vo
J
=
u.l
zz fifi
U l,r
aY
<:
I
o I-

o V3
o6
z
6""
I
0
.th
.ut ur
oc)
o
J
lr ll
,-68
oo ccFF
o IUo- o
E, ?E E
o_
dfrE
=o!D
-L og
 -.lzt

1.10 PROCEDURE fOR SEIJECTTON OF CUi..TVERT SIZE

i. L0.1 Step f . i.,ist..given d,ata

a. i.esign discltarge A in cucic rneires per sec
b. approximate length of cuLvert, in m
- c. aLlowabLe headvrater d.eptir in m, which is the verticai
' diut,ance from the cuivlr" (iiow line) at the entrance
-uae water surface elevation perrnissible i-n the
"o
approach channei upstream from the cuivert-
d. type of euivert inciuding barrei- cross section
shape and entrance type.
e. slope of cuivert (rnlm)
f. aiiowacie outlet velocitY
It, is suggested tnat cuivert Cesign sheets simiiar to
fig 1.12 be used to record design <iata
i.IO.2 Step 2, Determine a triai size culvert.
a. reler to the inlet control nomographs for the
culvert type seiected.
b. using an iiW/D of i.5 or less and the scale for .i
the ent.rance type to be used, find a t,riaI size
culvert. by following the inst,ruct.ions-for use
of these nomographs. If reasons for lesser or
greater relative depth of neadwater in a
. particuiar case should exisi,, another value of
HW/D may be usec for cnis triai seiection.

c. If the trial- size for t.he culvert is obviously

too large in dimension because of limit,ec.
heigrht of embankment or availabiiit,y of size,
, try a difierent -nW/D or muitiple cuiverts by
dividing the Cischarge equally for the number
of cuiverts usei.. Raising the embankment
height or ihe use of a pipe arch with width
' greater than height shouii, be considered.
Selection should be based on an econo'mic analysis.
 -.lza

1.10.3 Step 3. Find headwater tiW depth for t,he trial size culvert.
Er. Determlne Ani, record neadwater depth (iiW) by use
' of the appropriate inlet control nomograph Chart 1 6c 2.
Tailwater TW condi.tions are to be neglected in this
determination. i{}f ln this case is found by multiplying
frW/D obtained from the nomograph by D.

b. Record, and, compare IIW f or outlet, control as

' instructei below:
i. approximate the depth of taiiwater TW for the
design flood cond.ition in outlet, channeL.
The TW depth may aiso be d.ue to backwater
caused by another stream or some controL
downstream. An estimat,e of TW depth can be made
by use of channel fiow formulae.
ii. For TW depth equal to or above the dept,h of the
culvert at the outlet, set TW equal to ho and find
l{W by the foiLowing equation:

liW=ho*ii-LSo
HW = vertical distance in m from culvert flow line'
entrance to pool surface upstream.
H = head loss in m as d,etermined, from the
appropriate nomograph (charts 4 6c 5).
ho = verticaL distance in m from culvert f19w line
at oulet to control point (in thi.s case TW = ho).
So = slope of barrei
i, = culvert iength in m
 . "/zl
iii. For tailwater TW eLevation beLow t,he crown of the
culvert at the out1et,. the following eqn to find
' headwater iiW. This caiculation may contain
appTaximat,ions as discussed in Sect i'9'15'
il{=ho+ii-SoL
ho = greater of (dc+Pl./2 ot' TW (

dc = critcai i.ePtn im m
D = cuivert height, m
For values of qc see cnarts 6 e, 7.
1 .10.4 c. compare the head.water found for inlet and, outlet
conlroL. Tce higher iiW governs and indicates. the f1ow
controi existing under the given conditions '

d.comparethehigrherHWabovewiththatallowableatsite.
rf ii![ is gr.;i;, than the allowable, repeat the
procedure
usingaiargerculvert.IfcheiiWislessthanthe.
ailowable, iepeat' the proced'ure to investigate the
use of a smaller cuivert '
i.10 r.5 SteP 4 .
a.Chec]tout].etvel.ocityforsizese].ected.Ifout,].et
equals .?/A wheire A
control groverns, orrti"t velocity f 10w at, the out,Let.
. is the cross sectionat area ofheight' of tt"
;; d,c or TW is less than the
culvert barrel use. ',,A'' corresponding to dc or TW
d.epih, whichever gives the greater flow areas'^
 . . /zt+

' b. ff inLet control governs above, use the folLowing

approach to calculate V using chart 8 where Q =
capacity from charts 1 and 2.
i. compute Qo and. Vo (normaL vel anC capacity)
ii. compute go/Q and locate this point :-n the
go/Q broken curve on chart 8. Read. off Y/do.
.' t1t. ?ind vaLue of V/Vo at the same value of Y/Co.
iv. Compute V.
i'i0'6 siep 5'
;;I":-;x:":l:"':"3"ffi";; :il:",H.";:::"3x:..
L.L0.7 Step 6. Recori, f :-naL seiect,ion of cuivert, wii,h size, type
outiet velocity, iiW and economic justification.

J..11 INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE 03 I]iLET AND OUTi.ET CO}iTR.OIJ NOMOGR.APHS

Charts 1 & 2 iniet control nomographs

1.11.1 Eo d,etermi.ne headwater iiW:

a. connect, with a straightedge the given culvert diameter

D and the Cischarge Q. Mark intersection of straight,edge
on iiW,/D scaie narked (i).
b. if iiW scale marked (1) represents entrance typq used,
read liW/D on scale (1). If somme other entrance type'
is used, extend the point, of intersection in (1)
horizont,alLy to scaLe Q\ or (3) and read HW/D
c. compute iiW by muitiplying iiW/D by D

1.11.2 To determ:-ne cuLvert size

... given 7:W/D, locate Hw/D on.scaLe for appropriat,e
entrance type. if scale Ql or (3) is used, extend
point horizontally to scale (i) .
'nW/D

b. connect point on HW/D scale (1) as found in (a) above

to given discharge and read diameter or size of
culvert required,.
 . -/25

1.11.3 To determine discharge Q:

a. given iiW and D, iocate iiW/D on scaLe for the appropriate
entrance'type. Continue as in 2a.
b. connect point on iiW scaie (1) as found in (a) above
and the size of the cuivert on the left scale and read Q
on the discharge scaLe
!.LL.{rCharts 3,4 and 5 Outlet controi nomographs
Outiet, control nomographs are for head i{ when the culvert
barreL flows fulL for its entLre J-ength. They are also
used to determine head. iI for solne part fu1l flow conditions
with outlet control. These nomographs do not give a
complete solution for !inding headwater iiW, .s5-nce they only
give ii in the equation:
HW=H*ho LSo

1.11.5 lo determine head H.for given culvert and discharge Q.

a. Lrocate appropriate nomograph for t,ype of culvert,
selected. Find ke for a specific entrance type.
b. Begin nomograpa solution by locatingr starting point
on length sca1e. To iocate the proper starting point
on t,he' lengt,h scaLes fo11ow instruct,ions below:
i. If the n value of the nonograph corresponds'to
that of the culvert being used, seleit the
length curve for the proper ke and locat,e the
starting point at the given culvert, length.,
if the n value for the culvert selected differs
from that of the nomograph, ad,just iength as
shown on the charts.
ii. For the n on the nomograph and a ke
intermediate between the scal-es given, connect
the given iength on adjacent scales by a
straight line and seLect a point on t,his Line
spaced between the two chart scales in
proportion to the I<e values.
c. Usi-ng a straightedge connect point, on the length scale
to size of. culvert barreL and marl< the point, of
crossing on the turning iine.
d. Pivot, the stra:.ght edge'on this point on the t,urning
line and connect given discharge rates. Read head in
met,res on the head (:f) scaIe.
 ../e6

3XAMPLES

The following examples are included in this manual to assist the

reader in becoming famiiiar with the use of the design charts
provided in this manual
SXAMPIJE 1,.
I
1

Given:Q =4.5 cu.m/s

So = 2.5 t
HW < i.8 n
L =20m
OutLet velocity < 3.0 m,/s
Ends of pipe are mit.red t,o conf orm to sLope.
Find: Pipe size
Outlet veiocity
R.efer to sect 1.10 Procedure for selection of culvert size.
i.lO.L Step 1: Iist, given data (above)
\.7A.2 step 2: determine a t,riai size culvert
a.. refer to inlet contro1.lo*ontunh chart 1
b. using IiW/D of L.2 (<1.5) and scale for mi.tred ends
(scale 2) we find a triaf size culvert of
D bet,ween 1500 and 1550 nm.

c. trial size culvert ( 1.8 m therefore no need to

change .iW/D or investigate multipJ.e culverts.'
1.10.3 Step 3: Find, iiW for trial culvert size: '

a. 'rlll/D = 1.05 from chart i therefore

HW = 1.05 x 1650 = 1730 mm.
 --lzt

b. record and compare iiW for outlet control as

instructed: '

. Ifo detaiis available on tailwater so use iii.

iii. ho = (dc + il/z
l1
d,c = 1.OB from chart 6
ho = (1.08 + L.65')/2 = 1.365
?" f ind ,{ ref er to sect 1.11.5 f or directions
on use of outlet, control nomographs.
a. use char'" 5(i), ke = 0.7
b. i. n = .024 (no length correction)
ii. seiect, starting point intermediate between
ke = .5 and ke = .9
c. mark point on turning line after joining
IJ - 20m and D = 1650 mm
d,. connect discharge line from Q = 4.5
through turning line point and read off l{'= .55rn
illl=ho+Ii-SoLr
. iiW = 1.355 + .55 -(20 x .025)
HW = 1.415 m
i.10.4 Compare headwaters found in steps 3a and 3b:
HW (3a) = L730 mm
HW (3b) = 1415 mm
The higher headwater governs therefore inIet, control dominates
 ..lzB

1.10.5 Step 4. a. check out,let vei.ocity for size seLected.

b. inlet controi d,ominates. use chart 8 to determine
outlet velocitY. '

Compute Vo and Qo

vo = r/n. ,'/3. sol/2

= t/.ozt+ . (L.65/,+)2ll . .oz5l/z

= 3.65 n/s

Qo = Vo x A = 3.65 x z.f38 ='7.8 ^2

complete Q/Qo, Q/Qo = 4.5/7 -8 = "58

' Read oii Y/d.'.= .62
Find value of V,/Vo for same value of Y,/do

when Y/do = .62, Y/Yo = .g

thereforeV=Vox.9
\,r = .g x 3. 65 = 3.3 m,/s

Note: fn this computation the broken iines on chart 8

for variable n are used
f . i0.5 and f . i0.7 Steps 5 6c'o

Above steps are repeat,ed until an optimal soiution is iound.

 .. lzg

SXAMPIJE 2

Given:Q = 2cu.m/s
Grade = .6 %
AllowabLe iiW = 1.8 m
i.r = 130 m
ke. = .5
.irtf = 1.1 m
AilowabLe outret' velocit'y = 2'5 m/s
3:-nd: pipe size
out,Iet, veiocity
3.efer sect,ion 1.10 Procedure for selection of cuivert size.
i.10.1 Step 1. list given data as above
i-.LA.2 Step 2. d.etermine a trial size culvert
. refer to inlet, cont,rol nomograph chart L
b. using iiwld = L.2 (<1.5). and scale 1 (headwalls and
wingwalls) we find a trial diameter between 1050 and
, 1200 rnm. Se1ect D = 1200 mm
c. check if culvert size is too large' D ( 1'8m.
therefore no need to consider multiple barrel.
i.10.3. Step 3. Find iiW f or trial culvert size
a. liW/D = 1.05 from chart 1 therefore
HW = 1.05 x L.2 = 1.26 rn

b. record and compare IiW for outlet control" as instructed-

TW = 1.1 therefore TW is below the crown of the
culvert at the outlet,.
irom chart 6, d'c = .8210
' therefore ho = (L.1 + -Iil /2 = -96
therefore use ho = TW = 1.1 m
 " lso

To find H refer to section 1".11.5 for directions on the use

of outlet control nomograpl:s.
a. use chart 3
b. i) n = .024
ii) ke = .5
c. mark point, on turning line after joining i.., = i3.0 rn and
D r'1200 points
d. connect discharge line from q = 2.0 cu.rnls through
tile turning iine point and reac off i = 1.47 m
ItW = ho + ii SoL

= 1.1 + L.47 (i30 x .006)

= L.79 m

i.L0.4 compare heaowaters round cy steps 3a and 3b.

HW (3a) = 1250 mm
. iil{ (3b) = 1730 mm
The higher headwater governs therefore outlet control dominates.
i. i0.5 Step 4.
' a. check outlet veiocit,y for size selected
Outlet veiocitY = Q/A = 2.0/L.i3
!r = i.g m/s
 - -lst

Skow Eovel Requirementr

il
r.l

SEVEL AEOVE COBNER PLATES

NO EEVEL
FULL BEVEL

4.) .1

Hr oF
ro
BEVEL _cur
spEcrFrED + \ \t HroFBEvELcur
oFF BE
i \ 6iiidii spec,r,eo

STEP BEVEL
a__/ l+iJ
u
J
E
o
CUT OFF BEVEL

..3
,- '% L:-
akfl\13
\
;,K\''"g
rre$:---.'\.i,2'
,/ \
E I \
,*E
',z\
E
u
@
I
qn.L--- )j1.or souant rr^\ucruRE'-'
srn'ucruRE'-'
\
2 .c -. Y -ot roro*r
-u -
vo
t}( I
i,4/ i anEA,NwH,cHcuLvERrcANBEpLAcEo
mu,tr.ltl"llr,,:lvF,l3[JJl'.f^'*,,,
eE
NoTG: lF YHE CULvEnf 16 LOGATEO
BEilEEN 6KEW f,O3. ,6 ANO
io6 . rr.
A BtNo BEAM'5 'MUsr BE
INCOBNOEATED IT{ tHE 8'FUCTURE'

Chainage and Lovol Dotaik

INCFEASING CHAINAGE

I
I

CIIAINAGE 2.

NO.

G culvenr
 - -lsz

1,62 m
Lqgs*-qaEf f_lctENT- Ke F()R
2oo vARtous E:NTRANCE TYI)ES
(1)
..-.1 6

3.70 m
5 0
rm $ 5saLg
ENTBANCE
TYPE COEFFICIENT (3t
i,ss - 80 6 6

3,Gm ug
I oo (i) | xeaowrur-, sq. EocE;oR I os 6
rjo.U
'tG a^ |I ENo sEcrtoN coNFoRMING I
TO FILL SLOPE I
1

2176m J ,4
(F
q,, 4.tt rzt I mrrenrorocoNFoRMro I 0,, 3 I
g:< I SLOPE I

2,46 m !
Fl4J -
30 (3) l" FROM F|LL
I
I o,s 3
IE [trlPnOJEcTtNG
I --0.t
[= Lo 7** t
2,16m f 2

TO USE SCALE (2) OR (3) PROJECT HOIR IZONTALLY

1,8,0 m 2
0,o TO SCALE (I}. THEN USE STSAIGHT IN CLINEO LINE 2
1800 mm
9,O THROUGH O AND O SCALES, OB REVE BSE AS ILLU.
8,0 STRATEO.
1,5
7,O
a
\
I
1.54 m
U-"\ \*G= ul
1,5
, 1,5
4, ,o EI t. q-t
G
g,
J
f
o
1360 mm
l=
o s
.
F
IJJ

=
It
-EH
o t
E F
u, 4
F
14 .___6 ul _ t,o 1,O
160mm
ac
=
s
o
o EXAMPLE
lt
F
-r t,o

- o
= U.U 0,9
900 mm ! olAM. (D) t2oo mm
o O-2,0CUMEC_ ul
I

I ..o.. #
0.9
825 trrr
HW o8 0,8
750 mm

J - 0) 1,0 0,8

FU ,675 mm . q3( t2t 1,0

1'100 mm
1i100 mm
L6
IJ,I O
(3) 1,1 1:120 mm o,7 o,7
Ju
6L
<k
t9 , GOO mm . 0,2c
o,7

vd.
;x
?I
oE
,526 mm
.0.10 o,6 0,6
P<
fo .0.o9
'u1 ,0,@ 0,6
ZF
Ea
460 mm 0.o7
0,oo
q6
0,oa
376 m
0,0i,
0,
05

HEADIIIIATER EPTH FOB

CORRUGATED STEET PIPE CUTVERTS
WITH INLET CONTROL
CIIARIS L&2
 5,05 x 3,07
.-lts
HW ENTRANCE LOSS
100,0 SCALE
90,0 D TYPE coEFFlcrENT ke
4,72 x 2,87
80.0
70,0
(1) HEADWALL 0,5
60,0
t2l MITERED TO CONFORM o,7
4,O9 x 2,57 50,0 TO SLOPE
.A (3) PROJECTING 0,9
3 40,0
6..
<E^
trkP 3,48 x 2,21
30,0
eJ!
E4a TO USE SCALE (2} OR (3) PROJECT
ZJIJ, HORIZONTALLY TO SCALE (1), THEN
cc<F
occ<
(J3:J 2,9O x 1,96 USE STRAIGHT INCLINED LINE THROUGH
D AND O SCALES, OR REVERSE AS
E5i
E=J ILLUSTRATED.
a0Cf
5bE 2.49 \ 1,7F
10,0
9,0
8,0 (1) t2t (3)
2,13x 1,55 7,O

5,0

5,0
1,85mx1,40m '+
4,0
1_0
3,0 1,0
1800 x 1 120 q
o 1,0
IJJ
_ 0,9
0,9
(J
cc

UJ
1650 x 1020 =
o
=
""y 0,9

g 1 50O x 930 0 0,8 0.8

o
llJ
o cE 1,0 G, 0,8
0,90
uJ 1350 x 840
o,80 -/ 3
Icc + I
a o/
x 120O x 750
Io IJJ
I!c
o.7
o,7
z 0,60
0,50
G
u, o
1 060 x 660 Q
l{ 0,40
N
EXAMPLE
tr
=
t/, UJ
0,6
EE
LUD 0.30 0,6
SIZE:
{o 9OO x 570
O = 0,57 CUMECS =
4
0.6
6H
(k G
Llj
h3 HW HW o
z* B (mml 6
ltl
F
(1) r,10 630 0,5
iB 0,10
t2t 1.15 655 =
ct 0.5 0,5
(3) 1,22 695 uI
750 x 50O
-
si
eE
0,09
0,08
0,07
0,06
0,05

0,04
o,4 0,4
0,4
0,03

0,35
0,35
450 x 3il0 0.35

HEADWATER DEPTH FOB

COBHUGATED STEET PIPE.ARCH CU LVEBTS
WITH !NTET CONTR()T
 " /zt+

100

90

FULL
80 SUBMERGED OUTLET CULVdRT FLOWING
HW-H+ho- LSo
70
FOR OUTLET CROWN NOT SUBMERGED,.COMPUTE
irw-'aV;Erlio-Ds oescntseo lN THE DESIGN
PROCEDURE.
0,6

o,7
1
3,70-

3,38
--
"\Q H - 0,92
0,8

0,9

1.0

3,08
r;xk o,PO
+.

2,92 to
\
s.
2.76

.2,62
f \4
,.o t(,to 0l
uJt
!c
.2,46
at
UJ
ro\ llJ

I\*
G =
2.30
IIJ
=
T
ol =
ol
ull o
=
= 0 gO
IJJ

=
o G, EXAMPLE 3.0
10,o lll 2,00
4 uJ DIAM. " 4,62 m 9O

0 9,0
= o 46 Cumec \0P
IJJ
l, 8,0 6 tky, Ke3 0,5
$o
n'3 0,025
cc

! 7,O Li 76m "* 12o

(J
76x0,86=66m
Io L'
, ajo
FINDH. 0,92m
tao
13o - \ T5o

5,0 (9 rAo'
?
]

I
\
z \60
G 7,O
4,o'q f

w"
vr' HEAO FOB
8,0

9,0
STBUCTUBAL PLATE
ionn. srreL cuLvERTs (MULTIPLATEI
ptPE 10,0

FTOWING FU LL.OUTLET CONTHO L

CHART I+

LENGTH AOJUSTMENT FOR IMPROVEO HYOBAULTCS

 --/s>

cHARr I(i)
F60
l- so
r
l- 40 .0.r2
I
(,
r Z
r-- 30 0.15
l- 3600 z
G
: 33oo P
suBMERGEo ourLET culvEnr FLowlNG FULL
t' 3000
2850.
HW.H+ho-LSo
For outtot crown not rubmerged, compute- HW by
its 2700,
2550
mcthodr described in tho design procoduro
: 2400
-t0 2250
A
2100 q.h
ro
:, r950:
o.t o
ul
-5 1 800
qo
9, E
-s U'
ut
I 650
t(,
UJ

cc =
U'
-4 F
UJ
r 500
6o .o .s

a, I 350
E
:, J
= ; r.o
.E

el
I 200 ul
: I
a 72 =
.E
.ul (j, :, a
1 050

E
cc

o it'u
90o
E UJ
gr2.0

d-
ul
I - 1.0 E tOO-
o g
I o.s o
7so
1@
110

- o'0.9 M3/l - 'rto 120

i.o
130
:0.6 EXAMPLE
r?o
140
rjo
I 0'5 Diam. 600 mm tAo
,150
4.0
o'o O. O.6 M3/S rto
I L-l16m 5.0
o' L.115x0.44.51 m
Ks - 0.25 6.0
: Find H. 2.0 M
- o.2
:
- o.rs
HEAD FOR STANDARD CORRUGATED
:
STEEL PIPE CULVERTS
- o.t FLOWI NG F.ULL-OUTLET CONTROL
I o,o. n = 0.024

- 0.06

Outlet Control Nomograph. Head for HEL-COR corrugated steel pip'e culvert with lubmerged
outlet and culvert flowing full. See note under sketch at top.

Length Adiustment fpr lmproved Hydrautics

Pipe
Drameter
ln mm.
Roughness Factor
t,
n
for Helrcal Corr.
I
l' Length Adjustment Factor

(il'
.01I .21
300
.016 .44
600
900 .c l9 .61
 -- lte

SUBMERGED OUTLET CULVEBT FLOWING FULL

HW=H+ho- Lso
FOR OUTLET CROWN NOT SUBMERGED. COMPUTE
HW BY METHODS DESCRIBED IN THE DESIGN
PROCEDU RE,

PIPE.ARCH
,fa

5,05 x 3,07 O-
'?S.
\b
1
.to
o-o
4,72 x 2,87

o,7
9s
0,8
2o,o 8l 4,O9 x2,57
rcl
FI
uJl
-^':9/& ro 0,9

E] 6O
1,0
.A
o
uJ 15.0 -= 3.48v^,/L-
1O
o

66*
3
= E
o sut
gO

=
a -?- -4' 4 9O
1O
\OO
UJ
(9 o 2,90 x 1,96 go 1,5
tr ro.o G
aD EXAMPLE 90
110

()
2
9,0 I SIZE = 3,48 x2,21 120
OB \CP

8,0 zt
o 11,3cumec
130
2,49 x 1,75 Ke = 0,5 \\o 2,O

I L = 52,5m \20
7,O H n' o 0,030 ljo
6 L' = 52,5 x 0,307 = 47,6 m \AO
6,0 H= 0,58m \60
2,13 x 1,55

3.0

1.85 x 1,40

I
c
z
lrl
=
f z
CC

F f

HEAD FOR STRUCTdRAL

PLATE PIPE.AHCH CU LVERTS (MU LTIPLATE)
460 mm C0RNEB RADIUS
FLOIIJING FULL
OUTLET SONTBOL

NOTE: For 790 mm corner radiul, use structuro tizes with CHART 5(ii)
equivalent arear on the 460 mm corner radius scale.

LENGTH AOJUSTMENT FOR IMPBOVED HYORAULICS

1.85 x 1.40
 ..ltt
lr0 1,35
t,O5
oB0 --1
o8
0,15
.z 4
0,6

0,4

;f7 *
H =
'
I
RANGE OF
I I

d. = 0,4D TO 0,9D
I
I

I
o,2

0 2B
1,O 2,O

DISCHARGE-O-CUMECS

1,8

2,2
1,6

2,0
1,4

t .L\ 1,8
t a
u.l
E 1,6
F 1,0
tiJ

? DIAMETEB IN TRANGE OF d. = 0,4D TO 0,9D

o 1,4
1C 0,8
I
F
o- 1,2
Lu q6
o 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
J
9 DISCHARGE-O-CUMECS
t-.
E
o 4,4

4,0

3,6

3,2

2,8

*RANGE OF ds = 0,4D TO 0,9D

40 zl8 56 U 72

OISCHARGE-O-CUMECS

i NOTE: FOR VALUES OF dc ABOVE CURVE, USE d" e I

CHART 6

CIRCULAB PIPE
CBITICAL DEPTH
 ../te

0,6

-/
0,5
^&>9.
/
a
lr.l
E
,*y
F
UJ
6(
p
T o,a

T
o ;,9
x
t-
o- 1
ul
o
J v,g
a2
<
9
""* I I

d" = o,3Too,9
tc. ,/ .RANGEoF
D
(,)

o,2 I
0,15 /,
o,2 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6

DISCHARGE-O-CUMECS

:.1 ..4 --
tBu'

o'l 1Q{LY
'/
/
@
UJ
cc
F
t,rl ./ z) %
UJ
z
t
o o,7
$Y
'z
ry
I
F
&-/ I
"iZ
A 0,6
u,
o
J '/

7
() 0.5
E
tr
7 .*o*o, o, I s 0,3 ro o,e
o o

u
0,4
7
0,3

0,2 /
1,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0

DISCHARGE-O-CUMECS

r NOTE: FOR VALUESOF dcABOV8CURVEUSEdc' D

CHART 7
PIPE ARCH
CRITICAL DEPTH
 ../3e

I,5

1,4
t;
,:Z K%
1,3

fx '-r I

..<,

2
1.2
o
u.l
tr
7
1,1
F I
i!
-f7
7W 7
T ,,0
o
t
I
7I
0,9
IF
o-
0,8
H
J
$
E
0,, / 4 ,RANGE lN dc FROM
SPRING LINE TO O,B5O

tr
o 0,6 // ,
/
0,5

0,4

q3
6 7 I 9 10 1l 12 13 14 t5 17

DISCHARGE-O-CUMECS

2,6
oO1
2,4
C) fry
71
u
nd.*to"
2,2
o
ul
E 2,O
F
l,lJ "p^j
=I 1,8 *11 ,)
o cP1
t
I
1,6 d6
I .RANGE tN dc FROM
F
c
ui
o 1.4 ?, SPRING LINE TO 0.85D
J

I ,Z
I 1,2
t

/t
G,
() 1,0
'./
0,8

0,6 I 10 20 30 40
I

50
t.

60

DISCHARGE-O_CUMECS

CHART 7 cont.
NOTE: FOR VALUESOFdcABOVECURVE,USEd6 e p

PIPE ARCH
CRITICAL DEPTH
 Volue ol n/ng .;l\o
to 1.2 lA Subscripi "o" indicotes the full flow condition

rPl
ot6l

W
s\Bo
o'l -
-1tr--
Eii
0.6 -il9-
=r.1.,
v .Dl(D
0,5 ---+i g -
de
ll,
IrP
-Trll e't
o,2

o.l
a

o.r o.2 0,3 0.4 o.5 0.6 07 o.8 0.9 1.O l.l t.?

Volues of Q/Qo, v/vo, aa2/3/aoa{t, ona R2/3/R3/3

Hydraulic Propertier ol Circular piper
CIIART Ba

FULL
,.
I I

90 o\ t I
o

80 ;y d?t
\I
b f.<.d
g-a
70 -ry ;% ,
I
o
.9 a
u,
E 6A a --I_$d*.1r./
o
o 50
T.O'
olr'
c
Q,
(,,
o
40 /
a
P,
,/ /
CL

z / a

a7
30
,/
20 /
,
/ ,/
r0 /,

a4 ./l ./

.l .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 t.l 1.2

Proportionot volues Bosed on Furt conditions
Hydraulic properties of corrugated steet and rtructural plato pipe-archer.