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Experiment # 01: Objective

This experiment aims to find the drag coefficient of a sphere in different fluids. The apparatus includes a drag coefficient apparatus, sphere, stopwatch, glycerin, and cooking oil. The sphere is dropped in glycerin and cooking oil at distances of 1 and 2 feet, and the time taken is recorded. Using the recorded times, viscosity, density, and other parameters, the drag force and drag coefficient are calculated using Stokes' law and the drag coefficient formula. Observations are recorded for glycerin and cooking oil. The conclusions will analyze and compare the drag coefficients in different fluids.

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میاں اسامہ صفدر
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63 views

Experiment # 01: Objective

This experiment aims to find the drag coefficient of a sphere in different fluids. The apparatus includes a drag coefficient apparatus, sphere, stopwatch, glycerin, and cooking oil. The sphere is dropped in glycerin and cooking oil at distances of 1 and 2 feet, and the time taken is recorded. Using the recorded times, viscosity, density, and other parameters, the drag force and drag coefficient are calculated using Stokes' law and the drag coefficient formula. Observations are recorded for glycerin and cooking oil. The conclusions will analyze and compare the drag coefficients in different fluids.

Uploaded by

میاں اسامہ صفدر
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXPERIMENT # 01

Objective:
To find drag Coefficient in different mediums.

Apparatus:
 Drag coefficient apparatus
 Sphere ball
 Stop watch
 Glycerin
 Cooking oil

Theory:

Viscosity:
Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid which is being deformed by either shear stress
or tensile stress.

Viscosity Coefficients:
Viscosity coefficients can be defined in two ways:

• Dynamic viscosity, also absolute viscosity, the more usual one (typical units Pa.s, Poise, P)
• Kinematic viscosity, is the dynamic viscosity divided by the density (typical units m 2/s,
Stokes, St).

Density:
Density is defined as mass per unit volume. Density is also commonly expressed in units of
kilogram per cubic meter.

𝒎
𝝆=
𝑽
Where ρ is the density,
m is the mass, and V
is the volume.
Drag force:
Like friction, the drag force always opposes the motion of an object. Unlike simple friction, the
drag force is proportional to some function of the velocity of the object in that fluid. This
functionality is complicated and depends upon the shape of the object, its size, its velocity, and
the fluid it is in. For most large objects such as bicyclists, cars, and baseballs not moving too
slowly, the magnitude of the drag force is found to be proportional to the square of the speed
of the object. We can write this relationship mathematically as:

𝑭𝑫 =𝟏𝝆𝑨 𝟐𝒄𝒅
𝒗
𝟐

𝑭𝑫 ∝𝒗𝟐
But in this experiment we calculate drag force by using Stoke’s Law. It is expressed as:

𝑭=𝟔𝝅𝜼𝒓𝒗
This law is only applicable for the bodies of very small size, or is moving very slow, or is in a
denser medium than air.

Drag co-efficient:
In fluid dynamics, the drag coefficient is dimensionless quantity that is used to quantify the
drag or resistance of an object in a fluid environment, such as air or water. Drag coefficient
depends on the density of the air, the square of the velocity, the air's viscosity and
compressibility, the size and shape of the body, and the body's inclination to the flow. In
general, the dependence on body shape, inclination, air viscosity, and compressibility is very
complex.
The drag coefficient cd can be calculated as:

𝟐𝑭
𝒄𝒅 =𝝆𝑨 𝒗𝟐

Where,
F is the drag force
ρ is the mass density of the fluid,
v is the flow speed of the object relative to the fluid,
A is the surface area
For example, area for a sphere:

𝑨=𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟐

What is the Physics of this Experiment?


When we drop the ball in cylindrical tube it moves downward. The downward movement is
due to two forces that are acting on it:
 Gravitational Force
 Pressure Force
Gravitational Force (Body Force) acting on the marble ball that pull the ball downward. As the
ball moves in the downward direction, the gravitational force acting on it increases and hence,
its net velocity also increases.
Pressure Force (Surface Force) also acting, as the ball movers in the downward direction. The
layers of fluid on it is increasing which tends to increase the pressure on it. Hence the ball
moves more speedily, as it moves in downward direction.

Procedure:
 Set the apparatus correctly.
 The ball is then dropped in the glycerin .
 The scale is present on the tube containing glycerin and cooking oil in it.
 Different readings are taken by stopwatch at the distance of 1 ft.
 Then repeat the above steps at the distance of 2 ft and note the readings with the help
of stopwatch.
 Then repeat the above steps at the distance of 2 ft for cooking oil and note the readings
with the help of stopwatch
Observations:

For glycerin:
η = 0.950 Pa.s ρ = 1.2613 g/cm3

p= 1261.3 kg/m3 r = 0.73×10-3 m

A = 4×1.674 × 10-6 m2

For distance =1 ft = 0.3048 m


Sr. # Distance t1 t2 tave=(t1+t2)/2 v=S/ tave F=6πηrv cd=2F/ρAv2
S (m) (s) (s) (s) (ms-1) (N) (unit less)

01

02

03
For distance = 2 ft = 0.6096 m
Sr. # Distance t1 t2 ttotal=t1+t2 v=S/ F=6πηrv cd=2F/ρAv2
S (m) (s) (s) (s) ttotal (N) (unit less)
(ms-1)

01

02

03
For cooking oil :
η = 0.0296 Pa.s
p = 0.92 g/cm3 =920 kg/m3
r = 0.73×10-3 m
A = ×1.674 × 10-6 m2

For distance = 2 ft = 0.6096 m

Sr. # Distance t1 t2 ttotal=t1+t2 v=S/ F=6πηrv cd=2F/ρAv2


S (m) (s) (s) (s) ttotal (N) (unit less)
(ms-1)

01

02

03

Conclusions:
EXPERIMENT # 01

Drag Coefficient Apparatus

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