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NED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Department of Software Engineering
Course Coordinator : Ms.Simra Najm
Designation : Assistant Professor
Email: [email protected]
Lec # 1
Introduction To Information Technology
Fundamental means:
➢ Being a core component or fact upon which other aspects are built
➢ A central or primary rule or principle on which something is based
➢ The main or most important rules or parts
➢ A basic principle, rule, law, or the like, that serves as the groundwork of a system;
➢ Essential part: to master the fundamentals of a trade.

Data : Collection of raw, facts and figures. It may consist of numbers,chracters,symbol or

pictures

Information : to know anything .

Processed data is called information

Technology : way out to get the required work done efficiently:

.
Information technology
(IT) is the use of any computers, storage, networking and other physical devices,
infrastructure and processes to create, process, store, secure and exchange all forms
of electronic data.

The term global village represents the simplifying of the whole world into one village
through the use of electronic media.
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NED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Department of Software Engineering

➢ A computer is an electronic device that process data, converting it into

information that is useful to people.

➢ A computer is controlled by the programmed instructions, which give the

machine a purpose and tell what to do.

➢ Modern computers are digital

• Two digits combine to make data
➢ Older computers were analog
• A range of values made data

i) Analog Computers:
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NED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Department of Software Engineering

Hardware:
• Computer hardware is the collection of physical elements that constitutes a
computer system.
• Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or components of a computer such
as the monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, hard drive disk (HDD),
system unit (graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard and chips), etc. all
of which are physical objects that can be touched.

Software:
Software is a set of instructions that tell the computer what to do.

Software is a generic term for organized collections of computer data and instructions, often broken into
two major categories:

• System Software
• Application Software

Computer can be classified as a:

Structure is the way in which components relate to each other
◦(a) CPU
◦(b) MM
◦(c) I/O
◦(d) System Interconnection
Function is the operation of individual components as part of the structure
• All computer functions are:
• Data processing
• Data storage
• Data movement
• Control
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NED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Department of Software Engineering
(a) . Central Processing Unit (CPU) :A CPU is brain of a computer. It is responsible
for all functions and processes. Regarding computing power, the CPU is the most
important element of a computer system.
The CPU is comprised of three main parts : *

(i) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Executes all arithmetic and logical operations.
Arithmetic calculations like as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
Logical operation like compare numbers, letters, or special characters *

(ii) Control Unit (CU): controls and co-ordinates computer components.

✓ Read the code for the next instruction to be executed.
✓ Increment the program counter so it points to the next instruction.
✓ Read whatever data the instruction requires from cells in memory.
✓ Provide the necessary data to an ALU or register.
✓ If the instruction requires an ALU or specialized hardware to complete, instruct
the hardware to perform the requested operation. *
(iii) CPU Inter connection: Provide communication among CU , ALU & Register

(iv) Registers :Stores the data that is to be executed next, "very fast storage area".
• High Speed Storage Element
• Register can be General Purpose or Special Purpopse
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NED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Department of Software Engineering

Microprocessor:
A microprocessor is an integrated circuit (IC) which incorporates core functions of a computer's central
processing unit (CPU). It is a programmable multipurpose silicon chip, clock driven, register based,
accepts binary data as input and provides output after processing it as per the instructions stored in the
memory
The microprocessor, also known as the Central Processing Unit (CPU), is the brain of all computers and
many household and electronic devices

How does a Microprocessor work?

A processor is the brain of a computer which basically consists of Arithmetical and Logical Unit
(ALU), Control Unit and Register Array. As the name indicates ALU performs all arithmetic and
logical operations on the data received from input devices or memory. Register array consists of a
series of registers like accumulator (A), B, C, D etc. which acts as temporary fast access memory
locations for processing data. As the name indicates, control unit controls the flow of instructions
and data throughout the system.
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NED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Department of Software Engineering
So basically a microprocessor takes input from input devices, process it as per instructions given
in the memory and produces output.

Advantages of a Microprocessor
• Low Cost
Microprocessors are available at low cost due to integrated circuit technology. Which
will reduce the cost of a computer system.
• High Speed
Microprocessor chips can work at very high speed due to the technology involved in it. It
is capable of executing millions of instructions per second.
• Small Size
Due to very large scale and ultra large scale integration technology, a microprocessor is
fabricated in a very less footprint. This will reduce the size of the entire computer system.
• Versatile
Microprocessors are very versatile, the same chip can be used for a number of
applications by simply changing the program (instructions stored in the memory).
• Low Power Consumption
Microprocessors are usually manufactured using metal oxide semiconductor technology,
in which MOSFETs (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors) are working
in saturation and cut off modes. So the power consumption is very low compared to
others.
• Less Heat Generation
Compared to vacuum tube devices, semiconductor devices won’t emit that much heat.
• Reliable
Microprocessors are very reliable, failure rate is very less as semiconductor technology is
used.
• Portable
Devices or computer system made with microprocessors can be made portable due to the
small size and low power consumption
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NED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Department of Software Engineering

5. Network Sever.
1. 2.

3.
• Mini computer : ▪ 4.
▪ Mini computers somewhere between
main frame and personal computers
▪ Like main frame, mini computers can
handle much more input and output
than personal computers
▪ A multi-user computer capable of
supporting from 10 to hundreds of
users simultaneously.
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NED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Department of Software Engineering
5. Computers for Individual User /Personal Computers:

✓ Any computer system that is designed for use by a single person.

✓ Also known as “Microcomputers”.
✓ Among the smallest computer created for people.
✓ Mention below all systems are Personal Computers (PC).
• Desktop Computers • Tablet Computers
• Workstations • Handheld Computers
• Notebook Computers • Smart Phones

i). Desktop/PC:
• A PC that is designed to sit on a desk or table.
• Mostly used in school, homes and offices.
• People do their job with greater ease and efficiency but they can be used to communicate,
produce music, edit photographs and videos, play games and much more.
ii) Workstations
• A powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is like a personal computer, but it has a more
powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor
• Specialized computers
• Optimized for science ,graphics or engineering purpose
• More powerful than a desktop

iii) Notebook Computers

• Small portable computers
• Weighs between 3 and 8 pounds
• About 8 ½ by 11 inches
• Typically as powerful as a desktop also called laptop
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NED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Department of Software Engineering
iv) Tablet Computers
• Newest development in portable computers
• Input is through a pen (stylus)
• Run specialized versions of office products
• Can be connected to keyboard and full sized monitors

v) Handheld Computers
• Small enough to fit on hand
• Personal Digital Assistant (PDAs)
• Used for taking notes, addresses and agendas.

vi) Smartphones
• Some cellular phones offer advanced features that is usually not found in mobiles.
• Like Web and email access
• Special software and hardware
• A smartphone is a powerful mobile phone that is designed to run a variety of applications in
addition to phone service.
• They are basically small tablet computers, and they can be used for web browsing, watching
videos, reading e-books, playing games and more.