Knowledge Dimension respect for the values of pluralism, mutual

understanding and peace.

Ethical Dimension
 LEARNING TO BE
Social Dimension
-so as better to develop one's personality and be able to
Professional Dimension
act with ever greater autonomy, judgement and
- personal responsibility. In that connection, education
must not disregard any aspect of a person's potential:
General Competence memory, reasoning, aesthetic sense, physical capacities
and communication skills.
Learning Competence
Formal education systems tend to emphasize the
Personal Competence
acquisition of knowledge to the detriment of other
Professional Competence types of learning; but it is vital now to conceive
education in a more encompassing fashion. Such a
vision should inform and guide future educational
reforms and policy, in relation both to contents and to
 MULTICULTURAL DIVERSITY (pg. 140)
methods.

 THE FOUR PILLARS OF EDUCATION

 INFORMATION LITERACY (pg. 85)
Education throughout life is based on four pillars:
-is the ability to identify what information is needed,
learning to know, learning to do, learning to live
identify the best sources of information for a given
together and learning to be.
need, locate those sources, evaluate the sources
 LEARNING TO KNOW critically, and shares that information. Information
literacy is most essential in the conduct of research.
-by combining a sufficiently broad general knowledge
with the opportunity to work in depth on a small  MEDIA LITERACY
number of subjects. This also means learning to learn,
-is the ability to critically analyze the messages that
so as to benefit from the opportunities education
inform, entertain and sell to us every day. It's the ability
provides throughout life.
to bring critical thinking skills to bear on all forms of
 LEARNING TO DO media asking pertinent questions about what's there
and noticing what's not there. It is the ability to
-in order to acquire not only an occupational skill but question what lays behind media productions the
also, more broadly, the competence to deal with many motives, the money, the values and the ownership and
situations and work in teams. It also means learning to to be aware of how these factors influence content of
do in the context of young peoples' various social and media productions.
work experiences which may be informal, as a result of
the local or national context, or formal, involving  SCIENTIFIC LITERACY
courses, alternating study and work.
-encompasses written, numerical, and digital literacy as
 LEARNING TO LIVE TOGETHER they pertain to understanding science, its methodology,
observations, and theories. Scientific literacy is the
-by developing an understanding of other people and an knowledge and understanding of scientific concepts and
appreciation of interdependence - carrying out joint processes required for personal decision making,
projects and learning to manage conflicts -in a spirit of
participation in civic and cultural affairs, and economic location. Children and adolescents from the poorest
productivity. households are three times more likely to be out of
school than children from the richest households. In
 ECONOMIC LITERACY many countries, school is not free. Parents must pay for
-is the ability to apply basic economic concepts in tuition, books, supplies and uniforms. Considering that
situations relevant to one's life. It is about cultivating a a third of the world’s people live on less than $2 per
working knowledge of the economic way of thinking day, school are often unaffordable for many families.
understanding tradeoffs, recognizing the importance of Education is a human right and a strong catalyst for
incentives. It encompasses a familiarity with social progress. According to UNICEF, getting every child
fundamental economic concepts such as market forces in school and learning is essential to reducing global
or how the monetary system works. poverty, improving health, fostering peace, bolstering
What is technological literacy? democracy, improving environmental sustainability and
increasing gender equality. Without an increase in
Defined as computer skills and the ability to use educational attainment among the world’s youth, the
computers and other technology to improve learning, largest generation of young people in human history
productivity, and performance. will be exposed to unemployment, poor health, civil
unrest and increased vulnerability.
 TECHNOLOGICAL LITERACY
 PRIMARY EDUCATION
Is the ability to responsibly use appropriate technology
to: Primary education is typically the first stage of formal
education, coming after preschool and before
o communicate
secondary school. Primary education takes place in
o solve problems primary school, the elementary school or first and
o access, manage, integrate, evaluate, middle school depending on the location.
design and create information to
improve learning in all subject areas Primary education instructors teach students subjects
o acquire lifelong knowledge and skills in like:
the 21st century
 Math
 Science
 Language Arts
 UNIVERSAL EDUCATION
 History
Universal access to education is the ability of all  Geography
people to have equal opportunity in education,  Art
regardless of their social class, gender, ethnicity  Music
background or physical and mental disabilities. The
Primary Education Tools
term is used both in college admission for the middle
and lower classes, and in assistive technology for the Some primary education instructors teach
disabled. Some critics feel that this practice in higher several different subjects to a group of students, so they
education, as opposed to a strict meritocracy, causes must constantly keep students engaged in learning.
lower academic standards.[ In order to facilitate the According to the BLS, elementary school teachers use
access of education to all, countries have right to several different tools to teach children and keep their
education. attentions including:

The largest barriers to school enrollment are  Games

poverty, discrimination, disability and geographic  Books
  Movies  Promote civic good
 Computers  Rectify historical records
 Artwork  Increase self-esteem of non-mainstream
 Skills Required students
 Increase diversified student exposure
As a primary education teacher, having excellent  Preserve minority group culture
communication skills is crucial - this will help you  Foster children's autonomy
present materials and class work to your students in a  Promote social justice and equity
manner they can easily understand. Interpersonal skills  Enable students to succeed economically in an
can also help when communicating with parents and integrated, multicultural world
their child's academic progress.
Types of Education: Formal, Informal & Non-formal
Due to working with young children, being patient is
critical in helping those of different backgrounds and Education is a gradual process which brings positive
learning capabilities. Having good physical stamina is changes in human life and behavior. We can also define
also beneficial, as much of your time will be spent on education as “a process of acquiring knowledge through
your feet, tending to children's emotional, mental and study or imparting the knowledge by way of instructions
physical needs. or some other practical procedure”.

 MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION

Multicultural education gives students  FORMAL EDUCATION (pg. 209)

opportunities to build understanding and
communication skills across cultures. Formal education or formal learning usually takes
place in the premises of the school, where a person may
Multicultural education is a set of educational learn basic, academic, or trade skills. Small children
strategies developed to assist teachers when often attend a nursery or kindergarten but often formal
responding to the many issues created by the rapidly education begins in elementary school and continues
changing demographics of their students. It provides with secondary school.
students with knowledge about the histories, cultures,
Post-secondary education (or higher education) is
and contributions of diverse groups; it assumes that the
future society is pluralistic. It draws on insights from a usually at a college or university which may grant an
number of different fields, including ethnic studies and academic degree. It is associated with a specific or stage
women studies, and reinterprets content from related and is provided under a certain set of rules and
academic disciplines. It is also viewed as a way of regulations.
teaching that promotes the principles of inclusion, The formal education is given by specially qualified
diversity, democracy, skill acquisition, inquiry, critical teachers they are supposed to be efficient in the art of
thought, value of perspectives, and self-reflection. This instruction. It also observes strict discipline. The student
method of teaching is found to be effective in and the teacher both are aware of the facts and engage
promoting educational achievements among themselves in the process of education.
immigrants’ students and is thus attributed to the
reform movement behind the transformation of Examples of Formal Education
schools.
 Learning in a classroom
Aims the objectives  School grading/certification, college, and
university degrees
The aims and objectives of multicultural education
tend to vary among educational philosophers and
liberal political theorists.
  Planned education of different subjects having a  INFORMAL EDUCATION
proper syllabus acquired by attending the
institution. Informal education may be a parent teaching a child
how to prepare a meal or ride a bicycle.
Characteristics of formal education
People can also get an informal education by
 Formal education is structured hierarchically reading many books from a library or educational
 It is planned and deliberate. websites.
 Scheduled fees are paid regularly.
 It has a chronological grading system. Informal education is when you are not studying in
 It has a syllabus and subject-oriented. The a school and do not use any particular learning method.
syllabus has to be covered within a specific time In this type of education, conscious efforts are not
period. involved. It is neither pre-planned nor deliberate. It may
 The child is taught by the teachers be learned at some marketplace, hotel or at home.

Advantages of Formal Education: Unlike formal education, informal education is not

imparted by an institution such as school or college.
 An organized educational model and up to date Informal education is not given according to any fixed
course contents. timetable. There is no set curriculum required. Informal
 Students acquire knowledge from trained and education consists of experiences and actually living in
professional teachers. the family or community.
 Structured and systematic learning process.
 Intermediate and final assessments are ensured Examples of Informal Education
to advance students to the next learning phase.  Teaching the child some basics such as numeric
 Institutions are managerially and physically characters.
organized.  Someone learning his/her mother tongue
 Leads to a formally recognized certificate.  A spontaneous type of learning, “if a person
 Easy access to jobs. standing in a bank learns about opening and
Disadvantages of Formal education: maintaining the account at the bank from
someone.”
 Sometimes, brilliant students are bored due to
the long wait for the expiry of the academic Characteristics of Informal Education
session to promote to the next stage  It is independent of boundary walls.
 Chance of bad habits’ adoption may be  It has no definite syllabus.
alarming due to the presence of both good and  It is not pre-planned and has no timetable.
bad students in the classroom  No fees are required as we get informal
 Wastage of time as some lazy students may fail education through daily experience and by
to learn properly in spite of motivation by the learning new things.
professional trainers.  It is a lifelong process in a natural way.
 Some unprofessional and non-standard  The certificates/degrees are not involved and
education system may cause the wastage of one has no stress for learning the new things.
time and money of the students which leads to  You can get from any source such as media, life
the disappointment from formal education and experiences, friends, family etc.
argue them to go for non-formal education.
 Costly and rigid education as compare to other
forms of learning
Advantages of Informal Education Non-formal education is imparted consciously and
deliberately and systematically implemented. It should
 More naturally learning process as you can be organized for a homogeneous group. Non-formal,
learn at anywhere and at any time from your education should be programmed to serve the needs of
daily experience.
the identified group. This will necessitate flexibility in
 It involves activities like individual and personal the design of the curriculum and the scheme of
research on a topic of interest for themselves evaluation.
by utilizing books, libraries, social media,
internet or getting assistance from informal Examples of Non-formal Education
trainers.
 Utilizes a variety of techniques.  Boy Scouts and Girls Guides develop some
 No specific time span. sports program such as swimming comes under
 Less costly and time-efficient learning process. non-formal education.
 No need to hire experts as most of the  Fitness programs.
professionals may be willing to share their  Community-based adult education courses.
precious knowledge with students/public  Free courses for adult education developed by
through social media and the internet. some organization.
 Learners can be picked up the requisite Characteristics of Non-formal Education
information from books, TV, radio or
conversations with their friends/family  The non-formal education is planned and takes
members. place apart from the school system.
 The timetable and syllabus can be adjustable.
Disadvantages of Informal Education  Unlike theoretical formal education, it is
 Information acquired from the internet, social practical and vocational education.
media, TV, radio or conversations with  Non-formal education has no age limit.
friends/family members may lead to the  Fees or certificates may or may not be
disinformation. necessary.
 Utilized techniques may not be appropriate.  It may be full time or part-time learning and
one can earn and learn together.
 No proper schedule/time span.
 Unpredictable results which simply the wastage  It involves learning of professional skills.
of time. Advantages of Non-formal Education
 Lack of confidence in the learner.
 Absence of discipline, attitude and good habits.  Practiced and vocational training.
 Naturally growing minds that do not wait for
 NON-FORMAL EDUCATION the system to amend.
 Literacy with skillfulness growth in which self-
Non-formal education includes adult basic learning is appreciated.
education, adult literacy education or school  Flexibility in age, curriculum and time.
equivalency preparation.  Open-ended educational system in which both
the public and private sector are involved in the
In non-formal education, someone (who is not in
process.
school) can learn literacy, other basic skills or job skills.
 No need to conduct regular exams.
Home education, individualized instruction (such as  Diploma, certificates, and award are not
programmed learning), distance learning and computer- essential to be awarded.
assisted instruction are other possibilities.
Disadvantages of Non-formal Education involvement of parents and community members, shall
be to provide opportunities for every student to
 Attendance of participants is unsteady. develop the knowledge and skills essential to:
 Sometimes, it’s just wastage of time as there is
no need to conduct the exam on regular basis 1) Read with comprehension, write effectively,
and no degree/diploma is awarded at the end and communicate successfully in a variety of
of the training session. ways and settings and with a variety of
 Basic reading and writing skills are crucial to audiences;
learn. 2) Know and apply the core concepts and
 No professional and trained teachers. principles of mathematics; social, physical, and
 Students may not enjoy full confidence as the life sciences; civics and history, including
regular students enjoy. different cultures and participation in
 Some institutes provide fake certification representative government; geography; arts;
through online courses just for the sake of and health and fitness;
earning. 3) Think analytically, logically, and creatively, and
to integrate technology literacy and fluency as
well as different experiences and knowledge to
 GLOBAL EDUCATION form reasoned judgments and solve problems;
and
UNESCO defines this as a goal to become aware of 4) Understand the importance of work and finance
educational conditions or lack of it, in developing and how performance, effort, and decisions
countries worldwide and aim to educate all people to a directly affect future career and educational
certain world standards. opportunities.

It is a curriculum that is international in scope

 K-12 PROGRAM
which prepares today’s youth around the world to
function in one world environment under teachers who The K to 12 Program covers Kindergarten and 12 years
are intellectually, professionally and humanistically of basic education (six years of primary education, four
prepared. years of Junior High School, and two years of Senior
High School [SHS]) to provide sufficient time for mastery
 BASIC EDUCATION (pg. 133)
of concepts and skills, develop lifelong learners, and
-Goals of school districts. prepare graduates for tertiary education, middle-level
skills development, employment, and entrepreneurship.
A basic education is an evolving program of
instruction that is intended to provide students with the  BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM
opportunity to become responsible and respectful
Basic Education Curriculum (BEC), is a form of tool
global citizens, to contribute to their economic well-
which will stand as one point of learning areas adequate
being and that of their families and communities, to
for the development of competencies starting from
explore and understand different perspectives, and to
Basic education up to the second level of which is
enjoy productive and satisfying lives. Additionally, the
renounced as High School. This will focus more on
state of Washington intends to provide for a public
developing knowledge, skills, habits and attitudes
school system that is able to evolve and adapt in order
throughout the guidance of the educationalists
to better focus on strengthening the educational
assigned. As for 2015, implementation has been made
achievement of all students, which includes high
for the Philippine Education For All also known as EFA.
expectations for all students and gives all students the
opportunity to achieve personal and academic success.
To these ends, the goals of each school district, with the
  EDUCATION FOR ALL education in compliance with the Individuals with
Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) as implemented by
Education FOR All (EFA) is an international initiative first DoD Instruction 1342.12, "Provision of Early
launched in 1990 to bring the benefits of education to Intervention and Special Education Services to Eligible
“every citizen in every society.” To realize this aim, a DoD Dependents."
broad coalition of national governments, civil society
groups, and development agencies such as UNESCO and PHYSICAL IMPAIRMENT
the World Bank Group committed to achieving six
 Autism spectrum disorder
specific education goals:
 Blind
1) Expand and improve comprehensive early  Deaf
childhood care and education, especially for the  Deaf/blind
most vulnerable and disadvantaged children  Hearing impairment
2) Ensure that by 2015 all children, particularly  Other health impairment
girls, those in difficult circumstances, and those  Orthopedic impairment
belonging to ethnic minorities, have access to  Traumatic brain injury
and complete, free, and compulsory primary  Visual impairment
education of good quality
COMMUNICATION IMPAIRMENT
3) Ensure that the learning needs of all young
people and adults are met through equitable  Articulation
access to appropriate learning and life-skills  Fluency
programs.  Language/phonology
4) Achieve a 50% improvement in adult literacy by  Voice
2015, especially for women, and equitable
access to basic and continuing education for all Learning impairment
adults.
 Intellectual disability
5) Eliminate gender disparities in primary and
 Specific learning disability
secondary education by 2005, and achieve
gender equality in education by 2015, with a Intellectual giftedness is a difference in learning and can
focus on ensuring girls' full and equal access to also benefit from specialized teaching techniques or
and achievement in basic education of good different educational programs, but the term "special
quality. education" is generally used to specifically indicate
6) Improve all aspects of the quality of education instruction of students with disabilities. Gifted
and ensure the excellence of all so that education is handled separately.
recognized and measurable learning outcomes
are achieved by all, especially in literacy,
numeracy and essential life skills.  CONSTITUTION
a) the basic principles and laws of a nation, state,
 SPECIAL EDUCATION or social group that determine the powers and
duties of the government and guarantee certain
Special education is specially designed rights to the people in it.
instruction, support, and services provided to students b) a written instrument embodying the rules of a
with an identified disability requiring an individually political or social organization.
designed instructional program to meet their unique
learning needs. The purpose of special education is to
enable students to successfully develop to their fullest
potential by providing a free appropriate public
  NATURAL LAW (pg. 29)  PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 9293 (pg. 181)
a) It is the law "written in the hearts of
men". (Romans 2:15) An act amending certain sections of Republic Act
b) For theists, it is "man's share in the numbered Seventy-Eight Hundred And Thirty-Six (R.A .
no. 7836), otherwise known as the “Philippine Teachers
Eternal Law of God..." (Panizo, 1964)
c) St. Thomas defines it as "the light of Professionalization Act of 1994”
natural reason, whereby we discern
what is good and what is evil... an
imprint on us of the divine light..."
(Panizo, 1964).
 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 4670
d) It is the law that says: "Do good and
avoid evil." THIS IS THE FUNDAMENTAL The Magna Carta for Public School Teachers
OR FOUNDATIONAL MORAL PRINCIPLE.

 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7863

An act converting the Don Agustin F. Escaño Municipal  REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6655
High School in Tomas Oppus, Southern Leyte, into a
National High School to be known as the Agustin F. An act establishing and providing for a free public
Escaño National High School, and appropriating funds secondary education and for other purposes

 PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1006 (pg. 167)  REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6735
January 1, 1977
An act providing for a system of initiative and
Providing for the professionalization of teachers, referendum and appropriating funds
regulating their practice in the Philippines and for other
purposes.

 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6713

An act establishing a code of conduct and ethical

 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7836 (pg. 173)
standards for public officials and employees, to uphold
PHILIPPINE TEACHERS PROFESSIONALIZATION ACT of the time-honored principle of public office being a
1994 public trust, granting incentives and rewards for
exemplary service, enumerating prohibited acts and
An act to strengthen the regulation and supervision of transactions and providing penalties for violations
the practice of teaching in the Philippines and thereof and for other purposes.
prescribing a licensure examination for teachers and for
other purposes.
  REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6657 Section 8. This Constitution shall be promulgated in
Filipino and English and shall be translated into major
An act instituting a comprehensive agrarian reform regional languages, Arabic, and Spanish.
program to promote social justice and industrialization,
providing the mechanism for its implementation, and Section 9. The Congress shall establish a national
for other purposes language commission composed of representatives of
various regions and disciplines which shall undertake,
coordinate, and promote researches for the
development, propagation, and preservation of Filipino
and other languages.
 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6935

An act establishing a ten-bed municipal hospital in the

municipality of Dingalan, province of aurora, to be  CODE OF ETHICS FOR PROFESSIONAL TEACHERS
known as the Dingalan municipal hospital, and (pg. 185)
appropriating funds.

 THE 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION (pg. 192)  MAGNA CARTA of PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS
 ADOPTION OF THE NATIONAL LANGUAGE BY
THE 1987 PHIL. CONSTITUTION (pg. 193) REPUBLIC ACT no. 4670 June 18, 1966

The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines (pg. 196)

– Article XIV

Section 6. The national language of the Philippines is

Filipino. As it evolves, it shall be further developed and
enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other
languages.
 Batas Pambansa Blg. 232, otherwise known as the
Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may EDUCATION ACT of 1982 (pg. 204)
deem appropriate, the Government shall take steps to
initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a medium of AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT AND
official communication and as language of instruction in MAINTENANCE OF AN INTEGRATED SYSTEM OF
the educational system. EDUCATION

Section 7. For purposes of communication and

instruction, the official languages of the Philippines are
Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English.

The regional languages are the auxiliary official

languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary
media of instruction therein.

Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary

and optional basis.