KEY

TO

PLANE TRIGONOMETRY.
 (EamimUge :'

PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY, M.A. AND SONS

AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
THE Keys already issued to some of the Author's works
have been found very useful by affording assistance to

private students, and by saving the labour and time of

teachers ;
and this has led to the issue of the present

volume. Care has been taken, as in the former Keys, to

present the solutions in a simple natural manner, in order

to meet the difficulties which are most likely to arise,

and to render the work intelligible and instructive.

September, 1874.
 CONTENTS.

I.

II.
Degrees and Grades
Circular Measure
. ......... PAGE
1

3
III. Trigonometrical Ratios 5

IV. Application of Algebraical Signs 7

V. Angles with given Trigonometrical Ratios .11

.....
. . .

VI. Trigonometrical Ratios of Two Angles 13

VII.

VIII.
Formula for the Division of Angles

Miscellaneous Propositions
...... 22

30

IX. Miscellaneous Examples 49

X. Miscellaneous Examples 59

XI. Use of Logarithmic and Trigonometrical Tables . . .73

XII.

XIII.

XIV.
Miscellaneous Examples

Miscellaneous Examples

Solution of Triangles
........ . 78
94

108

XV. Measurement of Heights and Distances . . . . .118

XVI. Properties of Triangles 131

XVII. Miscellaneous Examples 152

XVIII. Inverse Trigonometrical Functions . . . . . .160

XIX. De Moivre's Theorem 173

XX. Miscellaneous Examples 180

XXI. Exponential Values of the Cosine and Sine .... 186

XXII. Summation of Trigonometrical Series ..... 190

XXIII. Resolution of Trigonometrical Expressions into Factors . . 207

XXIV. Miscellaneous 218

Propositions
........
.

Miscellaneous Examples 230

 KEY
TO

PLANE TRIGONOMETKY.
CHAPTER I.

1. LET x denote the number of degrees in the larger angle, and y the
number of degrees in the smaller angle. Then, since 10 grades are equal to
9 degrees, x y = 9 also *-f-y = 45: hence we obtain a; = 27 and y = 18.
;

In two-thirds of a right angle there are 60 degrees let x denote the

2. ;

number of degrees in one part, then 60- a; denotes the number of degrees in
the other part, therefore the number of grades in this part is (60 -a;).
9
Hence
10 30
x :
~(60-*) :: 3 :
10; therefore 10*= (60-*) ;
9 9
therefore 9* =3 (60-*) ;
therefore 12* = 180; therefore a; = 15.
In half a right angle there are 45 degrees let * denote the number
3. ;

of degrees in one part, then 45-* denotes the number of degrees in the

other part, therefore the number of grades in this part is (45

- *). Hence
y

* :
15(45-*) :: 9 : 5; therefore 5* = 10 (45-*);
9
therefore 15* = 450; therefore * = 30.
Q
4. 1' 5
V1
= -0105 of a grade ;
of -0105 = -00345.

5. Let * denote the number of degrees in one part; then n -x denotes

the number of degrees in the other part. In * degrees there are 60*

English raiuutes. In n-* degrees there are^(n-*) grades, and there-

9

fore x 100 (n - *) French minutes. Therefore

therefore 1540x = 1000n; therefore 77*=50n;

50n . 27ft
therefore *= ,
and w-*= .

6. In one-third of a right angle there are 30 degrees ;

if this be taken

as the unit of measurement an angle of 75 degrees must be denoted by ~ ,

t>0

that is by '-
,
that is by 2i.

T. T. K. A
2 I. DEGREES AND GRADES.

7. Let x denote the number of grades in the unit. Then an angle of

66?
66| grades is denoted by 2 ; and this is equal to 20. Therefore

2
20x = G6= ^; therefore x = ^.
o o
9 10
Hence the number of degrees in the unit is -
x -
,
that is 3.
10 O

8. Let 3x denote the number of sides in the equiangular polygon which

has the greater number of sides then 2x denotes the number of sides in the
;

other equiangular polygon. All the angles of the polygon of 2x sides are
-
equal to (4oj-4) right angles, that is to (4oj 4) 100 grades therefore each ;

angle contains grades. All the angles of the polygon of Bx sides

-^
are equal to (6ce
- 4) right angles, that is to (6a;
- 4) 90 degrees ; therefore
- 4) 90 ,
each angle contains
. .
*(Gx ^ , ,
degrees ;
,

therefore
ox
(4s -4) 100 = (6a-4)90 .

therefore (4cc - 4) 5 = (60; - 4) 3 therefore 2x=8; therefore z = 4.

; Thus one
polygon has 8 sides and the other polygon has 12 sides.

9. It is shewn in Art. 9 that an angle expressed in centesimal seconds

81 81 324
is transformed to English seconds by multiplying by ;
and -_ = ^7^ .

^o(J 4D\) 1000

10. Suppose one angle to contain x English seconds, and another to

contain x French minutes. The second angle then contains lOOx French
81
seconds, and therefore
-~ x lOOx English seconds. Hence the ratio of
Q-J
f\f\ -I />O
the former angle to the latter is that of 1 to --
,
or of 1 to - ,
or of
250 5
5 to 162.

11. 60 I_3j00
60 1,10-05
1675 Thus 3510 /
3'
/
= 35-1675.
35-1675
3-9075
ay-0750 And
12. 69 g 22' 50" = 69 g -225. 69-225
6-9225
62-3025
60
18-1500
60
y-oo
 II. CIRCULAR MEASURE.

CHAPTER II.

1. IT is shewn in Art. 8 that = ;

and it is shewn in Art. 22
yu luu

** D = 2O D= 1C
.
that *
"

180
=
^'
S
a. 4
90 V rm.
Tleref re .

90 100
=
V
In fact the three expressions denote the same thing, namely the ratio cf
the angle considered to a right angle.

9 3
The circular measure of the angle is that is
2. -^ X
1U UO ,

OA
-^
4U
.
Therefore,
1

by Art. 22, the number of degrees in the angle is

-r-^
of .

3. 5 37' 30" = 337^ minutes. Thus the circular measure

675 135
_337 7r 7r T
~180x60 ~180x60x2 ~~180x 12x2
27 _7T
7T
36 x 12 x 2 32

4. The angle contains I'Ol grades; therefore, by Art. 24, the circular

measure is TT, that is TT x '00505.

2U(J

5. Let x denote the number of degrees in the first angle, y the number
in the second, and z the number in the third.

The circular measure of the first angle is ,

and the circular measure
180

of the second is
^ ;
therefore
^ ^=^ - ;
therefore x-y = l&.

The number of grades in the second angle is - ,

and the number of

^
grades in the third is ^ ;
therefore + ^ = 30
;
therefore y + z = 27.
y y y
Also x + y = 36.
From these three equations we have x = 27, y = 9, 2=18.

6. The circular measure of a right angle is - and therefore the circular

;

measure of five -sixteenths of a right angle is -^

ID
of - ,
that is ^
oil
.

The number of degrees is of 90, that is ,

that is 28'125.
-^

The number of grades is of 100, that is that is 31 '25.

-^ ,

A2
4 II. CIRCULAR MEASURE.

7. Let the numbers of degrees in the three angles be denoted respec-

tively by x-y, x, and x + y. Then x-y + x+x + y=l80, that is 3;c = 180;
therefore a; =60.

Also x + y =2 (x-y) ; therefore 3z/ = = 60;

a; therefore y=2Q.
Hence in degrees the angles are denoted by 40, 60, and 80. Therefore

in grades they will be denoted by - ,

-
,
and . And in circular
y y y
,, ... , , , , 407T , 607T , 807T ... , 2ir
measure they will be denoted by , ,
and ;
that is by ,

IT , 4?T
a "d
3' 9-

8. Let the numbers of degrees in the three angles be denoted respec-

tively by x-y, x, and x + y. Then x -y + x + x + y = 18Q, that is 3& = 1SO;
therefore x = 60.
*"
The circular measure of the greatest angle is ; tnus
18 Q

^ + y)
180
:: 60 :
^ therefore (a:-y)
(x

therefore 3 (x-y) = x + y ; therefore y = - = 3Q.

Thus the angles are 30, 60, and 90.

9. All the angles of the polygon are equal to (2n - 4) right angles, that

is to (2n -
4)
- in circular measure, that is to (n
- 2) TT. Hence the circular

measure of each angle is .

10. During the quarter of an hour since twelve the long hand has
described one-fourth of four right angles, that is a right angle. The short
hand has described one-twelfth of this, that is of a right angle. Hence
12

the angle between the hands at a quarter past twelve is of a right angle.

The measure in degrees = of 90 = J = =82^.

J.4 1 ft

11 x 25
= 275
\ 1
The measure in grades = of 100 = -- - =
91|-

The circular measure = II ,TT

of - = UTT .
 III. TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS.

CHAPTER III.

1. Let sin A = -? . Then we have

f rvrj
.

A _
cos 4
-
3
_ . ,

5'5~54~4'
4
__ 3_ V
5
Z_ _3 *

sec A=
cos^l
15
--7 = 7;
4'
cosec A=-
sm4
15
= - -

3'
;

l-~ =-.
o 5

2. Let tan A=-. Then we have

4

_
~ _ ~ 3 454
1 1
S
~~~77TTTr^2~T\ ~~ i^_5_3
16\ ~3~5'

-15 ^=^; cosec A=

15
r=,; 4
cos^l 3 sin J.

vers J=l- 5 o

/9
3. Let cos A== -
/ -. Then we have

V(l-

_ sin A _
~ ~ /I /2 _J_
L

V 3
'

V 3~V2 ;

cot ^1 = ,- .=
tan .4

= -
cos
-=
.4 V/ sJ2' cosec -4 =-
sin
i=N/^i
J.

vers A =I- cos A = l-

 III. TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS.

4. sec 2 6 cosec 2 = (1 + tan 2 0) (1 + cot 2 6) = 1 + tan 3 + cot 2 + (tan 6 cot 0)

2

= tan 2 0+cot 2 + 2.

5. sin 2 tan + cos 2 cot +2 sin cos = SH --

+ -- +2 sin cos
cos sin

sin4 + cos 4 + 2 sin 2 cos 2 (sin

2
+ cos2 0) 2
sin cos sin cos sin cos

sin 2 0+ cos 2 sin0 cos0

:
; vr-
-- /, -^
sin cos cos sin

6. 2 (sin6 + cos 6 0) = 2 (sin

2
+ cos 2 0) (sin
4 - sin 2 cos 2 + cos 4 0)
=2 (sin
4 - sin2 cos 2
+ cos 4
0) ;

therefore 2 (sin 6 + cos 6 0) - 3 (sin

4
+ cos 4 0) + 1
= -2 sin 2 cos 2 - sin4 - cos4 + 1

=1 - (sin
2
+ cos 2
0)
2 = 1-1 = 0.

7. sin2 = 3r cos ;
theref ore 1 - cos 2 = 3 -
cos ;
i 2i

o
therefore cos 2 + cos = 1.
^

By solving this quadratic in the usual way we obtain cos =- or -2 ; but

only the former value is applicable, for cos cannot be numerically greater

than unity. Hence cos0=^, and therefore = ^-.

it O

8. sin + cos = 1; therefore cos = 1- sin therefore cos 2 ;

= (1 - sin 0) 2 ,

therefore l-sin 2 = (1 -sin 0) 2 ,

that is (1 - sin 0) (1 + sin 0) = (1 - sin 0) 2 .

Therefore either 1- sin = 0, or 1 + sin = l-sin0.

Take 1- sin 0=0; thus sin = 1, therefore = .

Next take l + sin0 = l-sin0; thus sin = 0, therefore = 0.

9. cot = 2 cos ;
therefore ^-
sm0
= 2 cos 0.

Therefore either cos = 0, or =2.

S1110

Take cos = 0; then0 = J. Next take = 2 ;

thus sin = -
;
i sin a

therefore 0=77.
o
 IV. APPLICATION OF ALGEBRAICAL SIGNS. 7

10. sin2 0-2 cos + 7 = 0; therefore 1 - cos 2 0-2cos0+-4 = 0; therefore

4

cos 2 +2 cos 6 = j By solving this quadratic in the ordinary way we obtain

cos 6 == ,
or - = ;
but only the former value is applicable ; therefore =- .

2 '2 o

11. 3 sec 4 + 8 = 10 sec 2 0; therefore 3 sec 4 0-10 sec 2 + 8 = 0. By solving

this quadratic in the ordinary way we obtain sec 2 =2 or -; therefore

*"
sec0 = v/2 or -; therefore = -^ or
V3

12. tan0 + cot0 = 2; therefore tan0+ =2;

tan0
therefore tan 2
0-2 tan 0+ 1 = 0, that is (tan 0- 1)
2 = 0;

therefore tan = 1, therefore = j-

13. sin (A - B) = ; therefore A - B = 30,

|
*
cos (.4 + B) = ;
therefore A + B = 60 ;

from these two equations we obtain A =45, and 5 = 15.

14. tan (A + B} = V3 ;
therefore A+B = 60,
tan (4 - B} = 1 ;
therefore A - B = 45 ;

from these two equations we obtain A =52A, B=7&.

CHAPTEE IV.

1. 585 = 360 + 225. Thus the Trigonometrical Ratios are the same as
for an angle of 225.

sin 225 = sin (180 + 45) = - sin 45 = - ,

-^
cos 225 = cos (180 + 45) = - cos 45 = - 4s
v3
2. 690 = 360 + 330. Thus the Trigonometrical Ratios are the same as
for an angle of 330.
1
sin 330 = sin (180 + 150)= -sin 150= -sinSO ^- ,

cos 330 = cos ( 180 + 150) = - cos 150 = cos 30 = ^ .

8 IV. APPLICATION OF ALGEBRAICAL SIGNS.

3. 930 = 720 + 210. Thus the Trigonometrical Eatios are the same as
for an angle of 210.

sin 210 - sin (180 + 30) = - sin 30 =-* ;

cos 210 = cos (180 + 30) = - cos 30 = - ~ .

4. 6420 =17x360 + 300. Thus the Trigonometrical Eatios are the

same as for an angle of 300.

sin 300 = sin (180 + 120) = - sin 120 = - sin 60 =- ^

m
,

*
cos )0 = cos (180 + 120) = - cos 120 = cos 60 = .

5. The sm est angle is 45 the other angles are found by increasing

;

successively by 180 : thus all the angles are 45, 225, 405, 585, 765.

6. Since cos*0= 5 ,
we have cos 0= .
I V2
Take the upper sign then the smallest value ; is 45, and the others are
360 -45, 360 + 45, 720 -45, 720 + 45.
Take the lower sign then the smallest value ; is 135, and the others are
360 -135, 360 + 135, 720 -135, 720 -t 135.

mr-
7. vers = 1 - cos TJTT-
.

.
4 4

Suppose w = 0; then we have 1-cosO, that is 1-1, that is 0; next

suppose = 1, then we have 1-coSjj that is next suPP ose w = 2 >

l--/o
then we have 1- cos that is 1 - 0, that is 1 next suppose w = 3, then we
^ , ;

have 1 - cos that is 1 + - next suppose w=4, then we have 1 - cos

-^ ; ; TT,
v"
that is 1 + 1, that is 2. Then the values begin to recur in the inverse order ;

6* IT = SlT
57T
= cos 37T 27T TT
i or cos -j- -j- ,
cos = cos cos cos
j, cos
- = cos27r = cosO.
-^-j

OTT TT
Then the whole series recurs. For cos = cos - , and so on.

8. Suppose n = Q, then we have sin-.,, that is ^; next suppose w = l,

o 2

then we have sin ( ^- 6/

) ,
that is
sin^,
o
that is ~ ;
next suppose n2,
\2 2i

then we have sin ( TT +- ) ,

that is -sin J, that is -^; next suppose . = 3,
\ QJ 6 2
 IV. APPLICATION OF ALGEBRAICAL SIGNS.

then we have sin - - - - sin^

(~
\ &
^o/ ) ,
that is sin (J
\J oy
)
,
that is
o
, that

N/3
IS
-^.
Then the values recur ;
for suppose n 4 ; then we have sin

that is sin ,
and so on.
6

9. sin 3 = - cos3 0. Extract the cube root of both sides ; thus

sin 6= - cos 6, therefore = - 1, that is tan 6= - 1 ; therefore Q=-r .

10. 2 sin 2 6-5 cos (9-4 = 0; therefore 2 (1 - cos 2 0) - cos - 4 = ;

therefore 2 cos 2 +5 cos + 2 = 0. By solving this quadrat in the usual

way we obtain cos 0= -- or -2; but only the former vahuo-8 applicable;

therefore 0=-.
o

11. When = we have cos = 1 and sin = 0, so that cos 0- sin = 1.

Let change from to ,
then cos changes from 1 to 0, and sin from

to 1 ;
therefore cos - sin changes from 1 to 1, vanishing when 0= .

Let change from to TT, then cos changes from to - 1 and sin

- sin remains negative. has

from 1 to ;
thus cos It its greatest numerical
'

value, namely - \/2, when = -

. For we have

(cos + sin 0) 2 + (Cos - sin 0) 2 = 2 (cos

2
+ sin 2 0) = 2 ;

and thus (cos

- sin 0) 2 has its greatest value when cos + sin vanishes,

that is when tan = - 1, that is when =~

- goes through the same
Let change from v to 2
;
then cos sin

numerical values, with a contrary sign, as when changes from to - : this

follows from Art. 50.

Let change from - to 2ir; then cos 0- sin goes through the same

numerical values, with a contrary sign, as when - to

changes from IT : this

follows from Art. 50.

2
12. Let change from to ^ ; then cos changes from 1 to 0, and
2
sin 2
from to 1 ;
therefore cos 0- sin-0 changes from 1 to - 1.
2
 10 IV. APPLICATION OF ALGEBRAICAL SIGNS.

Let 6 change from *- to TT ; then cos 2 6- sin2 changes from - 1 to 1.

Let 6 change from IT to then cos 2 0- sin 2 6 goes through the same
-^;

values as when changes from to -

.

Let 6 change from to 2ir; then cos 2 0- sin 2 goes through the same

values as when changes from - to TT.

13. tan + cot = tan + A

tan
- . Let change from to -
2
; then tan

changes from to infinity. Thus tan0 + is always positive, and is

infinite both when = 0, and when = - . The least value is when

= -
; for we have
2 \a
f
tan0+
1
-\ = /
(tan0-7tan
1
\ + 4,
\ tan e)) \ 0J

and thus the least value is when tan -

tan
- -
vanishes, that is when
2
tan 1. Thus tan 0+ cot diminishes from infinity to 2, as changes
from to j 5 and then increases from 2 to infinity, as changes from

Let change from

-
to TT ;
then tan + cot goes in reverse order through
the same numerical values, with a contrary sign, as when changes from
to : this follows from Art. 48.
^
Let change from IT to 2ir then tan + cot goes through the same
;

values as when changes from to v this follows from Art. 50. :

14. We know by Algebra that if a and 6 are unequal 2ab is less than
a2 + 6", and therefore 46 is less than a 2 + 6 2 + 2a6, that is 4ab is less than

(a + 6) 2 . Therefore --- is less than unity; and cannot be equal to the

j-^

secant of any angle, for a secant is never less than unity.

II. '
 V. ANGLES WITH GIVEN TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS. 11

see(X + 900) = _
(!o
1
Tgo0)
= _L1 .
; by Art. 52, =-

cosec (A + 90) = _ __ >

o)

vers (4 + 90) = 1 - cos (A + 90) = 1 + sin A by , Art. 52.

16. sin (270 - A) = - sin (90 - A), by Art. 50, = - cos A.

cos (270 -A)= -cos (90-^), by Art. 50, =-sin4.
17. sin (270 + 4)= -sin (90 + .4), by Art. 50,
= -cos A, by Art. 52.

cos (270 + ^)= -cos (90+^), by Art. 50,

= - (- sin^), by Art. 52, =sin A.

18. sin (360 - A) = - sin (180 - A), by Art. 50,

=- sin A, by Art. 48.

cos (360 - A = -
) cos (180 -A), by Art. 50,
=- (- cos A), by Art. 48, =cos A.

CHAPTEE V.

1. tan = 1; the smallest value of is and the general value is

J,
mr + ~ by ,
Art. 68.

2. sin = 1; the smallest value of is ,

and the general value is

mr+ n This expression be simplified for first sup-

(- I) 7r,
2
by Art. 66. may ;

pose n even, denote it by 2m, so that we have 2mir + ~ ;

next suppose n odd,

denote it by 2 m + so that we have (2m + - that is 2mir + Hence

1, 1) TT ,
.

both cases are included in the expression 2mtr +

^ ,
that is (4m + 1) .

3. cos =1 j
the smallest value of is 0, and the general value is 2mr,
by Art. 67.

4. cos = -- ; the smallest value of is -

,
and the general value is
4 O
2
2/77T
J , by Art. 67.
12 V. ANGLES WITH GIVEN TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS.

5. sin 2 6 = sin 2 a; therefore sin = sin a. Take the tipper sign, then
the simplest solution is 6 = a, and the general solution is 6=mr+(- l) n a.
Take the lower sign, then the simplest solution is = - a, and the general
solution is Q mr (- 1) M a. The two expressions are included in the
single expression = mra.
This might also be obtained from a diagram in the manner of Arts. 66, 67,
and 68.

6. Since cosec 2 0=- we have sin2 =- = sin 2 :

hence, by Example 5,
^
the general solution is = mr- .

7. cos 2 6 = cos 2 a; therefore cos0=cosa. Take the upper sign, then

the simplest solution is = a, and the general solution is = 2mra. Take
the lower sign, then the simplest solution is = ir-a, and the general solu-
tion is = 2nir (TT - a). The two expressions are included in the single
expression 6=mira.
It will be seen that the result is the same as for Example 5, and this
should be the case; for if cos 2 = cos 2 o, then 1-cos 2 = 1 - cos 2 a, that is
sin 2 = sin 2 a.
8. Since sec 2 = 2, we have cos 2 = - = cos 2 hence, by Example
J ; 7,

the general solution is = ntr j .

9. tan 2 = tan 2 a ; therefore tan = tan a. Take the upper sign, then the
simplest solution is = a, and the general solution is = mr + a. Take the
lower sign, then the simplest solution is = - a, and the general solution is
=mr a. The two expressions are included in the single expression
The result is the same as for Example 7, and this should be the case ; for
if tan 2 = tan 2 a then 1 + tan 2 0=1 + tan 2 a ;
therefore sec 2 sec 2 a, by=
Art. 34 ;
therefore cos 2 = cos 2 a.

10. tan 2 =- = tan 2 7r; hence, by Example 9, the general solution is

O O

11. All the angles included in the expression 2mra have the same
cosine as a, by Art. 67.
Now by Art. 45 sin (2mr + a) = sin a and ;
sin (2mr - a) = sin ( - a) = - sin a.
Thus the angles which have both the same sine and the same cosine as a
are all comprised in the expression 2mr + a.

-^ 7*
12. -^sin/WW^, and-^W --

hence, by Example 11, the required general value is

= 2nir+ <

-^
 VI. TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF TWO ANGLES. 13

CHAPTER VI.

1
cos 4 + sin 4 _
~ (cos A+ sin A)*
cos A - sin A (cos A - sin A) (cos 4+Hn4)
_ cos 2 A + sin 2 A+ 2 sin A cos 4 _ 1 + sin 2 A
cos* A - sin 2 ~A cos 24

= sin 24
rr+ --;;-r=tan24+sec24.
1

cos 24 cos 2A

2. 2 sin 2 4 sin 2 B + 2 cos 4 cos 2 2

,6

_(l-cos24) (1- cos 25) (1 + cos 24) (1 + cos 25)

~2~ ~2~~
_ 1 - cos 2 A - cos 25 + cos 2 A cos 25 1 + cos 2 A + cos 25 + cos 2 A cos 25
~2~~ ~2~
= 1 + cos 24 cos 25.
3. tan (45 + A) -tan (45 -A)
- tan A
_ tan 45 + tan A _ tan 45 ~ l+ tan4 _ l-tan4
1 + tan 45 tan A -I tan A l + tan4
2
_(l + tan4) -(l-tan4)
2
_ _
l-tan 2 4 l-tan*4~
4. sin 34 cosec 4 - cos 34 sec 4

_sin34
~~
cos 34 _
~
3 sin4 -4sin3 4 4cos 3 4-3cos4
4
sin cos 4 sin 4 cos 4

= 3-4 sin 2 4 - (4 cos 2 4 - 3) = 6 - 4 (sin 2 4 + cos 2 4) = 6 - 4 = 2.

5. 3 sin 4 - sin 34 = 3 sin 4 - (3 sin 4 - 4 sin 3 4)
= 4 sin 3 4 = 2 sin 4 x 2 sin 4 = 2 siii 4 >J

(1
- cos 24 ).

sin 4 + 2 sin 34 + sin 54 sin 4 + sin 54 + 2 sin 34

6,
sin 34 + 2 sin 54 + sin 74 sin 34 + sin 74 + 2 sin 54
_
~
2 sin 34 cos 24 + 2 sin 34
2 sin 54 cos 24 + 2 sin 54
y ^ '
,
^
_2sin34(l + cos24) ~ _ sin 34 '

~2~sin~54 (1 + cos 2A) sin 54

sin (24 + B} _
cQg _ sin (4 +5 + 4) -2 sin 4 cos (4 +5)
sin 4 sin 4
- sin 4
_sin (4 + 5) cos 4 + cos (4 + 5) sin 4 2 cos (4 + 5)
sin 4
sin (4 + 5) cos 4 - cos (A + 5) sin 4 _ sin (4 + 5-4) _ sin 5
~~ '

sin 4 sin 4 sin 4

14 VI. TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF TWO ANGLES.

8. 4 sin A cos 3 A - 4 cos A sin 3 A = 4 sin A cos A (cos 2 A - sin 2 A)

= 2 sin 2 A cos 2 A = sin 44 .

A - cos 34 sin A
'
cos _ 2 sin 24
~ 7
2 co~s~24~sin 4
' '
sirT34"sin~4
sin 2 A
= r-r
cos 2A

cos 24 - cos 44 _ 2 sin 34 sin 4

= y 1
44 - sin 24
'
'
sin 2~6oi34Tsin~4
sin 34
=tan34.
cos 34

1 cos 44
11. cosec 24 + cot 44 = - +
sin 24 sin 44
2 cos 24 cos 44 2 cos 24 + cos 44
T~ ~ A
2 cos 24 sin 24 .
sin 44 44 sin

2 cos 24 +2 cos 2 24-1 _ 2 cos 24 (1 +cos 24)- 1

sin 44 sin 44

2 cos 24 (1 + cos 24) 1

_l + cos24
~~
1
~2 sin 24 cos 24 sin 44 sin 24 sin 44
2 cos 2 4 1 cos 4 1
= cot 4 - cosec 44.
; j-j
2 sin 4 cos 4 sin 44 sin 4 sin' 44

12. cos 2 (4 - B) + cos 2 B - 2 cos (4 - B) cos 4 cos B

= cos (4 - B) {cos (4 - B} - cos 4 cos B}
+ cos B {cos B
- cos (4 - B) cos 4}
= cos (4 - B) sin 4 sin B
+ cos .B {cos - - B) - cos (4 - B) cos ^4
(4 4 }

= cos (4 - B) sin 4 sin B + cos 5 sin 4 sin (4 - B)

= sin 4 {cos (A - B) sin B + sin (4 - B) cos 5}
= sin 4 sin (4 - B + B) sin 4 sin 4 = sin 2 4.

13. sin 2 (4 - B) + sin2 .B + 2 sin (4 - B) sin 5 cos 4

= sin (4
- B}
{sin (4
- B) + sin .5 cos 4 }

+ sinjB {sin^ + sin (4

-
= sin (4 - B) sin 4 cos B
- - -
{sin (4 4 5) + sin (4 B) cos 4 }

= sin (4 - B) sin 4 cos B + sin .B sin 4 cos (4-5)

= sin 4 {sin (4 - 5) cos B + cos (4 - 5) sin 5}
s= sin 4 sin (4 - B + B) = sin 4 sin 4 = sin 2 4.
 VI. TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF TWO ANGLES. 15

sin2 (45 - A)
~
1- tan 2 (45-^) _ cos 2745^T)
1+ tan 2 (45 -4) sin 2 (45 - A)
+
cos^(?>o~A)
2 2 -
~ cos 2 (45 -A)- sin 2 (45 -A) = cos 2 (45 A
= )

cos (45 -A) + sin (45 -A)~ 1

= cos (90 -2A) = sin 2A.

4 sin A f
~ sin 2 ^4\
4 tan A (1
- tan 2 A) cos A \ cos^Aj
15.

4 sin A cos 2! (cos A

2 - sin2 ,4)' _
- = 2 sin 2A
rt . .

cos 2A
(cos
2
^4 + sm 2 A)*

sin ^1 H ---- cos .4 -

+ cos .4 4- sin 4
- sin ^4
-
t
cos A

-: T = sec A + cosec ^.
cos A sin 4
+ cos 34 _ 3 sin A- 4 sin 3 A + 4 cos 3 A - 3 cos .4
.^ sin_3^
~
- coa 3^
~;

3 sin J^TsIn^k - 4 cos 3^! + 3 cos ^1

3 (sin A - cos A - 4 (sin 3 A - cos 8 A)
)

3~(sin ^1 + COB A) - 4 "(sin 8 ^4 + cos 3 ^1)

sin A - cos 4 3 - 4 (sin 2 4 + cos 2 A + sin .4 cos A )

sin A + cos J 3~^4 "(sin 2 A + cos 2 4 - sin J cos J )

sin J - cos A - 14 sin .4 cos A

sin yl + cos A -1 + 4 sin A cos A
sin ^ "
_ I

cos 4
~ 1+2
-
sin 2.4
sin A 1 2 sin 2J
^_ J[
cos ^4
16 VI. TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF TWO ANGLES.

_tanJ 4J -l 1 + 2 sin 2A
~tanJ~+l~ 1 -2 sin 2A

18.

= cos A + cos 120 cos A + sin 120 sin A + cos 120 cos A - sin 120 sin A
= cos .4 + 2 cos 120 cos A = cos.4 -cos .4 =0.

19. 4 sin A sin (60 -A) sin (60 + ^)

= 4 sin A (sin 2 60 - sin 2 A) by , Art. 83,

= 4 sin 2! 2
^
Q-sin J

= 3 sin A - 4 sin3 A = sin 3.4 .

20. 4 cos A cos (60 + ^) cos (60 -4)

= 4 cos A (cos
2
A - sin 2 60), by Art. 83,

= 4 cos .4
= 4 cos 3 .4-3 cos A cos 3.4.

21. tan 4 tan (60 + ^) + ^)

tan (120

_
~ sin A + ,4) sin (120 + A
sin (60 }

cbiTJcos (60 + A) cos (120"+".4)

-A
~ sin A sin (60 + A) sin (60 ) ,

y
<^sTcos~(60+l) cos (60
- A) '

= - ~-
cos 3.4
, by Examples 19 and 20, = - tan 3^1 .

22. tan A+ tan (60+^) + tan (120 + ^)

tan A + tan (60 + ^) -tan (60 -4), by Art. 48,

tan 60 + tan A tan 60 - tan A

= tan A +
1 - tan 60 tan A 1 + tan 60 tan A
(tan 60 + tan 4) (1 + tan 60 tan A) - (tan 60 - tan A)(l- tan 60 tan A )
~T- tan 2 GOnan 2 A
2 tan 2 60 tan A + 2tan4

8 tan .4
_ 9 tan ^4 -3 tan 3 4
+ ~
1-
= 3 tan 3^.
 VI. TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF TWO ANGLES. 17

23. cot 4 + cot (60 + 4) + cot (120 -f 4)

tan 4 tan (60 + 4) tan (60 -4)

1 1 - tan 60 tan 4 ~ 1 + tan 60 tan 4
:
+
tan4 tan 60 + tan A tan 60 - tan 4
1 (1
- tan 60 tan4 ) (tan 60 - tan4) - (1 + tan 60 tan4)(tan 60 + tan4)
+
.

tan 4 tan 2 60 - tan a 4

:
1
~ 2 tan 2 60 tan 4+2 tan 4
tan4 tan" 60 - tan* A

111
:
1
~ 8 tan 4 ~ 3-9 tan 2 4
tan4 3 - tan 2 4 3 tan 4 - tan 3~4
3
= 3 cot 34.
tan 3^1

24. cot A cot (60 + A) + cot (60 + A) cot (120 + A + cot (120 + A ) ) cot A
~
tan A tan (60
'

+4) tan(60 + 4) tan (120 + 4) tan ( 120 + 4) tan A

_ tan (120 + A) + tan A+ tan (60 + A)
tan4 tan (60 + 4) tan (120 + 4)

= 3tan3/ by Examples ,21 and 22, = - 3.

tan o A

25. sin 3
4=|{3sin4-sin34},

= sin (120 + ^) -sin 3^},

^{3

sin 3 (240 + A) = { 3 sin (240 + A - sin

)
3 (240 + A) }

= j {3 sin (240 + A )
- sin 3^ }.

By addition we obtain
o o
4 + sin (120 + 4) + sin (240 + 4) - - sin
34,
^ {sin
}

o
that is - - sin 34 ;
for
4
sin 4 + sin (120 + 4) + sin (240 + 4)
= sin 4 + sin (60 - 4) - sin (60 + 4)
= sin 4 + sin 60 cos 4 - cos 60 sin 4 - sin 60 cos 4 - cos 60 sin 4
= sin 4-2 cos 60 sin 4 = sin 4 - sin 4=0.
T. T. K. B
18 VI. TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF TWO ANGLES.

2G. sin 34 sin 3 A + cos 3 A cos 3 A

= (3 sin A -4 sin3 A) sin 3 4 + (4 cos 8 4 - 3 cos A) cos* A
= 3 (sin4 4 - cos 4 A) - 4 sin 6 4 + 4 cos 6 4
= 3 (sin 4 4 -cos 4 A) (sin 2 .4+ cos 2 4) -4 sin 6 4 + 4 cos 6 4
= cos 6 4 -3 cos 4 4 sin 2 4 + 3 cos 2 A sin* A -sin 6 A
= (cos A - sin 2 4 3 = cos 3 2 A
12
) .

cos 3 A sin 3 A sin 3 4 cos 3.4

"F~ ~~3~~

= (3 cos A + cos 34) sin 34 + (3 sin 4 - sin 34) cos 34

La u
= j (sin 34 cos 4 + cos 34 sin 4)

= - sin (34 + A) = 2

28. cos?i4 cos (n + 2)4 = cos {(n+l)4 -4} cos

= cos 2 (w + 1) 4 - sin 2 4 , by Art. 83 ;

therefore cos w4 cos (n + 2) 4 - cos 2 (n + 1) 4 + sin 2 4 = 0.

sin 4 sin nA + sin (2 - 1) 4
cos 4 i cos nA + cos (2n -1)4
_ sin 4 + sin (2n 1} 4 =t sin w4
cos 4 + cos (2rt - 1) 4 cos nA

_2 sin nA cos (n 1) 4 sin w4 , .

~2 cos w4 cos (n - 1) 4 cos nA '

_ sin nA {2 cos (n - 1) 4 1} ~
~ _ sin nA ~
cos 4
- {2 cos (?t 1) 4 =t 1} cos nA
30. sin nA cosec' 2
4 sec 4 - cos nA sec 2
4 cosec 4
sinn4
cos 4 sin 2 4 cos 8 4 sin 4
sin nA cos 4 - cos n4 sin 4 _ 4 sin (w4 - 4)
~~
sin' 4 cos- 4 4 sin* 4 COB- 4
2

2
-4)cosec 24.

31. cos 104 + cos 84 + 3 cos 44 + 3 cos 24

= 2 cos 94 cos 4 + 6 cos 34 cos 4, by Art. 84,
=2 cos 94+3 cos 34)
4 (cos
= 2 cos 4 (4 cos 3 34-3 cos 34 + 3 cos 34)
= 8 cos 4 cos 3 34.
 VI. TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF TWO ANGLES. 19

cos A cos 24 eos

_44
32. cot A + cot 24 + cot 44 = -f + -r _:
sin 4
44 sin 24 sin
2 cos 2 4 COB 24
44 _1 + 2 cos 24 cos cos 4 A
2 sin A cos 4 sin sin 44 24
sin 24 sin 4 A
2 cos 24 (1 + 2 cos 24) cos 44
2 sin 24 cos 24
+ sin 44

*
2 C S 2^

{2 cos 24 + 2 (1 + cos 44) + cos 44 }

= cosec44 {2 +2 cos 24 + 3 cos 44}.

2 sin 24 + 2 cos 24 2 (sin 24 + cos 24)

33.
cos 4 - sin 4 - cos 34 + sin 34 cos 4 cos 34 + sin 34 - sin 4
2 (sin 24+ cos 24)
by Art. 84,
sin 4 + 2 cos 24 ein 4 '
sin 24
2 (sin 24 + cos 24) 1
'

2 (sin 24 + cos 24) sin 4 sin 4

34. (cos 4 - sin 34) 2 + 2 cos 4 sin 34 (cos 4 - sin 4) 2

= cos 2 4 + sin'J 34-2 cos 4 sin 34 + 2 cos 4 sin 34 (1 - 2 sin 4 cos 4)
= cos 2 4 + sin2 34 - 2 cos 4 sin 34 sin 24
= cos 4 {cos 4 - sin 34 sin 24} + sin 34 {sin 34 - cos 4 sin 24 }

= cos A {cos (34

- 24) - sin 34 sin 24}

+ sin 34 {sin (24 + 4) - cos 4 sin 24}

= cos 4 cos 34 cos 24 + sin 34 sin 4 cos 24
= cos 24 {cos 34 cos 4 + sin 34 sin 4}
= cos 24 cos (34 - 4) = cos 24 cos 24 = cos 2 24.

35. cos 6 4 -sin 6 4 = (cos 2 4 -sin 2 4) (cos

4
4 + sin 4 4 + sin 2 A cos 2 4)
= cos 24 (cos
4
4+ 4 + sin 4 cos 4)
sin 4 2 2

= cos 24 {(cos 4 + sin 2 4) 2 - sin 2 4 cos 2 4

2
}

= cos24{l-sin 2 4cos 2 4} =

36. sin 54 =sin (34 + 24) = sin 34 cos 24 + cos 34 sin 24

= (3sin4-4sin 3 4)(l-2sin 2 4) + (4cos 3 4-3cos4)2sin4cos4
= (3 sin 4 - 4sin 3 4) (1 - 2sin 2 4) + (4 cos 2 4 - 3) 2 sin 4 cos 2 4
= (3sin4 -4sin 3 4)(l - 2sin 2 4) + (l - 4 sin 2 4) 2 sin 4 (1 - sin 8 4)
= 5 sin4 - 20 sin3 4 + 16 sin 5 4.
B2
20 VI. TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF TWO ANGLES.

37.
tan(;-5|+cotfj-5)=4;

therefore

sin 2 (? - 6\ + cos 2 (? - 6\ = 4 sin f - cos - 6\

therefore
| 5^ ^ ;

therefore 1 =2 sin f - 26 = 2 cos IB ;

| J

therefore cos 25 = -;

therefore 26 = 2mr J ,
8

therefore 6=nir^o .

* QO
K.Q
38. sin 40 + sin 5 = 0, therefore 2 sin cos = by Art. 84; therefore
J t

t*/\ o/i jr/j

either sin - = 0, or = 0. The former gives = WTT; and the latter

cos-^-

gives
mm
3d .

=2n?rd= -
TT
, which may be expressed more simply as
30
d
= mir + TT
-.
21

Or we might proceed thus sin 40= - sin 0, therefore sin 45 = sin (TT-H 0).
:

Thus 45 and ?r+ 6 must be angles which have the same sine and therefore ;

all the solutions are contained in 40 = mr+ ( l)

n
(TT+ 5).

39. sin 75 - sin 5 = sin 35 ;

therefore 2 sin 35 cos 45 = sin 35 ; therefore
either sin 35 = 0, or 2 cos 45 = 1. The former gives 35 = n7r; and the latter

gives 45=2n7r^".

40. sin5 + cos5 = ;

therefore

therefore cos (
5 - )
=n
2
;
therefore 5 -
43
= 2mr - .

41. By Example 36 we have

sin 55 = 5 sin 5-20 sin 3 5 + 16 sin 5 5.
 VI. TKIGONOMETKICAL EATIOS OF TWO ANGLES. 21

Thus 5 sin 6 - 20 sin3 6 + 16 sin 5 = 16 sin 5 6,

therefore 5 sin 6 - 20 sin 3 = 0,

therefore either sin 6 = or sin 2 Q =- .
4

The former gives 6 = nir; the latter gives sin

2 = sin 2 ;
and therefore
D

= nir , by Example V. 5.

42. cos 30 + cos 2(9 + cos = 0, therefore cos 26+ 2 cos 29 cos = 0, there-

fore either cos 20 = 0, or cos0=--. The former gives 20=n7r + _, as in

'J 2

Example 38 ;
and the latter gives 6 = 2nir .
D

43. sin 30 + sin 20 + sin = 0, therefore sin 20 +2 sin 20 cos = 0, there-

fore either sin 20 = 0, or cos0 = --. The former gives =
20 nir; and the

2ir
latter gives = 2n?r .

44. tan0 + tan(^ +

\4 /
)=2; therefore tan0 + ^
l-tan0 =2,
-

therefore tan - tan 2 + 1 + tan = 2 - 2 tan 0,

therefore tan 2 - 4 tan + 1 = 0,
sin 2 4 sin
therefore
.

h 1 = 0,
COS 2 COS0
therefore sin 2
+ cos 2 = 4 sin cos 0,
therefore 1 = 4 sin cos = 2 sin 20,

therefore sin 20 = -, therefore 20 = n?r + (- l) n ^ .

45. tan 20 + cot = 8 cos 2 0; therefore - --

cos 20
+ sin =8cos 2 0,

therefore sin 20 sin + cos 20 cos = 8 cos 2 sin cos 20,

"

therefore cos (20 - = 8 cos 2 sin cos 20;

0)

therefore either cos = 0, or 1 = 8 cos sin cos 20.

The former gives = mr + - ;
the latter gives

1 = 4 sin 20 cos 20 = 2 sin 40,

so that
 22 VII. FORMULA FOR THE DIVISION OF ANGLES.

46. tan + 0\=3 tan - 6 ,

(^ (^ J

therefore tan + 0\=

therefore

therefore j+d=mr?O
4
, by Example V. 9.

CHAPTER VII.

1. Here lies between 225 and 315"; thus sin - is negative, and is

numerically greater than cos

-; hence

A
sin
A
22 + cos
A=
-V(l+ sin A),
A
sin
. A
22- = -cos - \/(i -sin .4) :

= - - V(l - sin A ).
therefore 2 sin
^ ^/(l + sin A)

2. Here - lies between 405 and 495 ; thus sin - is positive, and is
i a

numerically greater than cos ; hence

sin
22 +cos = V(l + s in ^) sin
A
-cos ~ = >/(l -
A
sin A):

therefore 2 cos
-^

3. Here lies between - 45 and - 135 ;

thus sin is negative, and is

numerically greater than cos ;

hence

A A A- A
+ Cos -& = - V(l + sm A
.

sin ),
.

sin cos - V(l - sin A) :

& & 2*

therefore 2 sin
-^
= - V(l + sin A) - V(l - sin A).

4. The proposed formula must have arisen from

sinA + cos A= - V(l 4- sin 2^4), sin A - cos A =V(1 - sin 2A) ;

the former shews that A must lie between 2mr + r- and 2n?r + , and the
4 4
 VII. FORMULAE FOR THE DIVISION OF ANGLES. 23

latter shews that A must lie between 2wi7r + and 2rmr + ~; hence, bv
4 4

combining these results, it follows that A must lie between 2mr + ~ and
5
. See Art. 101.

5. The proposed formula must have arisen from

sin A+ cos A= - +J(l + sin2A), sin A- cos A= -V (1 -sin 2 A);
the former shews that A must lie between 2mr+~ and 2mr + ~ , and the

latter shews that A must lie between and 2m?r +

2mir+^ -^; hence, by

combining these results, it follows that A must lie between 2nir and
-f^

6. The proposed formula must have arisen from

sin A + cosA = ^/(l + sin 2A), sin A -cos A= -

the former shews that A must lie between 2nir - and 2ntr + -j- ,
and the
4 4

latter shews that A must lie between 2mir-\-- and 2mir-\ -- ,

that is,
4 4

between 2(m+l)7r- and 2(m + l)-jr + -: hence, by combining these re-

sults, it follows that A must lie between 2mr-- and 2mr+- t

.

4 4

7. Let A denote the given angle, and m the given ratio. Let a; denote
one of the two parts, and therefore A x the other. Then sin x = in sin (A x);
thus sin x = m (sin A cos x - cos A sin x) Divide by cos x thus
. ;

tan or = m (sin .4 - cos A tan x),

tan x = -
m sin A
therefore .
1 + ra cos .4

Thus tana; is known, and therefore x is known.

8. Let A denote the given angle, and m the given ratio. Let x denote
one of the two parts, and therefore A - x the other. Then cosa5 = mcos (A - x);
thus cosa; = rrt(cos^ cos x + sin A sinx). Divide by cos 2; thus
1 = m (cos A + sin A tan x),
1-mcosA
therefore tanx=

Thus tan x is known, and therefore x is known.

24 VII. FORMULA FOR THE DIVISION OF ANGLES.

9. Let A denote the given angle, and m the given ratio. Let x denote
one of the two parts, and therefore A - x the other. Then tana; = m tan (A - x)
m (tan A - tan x)
thus tan x = ;
1 + tan^L tana;

therefore tan x (I + tan A tan x) m (tan A - tan x).

Thus we have a quadratic equation from which the value of tan x may be found.
Or we may proceed thus,
sin x in sin (A - x)'
tan x = m tan (A - x), therefore --- =
cos x cos (A -x)

therefore 2 sin x cos (A = 2m sin (A - x) cos x,

- x)
therefore sin A + sin (2x - A = m {sin A + sin (A - 2x)
) }

= m {sin A - sin (2x - A )},

therefore (m + 1) sin (2x - A) ={m - 1) sin A .

Thus sin(2x-.4) is known, and therefore 2x-A is known, and therefore

x is known.

2
2 (2 - y3) - y3)
~ =2 (2 = 1
1 + 4 + 3- 4 V3~ 4 (2-^/3)" 2*

11. sin 105 + cos 105 - V(l + sm 210),

and sin 105 - cos 105 - VI 1 - sin 210 ) ;

therefore 2 cos 105 = x/( 1 + sin 210 - Vt 1 ~ sin 210

) )

V
thus 2 cos 105 = - ^ ,
and cos 105 = ,
:=-

24

therefore 14 tan A = - 24 (1 - tan2 ^!) ;

therefore 24 tan 2 ^4-14 tan A =24.
By solving this quadratic in the ordinary way we obtain
=4
3
r
3' 'I'

Also sin A= .
,,""""% ,. , and cos A = - - -
.
 VII. FORMULAE FOR THE DIVISION OF ANGLES. 25

If tan A = - we get sin A= = ,

and cos A= =.
o o 5
O O A

If tan A = - -r we get sin A= -^ ,

and cos A= =p
- .
4 o o

13. tan 24 = ,- . Let 24 = 330, then tan 24 = -- ;

l-tan'M V3
therefore
1
=- - - 4 2 tan
- .

^/S 1 tan2 4
therefore - 1 + tan 4 = 2 V3 tan 4,
2
therefore tan 2 4 -2 \/3 tan 4=1.
By solving this quadratic in the ordinary way we obtain tan 4 = \/B 2.
But tan 165 must be a negative quantity, and is therefore equal to ^/3 - 2.
- sin 24 4 _ 2 sin 4 (1 - cos 4
~ 2 sin 4-2 sin 4 cos ~~
2 sin 4 _ )

2 sin 4 + sin 24 2 sin 4 + 2 sin 4 cos 4 2 sin 4 (1 +cos 4)

15.

=2 +
jl-cos (900 ^)1 jl-cos (90-|

and vers (180 - A) = 1 - cos (180 - A) = 1 + cos A = 2 cos 2 .

^
Thus the proposed expressions are equal. .

16. (cosA + cos 5) 2 + (sin A + sin 5) 2

= cos 2 4 + cos 2 + 2 cos 4 cos B + sin 2 4+ sin 2 B + 2
.
sin 4 smB

1 7. (cosA - cos 2 + (sin 4 - sin B)*

)

= cos 2 A + cos 2 5 - 2 cos 4 cos 5 + sin 2 4 + sin 2 5 - 2 sin 4 sin B

n.#) = 2-2 cos(4
- B)

18. 2 sin 2 22 4 = 1- cos 45; therefore

4sin2 22i = 2-2cos45 = 2--?

therefore 2 sin 22i = V(2 - V2).

26 VII. FORMULAE FOR THE DIVISION OF ANGLES.

And 2 cos 2 22^ = 1 + cos 45; therefore

therefore 2 cos 22 ^ = <

'

Hence Bin22jQ = V(2->/2) = V(2-y2) V(2-V2) *

cos 224 A/(2+V2) V( 2 + V2) V(2-V^)
= 2-^2 _2-V2 = l

that is tan 224= x/2 - 1.

19. (tan A + cot A ) 2 tan Tl - tan 2

^ 1

sin2 ^4 + cos 2 A
2 sin 42 cos 2 ^2 - sin 2 42
' ""
sin ^4 cos A A O
2
u4
cos cos

2 sin
1 42 COS^i
' '

sin A cos A A ^A
COS C
2 2

sin A cos 3 - 2 sin cos 4 -

cos 4 -
^

[cos-+sin-)
=
1 J_| C
1]
1-tan-j
{l+tan-| [ os--sin-|

.A
cos 2 -
n A .A
+ sin 2 - - 2 sm - cos
A
- 1-sin^l

cos^l cos ^4
_sec^4.+tanJ.
sec A - tan A
cosJ. cos^i
 VII. FORMULA FOR "THE DIVISION OF ANGLES. 27

21. Bi

6 6 7T 6
= sin -7T cos - - 7T
cos - sin -
.

+ cos - cos
TT

^ +
.

sin - sin -
.

6
2sin~cos-
.66
e 2cos^
-
V2 sin
sin 6 sin 6 sin 6

22. 4 sin' f f 1 - sin ~\

4\ 2/
=4 sin* -
4\4 + ( sin |
2
cos 2
4
z
- 2 sin
44 cos -

= 4 sin 29 -6 f
(
.
sui
6
- - 6\
cos -
J

f\ /\\ 2
2 sin 2 -j -2 sin - cos
(f\ ^ )

.0 o0o-0 e
=
^// + 2 sin - cos e\ = sin + cos
. .

And V(l + sm _ + cos 2 - - -

0)
^sm* ^J ;

/ - cos 0\*
{1-^(1 + sin 0)} = 1 - sin
2 -
therefore f -- .
j
\ /

23. 2cos 2 h = l + cos^; therefore

8
n
4 cos 4 - = (1 + cos 0)
2 = 1 + 2 cos + cos 2 6

therefore cos 4 = (3 +4 cos 0+ cos 20).

^ g
Use this formula for each of the terms ;
thus
. TT . STT . OTT . lir
4 4 4 cos 4
cos --
+ cos + cos + -

o o o o
5^
C S
4
cos
)S
4
cos
DS + cos
)S
2 \ 4" 4
37T .
5f ll

= "--. see Art. 50.

 28 VII. FORMULAE FOR THE DIVISION OF ANGLES.

X/3-1
24. tan 7jQ=
2

+ 2V2
Multiply both numerator and denominator by 3 - 2 V2 then we obtain ;

-
unity for denominator, and for numerator y6 - \/3 + \/2 2.

25.
I + cos '285 1 - cos 105 1 + sin 11

\/3 + l

V3-1 2V2-1+V3
2V2
(V3+1)(2V2-1-V3)

3-2V2 3-2^2
Multiply both numerator and denominator by 3-^2^/2; then we obtain
unity for denominator, and for numerator 2 + \/2 - ^/3 - ^6.

26.
1-3 tan 2
3

x-
and since this is equal to (2 + \/3) tan we obtain
3

8-ta.|

x-
therefore 3 - tan 2 = (2 + V3) (
1 - 3 tan2
f ) ;
o \ o/

therefore (6 + 3V3-1) tan 2 f = 2+ V3-3 ;

o
 VII. FORMULA FOR THE DIVISION OF ANGLES. 29

-
lSs = rV3-1
v - ~ (\/3-l)(5-3V3)
3 6
5 + 3^/3
S> / (5 + 3 V3)(5-3V3)
Q . /Q - 14
8 V3 1J. = 7-4V3;
25-27

therefore tan
9
=V(7-4 V3)= (2- V3).

Hence tana= (2 + V3) (2- V3)= 1.

sin a cos a sin 2 a + cos 2 a 1

27. tan a + cot a = +
cos a sin a sin a cos a bin a cos a

2 2
*
2 sin a cos a sin 2a

Put for a its value ; then the expression

2 2 2

cos

cos a cos 13a cos a cos 13a cos 13a

~~ ~~
cos 3a + cos 5a 2 cos a cos 4a 2 cos 4a

for 13a + 4a = ?r, and therefore cos 13a= -cos 4a.

29. sec(0 + a)+sec(0-a) = 2 sec 0, therefore

1 12
SO VII [. MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.

30. tan 2 1 = -C tan 2

f- ;
therefore
2 1 C ^

s
+(l + <0sin f
!
sin"? (
1 -)os
1+
rr-c-
COS 2

therefore, by Art. 87,

~2 f)
^-sin 2 r-ctcos'f + sin '

2 2
8 2/
/ "\ cos0
COS = - C COS
+ 81-o0 / -fl 0\ 1
B
eos=| n^-c(co^|- m^j

CHAPTER VIII.

1. By Art. 113 we have

cos (a + /3 + 7) = cos a cos /3 cos 7 - cos a sin sin 7- cos sin 7 sin a
- cos 7 sin a sin /S ;

divide both sides by cos a cos /3 cos 7 ;

thus

01 " '

*y*
i _ tan S tan 7 - tan 7 tan a - tan a tan 8.
cos a cos p cos 7

2. By Art. 113 we have

sin (a+ /3 + 7) = sin a cos /3 cos 7 + sin /3 cos 7 cos.a + sin 7 cos a cos /S

- sin a sin sin 7 .

divide both sides by cos a cos ft

cos 7 ;
thus

__
cos a cos j3 cos 7
_ tan a + tan ^ + tan 7 - tan a tan /3
tan 7.

3 . sin (a - j3) + sin (|8

- 7) = 2 sin a-~-7 cos a

-a-
cos

sin (7 - a) =2 sin ^-3 cos

 VIII. MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS. 31

therefore sin (a
- (3) + sin (/3
- 7) + sin (7 - a)

therefore sin (a - p) + sin (/3 - 7) + sin (7 - a)

4. 4 sin (6
- a) sin (md - a) cos (0
-
md)
= 2 cos (0 - md) {cos (0 - md) - cos (6 + md - 2a)}, by Art. 84,
= 2 cos 2 (6 - m6) - 2 cos (0 - m0) cos (0 + md - 2o)
= 1 + cos 2 (0 - md) - {cos (20 - 2o) + cos (2m0 - 2a)}
= 1 + cos 2 - m0) - cos (20 - 2a) - cos (2m0 - 2a).
(<9

5. sin(a-}-/3)cos/3 = sin(a+/3 + 7-7)cos/3

=
{sin (a + /3 + 7) cos 7
- cos (a + /3 + 7) sin 7} cos ,

sin (a + 7) cos 7 = sin (a + (3 + 7 - j8) cos 7

= {sin(a + ]8 + 7) cos - cos (a + jS + 7) sin /S} 0087;
therefore sin (a + /3) cos - sin + 7) cos 7
(a
= cos (a + + 7) {sin /S cos 7 - sin 7 cos /3}

= cos (a + jS + 7) sin (-7).

6. cos (a + /3 + 7)
+ cos (a + /3-7)=2 cos (a+/S) 0087,
cos (a-/3 + 7) + cos(j3 + 7-a) = 2 cos (a-/3) 0037;
hence the sum = 2 cos 7 {cos (a+ jS) + cos (a - )}
=4 cos a cos ^ cos 7.
7. =
cos 2a + cos 2@ 2 cos (a + /3) cos (a - ),

cos 27 + cos 2 (a + /3 + 7) = 2 cos (27 + a + /3) cos (a + 0) ;

hence the sum = 2 cos (a + jS) cos (a - /J) + cos (27 + a + /S)
{ }

= 2 cos (a + |8) 2 cos (0 + 7) cos + 7) (

= 4 cos (a + /S) cos (0 + 7) cos (7 + 0).

8. Reduce the three fractions to have the common denominator
sin (a - j3) sin (J3 - y) sin (7'- a) ;

then the whole numerator

= - sin a sin (ft - y) - sin /3 sin (7 - a)
- sin 7 sin (a - /S)

= -
{cos (a
- /S +
7)
- cos (a + /3
-
7)}
- {cos (|8 + a
- 7) - cos (0 +7 -
a)}
g ^

0)} = 0.
- - a + j3) - cos (7 + a -
^ {cos (7
32 VIII. MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.

9. cos (a + /3) sin ft

- cos (a + 7) sin 7

)}--{sin

sin (a + /3) cos - sin

/3 (a 4- 7) cos 7

+ j3- 1 8)}--{sin

= sin (a + 2/3) - - sin (a + 2y).

2

Thus the two expressions are equal.

10. sin(a + /3-27)cos/3-sin(a + 7-2/3) 0087

= {sin (a + 2/3 - 27) + sin (a - 2 7 - sin (a + 2y - 2/3) - ) sin (a -

2/3)} ;

sin Q3-7) {cos (/3 + 7-a) + cos(a + 7~/3) + cos(a + /3-7)}

=i - + sin (a - 2 7 )} + a + sin -2 -
7
(sin (2/3 a)
^ {sin (2/3 a)}

- sin a + sin (2/3

- 27 + a)}
{

= - a) + sin - 2 7 ) + sin - 27 - a) + sin - 2y +

^ {sin (2/3 (a (2/3 (2/3 a)}.

Thus the two expressions are equal.

sin(a-h/3 + 7) sin jS = -{cos (a + 7)

11. - cos (a + 2/3 + 7)},
2

sin (a + /3)
sin (/3 + 7) = - {cos (a
- 7) - cos (a + 2/3 + 7)},

sin a sin 7 = - {cos (a - 7) - cos (a + 7)}.

Hence sin (a + /8) sin (/3 + 7) - sin a sin 7

=- {cos (a + 7) - cos (a + 2/3 + 7)}
= sin (a + + 7) sin /3 /3.

12. sin a sin sin - a)

= - /3) - cos (a + /3)} sin - a)
/3 (/3 ^ {cos (a (/3

= - cos (|8
-
a) sin (
- a) -
j {sin 2/3
- sin 2a}

= sin 2 (/3
- a)
- -r sin 2/3 +j sin 2a.
 VIII. MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS. 33

Similarly \ve may transform sin /3 sin y sin (7 - -

)
and sin 7 sin a sin (a
-
7) ,

Also, by Example 3, we have

sin (p -a) sin (7-$ sin(a-7) = ^ |sin 2 (a-/3) + sin2 (p-y) 4- sin 2 (7-a)(.

Hence the sum of the four expressions is zero.

13. cos (a + /3) sin(a-)=- (sin 2a - sin 2),

cos (/3 + 7) sin (/3

- 7) = (sin 2/3
- sin 2 7),
g

cos (7 + 5) sin (7 - 5)
=- (sin 27 - sin 25),

cos (5 + a) sin (5 - a) =- (sin 25

- sin 2a) ;

hence the snm of the four expressions is zero.

14. sin (5
- 0) sin (a
-
7) =- }
cos (a + j8 -7- 5)
- cos
(a
-
/3
-7+ 5) },

sin (8-y) sin(a- S)

=s {cos(a-/3 + 7- 5) cos (a+ {3-y- 5){,
l

sin (7 -5) sin (a -/3)

=2 {cos (a-p-y + 5) -cos (a-j3 + y- 5)};

hence the sum of the three expressions is zero.

A B . B A . A B
C S C 8 Sm COS fSm "2 C 8
A B 2 2
-= 2 2" 2
15. cot- + cot-= - + A B
sin- sin- sin-sm-

1 f
-
sin - (A + B) cos
=
A B A B'
22 -
. . . .

sin sin sin sin

4 21
34 VIII. MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.
 VIII. MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS. 35

19. cos 4A + cos 4J? = 2 cos 2 (A (4- B) = 2 cos

+ E) cos 2 2(7 cos 2 (4 - B),

cos 4(7= 2 cos 2

2(7- 1 = 2 cos 2(7cos 2 (4 + B) - 1 ;

therefore cos A+ cos 45 + cos 4(7= 2 cos 2(7 {cos 2 (4 - 5) + cos 2 (4 + B)} - 1
= 2 cos 2(7 2 cos 2A cos 25-1 .

= 4 cos 2A cos 25 cos 2(7-1;

therefore cos 44 + cos 45 -f cos 4(7+ 1 = 4 cos 2A cos 25 cos 2(7.

20. Let a = *(T-.i), = =

/3
^(7r-5), 7 i(7T-C);

therefore a + p + y = l(3ir-A- B- C)=\2 2ir=7r ;

.i

hence, by Example 16,

sin a -f sin /3 + sin 7=4 cos - cos ^ cos J

ABC
,

that is cos
222 444
+ cos h cos - = 4 cos ir-A cos Tf-B cos ir-C
: -. -. .

21. Let a= (ir-A), /S

= (r-5), y=(v-C)i

therefore a + /3-f 7= | (Sir

-4- B - C) =i 27r = 7r ;

hence, by Example 17,

sin a - sin /3 + sin 7 = 4 sin ^ cos

^
sin
^ ,

that is cos
ABC.
- cos 4- cos = 4 sin v-A
j cos
TT-B
j
.

sin
-ir-C
j

22. Let

therefore a + p + y = ^(3ir- A - B- C) =-2ir = ir ;

i a

hence, by Art. 114,

4
- B C Tr-A ir-B ir-C
+ sin - + sin- - 1 = 4 sm j sm
. . . . .

that is sin sin j .

^
c2
36 VIII. MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.

23. sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C= ~ {1

- cos 2 A + 1 - cos 2 B + 1 - cos 20}
O "1

= 24+ cos 25 + cos 2(7}

2~2 {cos

=^ + -
{1 + 4 cos A cos B cos (7}, by Example 18,

= 2 + 2 cos A cos 5 cos (7;

therefore sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2 (7-2 cos A cos .B cos (7=2.

24. sin2 2 A + sin 2 25 + sin 2 2C=^ {3

- cos 44. - cosAB - cos 4C}

=- - - {4 cos 2A cos 25 cos 2(7- 1} ; by Example 19,

2 2
= 2 - 2 cos 24 cos 25 cos 2(7 ;

therefore sin 2 24 4 sin 2 2B + sin 2 2(7+2 cos 2A cos 25 cos 2(7= 2.

25. tan - tan - + tan -- tan -^ + tan - tan -

JJ a A A A A

cot -cot - cot -cot cot cot

A
4 .1?" ,(7
cot- + cot- + cot-
= A u /'
,
^1 -o O
cot
2 2 2
A n 'ft \

26. sin ^1 + sin 5 - sin (7=4 sin -

sin - cos -- by Example ,
17 ;

A B C 1

sin ^1 + sin B + sin (7=4 cos cos cos , by Example 1C ;

therefore, by division,

m Sm
sin- in-
~ 2 2
~ 4 5
an an
sin ^ + sin 5~+sin (7 A B~
- 2 2
'

cos --cos

27. cos ^4 sin 5 sin C + cos 5 sin A sin (7 + cos C sin -4 sin B

= sin (7 (cos A sin 5 + cos B sin 4) + cos C sin ^1 sin 5

= sin (7 sin (4 + B} + cos (7 sin 4 sin B
= sin 2 (7 + cos C sin 4 sin B
= 1 - cos 2 (7+ cos C sin 4 sin B
= 1 + cos (7 {cos (4 + 5) + sin 4 sin 5}
= 1 + cos C cos A cos 5.
 VIII. MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS. 37

28. Take Example 27, and divide by sin A sin B sin C ;

1 cos A cos B cos C ~_ cos A cos B cos G

'

sin .4 sin B sin O sin ^ sin B sin 6' sin A sin 5 sin C
thus \ve obtain the required result.

29. By Example 17 we have

B + sin G - sin A) (sin C + sin A - sin 5)
(sin
4 sin 4 sin B
B . C A C A
16 sin - sm - cos - sin - sm - cos -
. B . .

~~ ~~ Sm
g
'

A A B B 2
16 sm - cos sm - cos
. .

^ -^

~ sin .4
_
~~
cos A sin ,4

sin B sin (7 sin A sin .Z? sin (7

_ cos A sin Z? sin C-+ sin 2 ^ _ 1 - cos A + cos A B sin (7

3
sin
sin ^1 sin B sin (7 sin A sin .5 sin 6'

l + cos.4 {cos (B+ (7) + sin J5 sin (7} 1 + cos A cos 5 cos (7
sin A sin 5 sin C sin ,4 sin 5 sin C
We have thus an expression which involves A B, and ,
C symmetrically ;

and we shall in the same manner obtain the same result if in the original
expression any two of the quantities A, B, C be interchanged.

+tan (7= tan A tan B tan C

31.

by Example
By Art. 114, tan A

16, sin A+
+ tan
sin
,8

B+ sin C= 4 cos
ABC
^
cos cos
;

-^
1

therefore, by division,
tan A + tan B + tan (7 tan A tan j? tan (7

(sin A .
cos 2 -
9
2 - n
2
16 cos cos - -
2

8 sin
.A cos A sm -
. B
cos
B
- C C
sm - cos -
.
tan
A. - tan -C
tan B^
g g ^
*
A B C 2 cos A cos B cos (7
16 cos A cos .B cos (7 cos
2
cos 2
n
- cos 2
a
-

32. sin nA + sin nB = 2 sin (.4 + 5) cos (A - B)

mr nC - nir n
sm nC)
r

= 2 sm -s- .

cos cos
.

cos -
,

(.4
,
- )
I '
31 ^ ^ 34
} SJ

W7T 7l(? n 717T

= 2 sm .
--: cos -^ cos -
.

(^
.

- 5) ; since cos = 0. (

y .
M ,a &
38 VIII. MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.

AlSO Aan

= 2 sin
y cos I (A + B) cos^- .

Therefore sin nA + sin nB + sin nC

nB nC
= 4 sin n?r cos nJ.
.

cos cos
y -g- -^-
.

33. Proceed as in Example 32. Thus

_ mr nC - mr nC n
nB =
( . . .

cos -- cos - (A - B)
) ,
sin nA + ein 2 I sin -
cos sm [
\ 1 ft & 16 ) a

mr . nC n . _. . . mr
- 2 cos -
sm cos
,

-(A-E}\ since sm -^
=0.
& & &

7
Also sin n (7 =2 sin ?
cos^. =2 COS^(TT-^ - B) sin -

Si IB 29 ^S

Therefore sin w4 + sin w^ + sin nO

n?r nC n^4 nB
=- 4 cos
.

sin sm
.

sm
.

y 4

34. By Example 20,

A B TT-A 7T-B TT-C

cos - + cos _- + cos =4 cos cos ces
g

4 cos -. cos
C+A -. cos
A+B -. ,

tan B tan C_
~ 1 /sin .5 sin C\ _
~ sin(5-
35 + tan A cosT
tan^l tan A tanJ \cosJ5 cos CJ cos J5 cos G
sin 4 cos A
"tan .4 cos ^ cos C cos ^ cos (7'
 VIII. MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS. 39

In this way we see that the given expression

cos A cos B C cos
cos B cos C cos C cos A A cos B
cos

s
i!
(? 3 - sin 8 A - sin 2 B - sin 2 C
cos A cos -6 cos C cos J. cos .6 cos C
= 1-2 cos J. cos B cos (7 , _,
by Example
cos ^4 cos B cos Zr-
(7
> 23,

= sec^4 sec B sec (7- 2.

36. Suppose ,4 +. + +/> = 180"; then 4 + # = 180 - C- D :

therefore

therefore

therefore (tan
__ ---
tan (A

tan
+
A + tan B
1 - tan A tan B
=
B) = tan (C+ D),
-

1
tan C + tan Z>
- tan C tan D

^ + tan B) (1 - tan C tan Z>) = - (tan (7+ tan Z>) (1 - tan A

by Art. 48

'
;

therefore tan A + tan B + tan C+ tan Z)

= (tan 4 + tan B) tan C tan D + (tan C tan D) tan 4 tan J? -f-

= tan B tan (7 tan D + tan .4 tan C tan Z) + tan ^4 tan ,5 tan D

-i- tan J. tan B tan (7
sin 2 (7 tan (A - B) _ sin (A - B) cos ^4
~
sin 2 A tan ^4 cos (A - B) sin A
sin A cos - B) - cos ^ sin (A - B)
_ ijj. _
~
cos (A - B) sin A cos (A - B} sin A
sinB .
, sin ^ sin B
therefore sin 2 (7=
cos (A - 5)irinZ* cos (A - B)
sin ^4 sin J?
Hence cos 2 (7=l-sui 2 C
r

=l
cos (A -B}
cos (^4
- B) - A sin sin B_
~ cos ^4 cos B '

cos (A-B) cos (A - B)

sin 2 _ sin ^4 sin B ~

C= ^_
cos ^4 cos B_
~~
sin 4 sin B
008*77 COS U - 5) COS (J. -B} COS ^ COS 11
'

that is tan 2 C= tan, ^4 tan 7?.

tan 3 a cos /3 (cos x - cos a)

08.
cos a (cos x - cos /3)
'

tan 2 /J
cos x cos a 2
tan a cos a sin 2 a cos
therefore - cos /3
= ~~
/S ^
'
cos x tan 2 /3 cos |8
sin 2 /3 cos a
 40 VIII. MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.

therefore
sin 2 8 cos a - sin 2 a cos (3

_~ (1 - cos 2 8) cos 2 a - (1 - cos2 a) cos 2 ft

(1
- cos 2 /?) cos a - (1 - cos 2 a) GOB 8
cos 2 a - cos 2 ft cos a 4- cos 8
_
~~ _
~
(cos a
- cos 8) (1 + cos a cos /S) 1 + cos a cos /3
"

- cos - - - cos -
. 1 a;
~ 1 + cos a cos 8 cos a cos jS _
_ "~
(1 a) (1 cos 8) ^
'
1 + cos a; 1 + cos acos/3 + cosa + cos (l + cosa)(l + cos/3)

therefore tan 2 ? = tan 8 ^ tan 2 " , by Art. 82.

U a . *

**5 bnttang = ^g- ^- eoB a

Bt COB
39. a= g= -
J
/j
tan 2 0' tan 2 a' 2
cos cos a

1 - cos 2 6' cos S - cos a'

and tan 2 0= ,
- = ;
cos 2 cos a

- cos a 2

therefore
cos 3
.
cos a'
= -tan2n a
-

,;
cos 8 - cos a'7 cos a tan a'

cos 8 - cos a 2
sin a cos a'
therefore _
~
cos /3
- cos a' sin 2 a' cos a
*

2 2
a - sin 2 a cos 5
therefore cos/3 = sin 2a' cos -
a'

sin a' cos a sin 2 a cos a'

.
(1
- cos 2 a') cos 2 a - (1 - cos 2 a) cos 2 a'
~
(1
- cos 2 a') cos a - (1 - cos 2 a) cos a'

cos2 a - cos 2 a' _ cos a -f cos a'

~ ~ '

(cos a - cos a') (1 + cos i cos a') 1 + cos a cos a'

- cos 8 - cos a - cos a' _ (1 - cos a) - cos a')

= + cos a cos a'
1 1 (1 m
P. ~~ '
1 + cos B 1 + cos a cos a' + cos a + co~s~ec' (1 + cos a) (1 + cos a')

tan 2 ? = tan 2 ^ tan H

2
therefore ,

40. cos<6= - cos a

cos/3
^, cos<6'
,

-
= cos a
cosp
.
;

therefore l-cosd>= -
cos 8
^
- cos a
, l-cos<4'=
, cos 8' - cos a
^ ;

therefore 2 sm*
. .
= -- cos
-
|8

,
.

2 sin 2
,
'
cos 8'- cos
cos /3'

-
therefore 4 sin 2 f sin 2 1'
22 = (co^ cos a) (coB^-coB.0
cos /3 cos p
 VIII. MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS. 41

Thus sin2a=
(cos- CO sa)(cos?- C osa>
cos B cos 8'
therefore cos B cos ft sin 2 a= cos B cos ft - cos a (cos /3 + cos B') + cos 2 a,
therefore cos 8 cos /3' cos 2 a = cos a (cos + cos 8') - cos 2 a ;

1 + cos B cos B') = cos

7
therefore cos a ( + cos jS jS ;

= cos B +-cos 8'

therefore cosci
sBn
. .

1 - cos a _ - cos j8) - cos 8')

~ (1 (1
'
1 + cos a (1 + cos 8) (1 + cos 8')

therefore tan 2 = tan2 tan2 .

41. The proposed result is true if

cot 8 - cot (a + 6)
= cot &+ cot (a
- /3),
that is if
cos 8 cos (a + 0) _ cos cos (a - B)
~
sin 8 sin (a + 0) sin sin (a 8)
that is if

sin (a + 0) cos - cos (a + 6) sin B _ sin (a - B) cos 6 + cos (a - B) sin

sin 8 sin (a + 6) sin sin (a-jS)
that is if

sin(a + 0-/S) ~
_ sin (a - B + 6)
sin 6 sin (a - B) '

sinjS sin (a+ 6)

ihaf is if
sin 6 sin (a - 8)
= sin /3 sin (a+ 0) ;

and this is true by supposition.

/tan a - cos 6 tan jS\ 2

42. (
-
J
= tan 2 a -tan 2 ^3; therefore
V sin e J

(tan a
- cos tan /3) 2 = (1 - cos 2 0) (tan
2
a - tan 2 B) ;
-

therefore

tan 2 a - 2 cos tan o tan 8 + cos 2 tan2 B = (1

- cos 2 0) 2
(tan a
- tan 2 B) ;

therefore tan 2 8 - 2 cos tan a tan + cos 3 tan2 a = 0,

that is (tan 8
- cos tan a)
2 = ;

therefore tan 8 - cos tana = ;

therefore cos 0=

43. therefore

therefore
tan a - tan 2
2

tan 2
-
tan 2 o!
sin*
tan 2
42 VIII. MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.
a - sin 2
theref re
cos 2
"tan 2
tan 2 of

therefore cos 2 tan2 a - (1

- cos 2 0) = tan 2 a';
l + tan a' 2
cos 2 a
therefore cos 2
J
= -7 = = =. ;
1 + tan^ a cos8 a'

therefore cos = .
cos a'

C Sct
Take the upper sign; thus cos0= ,; therefore

2 sin - v(a - a') sin - (a + a');

1 - cos
_ cos a' - cos a
' v
2 2

l+cos0~cosa +cosa~ 2 cos - (a

1 ,
- cos-
1.
+ a')
a') (a

=
tan^(a-aOtan|(a+aO.

44. 1 -cos 2 a- Cos2 /3- cos 2 7 + 2 cos a cos/3 0037

= 1 - (cos a -cos 8 cos y)'2 + cos 2 /3 cos 2 7 - cos 2 /3 - cos 2 7
= (1 - cos 2 j3) (1 - cos 2 7) - (cos a - cos ft cos 7) 2
= sin 2 /3 sin 2 7 - (cos a - cos /3 cos 7) 2
= (sin/3sin7-cosa+cos/3 0037) (sin/3 sin 7 + cos a - cos jS 0037)
= {-cos a + cos (-7)} {cos a- eos({3+y)}
= 4 sin a+
.
- 1
_T
i sin
.
-
a-B+y -
a+8+y
1
- t

Hence in order that the proposed expression may be zero one of the four
sin
.
-i sin
.

^-
8+y-a .

sines last written must be zero, and thus one of the four angles must be zero
or a multiple of two right angles.

45. Let T denote the common value of the three fractions ;

so that

X
-1L sin2 = tan (<? + ) + tan (g + ffl _
Then ( a -/3)
p}
x-y
sin (6 + a) cos (d + /3) + sin (6 + <3) cos (8 + a)

- cos (20 + 2a)}

 VIII. MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS. 43

Similarly sin 2 (|8 -y} = {cos (2$ + 2-y) - cos (26 + 2/3)},

and sin3 (7 - a)
= {cos (26 +2 )
- cos (20 + 2 7 )}.

Thus the sum of the three terms is zero.

46. From the second given equation

2
sin 2 8 sin 2 d

sin 2 B sin 2
therefore t an
2 = - sin 2
<f>
sin 2 a sin*

Substitute in the first given equation ; thus

tan*0
+
sin2
cos 2
o^
B sin 2
~~ _ ~
_..'

, , tan 2 _ sin
2
a - sin2 ff sin 2 - cos 2 ft sin 2
tan 2 a~~ sin 2 o - sin 2 /3
sin 2

sin2 a - sin 2
~
sin 2 a- sin 2 B sin 2
5

sin 2 cos 2 a sin 2 a - sin 2

(1
- sin 2 0) sin2 a sin 2 o - sin 2 B sin 2
'

therefore

sin 2 cos 2 a (sin 2 a - sin 2 /3

sin 2 0) = (sin2 a - sin2 0) (1
- sin 2 0) sin 2 a ;

therefore

sin 4 2
(sin a + cos 2 a sin 2 /3) - sin2 (cos
2
a sin 2 a + sin 2 a + sin4 a) + sin* a = ;

therefore

By
sin4

sin2
(1
- cos 2 a

solving this quadratic in the ordinary

= 1
..
=t
cos 2

cos o cos
1- cos 2 a cos 2
ft)
- 2 sin 2

B
;
.
sin a =-=
.
2
way

-
sin 2 a + sin 4 a

\ve obtain

sin 2 a

l=FCOsacos/3
= 0.

-.

sin (0 - B) cos (a
- B) - cos (0 - B) sin (a - B) _a
sin(0-/3) ~6 ;

therefore cos (a - B) - sin (a - B) cot (0 - B) = .

44 VIII. MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.

A ffa in
Agam '
c---'
cos (0 - j8)
cos (a - ft) + sin (0
- /3) sin (a - /3) _ a'

cos(0-/3) ~y ;

therefore cos (a - 18) + tan (6

- j8) sin (a
- /3) = -, .

Hence gin (a - 0) cot (0 - /S) sin (a - /3) tan (0

- 18)

=
jcos(a-/3)-|j j-iOB(a-|8)j;

sin2 (a - =- - - cos 2 -
therefore /3)
^+ f
|
+
^ J
cos (a /3) (a 0) ;

therefore
1+^ = (- + ^-J cos(a-/3) ;

'

therefore cos < a ~ )

2 tan *
48. tan = ; thus
- an -

sin e cos tf'

sin ^ + cos tf*

1-tan'-

theref or& 2 tan (sin ff+ cos ^) = 1 1 - tan 3 sin 6 cos ^ ;

^ 1J

therefore sin cos Q' tan 2

1+
2 tan
| (sin 0' + cos 0) = sin cos 0'.

By solving this quadratic in the ordinary way we obtain

"

_ - (sin. tf + cos 6) rt (1 + sin 6' cos 6)

~~
2 sin d cos 6'

(1
- sin 6') (1
- cos
Take the upper sign ; thus tan = 0)
|

Now
 VIII. MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS. 45

^
3 . ..
and similarly
. l-sin0'
COS0'
= ^ C S

thus tan- = tan

2 tan(^--|.
In like manner with the lower sign we shall find that

-COt-COtf --

The product of the two values of tan is - as it should be by the

^ 1,

nature of quadratic equations.

49. cos = cos a cbs/3;

- cos 6 - cos a cos
therefore
1
~1 /9
'
1 + cos 6 1 + coso cos/3

therefore 2 0_ 1-cosa cos/3

2~ 1 + cosa cos/3*
.6' 1 - cos a' ~
cos /3
+ y.2 __
Similarly
2 1 + cos of cos /3

- cos a cos - cos

n 2 ^_^~
cos cos ^
(1 /3) (1 a' |8) _
= ,
= .

(1 + cos a CQS /3) (1 + cos a 7

cos /3)
2 l + cos/3'
1 - (cos a + cod a') cos + cosa cos a' cos 2 /3 1 - cos
therefore
ff _ /3 ^
'

1 + (cos a 4- cos a') cos /S + cos a cos a' cos 2 /3 1 -f cos /3

(cos a + cos a') cos 8 =

therefore 7 COS a r
1
;
1 + cos a cos a! cos 2 /3
therefore cos a + cos a' = 1 + cos a cos a' (1 - sin2 /3) ;

therefore sin 2
/3
cos a cos a' = 1 - cos a - cos a' + cos a cos a'
= (1 - cos a) (1 - cos a') ;

therefore sin 2
/3
=

= (seca-l)(seca /
-l).

50. Here
B + C - A = sin (A + B - C) - A - B}
sin (C + A - B) - sin ( )
sin (C + ;

therefore 2 sin (A - B} cos C= 2- C) cos A

sin (B ;

sin B) cos (7= (sin B cos C cos B sin C) cos A.

A cos B - cos J. -
therefore (sin
46 VIII. MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.

Divide by cos A cos B cos C ;

thus
tan A - tan B =tan B - tan C ;

therefore tan A , tan B, and tan (7 are in Arithmetical Progression.

51. Suppose sin .4, sinJ?, and sin G to be in Arithmetical Progression,

so that

Thus

therefore sin - sin = sin -

sin
- ;
'
31 29 u &

therefore
( sin B
(
- cos
, A- B
cos - sin
8m
.
A\ Sm G
A\
- .

-^ 2 2)J 2
. G B C . B\ A .

A . B
- . C .,
sin -
.

Divide by sin sin ;

thus

cot^-cot|-cot|-cot-;
C B A
thus cot - ,
cot and cot are in Arithmetical Progression.

52. Suppose cos2 A + cos 2 B + cos 2

(7=1;
therefore 3 - sin A - sin B - sin 2 C= 1
2 2
;

therefore + sin2 B + sin2 = 2

sin2 A ;

therefore by Example 23 we have cos A cos B cos (7=0

;
therefore one of the
three angles is a right angle, and this will be the largest angle. Suppose it
to be A, so that ^ = 90 ; therefore + = A ; therefore A - C= B. B C=W

53. B

C A+B
and sincos--
.

thus

therefore cos
A
- cos
B
- A B
+ sm - sm - = n
. ,
(A^
( cos cos
B- A
- sin
^
sin
B\
^J
. .

AT)
- sin = -
A
-
ff
therefore (n + 1) sin ^ 1) cos cos
i t
(n
4 '

H^ ;
 VIII. MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS. 47
A B
-
. .

sin-son- _
therefore - =n l
cos- cos
3- ^,.

therefore tan - tan - = - .

54. Suppose
1
7
k
,
to denote the value of
,
--
x
A
sin
,
- B
sin
- and,
y
-
sin
z
C
;
,,
then

x=ksinA, y = ksinB, z=kswC.

C
= k (sin A - sin B) C
Therefore (x -y) cot - cot -

2k sin (A
- B) cos (A +B) cot

2 k sin - B) sin ? cot ?

^ (^
1 C 1

= 2k sin -(4-) cos-

2 2

= 2fc sin sin (4 + B)

^(A-B) ^

= 2k {sin 2 ^4 - sin 2 1 B}, by Art. 83.

2 4

SimUarly - z) cot = 2k {sin 2 B - sin2 07},

(y
^ 11

and (z
- a) cot ^=2k {sin
3 -
(7- sin 2 = A\.
2 t ft

Thus the sum of the three terms is zero.

55. tan (A + B+ C) =tan m?r = and therefore, by Art. 113,

;

tan A + tan B + tan C- tan J. tanl? tan (7=0.

56. sin(2a + z)+ sin(2 + oj) = 2sin(a + /3 + a;) cos(a-/3),

sin (27 +x)- sin (20 + 2/3+ 27 + 80;)=-2 sin (a+fi + x) cos
2 sin (a + /3 + a) {cos (a - /3) - cos (a + + 27 + 2x)}
= 2 sin (a + j3 + a^ 2 sin (/3 + 7+a:) sin (a + y + x)
= 4sin(a + /3 + aj) sin (/3 + 7 + x) sin (y + a + x).
57. If z= we have
siii 2a + sin 2/3 + sin 27 - sin (2a + 2/3 + 2-y) = 4 sin (a + jS) sin ( + 7) sin (7 + a).

If then a+/S + 7 = 7r we have sin (2a + 2/3 + 27) = ;

also Bin(a+/3) = sin7, sin (/3 + 7) = sin a, sin (7 + a) = sin /3,

so that sin 2a + sin 2p + sin 27 = 4 sin 7 sin a sin /3.

48 VIII. MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.

li x - we have

cos 2a + cos 28 + cos 27 + cos (2a + 28 + 2y)

= 4 cos (a + 8) cos (8 + y) cos (7 + 0).
If then a + /3 + 7=- we have cos (2a + 28 + 2y) = - 1,
m

(a + j8)=sin7, + 7) = sin a, cos(7+a) =

cos (

so that cos 2a + cos 2/3 + cos 27 - 1 = 4 sin a sin ft sin 7.

58. 4coscoscos

Thus the left-hand member of the proposed expression

= sin a + sin + 81117- cos - (a + 8 + y) -cos ^ 03+ 7- a)

-cos-
Again

2
.

sm -C_^- 4-4
a + B + y-ir
- - cos
3a-j8-7
"-.
+ 7r
=sm a + sin
.
-
B + y-a-ir
'

2
-
= sin a - cos /3 + 7-a *- -
-'
;

so also
.
2<an
.

^-j-r
1-
a + fl + 7-TT
cos-^- --
3/3-a-7+7r = sin
'-

/3- cos
-y-8
a+
^ -,

-ir
2sm
.
-i--i -- cos

and 2sui
.

. cos - - =sm -i
.

2
a
= -cos

Thus the result is established.

59. cos 50 = cos (39 + 20) = cos 30 cos 20 - sin 30 sin 20

= (4 cos3 - 3 cos 0) (2 cos 2 - 1) - (3 sin - 4 sin3 0) 2 sin 0, cos
= (4 cos 3 - 3 cos 0) (2 cos 2 - 1) - 2 sin2 (3 - 4 sin 2 0) cos
= (4 cos 3 - 3 cos 0) (2 cos 2 - 1)
-2 (1
- cos 2 0) (4cos 2 - 1) cos

.= 8 cos
5
0-10 cos 3
+3 cos - 2 (- 4 cos4 0+5 cos 2 0-1) cos
= 16 cos 5 - 20 cos 3 + 5 cos 0.
 IX. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 49

60. sin 60 = 2 sin 3d cos 36= 2 (3 sin 6 -4 sin 3 6) (4 cos 3 6 - 3 cos 6)

= 2 sin 6 (3 -4 2
sin 0) (4 cos 3 - 3 cos 0)

= 2 sin (4 cos
2 - 1) (4 cos
3 - 3 cos 6)

= 2 sin 6 (16 cos 5 0-16 cos3 + 3 cos 0).

CHAPTER IX.

1. Let PCB = A, so that BPM = ^A and P^1T=-A Then

MB 1 PJf 1 , .

Pir tan 2-^ and iir 2^

tan

i&n
.1
A=
MB PM = MB CB-CM
A

2 PM'AM AM=CA^CM
CM
CP-CM CP l-cosA
CP + CM Cl
+
CP

2. cos
,
= a -cos 0-6 ;
Al
therefore
a 6 cos

1 - cos
~a-6
_
- cos -a cos +6_
~~
(a + 6) (1 - cos 0) ^

1+costf a 6 cos + a cos -6 (a

- 6) (1 + cos 0) '

therefore tan2 - = - = tan 2 -

a-b
;
2 2

tana- tan2 -
therefore

11 = .

11
and cos 20 = 2 cos 3 - 1 = cos 2 - 1 = - sin 2
0,

therefore cos 20 + sin 2 = 0.

1 2
4. sec 20 = 2 sec cosec ;
therefore '
cos 20 cos sin

2 cos 20
therefore 1 = '
cos sin

T. T. K.
50 IX. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.
'

1 2 cos 28 cos 20
~ ~
sin 28 sin 26 cos 0~sin 6 sin 2 cos 2

2 - sin 2
_~ cos 6 _
~ 1
~ 1
'
"sin 2 cos* 8 sin 2 cos 2

Thus cosec 26 = cosec 2 8 - sec 2 6.

- tan
in (
-
0)
tan _ "(n - 1) tan _ w- 1

therefore tarf <-= cot 2 + 2n + riz tan 2 (n tan - cot 0) 2 + 4n *

The greatest value of this fraction is when the denominator is least, that
is when the term n tan - cot vanishes.

6. sin 6 + sin - cos 6 sin (0 + 0)

=2 sin (0 + 0) cos - 0) - 2 cos sin (0 + 0) cos - (0 + 0)

2 g (0 ^

cos-(0- 0) -cos0cos -(0 + 0)|

21 1

=2 -
sin ^
t>
(0 + 0) jcos (0
( \
^~\-
^ /
cos cos i (0
^
+ 0)

= 2 sin -
(0 + 0) sin sin (0+ 0) = 2 sin sin 2 - (0 + 0).
2

sin ^ cog a (tan a + tan

- ft)
"
2
sin

sm 2
,8 cos a

^a + 3)'
/
^" +
{

(
sin a

^
sin/Si

sin /3 cos a sin (a + ft]

sin /3 . 2 sin (a + j3) cos (a + /9)

 IX. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 51

and
1
sin -1 (a + B) cos sin - (a + /3) cos
/3

sin (a + 0) cos /3

sin-(a + /3) cos/S sin s (a + B) cos /3

J -

8. Let re denote the height in yards; then =tanl', therefore

1 uO 1

a; = 1760 tan V. The value of tan V approximately equal to the circular

is

measure of 1', that is to -

therefore = -
approximately.
^-;

3 1
9. Let x denote the distance in inches; then - = tan j ; and taking
the tangent as approximately equal to the circular measure

10.
3
-=-7-7;
TT

x 180 x 4
7', therefore x

have 3 sin A - 4 sin 3 A n sin A ; as we suppose that A

We
-
12 x 180
IT
.
we have

is not
sero nor a multiple of two right angles we may divide by sin A ;
thus

3-4sin 2 J.=n; therefore sin 2

4
^= ,
. and as this must lie between zero

and unity, n must lie between 3 and - 1.

If n=2 we have sin 2 A = - = sin 2 ~ : therefore A = mir ?i , where m is

4 o o
zero or any integer.
tan a - tan B
11. tan(a-j3)=-l
+ tanatan/3
n sin a cos a
tan a -

1 + tan a
1

. ^
1
-
n Bin1 a
n ski a cos a
- n sin 2 a.

sin a (1 - n sin 2 a) -n sin a cos- a

cos a (1 -n sin 2 a) +n sin 2 a cos a

ana<

12. All the angles which have the same sine as 30 are included in the
formula mr+(-l) n 30. Therefore any expression which gives the value of
tan B in terms of sin 30 may be expected to give the value of the tangent of
n
-
every angle included in the formula tan {mr +(- l) 30}.
o

D2
52 IX. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES,

Now n must be of one of the following forms :

6m, 6m + 1, 6m + 2, 6m + 3, 6m + 4,

The corresponding values of tan \mr + - n 30

( l) ( are, by Art. 45,
O ( )

tan0, i&n(l-e\, tanf^ + flY tan(a--0),

\ y V / rf

tan TT + + tan TT + -- -
( ) , (
\ 6 J \ 6

Thus we have six distinct values. They may also by Arts. 48 and 50 be
expressed thus :

fir \ /27T
=t tan tan I
- + tan 1 +
0, ) ,

\6 J \6
13. cos 2 4= (1 + cos 24) ; therefore

cos 4 4 = ~ (1 + 2 cos 24 + cos 2 24)

11 1 + cos 44

_? + 1
~8 2
1
sin2
Similarly 4=^(1- cos 24) ;

therefore sin4 4 = - (1 - 2 cos 24 + cos 2 24)

=- -31 - cos 24 +
1
- cos 44.
O J O
Therefore cos 8 4 + sin 8 4
"
- - cos 24 + - cos 44
J

= .{cos 84 +28 cos 44 +35}.

 IX. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 53

14. cos0 cos 0= - 1.

As the cosine of an angle is never numerically greater than unity, we

must have cos 6 and cos both numerically equal to unity, one being
<f>

positive and the other negative. Hence one of the angles must be zero
or an even multiple of TT, and the other must be an odd multiple of TT,

15. sin 2 a + sin 2 - 2 sin a sin /3

cos (a - j8)
= sin a {sin a - sin cos (a - /S)} + sin {sin
/3 /S-
-
sin a cos (a -
j8)}

= sina{sin(a- + j3)-sin cos(a-/3)}

+ sin ft {sin (a
-a- )
- sin a cos (a
-
j3)\

= sin a sin (a - /3) cos /3 - sin /S cos a sin (a - jS)

= sin (a - {sin a cos jS - sin /3 cos a} = sin 2 (a
/3) j8).

Thus sin 2 (a - /S) = nz sin 2 (a + ) ;

therefore sin (a - /3) = w sin (a + /3) ;

therefore sin a cos - cos a sin = n a cos + cos a sin /3)

/3 j8 (sin /3 ;

divide by cos a cos /3 ;

thus tan a - tan /?
= n (tan a + tan j8) ;

therefore (1 T n) tan a = (1 w) tan /3 ;

therefore tan a = = - tan S.

3
sin 40 cot sin 45 sin 2 20 cos _ 2 sin 20 cos 20 cosfl
'
= - cos 26) cos 2 20siri0
~~
8
vers 20 cot a 26 (I 2~sin3 6 cos 20
3 4
cos 8 cos
_2 (2 sin cos 0}
_
~~ *
2 sin3 cos 20 cos 20

When = the value is therefore 8.

17. sin0 + cos0 = v/2; therefore ^r + r=l;

therefore cos therefore - - = 2mr.

(0-jj=l;
'

cos0 = V" therefore

V3 sin ,
1 1
18. V3 sin0 ;
0-^ 0080=-^ ;

1 /Q I

therefore - cos - sin = - ;

therefore cos(0 + ^J= ^;

therefore + ^ = 2nir '-r- .

o
54 IX. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

19. sin 29 = cos 6; therefore cos (^-20) = cos 6;

\* J

therefore - 29 and 6 are angles having the same cosine therefore all the
J ;

solutions are contained in -2

20. cos 6 - cos 20 sin 30 ;

therefore

30 6 30 30
2sm .

sin
.
=2 . .

sin -cos-;
2- ^

therefore either sin = 0, or sin - = cos .

2 J 2

T, . 30 30
If sm =0, then -= ==mr.

e 30 6\ 30
If sm = cos
.

, then cos
i fir - - 1

;
2 ^- J 2

v
and therefore - - = 2nir .

21. (4
- V3) (sec e + cosec 0) = 4 (sin tan + cos cot 0) ;

therefore (4
- \/3) f f- I
=4 [ ) ;
' 1

\cos0 sm0y \cos0 sin dj

therefore (4
- V3) (in + cos 0)
= 4 (sin 3 + cos 3 0)
= 4 (sin + cos 0) (sin
2
-f- cos 2 - sin cos 0) ;

therefore either sin + cos = 0,

or 4-V3 = 4(l-sin0cos0).
If sin + cos = 0, then sin = - cos therefore ; tan = -1 ;

therefore = mr + .

If 4- x/3 = 4(l-sin0cos0), then -y/3

= 4 sin0cos0 = 2 sin20 ;

therefore sin therefore n

20=^-; 20=n?r+(- l)
^.

22. cot - tan = cos + sin ; therefore = cos + sin ;

sm cos

therefore cos 2 - sin 2 = sin cos (cos + sin 0) ;

therefore either cos + sin = 0, or cos - sin = sin cos 0.

 IX. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 55

If sin + cos 6 = 0, then sin = - cos ;

therefore tan = -1 ;

therefore 8 = mr + .

If cos 6 - sin 6 = sin cos 0, then by squaring

1 -2 sin 6 cos = sin2 cos 2 B ;

sin2 20
therefore 1 - sm 20 = - .

By solving this quadratic in the usual way we obtain sin 20 = - 2 2 \/2 ;

the upper sign must be taken, for the lower sign would make sin 20 nume-
rically greater than unity.

23. 2 sin 2
+ sin2 20=2; therefore sin3 20 s= 2 -2 sin 2 = 2 (1 - sin2 0) ;

therefore 4 sin 2 cos 2 = 2 cos 2 ;

therefore either cos

2 = 0, or sin2 0=-.

If cos 2 = 0, then 6 = mr+ ?.

If sin2 =i then sin 2 = sin2

,
1 ;

therefore .

/ f)\
24. tan +2 cot 20 = sin ( 1 + tan tan - ;
therefore
j

., .
therefore . _
-- - = sm .
^
= sin0
--- ;
sm cos
rt
. cos
cos cos -

therefore sin 2 + cos 20 = sin2 ;

therefore cos 20 = 0;

therefore 20=W7r-f .

25. sin 2 20 - sin 2 = sin 2 =- therefore

^ ;

4 sin 2 cos 2 - sin2 =- ;

56 IX. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

therefore 4 sin 2 0(1- sin

2
0)
- sin 2 =- ;

therefore 4 sin4 0-3 sin 2 + - = 0.

4

By solving this quadratic in the usual way we obtain

Taking the upper sign we have sin

2 = sin 2 -? , and therefore

="**

Taking the lower sign we have sin

2
6 = sin 2 , and therefore

*-*"*<
rt -1
1
26. cosec 6 = cosec - ;
therefore -.- = ;
'
2 sin .

sin -

therefore sin - = sin 6 ;

therefore sin - =2 sin - cos = ;

f\ f\ I

therefore either sin- = 0, or cos - = -

.

/>
/?

If sin -
t
= 0, then - = nir.

ft 1 $ TT
If oosr= -, then ^=1imr^-n .

& A A O

27. cos cos 30 = cos 50 cos 70; therefore

cos 40 + cos 20 = cos 120 + cos 20 ;

therefore cos 40 = cos 120; therefore 120 = 2w7r40;

2n?r mr
taking the upper sign we obtain 0=
.

- -
= ,
-^

and taking the lower sign we obtain --- = .

Ib o

It is obvious however that the second expression includes the first.

28. sin sin 30 = therefore sin (3 sin 0-4 sin3 0) = - ;

^5

therefore 4 sin 4
0-3 sin 2
+ = 0.
 IX. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 57

By solving this quadratic in the usual way we obtain

31 1 1
=2 or-.
= -, = sin 2 j

bo
If sin 2 then sin a ,
and Q nir^- .

If sin 2 =T
4
,
then sin 2 6 = sin 2 ~ ,
and Q mr^n .

See Example 5 of Chapter V.

29. 4 sin 2 + sin 2 20 = 3; therefore 4 sin 2 +4 sin 2 (1 -gin2 6)

=3 ;

therefore 4 sin 4 0-8 sin 2 + 3 = 0.

By solving this quadratic in the usual way we obtain sin 2 = -1 or -
3
;

and only the former value is .admissible. Thus sin 2 = sin 2

; therefore

.
4

30. (l-tan0)(l + sin20) =

therefore
(l -f
therefore (cos
- sin 0) (cos + sin 0)
2 = cos + sin ;

therefore either cos + sin = 0, or (cos - sin 0) (cos + sin 0)

= 1.
If cos + sin 0=0, then sin0=-cos0;
therefore tan = - 1 ;

therefore = mr + .

If (cos
- sin 0) (cos + ski 0) = 1, then cos 2 - sin 2 = 1;
therefore cos 20 = 1;
therefore 20 = 2rwr.

31. sin 04 sin 20 + sin 30 + sin 40 = ;

therefore .
sin + sin 40+ sin 20+ sin 30=0;
.50 30 .
. 50
=n
therefore 2 sin cos +2 sin cos
^
;

/) / Q/J /?\
therefore 2 sin ( cos + cos ^ ) = ;

therefore 4 sin cos H cos = 0.

58 IX. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

Thus there are three cases :

56 50
If sin
.

=0, then - = rnr,

t -

/\ n
If cos ^ = 0, then .
- = nir + - ,
2 jt m

If cos 6 = 0, then 6mr+ ^

.

32. sin 6 - cos 6 = 4 sin d cos 2 ;

therefore sin 6 - 4 sin 6 (1- sin

2
6)
= cos 6 ;

therefore 4 sin 3 9 - 3 sin 6 cos ;

therefore cos 6 = - sin 30 = cos f 30 + - ;

J

therefore 30 + = 2w7r 0.

33.

therefore ^ _ sinj V= 4
y
(2

2-V3
+ ./8>
J

therefore cot 2 20 = cot 2 ;

therefore 20 = nir .

34, 2 V2 cos ^ J - (1 + sin 0)

= 1 + cos 20 ;
j

therefore 2 ^2 cos (? - i\ (1 + sin 0) = 2 cos 2 = 2(1- sin 2 0) ;

therefore either 1 + sin = 0, or -^2 cos

(^
-
J
= 1 - sin 0.

If 1 . + sin = 0, then sin = -1 ; therefore = mr + (- l)

w
,
which may

be expressed more simply as (4m + 3) J .

a

If
j-0 /)=l-sin0, then >/ 2 f^sy cs ^+ -^H sin )
=1 -sin0 ;
4 \\/ V^ /
 X. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 59

therefore 2 sin 6 = 1 - cos ;

f) f) ft

therefore 4 sin - cos s =2 sin 3 s ;

4 31 J

/i a
therefore either sin- = 0, or tan- = 2.

/?
n
If sin - = 0, then = nir.
^

ft fi

If tan = 2, then - = nir + a, where a is such that tan a = 2.

2

35. sin 90 + sin 50 + 2 sin2 = 1; therefore

2 sin 70 cos 20 = 1 -2 sin 2 = cos20;

therefore either cos 20 = 0, or sin 70 = x.

If cos 20 = 0, then 20=w7r +

|.

If sin 70 = ,
then 70 = w7r + (- l)
n .

CHAPTEE X.

1. Let x denote the required logarithm; then

z 2a:

128 = (#4)*, that is 2? = 43=2* ;

therefore - = 7; therefore x=-^2 .

o

2. Let x denote the required logarithm ;

then
*
243 J/9 = (V3) x/
,
that is 3 5 4/9 = 32 ,
that is

therefore -
2i
=
o
-
; therefore a; =. o

3. Let x denote the logarithm of 2187 to the base 3 ;

then 2187 = 3*,
that is 3 7 = 3*; therefore x = 7.

Let x denote the logarithm of -0001 to the base 10 ;

then '0001 = 10*,
= 10*,
that is
^ that is 10-=10 a!
;
therefore OB= -4.

= 2*,
Let x denote the logarithm of cos 45 to the base 2; then cos 45
1
that is - 7)
=2 a:
,
that is 2~5 = 2 X ;
therefore x=-- f>
.
 60 X. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.
4. 5*-** = 2***. therefore (6 - 4x) log 5 = (x + 3) log 2 ;

therefore (6
- ix) log = (+ 3) log 2 ;

therefore (6
- 4x) (1
- log
2)
= (* + 3) log 2 ;

therefore SB
(4 -3 log 2) = 6 -9 log 2 ;

therefore "
094
5. Here a = log -224 = log - = log

b= log 125 = log =3 -3 log 2.

o

From the second equation we have log 2 = - (3 - 6) and ; then substituting

o .

in the first equation we have log7 = a + 3--(3-&).

B

6. 725 lies between 6 3 and 6 4 ;

and therefore the characteristic of the
logarithm of 725 to the base 6 is 3.

Then

and -.^^ lies between - and - , ,

that is between 6" 1 and 6~ 2 . Hence
10UUU o oo
1 725 1 2
-^ lg 1UUUU
i/w^r.^ * t^16 t> ase 6 lies between - ^ and - - : and thus the charac-
5 o 5
teristic will be - 1, since by supposition the decimal part of a logarithm
is positive.

7. Log 405 =log (81 x 5) = log ( 81 x =\ =log^l^= 4 log 3+ 1 - log 2 ;

\ */
therefore 4 log 3 = log 405 + log 2 - 1 = 8 -908485 ;

therefore log 3 '= -477121.

8. Log 98 = log (2 x 72) = log 2 + 2 log 7 = -301030 + 1-690196 = 1-991226 ;

= --966617 = 1-033388.

9. Log (-0020736) = log -0020736 = log

o o

= --89443 = 1-10557.
 X. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 61

'
= _ __ __
IT [*-[' ITU [' l!T& iiT
thus we see that the series =-r 7i - + - - -
+ ... =e~ l
.

(2 [3 [4 [5

11 1=12 " L^ 1
2'
[2 ^2

2
1 3_1
1
^1 ' "~ '
'
2 2 1
| ~|F
1+2 + 3 _1 3.4 1
'

& ~2 [4_
~2 *~[2'

_
~ *
_
~ '
2 2
[5_ ~~\ '"[3

and generally --
1+ + 2 3 + .+w -
.. 1
-- =
n(n + l) 1 1

Thus we see that the series =- jl

'
+T + r^ + -r^+ ...! =|.
1_ L_ I

12. 4 sin a; sin (a;

- a)
= 2 cos a- 1 ;

therefore 2 { cos a - cos (2x - a) }

= 2 cos a - 1 ;

therefore cos (2* - a)

= ;
^

therefore 2a;-a

13.

therefore cos 2 /3 (a2 - x 2) = x 2 sin 2 p - 2xa sin sin a + a2 sin2 a ;

therefore a3 - 2xa sin /3

- 2
sin a = a cos 13 a
2 2
sin a 2
;

sin a) 2 = a cos* sin 2 a

2
p - a sin a + a sin ft
2 2 2
therefore (*
- a sin 2

=a 2
cos 2
/3
- a2 sin a cos 2 2
/3
= a 2 cos 2 /3
cos 2 a ;

therefore x a sin sin a = a cos /J cos a

/3
J-- ;

cos /3 cos a) = a cos - a) or - a cos

therefore x = a (sin sin a (/3 (ft -fa).

14. sin a + sin (*

- a) + sin (2ae + a)
= sin (x + a) + sin (2as - a) ;

sin a = sin (x + a) - sin (x - + ski (2* - a)

- sin (2 + a)
therefore a)

= 2 sin a cos x - 2 sin a cos 2.r ;

62 X. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

therefore 1 = 2 cos x - 2 cos 2x = 2 cos x - 2 (2 cos 2 x - 1) ;

therefore 4 cos 2 x - 2 cos x - 1 = 0.

By solving this quadratic in the usual way we obtain cos x = .

Taking the upper sign we have cos cc=cos _ ,

and therefore x = 2mr - .

Taking the lower sign we have cos x = cos ,

and therefore x 2mr .
5 o

15. cos (
05 + ^ a+cos
) (
CB +- )
a = sin a;

therefore 2 cos (x + 1) a cos - = sin a = 2 sin cos - ;

^

therefore cos (x + 1) a = sin - = cos (

- - ~
)
.
z \a 2/
Hence all the solutions are contained in

- -^
16. z 2 cosacos +CECOS (a- /S)
(a-| j
,Q

2 C S
* cos (a
- fl) 2
+ L^L_ =
cos a cos - ( s cos a cos a ~
) (
9 )

f cos (a - 8)
therefore }x +
4 cos 2 a cos 2 ( a-^
2cosacos(a-^jj cosacosfa-^J j

cos 2 (a - 8) + 8 cos a cos - cos o-^

( )

= ^ '

4 cos 2 a cos 2 ( a-
^ j

cos 2 (q - 18) + 4 cos a {cos a + cos (a -

_ |9) }

4 cos 2 a cos 2
s)
(

4 cos 2 a cos 2 -
(a

therefore x+ ^(-^) .
eos (a-ffl + 2eo 8 q
/
2 cos a cos ( a -
fl\
2 cos a cos f
/
o -3
V ^
*vJ \ ^
 X. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 63

Taking the upper sign we have

^ cos a
.

2 cos a cos ( a-
^ j
=,(.-!)
Taking the lower sign we have
cos a + cos (a
- /3)

cos a cos a-H

( )

- 2 cos ~ sec a.

cos a cos ( a- I
^

Or we may write the proposed equation in this form

xcosa + 2 1!
jzcosfa-|J-lj jacos ("-f)" cos|=0;
and then the two values of x which satisfy it are ohvious.
~l -
17. cot 2 x a cot 2*a = cosec 3a ;

x~ thus cot y - cot 2y = cosec 3a

put y for 2 1 o ; ;

therefore _ = cosec 3a
sin y sin 2y

therefore
M =C osec 3a = ^
therefore sin2y=sin3a, that is sin 2*a = sin 3a.

Thus the general x n

solution is 2 a mr + (- I) 3<z.

18. m vers 6 = n vers (a - 0) :

therefore m (1 - cos 0) = n {I - cos (a - 6)\ ;

f\ f\

therefore 2m sin 2 - = 2n sin2 ;

f\ / \ i /5

therefore sin ^ = - | J
2
sin - ;

therefore
.a
sin - cos - cos -a .

sin -
^

Divide by cos - ; thus we obtain a simple equation for finding tan - .

 64 X. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

19.

therefore 2 cos (n- 1) 6 cos =

therefore either cos 6=0, or cos (n - 1)

=s .
2

If cos = 0, then e = mir+

^.
If cos (n- 1)0 = --, H
then (w-1) = 2m?r^.
o

20. sin 0+ sin 30 = sin 20 + sin 40;

therefore 2 sin 20 cos = 2 sin 30 cos ;

therefore either cos = 0, or sin 20 = sin 30.

If cos = 0, then 6 = nir+ ?.

f\ e f\
If sin 20 = sin 30, then sin 20- sin 30= ; therefore 2 sin - cos- = 0;
r\ fr/j f\ f\

therefore either sin- = 0, or cos =0: taking sin- = we have - = mr,

<t y> 2i 2i

, ,

and taking cos

.

The seven
. 50
2i
= _

values greater than

we have
, 50
at = mr +

and
7T
-

less
.

than 2?r are

TT 3?r 5?r ITT 9?r TT STT

a
5
'
5
'
T '
5
'
"5"' 2 2

21.
1- tana; tan a
i

therefore tan x (1 - tan x tan a)

= tan /3 (tan x + tan a) ;

1) tan x + tan a tan /3 = 0.

therefore 2
tan x tan a + (tan /3 -

By solving this quadratic in the usual way we obtain the values of tan x.
It isknown by the theory of quadratic equations that for the values to be
real we must have (tan /3 I) 2 4 tan 2 a tan /3 positive or zero.
And (tan yS - I) 2 - 4 tan 2 a tan /S.

= tan2 /3 - 2 tan - 4 tan 2 a tan/S+ 1ft

= {tan |8 - (1 + 2 tan 2 a)} 2 + 1 - (1 + 2 tan 2 a) 2

cos 4 a
 X. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 65

This expression then must be positive or zero, and therefore tan /3 must
..'..
not he between
/l-sina\ 2 , /l + sina\ 2
I and .
( (

\ cos a / \ cos a J

22. tan - 0\ + tan (? + 6\

Q"

sin|

Thus

therefore

therefore

therefore

therefore

given by 40 =
therefore the least value of is - .

23. sin 2 (n + 1) = sin 2 n0 + sin 2 (n

- 1) ;

therefore sin 2
(n+ 1)9- sin 2
(n
- 1) = sin 2 nQ ;

therefore sin 2n0 sin 20 = sin 2 nd. (Art. 83. )

T. T. K.
66 X. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

But

therefore 3rc0 =?r; therefore = ;

9
2ir TT
therefore sin 20 sin = sin 2 -
;
o o

= sin

DO
therefore sin 20 -
;
O

thus 20 = *"; therefore = J. But n0 = J; and therefore n = 2.

O

24. cos 2 - cos 2 a = 2 cos 3 - cos a) - 2 sin 3 - sin c)

(cos (sin ;

therefore cos 2 - cos a = _

2
cos 30+3
= - cos 6 .

cos ^ " cos a )

--
'

3 sin B - sin 30
- ,

(sin
.

- sin a) ;

therefore 2 (cos 2 - cos 2 = cos 30 cos + sin 30 sin - cos 30 cos a - sin 30 sin a
a)

+ 3 cos 2 0-3 sin 2 - 3 cos cos a + 3 sin sin a ;

therefore cos (30 -

0)
- cos
(30
- a)
-8 cos (0 + o) = 3 sin 3 - cos 2 0-2 cos 2 a ;

therefore cos 20 - cos (30 - a)

- 3 cos
(0 + a) = 3 - 4 cos 2 0-2 cos 2 a
= 3-2(l + cos20)-(l + cos2a)
= - 2 cos 20 - cos 2a ;

therefore 3 cos 20 - 3 cos (0 + a) - cos

(30
- a) + cos 2a = ;

. 30 + o . a-0 . (30 + a) . 30-3a

- =
therefore 3 sm sin + sin sin ;
^

30 + a
^-a) - 3 sm 0-a) =
sm 3(0
. . .

therefore sin - ( ' ,

] ;
'2 (
2, I )

therefore 4 sin sin 3 = 0.

Hence either sin

.
-- =
30 + a
f
"
,

0, or sin
. 0-a
4
=0;
t

the former gives -

30+a
2
= TT,

and the latter gives - = mr.

2i

25. Let denote an angle having the same sine as a, so that

sin = sin a ;
thus cos ( -- \ =cos (
- -a ;
therefore all the solutions
j

are comprised in = 2n?r ( ~ -a

0-^
 X. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 67

26. Let 6 denote an angle having the same cosine as a, so that

cos = cos a ; thus sin ( - = sin ( a - ; therefore all the solutions

^\ ^J
are comprised in - -
= rnr + (
- l)
n ( a-- .
J

27. By Art. 101 it follows that the upper sign ought to be taken

if lies between n 360 + 225 and n 360 + 405; in this case A lies be-
^
tween 2n360+450 and 2?i360+810, and ^ + 270 lies between 2?i360 + 720
--
and 2rc360 + 1080, and therefore lies between 2rc + 2 and
J
thus the integral part of this fraction is an even number, so that denoting
it m
by m we have ( l) positive.
In precisely the same manner we find that the present example agrees
with Art. 101 for the case in which m is odd.

23. First suppose the number of degrees in A to lie between ft 360 and

n 360 + 90 ; then tan A and tan ^ are both positive, and therefore the upper

sign must be taken in the ambiginty. Also in this case lies between
loJ

that is between 2 + and 2n + l; so that m

Next suppose the number of degrees in A to lie between n 360 + 90 and

n 360 + 180 ;
then tan A is negative, and tan
- is positive ;
and therefore
J

the lower sign

lies between 2n + 1 and 2n+

must be taken in the ambiguity.

so that m is odd.
Also in this case
^
2,

Similarly we may proceed if the number of degrees in A lies between

n 360 + 180 and n 360 + 270, or between n 360 + 270 and n 360 + 360.
It will be observed that in this and the preceding example the greatest
integer in a certain expression means that integer which with a positive
proper fraction constitutes the whole expression.
Or we might treat the example thus :

V(l + tan ^l) must be so taken as to ensure that

2
hence the ambiguity in
the sign is the same as the sign of cos A, and it is easy to shew that ( - l)
m
is of the same sign as cos A when m has the prescribed value.

E2
68 X. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

29. tan (cot x)

= cot (tan x) ;

therefore tan (cot x)

= tan I - tan x ;
^ j

are comprised in
therefore, by Art. 68, all the possible solutions

therefore

therefore
 X. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 69

/rr
and cos ITT*! - .x / r j
' ~~" i o > ~ it /x / o

Then putting for cos T -# an<i cos , +x their values we have

and

Hence by subtraction we find the required expression for sin x. In (1) the

upper or lower sign must be taken according as cos f x-- \ is positive or

according as x
-- between 2nir - s "" an^ + ^ IT, or
negative, that is lies ^HTT

between 2nir + -ir and 2n7r+ , Similarly we can determine the sign to

be taken in (2).

32. Let k denote the value which the expression retains for all values
of 0, so that
A cos (0 + a) +B sin (0 +
/3)_, ~' t

then
therefore cos 6 (A cos a + B sin ft) + sin 6 (B cos ft- A sin a)

= k cos 6 (A' sma + B' cos ) +& sin (^' cos a- .#' sin ) ;

therefore cos { ^ cos a + B sin - k (A' sin a + B' cos /3) }

+ sin 6 B cos ft- A sin a - (A' cos a- B

{
ft
f
sin ) }
= 0.
Now this is to be true for all values of 6, Put for 6 in succession

and - ;
thus we obtain the following two results:

A +B p = k (A
e
cos a sin sin a + .B' cos p\
B cos -A sin a = fc
(^4' cos a-B' sin /3) ;

and it is obvious that if these hold the original expression does always
retain the same value.

By cross multiplication we obtain

(A cos a + B sin /3) (A' COB a-5 /
sin/3)
= (^l 8ma + .5'cos
/
) (Bcosp-A sin a);

therefore A A' cos 2 a - BE' sin 2

+ (^l' - AB ) cos a sin ft
f

= BB' cos 2 - ^'sin 2 a+ (J 'B-AB^

/3
sin a cos/3 ;

therefore ^' - ^^= (A'B - AB') sin (a - ft).

70 X. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

33. Let A denote the sum of the two angles x and y. Then

sm x + sin y = 2 sin
.
-~ cos x-y = 2 sin A cos x-y
x+y . .
^-
;

and the numerically greatest value of this expression is when cos is

when x - y = 0, that
greatest, that is is when x = y.
sin x sin y
Again tan x + tan y = + = sin (a 4- 1/)
y> v

cos a; cos y cos x cos y

sin .4 2 sin 4
cos x cos y 2 cos a; cos y

2 sin .4 2 sin A
cos (a;
- y) + cos (x + y) cos (x - y) + cos A '

and if cos A is positive the numerically least value of this is when

cos (x - y) = 1, that is when x = y.

34. By Art. 114 we have

tan A tan B + tan B tan C+ tan C tan 4 = 1;

therefore tan 3 A + tan 2 .B + tan 2 C=l + ^ (

tan A ~ tan ^) 2

+ - (tan B - tan C7) 2 + (tan C - tan 4) 2 .

Hence the least value of the expression is when tan A - i&uB, tan B- tan C,
and tan C- tan A all vanish and the value is then unity.
;

35. By Art. 114 we have

tan A + tan B + tan (7= tan A tan B tan C ;

therefore
cot 4 cot B cot C' cot A cot i? cot (7
'

therefore cot B cot C + cot 4 cot C+ cot 4 cot 5=1 ;

therefore cot 5 A + cot 2 5 + cot 2 C

= 1 + i (cot 4 - cot
)
2
+ i (cot B - cot )
2
+1 (cot (7 - cot A}*.
2i A .
2i

Hence the least value of the expression is when cot A - cot B, cot B- cot C,
>

and cot C - cot 4 all vanish and the value is then

; unity.
 X. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.
cos B cos C 1
36.
sin BD siu C sin A

_
~~
em(B+C) _ 1
~ sin A 1
_ sin* A
~
- sin B sin (7
sin B sin (7 sin A sin .B sin C sin .4 sin A sin .6 sin (7

Proceeding in this way we find that the difference of the two given
expressions is equivalent to a fraction with the denominator sin A sin B sin C,
\\hile the numerator is

sin 2 A + sin2 B + sin 2 C -sin B sin C -sin C sin A -sin^l sin 5,

that is - A - sin B) + 5 (sin .B - sin (7) 2 + s

2
(sin (7
- sin ^)
2
.
4 (sin J 4

This expression is never negative.

37. Suppose A, B, C to be three acute angles such that

cos 2 A + cos 2 B + cos 2
(7=1,

then cos 2 A = 1 - cos 2 C - cos 2 2? = sin2 C - cos 3 B

= -coB(C-B)coa(0+B).
This shews that C+B
must be greater than a right angle. Now if we
take A' = 180 - C - B
we shall have cos 2 A' numerically equal to cos 2 (B + C),
and therefore numerically less than cos (C- B) cos (C+ B) for we may sup- ;

pose C not less than B, and then is less than 180 -C-B. HenceC-B
3
cos 2 .4 is greater than cos ,4', and J. is less than A't and therefore A + B+C
is less than 180.

38. By Art. 113 we have sin A + sin B + sin C- sin (A + B+C)

=sin^(l-cos^cos(7) + sin B (1-cos C cos A) + sin (7(1- cos A co&B) J

+ sin .4 sin B sin (7;

and as A, B, and (7 are acute this expression is necessarily positive.

39. Let u = (cos -\ ;

V *J
therefore log u = 9
log cos
- = -$ lg 1 ~ sul2 ~
( )

= w 2
(. 2 a l..a l.,.a
jsm - + -2 sin - + -sm
)
- 4 6
-+ ....t .

2 ( n 3 n J

Now nsin-=a
n
- .

Bin -

a
a

, and this is equal to a when n is indefinitely

n
increased ;
and therefore w 2 sin 2 - is equal to a 2 .
72 .X. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

Then n 2 sin4 -=?* 2 sin 2 - x sin 2 - ;

and this vanishes when n is inde-
n n n
finitely increased. Similarly the other terms in log it vanish, and as in

Art. 150 their sum vanishes also ; and thus log u = - ultimately.
a
_o
Therefore u
'
e *

3
o\
40. Let u- ( cos - \ ; therefore
\ n
*J
log u =n 3
log cos
- = 1 - sin 2 -
-^ log
(
)

= -
n3 I . _ a 1 . a
4 -
. l. c a )
2 -
jsm n + s sin + --
sin 6 -+.....
2 ( 2 n 3 n \

Now we have shewn in solving the preceding Example that w 2 sin 2 - = a2

ultimately ;
hence n3 sin 2 - = wa2 and BO becomes , infinite. Thus the loga-
n
rithm of u is negative infinity, and therefore u vanishes ultimately.

41. sin - (tan

- tan 3 0)
= sin - tan + tan 3
^ ^

sin 1 sin3 sin , .

1 .

2cos 3 0~cos 3
t '

2'

{
2 cos 3 0-2 cos 3 + 1 - cos 2 0}
2 cos a
- cos
= sin (1 0)
{l+cos0-2cos
2
0}
2co 8 30
- cos 0) - cos +2 cos
_ sin (1 (1 0) (1 0)
2 cos 3~0

sin0(l-cos0) ~~ 2
(l +2 ....
' 1S P sltlve -

42. Let w=( ; then

^J

log u = x log =ar log f 1 - -

Thus the logarithm is always negative, and as x increases the logarithm

diminishes numerically, and so it increases ; when x is infinite log u= - i ;
and therefore w = e~ 1 .
XI. USE OF LOGARITHMIC AND TRIGONOMETRICAL TABLES. 73

CHAPTER XI.

1.
 XI. USE OF LOGARITHMIC AND TRIGONOMETRICAL TABLES.

*
6. log (24)' = log 24 = -6901056.

6901074 -6901056

-OOOOOSS : ,000070 , ,00, : , ;

this gives x= -000079;

therefore log 4-898979 = -6901056 ;

therefore (24)* = 4-898979.

*
7. log (142-71)^ = x 2-1544544 = -3077792.

3077954 -3077792
3077741 -3077741 .
000021 o . .
0000051 - 1 '
0000213 -0000051 ,

this gives <c = '24;

therefore log 20313-24 = 4-3077792 ;

therefore log 2-031324 = -3077792 ;

therefore (142 -71)* = 2 -031324.

8. log (-07) V a log -07 =

^(2-8450980)
= - (-5 + 3-8450980) = 1-7690190.
7690227
7690153
XI. USE OF LOGARITHMIC AND TRIGONOMETRICAL TABLES. 75

log 71968-6 = 4-8571394 +

11.
^ of -0000060=4-8571430;

log (-0719686)^ = |(2 -8571430) = I (

-8+
6-8571430) = 1-8571429.
o o

But log -719686 = 1-8571430; therefore (-0719686)*= -719686.

12. log (1-03)-

10 = - 10 x -0128372 = - -128372 = 1-871628 = log -7440942 ;

therefore (1-03)-
10 = '7440942.
13. log(l-05)-
20 = - 20 x -0211893= --423786 = 1-576214 = log -37689;
~ 20 =
therefore (1-05) -37689 ;

therefore 64 {1
- (1-05)-
20
}
= 64 {1 - -37689}
= 64 x -62311= 39 -87904.
14. Denote it by w; then log = \/5 =
log5 2\/5 log V>;
therefore log (log u) = log 2 + log >/5 + log (log >/5).

= log 5 = log =- - log

Now log \/5
-
(1 2)
g

= I (1 - -301030) = I (-698970) = -349485,

2i i

log (log x/5) = log -349485 = 1-543428.

Therefore log (log u)

= -301030 + -349485 + 1-543428 = -193943.

Therefore log u = 1 -562944.

563006 -562944

-ooono:, 00057 :: ,o 1: , ;

this gives x =-00048; therefore u- 36 '5548.

15. =
log 144 log 12 =2 log 12 = 2-1583624 ;

log(l-4i)-
6 = -6 log 1-44= , & (-1583624) = - '9501744

= 1-0498256 = log -1121568 ;

therefore (l-44)~ = -1121568.

log(l-44)~
12 = -12 log 1-44= -12 (-1583624)= -1-9003488
= 2-0996512= log '01257915 ;

therefore (1-44)-
12 = -01257915 ;

-G - 12 = -1121568 - =
therefore (I -44 ; (1 '44)" -01257915 -09957765.
76 XL USE OF LOGARITHMIC AND TRIGONOMETKICAL TABLES.

16. i g _ = _ 13 log 1-05 = - 13 ( -0211893) = - -2754609

ld
(l-0oj
= 1-7245391= log -5303214 ;

therefore = 53032U:
-

(iW*
log
A_ = -20 log 1-05= -20 (-0211893)= - -423786

= 1-576214 = log -3768894;

therefore

therefoie -
TTr = 20 {-5303214 - -3768894}
05 |(1 -05) 13 (1-05)
2

:
20 x -153432 = 3-06864.

17. 7431448
7313537
60' : 1' :: -0117911 : x;
0117911
this gives x = -00019B5;

therefore Bin 47 1' = -7313537 + "0001965 = -7315502.

18. 1270646
60": 25":: -0002885:,;

this gives x =-0001202;

therefore sin 7 17' 25" = -1267761 + -0001202 = -1268963.

19. 9-4663483
9-4659353
60" : 12" :: -0004130 : x;
"0004130
this gives x = -0000826;

therefore L sin 17 0' 12" = 9-4659353 + -0000826 = 9-4660179.

20. 9-6482582

this gives
-!
9
6o "

x =-0000509;
: 12 " ::
-
0002544 : ^

therefore L sin 26 24' 12" = 9 -6480038 + -0000509 = 9-6480547.

21. 9-5052891
9-5048538
60" : 35" :: -0004353 : x-
0004353
this gives x = '0002539;
therefore L cot 72 15' 35" = 9-5052891 - -0002539 = 9-5050352.
XL USE OF LOGARITHMIC AND TRIGONOMETRICAL TABLES. 77

22. 9-1604569

^S I
-OOOU86 : .OOCU076 :: 10

81 46' 7".
: * ;

this gives x l\ therefore the required tingle is

23. 9-9713383

'0000079 : '0000032 :: 10 :
x;

this gives z = 4; therefore the required angle is 20 35' 20" - 4", that is
20 U 35' 16". For as the L cosine increases the angle diminishes.
24. 60" : 26'' :: -0000865 : x ;

this gives x = -0000375;

therefore L cos 34 24' 25" = 9 "9165137 - -0000375 = 9-9164762.

Again 9-9165646
9-9165137
0000865 : -0000509 :: 60 : x ;
0000509

this gives x
= 35 ;
therefore the required angle is 34 24' -35", that is
34 23' 25'.

25. Since sec x cos 6 = 1, we have log sec Q + log cos B = ;

therefore L sec Q + L cos 0-20 = 0; therefore L sec = 20- L cos 0.

We shall first find L cos 37 19' 47".

60" : 47" :: -0000963 :

z;

this gives x= -0000754;

therefore L cos 37 19' 47" = 9 -9005294 - -0000754 = 9-9004540.

Then L sec 37 19' 47" = 20 - 9-9004540 = 10-0995460.

Next find L sin 37 19' 47".

60" : 47" :: -0001657 :

x\

this gives x ='0001298;

therefore L sin 37 19' 47" = 9 '7826301 + -0001298 = 9'7827599.

Then tan 6 ;
therefore log tan Q = log sin - log cos ;

therefore L tan - 10 = L sin - 10 - (L cos - 10)

= L sin 6 - L cos 6 ;

therefore L tan 6 = 10 +Z sin - L cos 0.

Thus Z tan 37 19' 47" = 10 + 9 -7827599 - 9-9004540 = 9'8823059.

78 XIT. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

26. 60" : 24"-6 :: -0001998 :

*;
this gives x = -0000819;
therefore L sin 32 18' 24'' -6 = 9-7278277 + -0000819 = 9 -7279096.
60" : 24"-6 :: -0000799 :
*;
this gives x = -0000328;

therefore L cos 32 18' 24" -6 = 9-9269913 - '0000328 = 9-9269585.

And L tan 32 18' 24"-6 = 10 + L sin 32 18' 24"-6 - L cos 32 18' 24"-6

= 9-8009511.

CHAPTER XII.

1. Let A BCD denote the rectangle. From .4 draw perpendicular AP

to the diagonal BD ;
and from P draw PM perpendicular to BC, and PN
perpendicular to CD.
Let the angle DBA be denoted by a; then
^I5 = ccosa,
BP ABcoB a=ccos 2 a,
PMBP cos BPM=BP cos a = c cos 3 a.
Thus denoting PM by p we have p c cos 3 a.

Similarly AD = c sin a, PD = AD sin PAD = AD sin a = c sin* a,

PN= PD sin PDN= PD sin a = c sin3 a.
q = c sin a.
3
Thus
Therefore p% + $= (c cos 3 a)^ + (c sin3 a)$ = c^ (cos 2 a + sin 2
a)
= A
2. Let a denote the radius of the larger circle, and b the radius of the
smaller circle. Let x denote the distance of the point of intersection of the
two common tangents from the centre of the larger circle therefore x - a - 6 ;

denotes the distance of this point from the centre of the smaller circle.

--
=-
'

Then sin _
_. . and
MU-LV*. MMVW sin
also KJX4J.
- =
- .

x-a-b y
.

,
2 x 2

a b
therefore x = <

,
and x - a - b = ;
u . a
sin - sin
2

therefore, by subtraction, a+b =- ;

therefore
.
sin -
2
B
= a-b -
a +6
; therefore cos -
2
e
= 2v/(aM
--.
a-rb
;

and sin =2 sin

,09 = --
cos -
4
2 2
 XII. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 79

3. sec a sec 6 + tan a tan = sec & ;

therefore sec o sec 6 sec - tan a tan Q ;

/3

therefore sec 2 a sec 2 = (sec (3 - tan a tan 0) 2

;

therefore sec a (1 2
+ tan 6) = sec- /3 - 2 sec /3 tan a tan
2
+ tan 2 a tan 2 ;

therefore (sec
2
a - tan 2 a) tan 2 +2 sec p tan o tan = sec 2 - sec /3
2
a ;

therefore tan 2 + 2 sec /3 tan a tan = sec 2 /3 - sec 2 a ;

therefore (tan + tan a sec /3)

2
sec 2 /3
- sec a + tan2 a sec 2
2

= sec 2 /3 sec 2 a - sec 2 a = tan 2 /S

sec 2 a ;

therefore tan + tan a sec p = tan sec a /3 ;

therefore tan (9 = - tan o sec tan /9 sec a /3

sin a -sinasin|S
sinjS ~~
cos a cos /3 cos /? cos a cos a cos J3

/J n f\ n
sin - cos 20 sin 5 cos 20 sin 2 sin 2 -
cos - cos 20
> A i
.

~ l

vers cot vers cos (1

- cos 0) cos
f\ f\ ft

2 sin 2 - cos - cos 20 cos - cos 29

n e cos0
2 sin 2 - cos

and the value of this is unity when 0=0.

tan'0 _ sin2 _ sin 2 cos 20
~ ~
sec 20-1 cos 2 (sec 20
- 1) coP^I^cos 20)

sin 2 cos 20 _ cos 20 _

'
0~sTn 2 2CUS-0

and the value of this is - when = 0.

-
COS
o. cot - - (1 + cot 0) = cot - - cot - 1 = -2 - -
cos
- - 1
'2 !i .0
sm -
sin
,

sin cos - cos sin s:

Q ^
~
. sin
sin - sin sin - sm
2 2

now this is always positive as f)

changes from to TT, except when =x >

and then it is zero.

 80 XII. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

6 tan 6 + c - 1

therefore tan ^(tan + c+l)=tan0 + c- 1 ;

therefore

2 tan 2 + (c + 1) fl - tan2
therefore
1 ^ tan |

therefore (c + 1) tan3 - (1 + c) tan 2 + (1 - c) tan + (c - 1) = ;

therefore (c + 1) tan 3 J (tan

~ - 1)
= (c - 1) (tan n
- 1) ;
31 51 -

fi A
therefore either tan --1 = 0, or (c+1) tan 2 - = c-l.

Thus tan - = 1, or

7. a sec 2 6 - b cos 6 2a, therefore a - 6 cos 3 6 = 2a cos 2 6 ;

therefore 6 cos 3 = a - 2a cos 2 ;

again 6 cos 2 $ - a sec = 26, therefore & cos 3 = 26 cos +a ;

thus a - 2a cos 2 0=26 cos + a;

therefore - a cos = 6: therefore cos = .

a
Suhstitute this value of cos in either of the given equations, for instance

the first; thus therefore a4 + 6 4 -2a26 2 = 0; therefore a 2 = 6 2

& +-=2a;
.

S. a? + 6 2 = (sin a cos /3 sin + cos a cos 0)

2
+ (sin a cos /3 cos - cos a sin 0)
2

= sin 2 a cos 2 ft + cos 2 a ;

 XII. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 81

therefore a2 + 6 2 + -. = sin 2 a cos 2 + sin 2 a sin 2 /3 + cos 2 a

/3

= sin 2 a + cos 2
a= 1.

9. 6 + ccosa = wcos (a-0), b + c cos /3 = w cos (/3- 0),

therefore 2b + c (cos a + cos fi) = u cos (a - 0) -f M cos (/3 - 0) ;

a+S a-fl + -
= M cos /a-~- fl \ a-S"
therefore o + c cos -4- cos 5-*- I
)
cos --- ;
1 2,
\ 2 2
/

therefore 6 sec
^=wcos (^- 9\ -ccos -^ ............... (1).

Again from the first two equations, by subtraction,

c (cos a - cos /3)
= u cos (a - 0) - u cos (0 - 0) ;

. fl-a . a +8- . B-a .

fa. + B - n \
therefore c sin sin u sin =TT sin I 1
;
2, 2, I .
\ .a /

O = M sin
therefore
^^- ^ - c
sin^^ ........................ (2).
Square and add (1) and (2) ;
thus

a~+
^-
2 0} cos
/ 2
- 2uc cos 0.

2a tan tan 2a tan 2a

10.

2a tan

therefore, by subtraction,

_ = S.Un(l-Ua.Una.Q
tan2a + tan2a'

tan 2a 4- tan la! 2 tan

therefore - tan 2a tan
1 2ct' 1 - tan 2 6
'

Therefore
*
tan (2a + 2aO = tan 20.

11. sin -f- sin = a, cos + cos = 6;

square and add ;
thus
2 +2 (cos cos 0+ sin sin 0) =a 2 + 6 2 ;

therefore 2 +2 cos (0
- 0) = a 2 + 62 ;

therefore 2 + 2c = a 2 + 62 .

T. T. K.
 XII. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.
12. xGOsO + y sin0 = a, x cos (6+2$) -y sin ((9 + 20) =
therefore, by subtraction,

therefore x sin (0 + 0) sin + y sin (0 + 0) cos = ;

therefore x sin <f>+y cos = (I)-

Again, by addition,
* { cos + cos (0 + 20) + y } { sin - sin (0 + 20) = 2a } ;

therefore x cos (0 + 0) cos

- y cos (0 + 0) sin =a ;

therefore x cos -
y sin = (2).
COS (0 + 0)
Square and add (1) and (2) : thus

cos 2 (0 + 0) 1- sin 2 (0+0) -

2
suv

2
+y 2
1 - 2 =a 2
therefore (x )
(
p sin )
.

But from (1) x2 sin 2 = y 2 cos 2 = y2 (1 - sin 2

0) ;

therefore

Therefore

therefore

tan x + tan y
13. tan c = tan (x + y) ^ - tan x tan . .
1 y

Now tan x + tan y = a, and cot x + cot y = i

therefore
tan a; tan y

therefore tan x + tan y = b tan 05 tan y ;

therefore a = 6 tan x tan w ;

therefore tan x tan = --

6
ab
therefore tan c

1 1
therefore COt C =v i

r-
_ _ '

ab a 6
 XII. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 83

_ sec e - cos _ 1 - cos 4 8

2 2
x 6
~ 2
~
a sec + cos'2 4 1 + cos 6
'

26
y
= sec 2 6 + cos 2,.6 = -
l+cos 4
cos 2 6
; ;
'

15. (a + 6) tan(0-0) = (a-&) tan ((7 + 0),

therefore (a + b) sin (0
- 0) cos (0 + 0) = (a - b) sin (0 + 0) cos (0 - 0) ;

therefore b {
sin (0 + 0) cos (0 - 0) + sin (0
- 0) cos (6 + 0) }
= a {sin (0 + 0) cos (0 - 0) - sin (0
- 0) cos (0 + 0) } ;

therefore 6 sin 20 = a sin 20,

and b cos 20 = c- a cos 20;

square and add ; thus i 2 = c 2 + a 2 - 2ac cos 20.

2 sin (0+ 00 2 sin (0-0')

sin 20
' y= sin 20
'

Square and substitute in the first given equation ;

thus

z2 sin 2 (0
a 2 sin* 20
+ -i-
0")
cos ,
= -
z s sin 2
,
(0-0')-
.*
a 2 sin 2 20
cos
,
z

6
2

+ T-O2 cos 0' ;

-
sin 2 (0 + 0Q cos - sin 2 - 0Q cos cos
therefore (0 = tf_ ,
'
a2 sin2 20 6*

therefore ^(sin
cos 0' + cos sin 00 2 - (sin cos
4a* sin 2 cos- 2
0' - cos
-
sin 00 2
- cos
,
= cos- 0'
6-*
;
'

4 sin cos 2 sin 0' cos 0' cos 0'

therefore '

4a 2 sin 2 cos 2 62

sin0' a*
therefore '
sin 62

17. y cos 0- a; sin = acos20 (1),

y sin0 + sccos = 2a sin 20 (2).

Multiply (1) by cos 0, and (2) by sin 0, and add ; thus

y = a cos 20 cos + 2a sin 20 sin

=a cos 20 + 4 sin 0) = a cos

2 2
(cos (cos +3 sin 2 0).

Again multiply (2) by cos 0, and (1) by sin 0, and subtract : thus
x = 2asin20cos a cos 20 sin
= a sin (4 cos
8 - cos
20) = a sin (3 cos 2 + sin 2 0).
F2
84 XII. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

Thus x+y=a (sin

3
+ cos 3 + 3 sin 2 cos +3 cos 2 sin 0)

= tt(sin0 + cos0) 3 ;

and =
*-y a(sin 3 0-3 sin2 cos +3 cos 2 sin0- cos 3 0)
= a (sin - cos 0) 3 .

2 2 2

+ (a-y) =a 3 + (sin 0-cos0) 2 =2a

:(
2
Therefore (a + yr {(sin0 + cos0) J
.

18. cos 6 cos + sin sin = sin /3 sin 7 ;

therefore sin 2 sin2 = (sin /3 sin y - cos cos 0) 2 ;

0) = (sin /J sin 7
therefore (1
- cos 2 9) (1
- cos 2 - cos 5 cos 0) 2 ;

7 --r~
2
/ Bin*/3\ / sin 2 / sin sin \
,,
therefore 1 r-s-r- ) 1 r^r
7\
1
)
= .

smfl sin
ft
-7 ) ;

\ sin 2 a/ \ sin 3 a/ \ sm-'a /

therefore (sin
2
a - sin2 /3) (sin
2
a - sin2 7) = sin2 /3 sin 2 7 (sin a - 2
I)
2
;

therefore sin4 a - sin2 a (sin 2 2

/? + sin 7)
= sin 2 /3 sin2 7 (sin a
4 - 2 sin 2 a) ;

therefore sin2 a - sin 2 /3 - sin 2 7 = sin2 /S sin 2 7

2
(sin a
- 2) ;

therefore sin 2 a (1 - sin 2 /S sin 2 7) = sin 2 p cos 2 7 + cos p

2
sin 2 7 ;

therefore sin a 2 =

therefore
1 - sin'2 sin 2 7
(j

8 2
(sin /3+ cos P) (sin
2
7+ cos 2 7) - sin 2 p sin 2 7 - sin a /3
cos- 7 - cos
1'
/a sin- y
^_
1 - sin 2 p sin*y

cos 2 p cos 2 7
~ - '
sin 2 sin 2 7

rri t
Therefore
1 /3

tan 2 a =
.
-- -
s i n2
C
/3 cog2
cos 2
7 + cos'- fi
/- cos 2 t-
p y
- sin 2 7
1

= sin ~/8 + -
2 Pin 2 7

cos^p
~
= tan 2 ^3 + tan 2 7.
008^7

... - niii V
= cos- 6
. j. j.
19. ra = cosec 0- sm0 = /1
-sin^ =
.

:
- :
,
sin 6 sin sin

1 1 - cos 2 6
n = sec 6 - cos 6 r" ,

therefore
sin 6 cos (9

therefore sin^ an(j -

cos ^ sin
 XII. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.
cos 3 3
therefore rn= and
,
n= sin
mn ,
mn ;

s
therefore cos 2
(m n) ,
and sin = (mn*} 3 ;

therefore cos 2
+ sin 2 = (m?n)* + (mri2 )^ ;

2. .2 2^

therefore 1 = (mn) a m * + n 3 { } .

(:csin0-ycos 0) = x> + y*;

2
20.

therefore x 1 + y2 - (x sin
- cos 2 =
y 0) ;

therefore y? cos 2 + 2xy sin cos + y 2 sin 2 = 0',

therefore (x cos + y sin 0) 2 = ;

therefore x cos + y sin = ;

therefore tan = .

Hence we obtain cos2 # = -^ - and sin 2 =

Substitute in the second given equation : thus

therefore

21.

therefore a sin 2 + a' (I- sin 2 0) = b

therefore sin 2 = -
a- a

therefore cos 2 = ^ :

a- a
~a
therefore tan 2 = .
a-6

Similarly we find tan 2 6' = ^- .

a' -b'

But a 2 tan 2 = a' 2 tan 2 0' ;

'

therefore
86 XII. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.
therefore a 2
(b
- a') (V
- a') = a'2 (&'
- a) (6
- a) ;

therefore a {bV -a'(b + b')} = a' {W -a(b + b')}

2 2
;

theref ore bb'

2 -
a' 2 ) = aa' (a -
(a + b') ; a') (6

therefore 66' (a + a') = aa' (& + &')

Divide by aa'bb' ; thus -. + - = ?, + i .

a a 6 6

22. y'cos^ + *'sm*0 = a 2- = a2

-== & sin' a ;

-2 3.2
therefore ^ (1 + cos 26) + <r(l- cos 20) = 6
l l
2
sin 2 a;

therefore x* + yz + (y
2 - a2) cos 2 = 26 2
sin2 a ;

therefore a 2 2
+ 6 + {(y + a z 2 2
)
- 4yV} 2 cos 2^= 26 fi
sin 2 a ;

therefore 2
a +6 2
+ {(a + 2
ft
2 2
)
- 4a2 6 2 sin 2 a} 2 cos 26 = 26 2 sin 2 a ;

26 2 sin2 a - 6 2 - a2
therefore cos 26 r;

therefore sin 2 20=

~ ^ ***? ^f!
(a + 6
^f
2 - 4a f
6 sm a
2 2
)
J J
+
j
"

464 sin 2
a(l-sin a)
2

2
(a* + b' )*
- 4a 2 6 2 sin2 a '

2
26 sin a cos a
therefore sin 26 =

Hence by division
26 2 sin 2 a-6 2 -a2 _ a2 + 6 2 cos2a
2 2
26' sin a cos a b' sin 2a
2
a
= - cot 2a - cosec 2a,

which we may also express thus

rt cot 26 = cot 2a += cosec 2a.

^ _ . cos x cos 2x .. cos 3x , , . ,

1 ,,
23. Let , ,
and each be equal to j ;
then
II
I
d., fty
K

a l = k cos x, a 2 = fc cos 2#, and a3 = k cos 3x.

2 cos 2a; ~ cos x ~ cos 3a:

Therefore
4a s 4 cos 2ic

2 cos 2a; - 2 cos 2x cos x l-coscc

 XII. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 87

24.
_
Let
,
--
sin x
,
sin Bx
-
,
and
, sin 5x . .

each be equal to -
1
; then
<h <* % &

o1 = isina;, a3 = &sin3as, and a5 = fcsin5a;.

--
- 2a, + a*
= sin x
-2 sin 3aj + sin - 5a;
= 2 sin So; cos 2a;
-2 sin 3a:

--
a,
Therefore -3 ! 2
a3 sin Sx sin 3*

= 2 (cos 2;e - 1) = - 4 sin 2

x;

and
a,
- 3a,
a
-1 sin 3x - 3 sin
= --- :
-
sin x
x
= 3 sin as -4 sin
-

bin
3

a;
SB
-3 sin x
= - 4 sin 8 x.

25. Let v denote the value of the fractions -vrhich are given equal ; thus

al = kcosx, a<i
= kcos(x + 8), a 3 = k cos (x + 20), a4 = k cos (x + 30) ;

therefore -
,+,? =
a2
cos x + cos (x + 20)
cos (x + &)
- = -
2 cos (x +
cos (x +
0)
'-=
6)
-=
cos 9 t

2 COB 6.

Oa + a, cos (o;+0) + cos(:E + 30) = 2 cos (x + 20) cos

=
a cos '
1 ^ff\ V 9lff\

thus the required result is established.

26. sin 2 = cos 2a

2
cos 2a'
'
cos (a + a')

cos 2 (a+ a')

- cos 2a cos 2a'
therefore cos 2 0=- Cos2(a + a }
,

1 + cos 2 (a + a') - cos 2 (a + a')

- cos 2 (a - a) 1

_ sin (a - a
~
2 1

) ^
'
2 cos 2 (a + a') cos" (a + a')

sin (a - a')
therefore cos = -.
,.
.
cos (a + a )

Take the upper sign ;

then cos0= therefore

sin ( ^
- a-a'\- sin (a -
a')
1 - cos cos (a + a') - sin (a - \2
x

_ a') _ /

tan-
-aj
in - cos - tan - af
2 sin
(^ a') ^ a)
88 XII. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

therefore

Take the lower sign ; then cos = ^ -3 therefore

cos (a + a')'

- cos
sin ^- a a' + sin (a - a')
sin (a - a _
( )

~ cos (a + a +
1
_ ) ) \2 /
1 + COS0 cos (a - + a') sin (a -a') fir \-
-a- Sin (a - a')
. . .

sin ( - a'
J

- T -
2 sin ( a! cos cot -a tan (
- +a
j j ( ) ( j ) j

2 sin - cos ?- a'\ cot -' tan

therefore

sin (0 - ft) cos a

27 - a) cos B
sin (0
]

cos (0 - 8) sin a

sin (0- ft)

cos a sin (0 -a) sin
therefore
cos (a + 0) cos ft
cos (0 - ft) sin a

(sin cos - cos sin 8) cos a (sin cos a - cos sin a) sin ft
ft
~
(cos a cos 6
- sin a sin 0} cos ft (cos cos /3 +
sin sin ft) sin a

(tan cos 8 - sin /3) cos a (tan cos a - sin a) sin ft_ _

(cos a
- sin a tan 6) cos ft (cos ft + tan sin /3) sin a

tan 6 - tan 8 -
therefore
- tan a tan
-~ + tan cot a 1
= ;
1 cot /3 + tan
therefore (tan - tan 8) (cot jS + tan 0) + (tan cot a - 1) (I - tan a tan 6) = ;

therefore tan 6 (cot 8 + tan a) + tan (cot a

- tan 8) = 2.

-
But tan 0= - tan .
.
therefore
tana cos(a + /3)

+ tan (cot a - tan ft) =2 ;

therefore - tan (cot a + tan /3) cos (a - /3) + tan (cot a - tan )
cos (a + /S)
= 2cos(a + /3);
 XII. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 89

therefore tan cot a [cos (a + /3) - cos (a - - tan /3 [cos (a + /S) + cos (a
-
{ /S)]

= 2 cos (a + p) ;

therefore tan <f> {

cot a sin a sin /S + tan cos a cos /J } = - cos (a + /S) ;

therefore tan =- - ? life+S = _ (tan a - cot j8) v ;

2 cos o sin /3 2

= - tan tan/3 cos (a-/S)

and tan 6 tj>
tan a cos (a + p)
-
x
2 sin a cos /S
2

sin /3 sin 6 sin /3

sin 6
28.
l +x cos(p
- 0) cos p cos + sin p sin cot p cot +1
'

therefore cot p cot +1

therefore ...(1).

- tan
Again
2 _ tan (0 - a) _ (tan o) tan p
l +x cot/3 l + tan0tana
therefore 2(1 + tan tan a) = (1 + x) (tan
- tan a) tan p
2 + (l + x) tan a tan /3
therefore tan 5 = (2).
(l + x) tan/3-2tana
From (1) and (2) by multiplication
2 + (l + x) tan a tan /3 x-l
'
cotp--
"(l + o-) tan /3- 2 tana 2
]

therefore 2 cot p { (1 + a) tan p - 2 tan a } =2 (a;

-
1) + (x* - I) tan a tan p ;

therefore 2 (1 + x) - 4 cot /3 tan a = 2 (a:

- 1) + (x - 1)2
tan a tan p ;

therefore a;
2
tan a tan /3
=4 -4 cot /S tan a + tan a tan p ;

therefore a-
3 = 4 cot a cot p - 4 cot 2 /3 + 1

=2 (
cot J-tan^ cot/3-4 )
cot 2 /S+ 1

\ (

9. sin sin = sin a sin ; therefore 2 sin

.

cos <r
= sin a sin

6 sin 2 a sin 2 fl
A
4 sin* - - 4 sm^ - =
therefore
^^ ;
90 XII. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

6 - sin 2 a sin 2 "

therefore 4
. .

sm 4
,.

- .
- 4 sin 2 -+1 = 1- --
^
j8
,

C0t2
i
but sin 2 0= ;

cot - + cos 2 j8
2

sin 2 a (
cot 2 ? + cos 2 8] sin 2 /3
2 ^
therefore 4 sin 4 s - 4 sin 2 - + 1 1 i
*i >

= 1-4 I cot 2 ~
sin 4 ~ f + cos 2 fl J sin 5
si
1 1 )

= 1-4 sin 4 f cot 2 + 1 - sin 2 ft sin 2 )S

1 1 J

= 1-4 sin 2 - sin 2 /3 + 4 sin 4 ? sin 4 /3 ;

therefore 2 sin 2 2
sin 2
|-l=(l-2 sin 1 /S^
.

Taking the lower sign we have sin

2 -= sin 2 sin 2 ^.
u ji

30. sin0 = nsin^: therefore cos = -y/(l- 2

sin 2 0);

therefore tan = -
n sin^
n - n ,2 sin 2 m .
.. .

Hence we have -
w sin Q
V(l-w sm 2 0)
;
2
, .
^/(l

= 2 tan 6 = 2- sin ^
costf
N
0)

,
- ;
'

therefore n cos ^ = 2 V(l - w 2 sin2 6) ;

therefore w 2 (1 - Lin 2 6) = 4 (1 - n 2 sin 2 6} ;

therefore 3 n 2 sin 2 = 4- n 2 ;
therefore

This must lie between and 1, so that 4 - w 2 must lie between and 3w 2 ,

therefore 4 must lie between n

2
and 4n 2 ; therefore n 2 must lie between
1 and 4.

31. Assumece = tan.4 and y = tan B ;

then by Art. 114 we have z = tan C,
where ^+ + =180.
Therefore 2^+25 + 2(7=360; therefore tan (2A +2B+ 2C) = 0;
and therefore, as in Art. 114,

tan 2A + tan 2B + tan 20= tan 2A tan 25 tan 2(7 ;

 XII. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 91

x, , 2tanC r

2tanC7
~ *
- tan2 B '
- tan2 C '
1-tanM 1 1

32.

= - sin x cos y - cos x sin y= -v sin a cos y - v sin J cos a;.

Therefore either v ;
or sin c = - sin a cos y - sin b cos cc.

Take the latter, thus sin a cos y = - sin c - sin 6 cos a; ;

but sin a sin y = sin 6 sin a;;

square and add, thus sin a = sin 6 + sin c + 2 sin 6 sin c cos 05
2 2 2

-
;

therefore cos x =
sin 2 a - sin2 6 - sin 2 c
_ . .

2 sin b sin c
--
. .

Similarly cos y and cos z may be found, and then v.

If r have sino; = 0, siny = 0, and sinz = 0. This will give us three

= 0, we
solutions; x=Q, y = ir, Z = TT X TT, y = 0, Z = TT ; X=TT, y = ir, z=0 and also
; :

three solutions, # = 0, y = 0, z = 2ir; x = 0, y = 2ir, 2 = 0; x = 2ir, y = 0, z = 0.

cosec2 ^'r
33. Let w=(cosoa;) ;
therefore

log u = cosec 2 /3 log cos ax = cosec /3a; log (1

- 2 - sin 8 aa?)

sin ax a sin ax
Now ' '
sin fix /3 ax sin fix

when x is zero the value of

sincta;
is unity, and so also is the value of -~ '
:
ax sin j3x
2 2
sin 005 a sin aa; a
thus = - ;
,,
therefore . .
n = .

sin/Sa; /3' ains /3aj /3

2

The limit of . is zero, and so also the other terms in log u vanish,
gin* AD
and as in Art. 150 their sum vanishes also. Hence log u = -^ ^ , and

therefore u = e~2J*.

34. By Art. 188 if h is very small we have tan (0 + A)-tan0=A sec 2 0;

thus if be nearly equivalent to 60 we have approximately
92 XII. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

Since the tables extend to 7 places of decimals it follows that we can

discriminate angles which are near 60, by means of their tangents, when
the circular measure h of the difference is such that 4h= '0000001. Thus

h= T of the corresponding value in seconds is - x - - x x 60 x 60,

18x9

35. By Art. 196 if k is very small we have

L sin (6 + K)-L sin d =

(log. 10) ten
0'

thus if e be nearly equivalent to 64 36' we have approximately

Since the tables extend to 7 places of decimals it follows that we can

discriminate angles which are near 64 36' by means of their L sines, when

the circular measure of the difference is such that =-0000001. Thus

h
4-8492
--
;
the corresponding value in seconds
.

is
4-8492
-= x -
180
x 60 x 60 :

this will be found to be about .

--
a a
cos 2 - - sin 2 -
= = i

-
36. l-tan 1 2 ,
* a o a
cos 2 - cos 2 -

l-tan z =
4
n
2
a
, cos- 7
a
4
O
cos 2 -
- sin 2 -

a
a
4
= -
cos -
2

O
cos 2
a

a
-
,

4 4
and so on.
In this way we find that the proposed expression

cos a cos ~ cos cos

|j ^ ...

a a
cos - cos -a ...
^ 2 3

. See Art. 129.

tana
 XII. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 93
37. "We have universally

sin 2 (A -T B) = (sin A cos B + cos A sin B)*

= sin 2 J. cos 2
JB + cos 2
^ sin3 .B + 2sm^ cos 4 sin .5 cos B
= sin 2 A (1
- sin 2 B) + sin 2 B (I
- sin* A) + 2 sin A cos A sin B cos B
= sia 2 A + sin 2 B + 2 sin A sin B {cos .4 cos B - sin A sin B\
= sin 2 A+ sin 2 B + 2 Bin A sin B cos (^ + -B) ...................... (1).

Also in the present case

sin 2 ^-f sin 2 .8 = 1 -sin 2 (7= cos 2 (7 ....................... (2).

If A+B is greater than 90, then a fortiori A+B+C is greater than 90.
If A+B 2
than 90, then Bin (A + B) is greater than sin 2 J +sin 2
is less B
by (1), and therefore greater than cos C by (2); and therefore A + B
2
is
greater than 90
- C, so that A + B+ C is greater than 90.

38. Take the diagram of Art. 71. Let a be the angle PAB. Suppose a
circlehaving its centre O within the space bounded by PB, BT, and TP\ let
ittouch the arc PB, the tangent BT, and the secant APT. Let p denote the
radius of this circle, and r the radius of the original circle.

OT will bisect the angle ATB, and OA will pass through the point of
contact of the circles. Let N
be the point of contact of the secant and APT
the circle with centre 0. Then

= r+ P -

therefore AN=
Hence 2
V(r + 2rp) + p cot (
^
- ~
)
=AT=r sec o;

therefore

By squaring we obtain a quadratic equation for determining p. The

reason why we have a quadratic equation is that another circle can also be
drawn, which may be said to fulfil the conditions. For produce PA through
A to meet the original circle again at p then we may have a circle outside;

the arc Bp, touching this arc, touching TB produced through B, and touch-
ing Tp produced throiigh p. The corresponding equation would be

r - ^/(r 2 + 2rp) = r sec

pcot f a
U a

this differs from the former only in the sign of the radical, and therefore
leads to the same quadratic equation.
 XIII. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.
TT a
COS
Suppose p-r\ then >/3 = U~2
sin

a
cos a
cos - sin a .

cos a a
cos 2 - sin2, a-

= ----
cos a
1 1 -f

cos a
- ^
sin a
= - tan a.

Hence taking V3 = tana we have a=^ .

- o
39. Let x denote the value of I sin (0 - /3) - sin (0 - a) m ;
so that
I cos (9 - /3) - cos (6 - a) = n, I sin (6 -
m /3)
- ?ra sin (0 - a) x.

Square and add ;

thus
Z
2
+m 2
-2Zw{cos(0-/3) cos(0-a) + sin (0-/3) sin (9- a)\=ri + x*,
i

that is Z
2
+ ma -2Zwicos(a-|8) = 2
+ c
2
;

therefore x = \/Z + w 2 2 - w 2 - 2lm cos (a - jQ).

40. - sin is less than tan 0-0 if 20 is less than sin + tan 0,
that is if 20 is less than tan (1 + cos 0), that is if 20 is less than

-, that is if - is less than : and this is

1-tan 2 1 + tan 2
^
f\ f\

obviously the case, because ^ is less than tan - .

XIII.

1. The greatest angle is opposite to the greatest side; thus the cosine

~_ *

x - 1) 2
Therefore the angle is 120.
 XIII. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 95

2. 2 sin C cos B= sin A =sin (B+ C) = sinB cos C + cos 5 sin C;

therefore sin C cos B = sin 5 cos C ;

therefore sin (67 - B) = therefore jB = (7. ;

3. We have cos .4=- , sin A=-:

c c

1 + cosA = c- + b +b
.A = c----
therefore ; therefore cot .
sin A a 2 a

4. a tan J+6 tan = ( + &) tan

therefore a / tan A - tan ^

\ = b( tan ^
-- tan B

a sin 4 cos - cos A sin

(
therefore -1
A+J3

,{.
b sin
A+B
-I cos B - cos
A +- B
sin
. _\
B \

A+B
~~2~
a sin
. A-B
-= 6 sin
. A-B
-
fh
a cos ^
*
cos J. cos B b cos 5
_. a
= sin A , . pin A-
= cos 4_
But -
, ,

therefore -:
6 sin B ;
sin B cos B
;

therefore tan A = tan B ;

therefore A = B.
5. Let 2a denote the least angle ; then the other angles are 4o and 8a

respectively : therefore 2a + 4a + 8a = ir therefore a = -j .

Then by Art. 214 the ratio of the greatest side to the perimeter

_ sin 8a
sin 2a + sin 4a + sin 8a

sin 8a 2 sin 4a cos 4a

'
sin 2a + sin 4a + sin 6a 2 sin 3a cos a +2 sin 3a cos 3a

but 4a + 3a= ^ ,
therefore cos 4a = sin 3a ;
hence this expression

~~
cos a
&in4a
+ cos 3a
_
~~
2 sin 2a cos 2a
2 cos a cos 2a
_ sin2a _
cos a
2 ^ ^
90 XIII. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

6. 2bc vers A.' +2ca vers B' + 2ab vers C'

= 2bc (1 - cos A')+2ca(l- cos B') + 2ab (I

- cos C')

= 2bc (1 + cos A) + 2ca (1 + cos B) + 2ab (1 + cos C)

A 7? C*
= 4ic cos 2 ^ + 4ca cos 2 ^ + 4a& cos 2 -
2 & 2i

- a) + 4s - -
4s <s (s 6) + 4s (s c)

= 4* (3* - a - 6 - c) = 4s 2 = (2s) 2 = (a + b + c) 2 .

7. Let AD=p. Suppose the angles B and C to be acute, as in the left-

hand diagram of Art. 214. Then

AE=p cos (90 - B)=p sin B,

DE=p sin (90 - B) =p cos 5,

EB^DE cotJ3=p cos cot Ji

therefore AE EB =p* cos

.
1'
B.

Similarly A F FC =p*
. cos 2 C.

Therefore AE EB cos C= AF FC cos 2 B.

.
2
.

Next suppose one of the angles B and C to be obtuse, say the angle (7, as
in the right-hand diagram of Art. 214.

Then AE EB=p* cos*B as before,

.

AF=p cos(C- 90) =p sin C,

DF=p sin (C - 90) = - p cos (7,

FC= DP cot (180 - C = - D^ )

7
cot <7=p cos (7 cot (7 ;

therefore ^/'' FC=p 2 cos 2 C, as before.

.

sin 20 + sin 40
8. . = a+
=
c
;
therefore 20080 =
,, ,
a+c
-^ ;
therefore cos0 =
,
a +c
;
sin op o o 26

therefore tan 2 = - 1 = V- 1.

9. Since (7 is obtuse, ^4+B is less than 90; therefore eos(A+B) is

positive, therefore cos A cos
- sin ^1 sin B B is positive ;
therefore sin A sin 5
is less than cos A cos B therefore -----7 -' is less than unity, that is
;
cos A cos B
tan A tan B is less than unity.

10. Since a, 6, c are in Arithmetical Progression, so are sin. A, sin -S, sin C;
hence sin .4 + sin C = 2 sin B ;
 XIII. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 97

therefore
.

sin
A+C
- cos
A-C = 2 sin B cos B = 2 sin B- sin
-
(
.
(
, .

therefore cos
^
= 2 sin .

Again a cos2 s + c cos 2 - = s (1 + cos (7) + -,- (1 4- cos A)

i & i i

t
5 , by Art. 216,

QA
v hypothesis, = -.

11. From the triangle ABD we have

AB 2c
sin BAD RD ~a'
Put 0for BAD; thus
sin (0 + B) 2c 2 sin (7

sin a sin A '

sin cos B + cos sin B _ 2 sin (7

therefore
sin0 sin A
D 2 sin (7 2 sin (J + ^)'
+ cot d> = sin = =
.

Ajt
therefore cot J5 -. -.
sin B
:

sin A sin B
=2
therefore cot - cot B = 2 cot ^4 .

12 Let the angle A of a triangle be divided into two parts by a straight

line AD ;
denote BAD by and CAD by ^, and suppose that ~~ = .

sin (7
Thus
sin -^ b sin ^ '

therefore sin A cot ^-

- cos JL = sin
sin B'
s n (A + 3
^ = cot A + sin =2 )
therefore cot ^
j cot J + cot .

^ sin .#
Similarly cot 0= 2 cot 4 + cot C.

Therefore cot \p
- cot = cot .5 - cot 6Y .

13. Suppose cot A + cot (7= 2 cot 5 ;

, , cos A cos C_
~~
2 cos .#
sin .4 sin (7 sin B '

T. T. K.
98 XIII. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

therefore
sin(A+C) = 2cos
-.
* '-

B
: :

sin A sin C sin

;

therefore "f'^v = 2 cos

sin A sin C ;

therefore
&2

ac
2
= a + c 2_J2 --
?-
ac
;

therefore 26 2 = a + c2
2
.

Thus a2 ,
6 2 c2 are in Arithmetical Progression.
,

14. Let a perpendicular AD

be drawn from the angle A of a triangle on
the base BC. Let = <j>, and BAD= ty. Let CAD
denote the ratio of the m
base BC to the perpendicular AD.
Then in the case of the left-hand diagram of Art. 214 we have

therefore tan0 + tan^=- = =m .................. (1).

AJJ AJJ
Also 4> + if/
= A; thus

1 - tan $ tan ^ (2).

Hence from (1) and (2) we can find tan and tan \f/.

Similarly in the case of the right-hand diagram of Art. 214 we have

tan 0- tan ^ = m,
tan -
and tan A =

Let the base BC of a triangle be divided at

15. and E, so that D
BD = DE=EC. Let the angle .^1Z> be denoted by <h the angle DAE by S , ,

and the angle EAC by 3 .

Sm =- = -.-,
Then from the triangle AEB we have .

ALB%
,
AB
and from
Sin 3 c

the triple ^C we have

sin (0,1 + 0)
therefore by division V- - = 26 -
.
sin 3 c

In the same manner we see that

sin (0 3 + 3) __
2c
sin 6

Therefore ^ +^^*. = 4 = 4 (sin2 9 + cos 2

sin ^ sin
2) ;

therefore (cos 2 + sin 2

cot X) (cos 2 + sin 2 cot 3
= 4 (sin 2
) 2 + cos 2 2) ;

therefore (cot 0, + cot X) (cot 2 +

cot 3)
= 4 (1 4- cot 2 2 ).
 XTII. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 99

16. Suppose that sin A + sin C= 2 sin B,

then
_
2
.

sm
A+C cos A-C =4 sin -B cos B = 4 . .

cos
A+C sin A+C-.

therefore

A C . A . C _ A C . . A C
therefore COS COS + Sm Sm =2cOS COS 2sm
2 2 2 2 2 2" 2" 2
;

therefore 3 sin sin = cos cos

A. C 1
therefore tan-tan-= .
3

17. Denote by 0. From the triangle ABD we have

BD _a^ f

AB~2c ;

therefore

therefore cos 5 + sin B cot =

therefore 60

2ac sin .B
therefore
a-2ccos.B a2 -(a2

2ac sin 5 2bc sin >4

i'-'-c'

18. Here cot = 2 cot ;

cos
^
-r cos
C n
2 cos
B
- n
2 sin
. A+C
TT
X 31 -i

therefore

therefore

therefore
100 xi

therefore c<

therefore

therefore

19. First suppos

and that

We have

and

therefore

Similarly

Therefore

therefore

therefore
 XIII. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 101

therefore
sin DOB n .BD
tin DBA DC '

smDCA _ADl
Also
DA ~DCn'
sin.

Hence we find that

sin DOB ~
_ n 2'
Bin DCA
20. Let the straight line which bisects the angle A of a triangle meet
the base at D. Then

the angle ADC'= the angle B+ the angle BAD ;

thus sin 6 = sin B ( -\ i .

v 2;*

Hence s (
sin 6 - sin =s )sin 5+ - sin -
2 /) (
\
)
2/ 2
\ )

= 2s cos 5-f- ^ .5 = 2s sin C- sm B

sin
. .

if 3l t
^
it
;

C B-
put for sin - and sin their values by Art. 217 ;
thus we have

= Ic cos A <r-
.

sin .4.

Again Z sin 8 = the perpendicular from A on 5(7

= & sin C.

Therefore J sin cos -= 6 sin C cos -

4 A

= sin A cos - , by Art. 214.

Therefore s 0-
in 6
sin sin- ;Zsin0 cos- .

J
102 XIII. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.
21. The third angle of the triangle will be IT - 6 - ; and as the sines of
the angles must be in Arithmetical Progression, we have

sin0 + sin =2 sin (ir-6-<f>) =2 sin(0 + 0);

therefore
.

2 sin
22
+
^- cos
0-<f>

0-|-0
= 4 sin .

22
00
+
cos
+
;

therefore 2 cos = cos -~- ;

therefore
. /
2 ( cos -= uus
cos I-
.

in - HIU
sin sin
.
0\
)
= cos
" - UUB
cos + sin - sin
0.0.0^
g 2 2y g 2 2 2

therefore
00 =
cos - cos
^
3 sin
00
^
sin
| ;

ft fh Q d\
therefore cos 2 cos2 = 9 sin2 - sin2
^ f 1

3
therefore
s(l-cos ^ (l-cos'|]

oos 8 + cos 2 - I = cos 2 - sin2 ;

0+0 cos 0-0

therefore
22 =
8 sin 2 - sin 2
.

cos
2^-
-^
2

therefore 4 (1
- cos 0) (1
- cos 0) = 2 cos
"^ cos
/j

~
= COS0 + COS0.
2
aa +6 -c2
, .
=a+c ,. ,
Or thus, cos0= ~-r 5
and & J
therefore

cos = a-c + b
= a-c + -a + c = 5a-3c 7 -. .

a 2a a 4a 4a

Similarly cos = .
^

(3c
- a) (3a
- c) lOac - 3a2 -
Hence 4 - cos 0) (1
- cos
0) = S
(1
^- 4ac
2
-3c 2
and cos + cos = 5a-3c H 5c-3a = I0ac-3a
-.
-
A
-. .
4a 4c 4ac
 XIII. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 103

22. Draw from A, B, C respectively straight lines to meet the opposite

sides atD, E, F, so that the angle BAD = the angle CBE = the angle A CF= a.
Let LMN be the triangle formed by the straight lines thus drawn so that :

A, L, M, D are in one straight line ; B, M, N, E on another and C, N, L, F ;

on a third. Then will the triangle LMN

be similar to the triangle ABC.

For the angle MLN=the angle + the angle LCA = A -a + a = A

MAC ;

similarly the angle NML

= B, and the angle LNM=C. Thus the triangle
LMN is equiangular to the original triangle, and therefore similar to it.

BN _ sin BCN _ sin (C- a) _ sin (C- a) m

'
BC~8wBNC~ain(ir-C)~ sin C~
therefore BN= a sin (C- a) -

and
BM sin BAM
BA sin BMA sin (IT
-
B)
a
therefore BM = c sin sin^
*

a sin ((7- csina

Hence MN sin
-~
(7
a)'
sin
;

B
= a cos _ a sin C .

a-a
. .

cot (7 sin a : -. :
^ sin a
sin .4 sin-B
a sin (A + B] .

= a cos a - a cot (7 sin a :

^. ~ sin a
sin ^i sin .B
= acosa-asina (cot C + cotB+cotA).
The ratio of this to a is the same as the ratio of
cos a - sin a (cot A+cot B + cotC) to unity.

24. a (cos J5 cos C7+ cos A) = a {cos ^ cos (7- cos (5+ 0) }

= a sin .5 sin C= -. sin 4 sin B sin (7.

sin A
Similarly b (cos 4 cos C + cos 5) = -. - sin A sin 5 sin (7 ;

d c (cos^i cos B + cos (7) = -^^ sin ^ sin 5 sin C.

sin (J

Thus the three expressions are equal by Art. 214.

V*
Similarly the other two proposed expressions reduce to the same sym-
metrical form.
104 XIII. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

a sin B a sin C ~
26. b cos B + c cos (7= -
. coBB-\ ;

4
cos C
sin 4 sin

= -^_ (sin2JS+sin2(7)

27. By Art. 216

ccos B + bcosC=a, acos C + c cos4 = &, 6 cos4 -t-acos Z? = c;
therefore by addition
c (cos B + cos A) + 6 (cos A + cos C) + a (cos (7+ cos B) = a + b + c.

28. Let k stand for -; r, =r, and -= which we know are all
Bin A' sin B' sin C
equal. Then
(a
3 - 6 2) cot (7+ (6 s c
2 -
cot A + (c2 - a2 cot B
) )

= &2 {
A - sin2 B) cot tf + (sin2 B - sin2 (7) cot 4
(sin
2

+ (sin 2 (7- sin 2 A) cot }

= 2 sin (4 + 5) sin (A - B) cot C+ sin (5 + (7) sin (B - C) cot A

7c
{

+ sin (0+4) sin ((7-4) cot B}

= & 2 {sin (A - B) cos (7+ sin (B - C) cos A + sin ((7-4) cos B}
= - 2 sin (4 - 5) cos (A + B) + sin (B - C) cos (5 + C)
ft {

+ sin(C-A)coB(C+A)\
= - {sin 24 - sin 2B + sin 2B - sin 2<7 + sin 2(7- sin 24
^ }

= 0.

29. Let & have the same meaning as in the preceding solution ; then

/ /"/ 75 A
k 4 - sin B) cot - + (sin C- sin 4) cot -+ (sin B - sin (7) cot ^
j(sin

m 4-5
. A+B
g-^sm g
+ sin
C-A. . .

sm
C+A _ + m B^-C
^
S
. .

sin
B+C)
^-
j

sin 2 - sin2 sin 2 - sin 2

|+ -sin 2 2
| ^ |+ sin 1

s ~ c +b c 2c
_, _i ^a
s a + b+c~ a + b + c'
 XIII. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 105

31. (a + 6 + c) (cos A + cos B + cos C)

-acosA + bcosB + ccosC

i, by Art. 216,

ABC
= a (1 + cos A) +b (1 + cos B) + c (1 + cos C)

= 2acos 2 -+26cos 2 -+2ccos 2 -

m' it m
.

32. Let k have the same meaning as in the solution of Example 28 ; then

cos A cos B cos A cos C cos B cos Q

ab ac ~~bc~
=
1 (cos A cos B cos A cos C cos B cos C
+ + "" " --~~*"
fc
2
{sin 4 sin B sin A sin(7

cotC'+eot.BcotC'}

1 tan A + tan B + tan (7 1 . . .

a sin B . a sin C
33. a cos 4 + 6 cos B+ c cos C=a cos ^ + cosB+ cos (7

(sin2B+sm2C) 2a sin (B + C) cos (B - C)

2 sin ^
= a cos ^4 + a cos (5 - C) = - a cos (,B+ C) + a cos (5 - C)
= 2a sin 5 sin C.

2a sin 5 sin C 2 sin 5 sin C 2 sin 5 sin C

sin 5 sin C1
a a

2 sin ^ sin B sin (7 A C

2 sin sin It sin
^ by Example ym ^
^ . ^ ^_ C'
= 008^+008^ + 008(7-1,
= .

by Art. 114;
48^-8^^8^^
2a sin 5 sin C
A + cos B + cos (7= 1+
,

therefore cos
q+ 6+c
106 XIII. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.
35. d i
2ab cos (60 + C) = a2 - 2ab (cos 60 cos (7- sin 60 sin C)
= a? - ab cos C+ 2ab sin 60 sin C

+2c&sin60sin4
2

sin 60 sin A
l

c
2 - 6c cos A + 2bc sin 60 sin A

b + c - a _ sinjg + sin(7-sin^.
3b<
~2T~~~
2 sin -^ cos 2 sin .- cos -

4 sin 1 cos
\

cos
B-C sin-
. J.
cos
B-C cos
B+C .

sin
B
-sin
. C
2 g 2

2 sin - 2 sin - sin -

and W .- TW . -- "" """

1
~
. C"

therefore
cot-+cot
2
sm-

4S ( S - cos - cos
37 .

^\ ^S |Ws - cos ~\ =the product of

A B

~~ - cos
into
^cos ^ + cos cos
|j ^cos ^
+ cos
| ^ .
 XIII. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 107
Now substitute for the trinomial expressions results given by Examples
vni. 20 and 21 ; thus we obtain

8 cos
v-A -B TT-O
.- -
T cos _
1T +A
cos
1T+B
cos -_
+
7T (7)
j
S
,

that is
V-C . TT-A . V-B .
TT-C)*

. TT-A . 1T-B . TT-tf) 3

that is sin sin sin

A 71 ft
that is cos 2 - cos 2 - cos 2 .
-^

38.
sin G
A B C
4 cos =- COS TT COS
e (sin A + sin B + sin tf)
sin G sin C , by Example vni. 16,

A B n A B
2 cos cos -
2 cos -
cos -

sin-
A+B

- A+B
2 cos cos -;

39. Let 7i = (7= a; sin 2 (7 -f zsin 2 ^.

Thus h (sin 2
C - sin3 A)=x sin 2
B sin C - z2
sin 2
A sin B, 2

and h = x sin 2 (7+2 sin2 A ;

therefore A (sin2 C- sinM) + A sin 2 B = 2x sin 2 5 sin 2 C,

therefore h sin ((7- ^) sin (0+ A) + h sin 2 B = 2x sin 2 B sin2 C ;

therefore A sin (C- A) + h sin (C+ A) 2oj sin B sin 2 (7 ;

therefore x sin .B sin 2 (7 h sin (7 cos .4 ,

h cos ^ A sin 2A
therefore '

sin sin (7 2 sin .4 sin J5 sin (7

h sin 25 A sin 2(7

Similarly ^= 2 sin ^ sinjBsin ^ and
.<4 B C
1

40. Since , we may shew that 8 sin sin - has its

sin-^
greatest value when A, B, and C are all equal.
108 XIV. SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES.

For
. A . B . /A + B A-B\ . A+B A-

sin3

A R
-
thus, whatever may be the value of C, it follows that sin - sin has its
A . p
greatest value when A=B; for sin does not change while A and B
change in such a manner as to leave C unchanged. In this way we see that
the greatest value of the expression is when all the angles are equal, and the

value then is 8 sin3 J ,

that is 1.
o

41. Let k have the same meaning as in the solution of Example 28 then ;

a sin (B - C) cos ( B + C - A) = k sin A sin (B - C) cos (180 !)

- 2^1)

= -k sin (B + C) sin (B- C) cos 2A = k (sin 2 B - sin2 C7) (2 sin 2 4 - 1)

= 2k sin 2A (sin
2
B - sin 2
C) - k (sin 2 B - sin2 C).
Similarly the other two terms of the proposed expression may be trans-
formed ; and then the whole vanishes because

sin2 A (sin 2 B - sin 2 C) + sin2 B (sin2 C - sin2 A) + sin2 C (sin2 J. - sin 2 B) = 0,

and sin2 -B - sin2 (7 + sin2 C - sin2 J. + sin2 A - sin2 B^ 0.
sin A sin B _ sin A cos A + sin B cos B _ sin 2 A + sin 2B
cos^B
+ cos .4 .
cos A cos B 2 cos A cos .B
"

2 sin (A + B) cos (A - B} sin (7

A cos JS + sin A sin
2 cos 4 cos .5 cos A cos 5 (cos JB)

= sin C+ cos (7 tan A tan 5 tan (7.

Similarly - -B =
cos
^ + cos ^
(7
-
sin .4 + cos A tan Jl tan B tan (7,

and
cos A cos C
Hence by addition we ob'tain the required result.

CHAPTEE XIV.

J = ;-25 = s ;
therefore 4 = 30 or 150.
Z'O ,
 XIV. SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES. 109

2. Suppose c=&, and 4 = 60; then, by Art. 229,

+
2

therefore ( B - C) = 30 ; and i (B + C) = 60.

^

Hence 5=90 and 0=30.

3. Let a. b, c denote these sides in order. Then

2bc

-' therefore . = 4o.

p_

therefore = 60.

a 2 + 5 2 -c2 a
_4+6-(l-fV3) _6-2V3_3-y3
: "
2ab 4V6 4V6 2V6

J therefore (7=75.

4. sin 5 = - sin^i =- - .- = but this is impossible, for a sine

^J
cannot be greater than unity.

5. . sin5 = sin^ = -^sinl8 = l + V5) sin!8

= 1; therefore

Thus C=72; and c

2 = 6 2 -a2 = {4 + ^(80)} c - 16

= 80 + 8 V(80) = 16 (5 + 2 V5);
therefore c = 4 V(5 + 2V5).
 110 XIV. SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES.

6.

therefore =45 or 135.

If =45, then (7=120; and . =

4 ye

If 5=135', then (7=3QO ;

and

7. With the first diagram of Art. 234 we may put c = AB and c' = AB' ;

thus
c = 6 cos 4 - a cos (755', and c'=6 cos .4 +acos CBB'\
therefore c + c' = 2& cos A ,

and ce' = & 2 cos 2 ^ - a2 cos 2 6^55' = 6 3 cos 2 ^4 - a2 cos 2 B

= V (1 - sin 2 A) - a 2 (1 - sin 2 5) = 6 2 - a 2
2
.

Hence (c + cO
= 462 cos 2 ^
2
,

4cc' cos ^ = 4 (6 - a cos 2 A

2 2 2
) ;

therefore 2
c + 2cc' + c'
2 -
4cc' cos A = 4a? cos 2 A
2
,

that is c 2 -
2cc' cos 24 + c = 4a 2 cos 2 4. 72

8. With the notation of the preceding solution the area of the smaller
c
triangle is b sin A, and the area of the larger triangle is - b sin A ; hence
|

the sum of the areas = - (c + c') 6 sin A = 6 sin 2

A cos A.

9. With the notation of the two preceding solutions we have

sin C _c
l , sin(72 _ <f
sin ^"6 sni 2 ~6 ;

therefore
sin C,
. = +
sin
sin
(7.

^=f 6 6
;
-
= c +r c' = 26 cos A = 2 cos .4.

10. As in the solution of Example 8, we have

1 " fl _._ t n
2

therefore c' = nc.

 XIV. SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES. Ill

And as in the solution of Example 7,

c' +c 2& cos A

c'-c 2a cos ORB"

therefore
b _n +
~ l
*
cosCBB'
a - n 1 cos A '

but the angle CBB' is greater than A, and therefore --

cos C'BB'
- is less than

unity. Hence - is less

a
than -
n-I
- .

11. sin5=-sin^L; therefore L sin 5-10 = log6-f L sin A - 10 -log a.

a
Thus if log a + 10 = log b + L sin A we have L sin B 10 = 0; therefore
L sin = 10, therefore log sin 5 = 0, therefore sin^ = l, therefore = 90,
and the triangle is not ambiguous.

.+ 6
'
sin^sin*

1
(a+6)sin-
therefore cos (A
- B) =

Now assume cos 6 = -- ;

therefore
c

therefore

therefore

And
112 XIV. SOLUTION OF TKI ANGLES.

13. c'
2 = a 2 + &2 - 2a& cos tf=as + 6 2 -2a& f 1 - 2 sin 2

= (a - 6) 2 + 4a& sin 2 - 2
+ (a - 2
tan 2
^= (a 6) ft)

= (a - 6) 2 {1 + tan2 0} = (a - 6) 2 sec 2 0.
14. Here s = 30, s-a = 12, s-6 = 10, s-c = S.

m A_ V/(s-b)(s-c) _ /Tours' _ /8 _
~
2~ *(*-a) "V 30x12- V 36

therefore

15.
by C.

Here
The
Then
L tan
^=10+ log
greatest angle is opposite to the side 66

s = 69,
lot
.0 =
2
^^ = 10+^

V
I
_ *(*-c)
(s-a)(s-b)'
-a = 37, s-6 = 29, s-c=3;
log 2 -log 3 = 9-6733937.

;
denote this angle

C= I 69 x 3 7^07"
V 37^29 = V
.

therefore cot ;
2 1073

C /1207
L cot - = 10 + log
therefore
/\J ^^
= 10 + - (log 207 -
log 1073) = 9-6426853.
2
9-6426853
'0002511 :: 60" :
*";

this gives x ~ 44 ;
therefore = 66 18' - 44" = 66 17' 16" ;

therefore C7=132<> 34' 32".

16. Here s = , s-a = , *~ 6 =' s ~ c=: '

B
V ~^~ = V/I^x6
= Al^ft) = /25 = /IOO
COS
2 8102 V V W 32
>

therefore L cos = 10 + log

^f = 10 +\ (log 100 - log 2')

= 10 + 1 - \ log 2 = 9-9463950.
 XIV. SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES. 113
9-9464040
- -0000669 -0000090
t ::
60":*";
T>

this gives x = 8; therefore -- = 27 53' 8" ; therefore B = 55 46' 1 6".

17. Here a = 7, s = 9, s- a = 2; therefore

J
S
2-V
/9x~2
5^r6
=
V/3 = V/6~ 5 10
;

therefore Z cos = 10 + log = 10 + (log 6

- log 10)

= 10 + log 6 - = 9-8890756.
J J
9-8890756
'
0001032 :
'
0000112 ::

this gives g = 6-5 ; therefore = 39 14' - 6"-5 = 39 13' 53"-5 ;

therefore

^=7827 /
47
//
.

18. As in Art. 229 we have

therefore L tan (
B- C) = L cot 27 30' + log 8 - log 10

= Z cot 27 30' + 3 log 2 -1 = 10-1866133.

10-1866133

0002763 : -0002364 :: 60" : *" ;

this gives x = 51; therefore \ (B - C) = 56 56' 51".

(+(7) = 62 5 = 119
/ /
And 30 ;
therefore 26' 51", (7=533 9".

19. tan~( B-(7) = ^|cot|=^cot326';

J

therefore L tan - C} = L cot 32 6' - log 8

^ (B
= L tan 57 54' - 3 log 2 - 9-2994355.

T. T. K. H
114 XIV. SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES.

9-2999804 9-2994355

,006588 : ,OOHB 9 :: CO" :

this gives x = 10 ;
therefore -
:? (B - C7 ) = 11 16' 10".

And (B + C) = 57 54' ;
therefore B = 69 10' 10", C= 46 37' 50".

20. tan-
therefore Z t*n U - B) -Z cot 18 26' 6" - log 3 = 10 ;

*
therefore log tan (2
- -B)
= ;

therefore tan-(4-B) = l; therefore -(^-^) = 45.

1
And (4 + B) = 71 33' 54" ; therefore A = 116 33' 54", 5 = 26 33' 54'.

21. tan 1 (B - (7)

= cot = i cot 23 42' 30";

therefore L tan (5 - ,
(7)
= L cot 23 42' 30 '' - log 8

= L tan 66 17' 30" - 3 log 2 = 9 -4543042.

9-4543042
9 : 4541479
0004797 : -0001563 :: 60" : x"
OOOlobii

this gives x -20''; therefore = 15 53' 20".

^(B- (7)
And J(B + 6^-66 17' 30"; therefore 5 = 82 10' 50'', (7=50'' 24' 10".

2, **u-*>--*
therefore L tan (A
- B} = L cot 11 + log 2 - log 10
= L cot 11 + log 2 - 1 = 10-0123777.
10-0123821 10-0123777
10-0121294 10-0121294
0002527 : '0002483 :: GO" :
x";
0002527 -0002483

this gives x = 59; therefore -

(A- B) = 45 48' 59''.
 XIV. SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES.

And (A + B) = 79 ; therefore A = 124 48' 59", B = 33 11 1

therefore Z, tan (5
-
(7)
- 10 + log = 10 + 1 log 3 - log 25

therefore (5 - (7)
= 11 44' 29".

And *(+(?) = 60; therefore = 71 44' 29".

24. Let a=7, 6 = 8, c=9; then * = 12, -a = 5, s-6 = 4, s-c =

,1
= /T7~
tan
2
=
V/(8-b)(s-c)
^^^)- Vl2^

= 10 + s (log 2 - 1) = 9 -6505150.

9-6505634 9-6505150
9-6505069 9*6505069
0005G;' : -"o 00081 :: 10 : * '

this gives x = 1-5; therefore - = 24 S^l'^S ; therefore ^ = 48 11' 23"

- /5x3 -
7?
m2 _ _
=
V/(s-ajis-c)_
""MTr&jT" V V/IT - V/IS 12 x 4 16 32
'

= 10 + - log 2 = 9-7474250.

9-7474677 9-7474250
9-7474183 9-7474183
0000494 : -0000067 :: 10'' : x";
0000494 -0000067

this gives x = 1-5 ;

therefore ?- = 29 12' 21"'5 ;
therefore =58 24' 43 ''.

Hence C = 180 - 48 11' 23" - 58 24' 43" = 73 23' 54".

R'2
116 XIV. SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES.

25. As in Art. 238 we have

x '^~ """ " ' ^ ' ' 3

sin ( 45 - ^

/I 6950 _ /5475
~ "
V 2
X
6953 V 6953
;

L sin
,^*^
--. 45 - -^ = 10
, v + log
*v^
-.-. , *. j /. /
/JfVffQ
( j oyoo

= 10 + log (3475
- log
6953)
^

= 10 - \ (-3012174) = 9-8493913.
9-8493913

0000021 : -0000011 : 1" :

x";

D /?

this gives = -5 ;
therefore 45 - - = 44 59' 15"'5 ;
therefore -=44" -5
therefore B = l' 29".
26. Let 6 = 100, c = 80;

therefore L tan - C) = 10 + log 3~^ = 10 - log 3 = 9 "28432

J (5 |
;

therefore ( B- C) = 10 53' 36".

\

l
And (B + C) = 60 ; therefore B = 70 53' 36", C= 49 6' 24

27. Let 6 = 5, c = 3;

therefore L tan -

(B
-
C} = 10 4- log ----- = 10 - -
log 48
2i \/(4o) ^

= 10 - (1-6812412) = 9 -1593794.

9-1593794
"
008940 : 007088 :: 60 ; ^" ;

*
this gives x = 48 ;
therefore (B - C) =8 12' 48".
 XIV. SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES. 11

And
31
(B + C) = 30 ; therefore E = 38 12' 48" and C= 21 47' 12".

28. Let A BCD denote the square base, P the vertex. From P suppose
a perpendicular PQ, drawn to the ground, and from Q draw QR perpendicular
PO
to A B. Let (f>
denote the required inclination ;
then tan $ = .

Now 72 = 100. Also PQ* + QR 2 = PR*, and .Rff2 + 4 R? = AP* thus

=
PQ? PB? QR* = AP*-AR - QR = (ISO) 2 - (100) 2 - (100) 2 = 2500
- Z 2
;

therefore PQ = 50. Therefore tan = --- = - .

1UU J

Hence L tan = 10 H- log = 10 - log 2 = 9-69897.

^

9-69900 9-69897

-oooa, :

this gives x = 54; therefore = 26 33' 54".

therefore L tan J (4 - B) = 10 + log = 10 + 1 log 3 - 1 = 9 '2385606.

& it) 6

Now Lcot 9 49' =10-7618797; and as tan 0x cot = 1, we have

log tan + log cot = 0;

therefore L tan Q- 10 + Zcot 0- 10 = ;

therefore L tan = 20 - L cot 0.

Thus L tan 9 49' = 9-2381203.

9-2385606

-0007514:. 0004103, 00":,-

this gives a- = 35 therefore - B} = 9 49' 35".

;
\ (A

*
And (A+S)= 60 ; therefore A = 69 X
49 35", B = 50 10' 25".

30. sin C= - sin A L sin (7= L sin ^ + log c - log a

= L sin .4 -f log 3 - log 2

= 9-5228787 + -4771213 - log 2 = 10 - log 2 ;

118 XV. MEASUREMENT OF HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES.

therefore log sin G = - log 2 = log - ;

6

therefore sin (7=*; therefore (7=30 or 150.

31. Let c be the given base and let h denote the given height. With
the left-hand diagram of Art. 214 we have
7? T) i^ T}
cot B = -= and cot C -=- ;
h, n,

therefore cot + cot(7 = = =T (1).

ti h
Also B - C is -
supposed given, so that cot (B C) is known ;
call it m :

thus
cot B-coiC _
~~ 9
1 + cot B cot C
From (1) and (2) we can find cot A and cot .

32. Let denote the sides and I, m, n the perpendiculars on them

a, b, c ;

respectively from the opposite angles. Then al = bm = cn; for each of these
expressions denotes twice the area of the triangle. Hence the sides a, b, c
are respectively inversely proportional to Z, m, n. Thus the ratios of the
sides are known and hence the angles of the triangle can be calculated by
;

Art. 217. Then the actual lengths of the eides can be found for I c sin B, ;

and I and B are known, so that c can be found and then a and b can be ;

deduced as the ratios of the sides are already known.

CHAPTEK XV.
1. Take the diagram of Art. 240. The angle PBC=6Q (>
,
the angle
PA 6 =30
T
;
therefore the angle APB=SO. Also AB = feet.
Since the angle P^J3 = the angle APB, we have BP = AB = Q. Then

PC= BP sin 60 = 40 = 20 N/3 ;

and BC =BP cos 60 = 40.^ = 20.

p

2. Let AC G meet the horizontal plane which con-

produced through
tains B at D. Then the angle ABD = GO, and the angle OBD = 30; there-
=
fore the angle ABC 30. The angle A CB = 135. Hence
the angle BA C= 180 - 30 - 1 35 =
15,
AS _ sin ACS _ sin 135 _ 1 V3 - 1 _ 2
C~ &\nBAO~ sin!5 ~\72~ 2V2 ^V^l'
2 x 1760
therefore AB yards.
\/o 1
 XV. MEASUREMENT OF HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES. 119
/O

The height of the mountain = AB sin 60 = AS \-

2

_= 1760 V3 __
1760 N/3 (y3 + 1)
v3 - 1 "(V 3 - 1 )

3. Let h denote the height of the tower in yards ;

then

=' therefore A = .

4. Let h denote the height of the tower, x the distance of the foot from
A, and y the distance of the foot from B. Then
;e = ft cot 30, and y= h cot 18.
But 7/
2 - x* = a 2 ; therefore ft
2
(cot
2
18 - cot 2 30) = a2 ;

therefore ft
2
T "1 "^1-3 = a 2
;

therefore ft
2
=a 2
3^-5-8 ;

therefore 4ft
2
(^5
- 1) = a 2 (3 - ^/S) ;

therefore 2 = =
ft
4 ^-lf l^-l^^l)
4a 2 a2
'
4 (2 + 2V5} 2 + 2 V5
5. Let A denote the eye of the spectator, and B the centre of the
balloon. The angle a is formed by straight lines drawn from A in the
vertical plane which contains B, so as to touch the balloon. Hence

- = sin - ; therefore AB = r cosec J- .

AJD i

And the height of the centre of the balloon =AB sin = r sin (3 j8
cosec - .

6. Let is in the same straight line as A

denote the station which
and B ;
let P be
the station which is in the same straight line as A and C ;

and let Q be the station which is in the same straight line as B and C.
Then 0, P, and Q are in a straight line which is at right angles to AB.
Let OP=p, OQ=q; let APO = a, and BQO=p. Then OA =p tan a, and
OB = qt&np. Thus ^t^ = gtanj8-ptana. And the angles of the triangle
ABC are known; for ABQ = 2i
-p, and OAP =
i
-a. Hence AC and EC
can be found.
120 XV. MEASUREMENT OF HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES.

7. The tangent of the angle which AB subtends at E is

AL
_ ;
and the
CT) A Ft fl)
CD E
tangent of the angle which
Ah-=--;
subtends at is _, ;
therefore
La CE
AE
therefore OE= ^D
d. JJ
; therefore C * = ^ll'
AD t

A P^ r rft
therefore CA* + A E'2 =
^j^r~ -

A /?4
but

A gai ,

~ '

~ZEB~EC EB EC.

But by hypothesis the cosine of BEA is equal to the cosine of DEC, that

A.ED^EB.EG therefore = .

8. be the top of the flag staff, B the top of the tower, C the foot
Let A
of the tower, the eye. From E draw a perpendicular ED on the horizontal
E
plane which contains C. Then the angle EEC is to be equal to the angle
BEA.
sin BEG = BC sin BEA AB
^EBA = AE
,
N W and J
EG '

BC = AB
therefore

This coincides with Euclid vi. 3.

Let CD = x; then EC^^/^ + x 2

), EA =
therefore = r

therefore {(a + b- 7*)

2
+ a2 }
62 = (ft2 + a 2
)
a2 ;

xz =
,
^,
therefore

__ 7t
therefore ^(7 2f =

V (a + 6 -
a2 -6 2 a -6
a+ & - 27A I
therefore
 XV. MEASUKEMENT OF HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES. 12]

9. Let P
denote the top of the tower; from draw perpendicular P PQ
to the ground; then h. PQ =
Let x denote the distance of Q from the base
of the tower; x + a is the distance of Q from one point of
observation, and
x + b is the distance of Q from the other point of observation.

Thus cot = ?, coto^^i^, .

h fi k
therefore Acotet=a: + a, hcotp=x + b;
~g
therefore h= .
- cot^ a :

cot /3
- a aCoifi -
and x = h C ota-a = (b a}COia
cot j8 - cot a
-aJ CO
cot - cot a
*
.

ft

' - h J ~ r
Thus
-

x b cot a - a cot (3

10.Let x denote the required height ; and suppose 6 the angle which
the tower subtends then :

x b tan 0, x + a = b tan (d + 7) ;

b (tan + tan 7) x + b tan

+a=
.
A1
therefore as -,
1 - tan tan y

thus we have a quadratic equation for finding x.

11. Let x denote the breadth of the river in feet; let a denote the angle
subtended by the column, and /S the angle subtended by the column and
statue.
200 230
Thus tan a = , and tan 8 =
x x
230 200

therefore tan (0 - )
=
200 x 230
JL T ^

But, by hypothesis, tan (/9

- a)
=- ; therefore

therefore ,'+46000 =

therefore a 2 = 11500; therefore x = IQ

12. The part

of the house above the horizontal straight line subtends
an angle 60, and ttms the height, of the top of the house above the window
of
is 30 tan 60 feet. The part of the house below the horizontal straight line
subtends an angle of 30, and thus the depth of the foot of the house below
the window is 30 tan 30 feet. Hence the distance from the foot of the house
to the top of the house in feet

= 30 (tan 60 + tan 30) = 30 V3 + 4o^ = ( i 30 = 40 V3.

122 XV. MEASUREMENT OF HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES.
13. Let x denote the height of each chimney in feet, and y the distance
between them. The distance of the first point of observation from the
nearer chimney is x cot 60, and therefore the distance of the second point
of observation is ^(80)* + a? eoi? 60*. Thus

:tan45 =

therefore a;
2 = (80) + y?
2
cot 2 60 = (80)
2
+ -
O
;
therefore W= 3 (80) 2 ;

therefore z 2 = 6(40) 2 ;
therefore x =

The distance of the first point of observation from the further chimney
is -
y x cot 60, and therefore the distance of the second point of observa-
tion is ^/(SO^ + ^-acotGO )'
2
. Thus

= tan 300=-^- ;

+(y-a;cot60 )
2 !
V3
therefore 3x2 = (80j 2 + (y - x cot 60) 2 therefore 14 (40) 2 = (y - x cot 60) 2
; ;

therefore y = x cot 60 + 40 A/14 = 40 ( V2 + \/14) .

14. Let, P be the object, PQ the perpendicular from P on the horizontal

plane which contains A, B, and C.

Let PQ = x, CQ = y. Suppose 6 the angle PAQ, then
Thus
= 26, and PQ
d.

tan0 = .
L ,
tan 20=-^, tan 30=-;
y+a+ b + b*
y y
therefore y + a + b = xcot 6, y + b = xcot26, y = xcot36;
therefore a = x (cot 6- cot 26), b = x (cot 29 -cot 30);

therefore a=x
/cos 6
I
-
cos 20\
.^-7, ) =x sin (26
.
-6)- =
^ -:
x
,
\sui0 sin20y sin 6 sin 20 sin 20

/cos 20 x sin (30 - 20)

*~ X ~ cos 30\ _
~ _
~ a; sin
sin20 sin 30 sin20^sin30" sin 20 sin 3~0

'
sin 20 (3 -4 sin 2 0)

Thus sin 20 = -, and 3-4 sin 2 = ^

a b sm 20 =?;
b

therefore 3- 2 (l-cos20) = therefore cos20= l

^; | (^-
2
1 /a
Hence -22 + 7
a 4
2
46 2 -(a-&)
2
3& 2 + 2a6-a 2 (36-
therefore .l-

therefore ^=
2A
 XV. MEASUREMENT OF HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES. 123
2

If tan 0= -
3
,
then sin 20=
1 + tan ^-
2
=
015 +
=- , and sin 20 =
*
a
;
thus

-a)
5~ 26

therefore 3662 = 25 (a + 6) (36 -a) =25 (36

s
+ 2a6 - a 2 ) ;

therefore 396 2
+ 50a6- 25a = 0; 2

therefore (136
- 5a) (36 T 5a) = ;
therefore 136 - 5a = 0.

15. Let x denote the height of the tower in yards then the distance ;

from A to the foot of the tower is x cot 15. The observer moves so that
the tower always subtends the same angle, hence he must describe the arc

-
of a circle having its centre at the foot of the tower and as the bearing of ;

the tower changes from north to north-east he must describe one-eighth

part of the circumference ;
therefore

27rzcotl5
8
-=100;
.

therefore x=
400 tan 15
TT
- .

16. Let A denote the object which is further from the road, B that
which
ich is road, C the point where A B subtends the greatest
nearer to the road,
angle, D the second point of
5f observation.

It is that the point C is such that a circle described round A, B,

known
and C touch CD at C see Notes on Euclid, page 308. Therefore the
will ;

angle BCD is equal to the angle BAG; denote it by 0. Then the angle
ABC=0 + 8, and also =7r-0-a; therefore 20 = *- a -p.
BC = sin/3 c sin/3 , AB- = flina
Now -
. therefore BC=- and
BC Bin-;
CD sin(0 + , ,

/3)
,
sm(0 + /3)
,

c sin a sin 3 2c sin a sin 8

therefore AS =-.-- -
sin sin (0 + 8) cos 8 cos (20 + 8)

2c sin a sin 8 _ 2c sin a sin 8

~ ~
cos8-cos(ir -a) cos 8 + cos a*

17. Let A denote the fortress, B the first position of the ship, C the
second; produce BC through C to any point E. Then the angle ABC = 22^,
and the angle A CE =67 4; therefore the angle .4(7=45.

AB _~ sin A CB _~ sinJlSO - 67J) = V(2+ N/2) 1_ _V(2+\/2)

~ _
~
V/2+V2"
_._ ' ^
*
He sintfAC sin 45 2 V2 \/2 2
'

^B =4
therefore
^/^j^ = ^(16 + 8 v/2).
 124 XV. MEASUREMENT OF HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES.

. AC
=
BC sinBAC sin45 ~~2 ~x/2 V ~2 '

therefore AC =4 = ^/(lQ _ 8 V2). See Example vn. 18.

^
18. Let P be the first position of the ship, A the nearer lighthouse, and
B the further lighthouse ; let Q be the second position of the ship. Then
the angle BQP = 45, and the angle AQP = therefore the angle 2n;
BQ, _ sin^^Q_sin(180-67i~ )
~ cos 22^
_ sin 674 _ <

BA ~BinBQA~ sin 221 ~sin22i sin22^o~

= V2 + 1, by Example vn. 18; therefore Q = 8 (V2 + 1).

And P

19. Let A denote the top of the lighthouse, P the top of the mast at
the first observation, C the centre of the earth. Draw a straight line from P
to A and let it touch the earth at B.
Let r denote the radius of the earth in feet; then

PB= ,JPC!*-~BC*= >J(r + 64)*-r = J2r x 64 + (64) = ^rx i 2

G4 very nearly,
2
for r is very large compared with (64) .

In precisely the same manner if Q denote the deck of the ship at the
second observation, QB = /Jlr x 16.

since PCB is a very small angle, we may, by the principle that

Now,
tan & nearly equal to
is when 6 is very small, consider the straight line
P B to be equal to the arc which measures the distance of the ship from
B at the first observation; and similarly we may consider QB to be equal
to the arc which measures the distance of the ship from B at the second
observation. Thus between the two observations the ship has sailed over
*J%r x 64 - fj%r x 16, that is, 4 *J%r that is, in half-an-hour it has sailed
;

over 4 .v/S'OOO x 5280 feet, so that the rate is 8 /y/8000 x 5280 feet per hour,
t/8000 x 5280 miles
8 v ..
/800
per hour, that is, 8 A / miles per hour,
-
that is, coo ,
, 52oU V o2o
that is, 8 A / miles per hour ; this is very nearly 8 Av/ miles per hour.
v oo 2i

20. Let A denote the summit of the mountain, the base, BC the first B
part of the path, CA the second part. From A draw perpendicular to AE
the horizontal plane which contains j
then AE=n. B
The following are the angles:

4
-y, CBE=a, i

therefore BAC = (3-y, ABC y-a, ACB = ir+a-p.

 XV. MEASUREMENT OF HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES. 125

sm 7 .-. sin 7
BC _
~~
BAG _
sin
~ sin
- 7) (ff

ZB sin^(7^ sin - a) (
'

AC _
~ sin ^ g(7 _
~
sin (7 - a)
'
sin (/3^a)

~ - a)
therefore -_
^^ sin (j8
- a)

therefore BC -f A C'= -A-

sm7

21. Let O denote the foot of the object; and let A, B, and C denote
the three points of observation. Let x denote the height of the object then ;

CU=secota, OS = x cot and OC=xcoty.

/3,

From the triangle A OC we have

oj
3
cot 2 a = x z cot 2 7 + a2 - 2ax cot 7 cos .4(70,

and from the triangle BOC we have

a;
2 = x* cot 2 7 + & 2 - 26x cot 7 cos .6(70.
cot 2 /3

Multiply the first equation by b and the second by a, and add ; thus

z2 (6 cot 2 a +a cot 2 j8) = a& (a + 5) + -*2

(a + 6) cot 2 7 ;

therefore
_ 6 (a 4- 6) sin 3 a sin 2 sin 2 7
2 ~ - cos 2 7
a (cos 2 ]3 sin 2 7 - cos 2 7 sin'2 jS) siu 3 a -h 6 (cos 2 a sin 7
2
sin 2 a) sin 2 /3

2 2 2
_ ab (a + b) sin a sin /3 sin 7
~ *

a (sin
2
7- sin 2 /3) sin 2 a 4- 6 (sin 2 7 - sin 2 a) 2
sin' |8

22. P be the summit of the lower hill, Q the summit of the higher
Let
hill; let be the first point of observation, B the second, (7 the third.
A
From P and Q draw PM
and Q2V, respectively perpendicular to the horizontal
plane which contains A, B, and G.
Let PM=h, and QN=k'.
Then,4Jf=fecota. and A
126 XV. MEASUREMENT OF HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES.
therefore hcoi a = c+ 1 +h cot /3; therefore ft(cot a-cot/S) = c+ 1;
,, ,
therefore h = (c +
^ 1) sin a sin S
". -.

sin (0 - a)
And by similar triangles
~ jjg -
~ ^ iV
'
*'
_
~ 9>x - ^y -
~ ~ *'
- cot c
.

h PM ~BM AM-AB Tootle '

thus since h is known we can find h'.

23. Let h be the height of the tower in feet, a the altitude of the sun
at noon. The distance between the foot of the tower and the edge of the
moat is ft cot 60; hence the distance between the foot of the tower and the
extremity of the shadow is h cot 60 + 45 at noon, and h cot 60 + 120 when
the sun is due west. The directions of the shadows include a right angle;
therefore (h cot 60 + 45) 2 + (h cot 60 + 120)
2 = (375) 2 .

Therefore ^ o
+ -~
v
. 165 + (45)
2
+ (120)2 = (375) 2
;

therefore ? + TB
\6
o
165 = 124200.

By solving this quadratic in the usual way we obtain h = 180 \/3 or - 345 \/3 ;

only the positive value is applicable. Then h cot a - h cot 60 = 45 ;

therefore tan a =

24. Let P denote the top of the tower. Then is the angle between
PA and CA produced through A. Thus the angle CPA<j>-a^ and the
angle DPC=a-p.
g<7 BinJPg Bin(q-/3)
Then
CP sinCDP sin/3
'

CA _ sin CPA sin -

~ _
~ _ sin^-^o)
(0 a) ~ .

CP sin CAP sin (w~^) sin <f>

sin(a-S) sin(d> a)
therefore .

sin j8 ^' = -
V
sin
- ;

therefore sin a cot /3 - cos a = cos a - sin a cot ;

therefore cot = 2 cot a- cot p.

Now let and 0' correspond to observations made in another straight
a', /3',
line AG'D' ;
then cot 0' = 2 cot a' - cot /3' but by supposition 2 tan /3' = tan a'
; ;

therefore cot0' = 0; therefore 0' = ?- Thus AC'D' makes a right angle with

AP-, and therefore AC'D' is a horizontal straight line.

 XV. MEASUREMENT OF HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES. 127

From draw D DM
perpendicular to AD', and from draw M MN perpen-
dicular to the horizontal plane which contains Z>; and produce PA through
A to meet the same plane at Q.

Then sm0 =
MN DM AQ MN
,

therefore cos = sin 6 sin 7.

- sin4
(Z o

thus if A = J we have sin 5 = \/3 .

5 5
therefore 5=^ or -^ .
o J o o

Suppose however that where h the circular measure of 2";

A=^h, is

then sin B = \/3 sin (

ft )
= v/3 ]
sin A cos 77 [ very nearly. Suppose that
o o
/

00(00
)
\t>

. = k then approximately sin k cos - = ^/B - /i cos -

36
o
;
jsin

therefore k cos = /t \/3 cos

- ;
therefore fc = h \/3 . cot ^ = 3^.
D

7T
In the same way if B=^kvre
o
find that 7c= - 3ft. Thus the approxi-
mate error in B is 6 seconds.

26. Let A and B be the two objects on the opposite bank of the river ;

and suppose P and Q two points on this bank, such that PQ = AB and let ;

P correspond to A and Q to B, so that AP is equal and parallel to BQ. Let

AQ and BP intersect at (7.
Then a = the angle APB, and /3
= the angle ^Q = the angle

Therefore
PC =-
51
sin/3_ y
,
4(7
_= sin a
-;
but PQ = P(7 + Q(7
2 2 2 - 2PC .
QC7 . cos PCQ ;
and Q(7- A C-,

therefore c*

Let x denote the breadth

= PA*-
sin 2 8 + sin 2 a-2

of the river;
^ sin a sin 8 cos (a+^)

then the area of the triangle

= -xc; and this area is also equal to

c 2 sin a sin /3
sin (a +(3)
'

sin 2 /3+ sin a- 2 sin a sin /3 cos (a + /J)

2
128 XV. MEASUREMENT OF HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES.
27. Let AB denote a side of the fort, the position due south of A ; let
D be the second position, so that CD a, and the angle ACD = 90 ; also }

A, B D, and C will lie on the circumference of a circle. Let E be the

y

third position, so that E is on CD produced through D, and DE = b and the ;

angle BED is a right angle.

Let be the angle between AB produced through B and CE produced

through E. Then a + b = AB cos 0; therefore AB = (a + b) sec 0.
And BE=ECixn.BCE, and =EDi&nBDE;
therefore (a+ 6) tan (90 - a)
= 6 tan BA C= b tan (90 - 0). (Euclid in. 22.)

28. From A draw AM perpendicular to the horizontal plane which

contains the road, and draw AN perpendicular to the straight road.
Then
AM and
sin a= -=- = AN
A-D
, sin/3 ^.
A Jj
Similarly from A' draw A'M' perpendicular to the horizontal plane, and
A 'N' perpendicular to the straight road.
A'M' A'N'
-
Then sm a =-77177 and sin/3'^ .

Thus we have to shew that

.AM
.
^
A'N'
= A'M' .
AN
^ ,

or that AM . A'N' = A 'M

f
. AN, or that ~ =^ .

Now if ^4 is just hidden by A' at some point of the road, the straight line
A'A if produced through A will intersect the road; and then A and the A
road will lie in one plane; the sine of the inclination of this plane to the

horizontal plane is expressed by

-- and also by -7-^ so that these are
^4 .Ar A J\ ;

equal.

29. There are two cases. Suppose the angles APQ and BPR to be
on the same sides of AP and BP respectively; then the angle QPR = ihe
angle APB a.. Suppose the angles APQ and BPR not to fall on the same
sides of AP and BP respectively; then the angle RPQ, = 7r-a. In both
cases AB = RQ for the diameter of the circle which goes round the five points
;

A, B, P, a, and *= and also = -,

In the former case AB = ^/(a z + b' -2ab cos a), 2

and in the latter case
AB = x/(a + ^ + lab cos a).
2

30. Suppose both straight lines OC and O'C to fall within the angle
ACB. Let AC -a, ACO = <j>; then from the triangles AGO and BCO we get

sin a sin /3
 XV. MEASUREMENT OF HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES. 129

therefore OC sin a a (sin (j>

cos a + cos sin a) ,
OC sin /3 = a (cos cos + sin sin jS) .
0(7 sin a (cos - sin
Hence a sin = /3 jS)

cos(a+/3)
OC sin /S (cos a - sin a)
acos0
Square and add; thus

Tlms
a 2 cos2 (a + /3) = OC'2
= OC'2
{

{
sin 2 a (cos
sin2 a + sin 2 j3

sin 2 a + sin- /S
-2
/3

sin a sin

A similar expression will be found for 0'(?2 in terms of a' and /3'. Then
0'Cr2 =OCra + d 2 This finds a; and then A B = a *J2.
.
_
- sin /S) J + sin 2
- 2 sin a sin

/3 sin (a
/3
(cos a
sin (a 4

-t-/3)
'
- sin a) 2 }

) }
.

Similarly the problem may be solved for any other positions of the
lines OC, O'C.

31. Let a denote the Sun's altitude; then tana = = 2;

/o
therefore L tan o = 10 + log 2 = 10-3010300.
10-3013153 10-3010300

this gives z = 6; therefore a = 63 26' 6''.

32. Take the diagram of Art. 240. Here PBC=55,

^5 = 30 feet.

PB sin PA B sin 48 ,
30 sin 48
BA
3 ^^
BC= BP cos PBC= BP cos 55 = BP sin 35 =
log BC= log 30 + L sin 48 - 10 + L sin 35 - 10 - (L sin 7 - 10)
= 1-47712 + 9-87107 + 9-75859 - 9-08539 - 10 = 2-02089 ;

therefore .=104-93.
- 100 = 100
33. Let a denote the inclination ;
then sin a
^ ^ x
;

therefore L sin a = 10 + log 100 - log (4 x 49) = 12 - 2 log 2 - 2 log 7 = 9'70774.

9-70782 9-70774
9-70761 9-70761
6(y/ ^
00021 -00013

this gives a = 37; therefore a = 30 40' 3 7".

T. T. K. I
ISO XV. MEASUREMENT OF HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES.
34. Letbe the point of intersection of the hills, B the point of obser-
A
vation on the hill, P the top of the object, C the bottom. Produce PB
through B to meet at D
the horizontal straight line which contains A pro- ;

duce DA through A to any point E. Then A .6 = 64 feet; and the following

are the given angles :

CAE=6Q (
>,
BAD = 40,
Therefore AC=80, CA=W\ P(7=30.
SO sinBAC sin 80

PC _ sin PBC _ sin 30 "e

P<? _ sin 80 sin 30
~~sTn"2(P ;
'

BA~ 2

64 sin 80 sin 30 64 sin 40 cos 40 128 cos 40

therefore PC = ,

-
ton-20*

therefore log P<7= 7 log 2 + L cos 40 - X tan 20 = 2-4303981 ;

therefore PC= 269-40031.

35. Let A, B, C be the three successive positions of the ship from which
the observations are made; let P, Q, R be the corresponding positions of
the other ship,

Then the straight line ABC is parallel to the straight line PQR; also
AB^BC, and PQ = QR.
Let 9 be the angle between the North direction and the direction of sailing.

From B draw a straight line parallel to AP, meeting PQ at M\ then

M ~_ snQ5Af _ sin ~~
QBM sin (ft - a)
~
BM sinBQM sin BQP sin{0-/3)
'

Again, from C draw a straight line parallel to AP, meeting QR at N-, then

gjV _
~ smRCN _
~ sinRCN _
-
~ sin (7 a) '

CN si^ORN 'smCRP sin (8 -

y)
But BM^CN-, and RN=2QM, for RN
is the difference of the paths of
the ships in two hours, and QM is the difference in one hour.
2 sin
Therefore
(
^o)
-
= sin (v-^a)
sin (0 /3) sin (0-y)
2 sin (6 - 7) sin a) = sin
therefore (/3
-
(y
- a) sin (8 -ft),
therefore

2 (sin 8 cos y - cos 6 sin y) sin - a) = (sin cos - cos sin sin (7 -
( ft ft) a).
Divide by cos 9 ;
thus we obtain the value of tan 6.

36. If a + /3+(7=7r, then x + y = ir; therefore sin a = sin y; therefore

tan 0=1.
 XVI. PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES.

We might as in Art. 242 say that

sin x + sin y

that is
.

2, sin

But as cos ~ is now zero we cannot divide both numerator and de-

nominator of the by it, and thus we cannot proceed further.

last fraction
In fact in this case a circle would go round P, A (7, and B, and P may be ,

at any point of the arc between A and B.

XVI.
1. Here* = 36, *-a = 12, -6 = 6, -c = 18.
The area of the triangle = v/36 x 12 x 6 x 18 = >/36 x 36 x 36 = 63 = 216.

~2
2.

One
Hence the area

_ aO)
1
^
2

_25_(V3-1)

3.
_
The

V3
_ _
third angle of the triangle = 180

of the containing sides =

sin 15 sin 45
sin 1^0 _
sin 2 120

The area
10 x sin 15

50 sin 15 sin 45

of the triangle
.

=
-

1
-
sinl2

sin 120
- 60

x 3 x 12 x sin 30
'
= 120.

- _
50(^3-1) _
2V2

^A
_

= - = 9.
-
V
_
= 10
~ldnl20

v
x sin 45

1
2
x
~~

- -
2

Let x denote the hypotenuse of the right-angled triangle; then each of

x 1 / x \2 x* x2
the equal sides is ,
-j-
and the area is - x ( that is Hence =9; ^ )
,
.

therefore x* = 36; therefore x= 6.

4. From the angle C of a triangle draw a perpendicular CD to the side
AB, or AB produced.
First suppose A and B acute, so that D is between A and B. Then
CD = bswA, AD = bcosA; thus the area of A (7D = -62 sin A cosA = - b- sin 2.4 .

Similarly the area of BCD = - a2 sin B cos B = ^ a 2

sin IB.

Therefore the area of the whole triangle = -

(a sin '2B + 62 sin 2 A).

I 2
132 XVI. PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES.

Next suppose the angle B obtuse, so that D falls on AB produced

through D. Then as before the area of ACD=W sin 2A. And the area of

= a? sin (180 - B) cos (180 - B) = ~ sin (360 - 2B).

Therefore the area of ABC

= {6
2
sin 2 A - a2 sin (360 - 2B) }
= (6
2
sin 2A + a? sin 2).
| ^

This mode of solution shews the geometrical meaning of the two parts
of the expression. We
may proceed more briefly thus :

2
2
(a sin 25 + 7;
2
sin 2A)

= ~ (asinBacosB + bsinA 6 cos A) = n asuiB (acosB+lcosA), by Art. 214,

Jj &

= - ac sin B, by Art. 216, =the area of the triangle by Art. 247.

a - 6 sin A sin B _
2 2
A B (c 2 sin 2 J. c 2 sin 2 !?)
~~~ = sin sin
-B \ sin 2 C sm"2~(7 \

2
c sin A sin B (sin A - sin
2 2
B) _
2
c sin A sin B sin (^ + B) sin (.4
- 5)
- B) sin 2 C
2 sin (A^~B)sin^C 2 sin (4
(A
- B) sin 2 C
c 2 sin A sin
= area of the triangle, by Art. 247.
2 sin G7

6. -**L
a + & + c cos^cosf 22 cos?= !* VAl^> V/-5E5 V/lE3
2 2s
.

6c
x .
ac
x .
a&
= ^/s (s
- a) (s
-
b) (s
- c)
= the area of the triangle.

7. 2s =gh (tf + 2 + fcZ (g 2 + 2 + (hk +gl) (hi - gk)

Here 1'
) fc
)

=gh (P + 2 + kl (g* + A 2 + h*kl + gW - Tigtf - klg*

Z )
)

= 2ghl2 + 2h*kl therefore s=ghl* + UW = hl(gl + hk)

; ;

therefore s-a = Hh^- ghtf = Teh (Ih - gk) t

s-c = hgW + Teh/ = Teg (liTc + lg}.

- -
Thus s (s a) (s b) (s-c)= g*h?k*l* (Ih - glc}* (hJc + Ig^ ;
therefore S =ghkl (Ih - gTc) (hk + lg).
Therefore by Art. 218 the sines of the angles of the triangle are rational
quantities and by Art. 215 the cosines of the angles are rational quantities.
;
 XVI. PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES. 133

8. Let a, &, c be in Arithmetical Progression; then 26 = a + c. Thus

the perimeter =36, and the side of an equilateral triangle of equal perimeter
is 6.

Thus V* ( s ~ a) (s
- b) (s
- c) = 3
jj
.
1
^
2
6' sin 60
^
= 3 N/3 &*,

that is A/(a (b + c-a) (a + c-b) (a+b-c) = -b\ o

that is
5
3 r
therefore *J(b + c- :
6'
5

/3c-a 3a-c
therefore
V 2~
X
2~

therefore (3c-a)(3a-c)= (a + c) 2 ;

2
therefore lOac- 3 (a + c 2 )= _9^ (a
3
+ 2ac + c2 ) ;
'25
3
therefore c )-232ac=0,

therefore 21(^ + 0=58*.

By solving this quadratic in the usual way we obtain - =- or - .

c o 7

Take - =- ; thus a, b, and c are proportional to 7, 5, and 3 respectively.

9. Let A, B, C, D, E
be five consecutive angles of the hexagon ; draw
A (7, BD, CE ;
let A C and BD intersect at P, and let BD and CE intersect
at Q. Then PQ is the side of the second regular hexagon.
The angle DBC
is half of the angle which would subtend at the DC
centre of the circle circumscribing the regular hexagon, and is therefore
~ .
Similarly the angle A CB is .

sin
BC
;
therefore PC--
2 cos*:

And PQ = 2PO sin PCQ = 2PC sin =

134 XVI. PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES.

BC
Thus PQ = . And the areas of similar polygons are as the squares
\/o
of their homologous sides ;
so that if S denote the area of the first hexagon
Of

the area of the second is . In like manner the area of the next hexagon
1O O

is -
339of -

derived figures
,
that is

is
O
-
O
-

+
; and so on.
Of
- +
Q/

+ ...,
Hence the sum

that is
1

5
O
,
that
of the areas of all the

is
O
.
o y &i o _ 1 J
~3

10. Suppose that the original figure instead of being a hexagon is a

regular polygon of n sides. Proceed as before and we have

PC
BC 2ir\ 2ir _ v
on I( *
. .

]
sin 2 cos -
\ nJ n n

Then PQ = 2PC sin PCQ ;

and the angle PCQ = (n - 4) - ;

therefore PQ= 2P(7sin (n - 4) --
27T

2P(7sin -
o
2jr \

n }=2PCcos
1
~
n
o
2
= BC -
cos

cos-
1
IT
.

Thus the area of the second polygon is

cos
n

9
27T
cos 2 -
and 2=${w + m 2 -f ras + ...} where m stands for ^ ^

cos 2
n
S-eos 2 ^n 2
Scos* -
n
fh y _
i m O ir - cos 2>27r 2?r
sin 2 -
.
^ir . 3?r ?r
sm -
.

cos 2 sm 2 sin
n n n n n n

If w = 3 this becomes infinite; for sin7r 0; in this case the original =

figure is a triangle, and the second figure is the same triangle,
and so on:
thus the sum of the areas is infinite.
 XVf. PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES. 135

If n = 4 the expression vanishes ;

for cos = ;
in this case the original

figure is a square, and the second figure is only a point, and so on : thus the
sum of the areas is zero.

11. Let ABC denote the right-angled isosceles triangle where C is the
right angle. Let P be the middle point of AB let be on BC, and E on ; D
AC, such that DE is parallel to AB, and the triangle DEF is equilateral.
Then the angle DEC=o ()
,
and the angle &EF=60*; therefore the angle
*****
ASF-W. Now *?
FA sin FEA sin 75
'

FA sin 45 a sin 45 a 1 a sin 15

therefore FE *
sin 75 V2 cos 15 2 cos 15 2 cos 15 sin 15

sin 30 U
'-; r2a sin 15. Therefore the area of the equilateral triangle

= (2a sin 15)

2
sin 60 = 2a 2 sin3 15 sin 60.
^
Ss S*

therefore -
(*
-
a) (
- 6) (*

..A B ..,C *(-) *(*-&) (-c)

^= -
2
.
9
2 2 '
and cot ^ cot cot
- 7 x - a) - x ,-
2 2 2 6) (s
,

c) (s- a) (s
-
(* c) ( ( b)

(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)'

therefore ^^ = 7"*
cot 2 ^A cot 1
J
cot f
J
2 2
.

13. Let C".4' intersect ^45 at ^ and CB at f.

The angle A'PC is equal ,to the sum of the angles FC'C and FCC', that

is to the sum of the angles A' AC and FCC', that is to -A + the angle
^C;
'
= the angle BAA'^^A.
A A
FA' **\ =-**1
Thus =
j j-.
MA~{4+(7) cos ^5
2 J

Let E be the radius of the circle ;

then

^1 '(7= 2.R sin s ^ therefore

; 7^4' =
J X>
COS-
136 XVI. PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES.

2R sin 2
^
In the same manner EC'= .
_D
cos
^
'
1
And A'C'

T>

Therefore EF=2R cos - -

cos
^

cos-
- 7?

cos-
- - (l-cos<7)}

=
7?
fcos^+co8^-t-cos(7-l)=
272
P
-D
x2 sin - sin
ABC
&
sin-, by Art.
&
114.
cos
J)
- cos - i

14. Let a denote one side of the right-angled triangle, and a+h the
other side; then the hypotenuse = ^/a2 + (a + ft) 2 = *//i 2 + 2a (a + h).
But =half the product of the sides = - a (a + h); therefore 4S=2a (a + h).
4
hypotenuse = V(^ + 45);
2
Thus the and the hypotenuse is a diameter of
the circumscribing circle.

S n abc ,, R sabc
15 ' T= jR= therefOT
;> 45 ; %=4^-
Now s = 7, s-a=4, s-l = 2, s-c = l; therefore 5 = ^/7x4x2; thus

r~4x7x4x2~16*

16. The angle ASO=ihe angle BAO = ^-C; and therefore the angle

= ir-2C; the angle

therefore the angle BDO = 2C

~~*
Thus
DO sinDBO V2 "/ cos ,4

and BO = AO; therefore DO cos (B - C) = A cos A .

 XVI. PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES. 137
17. Take the diagram of Art. 248; draw FD, DE, and EF.

The angle FDB = = (ir- B),

1
the angle EDO= \ (ir-<7);
l
therefore the

angle FDE= (B + C). Similarly the angle DKF=(C+A\ and the angle

Suppose A, B, C in ascending order of magnitude; then

are in ascending order of magnitude ;

and

Thus the difference between the greatest and least angles of the first
derived triangle is half the difference between the greatest and least angles
of the original triangle. In like manner the difference between the greatest
and least angles of the second derived triangle is half the difference between
the greatest and least angles of the first derived triangle, and therefore a
fourth of the difference between the greatest and least angles of the original
triangle. Proceeding in this way we see that the triangles thus formed
ultimately become equilateral.

18. a cot A +b cot B+c cot C= -?. cos^ + - = cos B + -r?- cos G
sin.Z? sin C

= 2R (cos A + cos B + cos C) = 2R + 2R (cos A + cos B + cos C- 1)

= 2^ + 872 sin sin sin ?, by Art. 114,

^ |

-- x V"
(s-a)(8-c)
- /(s-a)(s-b)
~~^~

abc s

19. From A draw AD

perpendicular to BC, and produce AD to meet
the circumference of the circle at L.

Then the angle ALB=ihe angle ACB = C;

c cos B cos C _ a cos B cos C

sin C sin A '
138 XVI. PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES.

therefore - = = ~~\~-r w =tanjB + tan c

BD
.

a cos cos C cos B cos C

Similarly
- = tan4 +tan (7, and - = tan C+t&nA.

Therefore - + - + - = 2 (tan 4 + tan B+ tan<7).

a p *y

20. The area of the inscribed circle is to the area of the triangle as
ft

is to S, that is, as TT is to -3 . Thus we have to shew that

S ABC
Now
.A .B C=
cot cot
^ cot^- V/ (8
s(s-a)
_ b](s
_ c] * V/ s(s-b)
(,-a)(-c)
X
V/ (TT^TT)
s(s-c)

21. Let the triangle constructed on BC have its vertex at L, let that
constructed on CA have its vertex at M, and that constructed on AB have
its vertex at N.

Take the diagram of Art. 252. The triangle CLB will be equal to the tri-

angle COB in all respects; therefore the angle BCL = the angle

In the same manner the angle A CM= - -B ;

therefore th6 angle

Then (LM) 2 = 1P+ E z - W 2

cos 2=2 R J
2
(1
- cos 2C7)
= 4^2 sin 2 C;
therefore LM= 2E sin C= c.

In a similar manner we find that MN=a, and NL = b. Thus the triangle

LMN is in all respects equal to the triangle ABC.

22. a cos ^1 + 6 cos B + c cosC^ 272 sin^l cos.4 + 2^ sin 7? cos B + 2R sinCcosC

= 72 (sin 24 + sin 2B + sin 2(7) = 4JI sin J. sin JS sin C, by Art. 114.
 XVI. PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES. 139

23. OZ) 2 =.R2 cos 2 ^=-j ^ 2 cosM=^4 cotM, :

4 sin A
*
O^ 2 = W cos 2 ^ = .
-? - cos2 B = l~ cot 2 B
4 sin2 B
,
4

0^2 = ^ cos 2
^ 4 sin 2 (7
cos<7=
4
cot 2 0;

therefore 4 (0Z> 2
+ OE + OF*) = a?
Z
cot 2 A + b* cot 2 B+ c
2
cot 2 (7.

24. Take the diagram of Art. 248. The circle which is to be drawn
will its centre, and its point of contact with the circle already drawn, on
have
the straight line OA. Thus the length of OA=r + ra +ra cosec - and this ;

distance also = r cosec 5- ; therefore

A A - -i\
ra fi1 ( + cosec - \ = /
ri cosec 1 5
J ^ j

ft A\ ( A A \*
therefore r"
. ~ r^l-srn-j r^cos^-sin^j '

^J / ^A A \ 2
1 -f sin I cos + sin
-^ J

25. By Example 24 we have

/ A A\*(
- B .BY
cos -7 - sin
.
2
r I cos sin I \

\ 4 4/ V 4 4/

- . B
r cos 1 in co
^ -j j ^ ^
therefore "> ~
A
(
/
cos
A
+ sin j
.
A\f cos B + sin B
1 (
.

A+TT B -+ TT C-
r cos --r
-r cos cos j

COS -4-- COS - 4- COS

1
---
4
B
tL by Examples vm. 20 and 21.
A
-
B C f

cos + cos s + cos -

if 31
140 XVI. PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES.

Similar expressions can be found for \J(rb rc } and \/(re ra ); and the sum
of the three expressions =r.

26. Suppose A AE'c cos A, AC' = b cos .4, and

to be acute; then

(B'C'f = AB' z
+ AC' z
-1AC AB' cos .4 f
.

= cos 2 A (c2 + b 2 - 2bc cos A)

= a2 cos 2 A ;

therefore B'C' = a cos A = 2R sin A cosA=R sin 2 A .

IfA is obtuse we find that AJ? = c cos (TT- ^4), AC'=b COS(TT- J), and
('(7') = a
2 2
cos'M as before.

27. Let P denote the point of intersection of AD and BE.

Then since PEC and PDC are right angles a circle would go round

PECD\ therefore the angle PZ>^=the angle PCE = ^-A. Similarly

P DF= - A. Therefore FDE=Tr-2A.

I
FE FE R sin 2A . 1 _
= ~R.
> *y Example 26,

And r - area of FDE FD ED sin 2A .

semiperimeter of FDE R (sin 2A + sin 2 + sin 2(7)

R sin 2 A sin 2B sin 2(7
= -r --r^ r-^, by Example 26,
sm 2J. + sin 2 + sin 2(7
,

jRsin2J sin 2 sin 2(7

= -3 5"' Art 114 = 2R COS ^ COS -5 ccs 0.
sin 7T~
*>y
4 sin ^4 sin B (7

ri _ ^2 ^ 5a _d-^^-^ ^
28 .
- '
- - c) -
s (s s (s a)
3 a) (s 6) (s

^._L_.-L.U^..
Similarly
1 s-a
_=_._, 1
_
1
= 1 s-b
_.__, ,_=__..
1 1 s-c

therefore

1
+
1
+
1
~ 1/s-a
s-a s-b -c\l 3s-a-6-c
Vli vli V^~3 VT \S """^S

30. Suppose a, 6, c to be in Arithmetical Progression; so that 2b

The perpendicular on the mean side from the opposite angle
ab sin C = 2S
.-a sin C=
,
i
o
^- .
6
 XVI. PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES. 141

The radius of the circle which touches the mean side and the other two
S
sides produced =
, ,
T = 2S
,
= 2S
-j- .
s-b a+c-b b
& OO O C*

The radius of the inscribed circle = -

s a+ b + c 36

The first and the second of these are each three times the third.

31. Let denote the centre of the inscribed circle, and P the centre of
the escribed circle which is opposite to the angle A. Then and P are both
on the straight line which bisects the angle A.

The angle 0P = i5 + i (*-) = .

Thus OP= _^T^ =

OB OB = OB- r
;
j
cos ; (A + B) sin -

AB sin - A c sin - A c sin - A

"
sin cos

c sin - A 2c sin -A 2a sin

^
A
'
. C C sin C sin A A
sin cos cos --

32. Let aj, Jj, G! be the sides of one triangle, S its area; let a2 ,
62 , c 2
be the sides of the other triangle, S2 its area.

Then, by hypothesis, +
1 = ^
;
therefore
-j-

sin B a-, sin C

+ ^-
sin A
i
ft & +d h
~
i
sin ^l
,

a2 + c2 62 a 2 sin C a z sin 5
" z+
sin'I siT~
ax sin B + sin (7. - sin A
' '
. .

a., sin A + sin (7 - suj .#

But the areas of similar triangles .are as the square! of their homologous
sides; thus
- 1
-
= -^;
^ therefore, finally,
fij
a2

aj _ sin 5 + sin (7 - sin A

~ '

os sin ^1 + sin (7- sin ^

142 XVI. PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES.

33. The points 2 3,

and A are in a straight line; similarly O 3
, , C^ ,

and B are in a straight line; and O lt 2 , and C are in a straight line.

The triangle O^O, consists of four parts; namely ABC, O^C, 0.-,CA,
and 3 AB.

The area of 0,BC= \a^ 3

Similar expressions hold for the areas of 2 CA and 3 AB.

Thus the area of O^O^S (l + j^ + -

^ +

34. Here we have another expression for the area of the triangle con-
sidered in the preceding solution.

sin-(7r- J
B) cos- B
We
TIT 1_
have -^
1/lV *

therefore 0^=- -
a cos -

cos-A
f-
B
=- -
%R sin ^l

cos-A
cos

j
-B
- = 472 sin
^A cos
^
B.

Similarly 2 (7=
R sin - 5 cos - A
l '-

therefore Ol 2
= 4R ( sin A --
cos - B + sin - B cos - J[ j

= 4fl sin ,4 + = 4.R cos (7.

In like manner 1 3 =4J2 cos^ B.

Then area of 1 2 3
= - Or 2
x 1 3 x sin 0^,0^0^

= 8jR 2 cos
222 C cos B sin (B + (7)
= SR~ cos
222
-
A cos B cos (7.

/s(s-b)
= 8R
v/s(s-a)
-fc- v -^~
x

_ abcs
abc ~~28~
 XVI. PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES. 143

35. We have
abc

= area of AFC' 2r
r'
- + cos B
A '

semiperimeter of A'B'C' ^f
2R - + cos (A
(cos ^ J

by the solution of the preceding Example,

abc

( A B C\ ( A B
- + cos - C
( COS-+C08- r I cos +cos -
+COS-J

ABC
2+COS-+COS-
*
Also cot cot -
|
(see the solution of Example 20),

therefore rr =
A B C
cos- + cos- + cos-

36. We have r_,/ = --

area of A'B'C'
-, ;
..
therefore
.

rV = area of ABC'^ , by Example 34.

Again, rs = area of A BC= S.

mu
Therefore
* - = %_rS = ^ .

rs abc abcs

v/--lc -
A B C . /(s-b)(s-c) (s-c)(s-a) (s-a)(s-b)
And2sin-sm-8in- = 2
. . .

-^-
_ 2S 2 _ rs
'

abcs rs'

37. We have a =r cosec , <h

= ri cosee -5
^

5 -^
/3 r cosec , ^= r.2 cosec
-^
,

C C
7 = r cosec ,
=r cosec -
144 PROPERTIES OF TRIANQLES.

ABC
XVI.

therefore a.Bya,8,y-. = r3 r 1 r ro cosec 2 cosec 2 cosec 2

ab
s3 (s-a)(s-b)(s-c) (s-c) s-b) (
(s-a)(s-c) (s- a )(s-b)

be

i
2
s5

/V
ca ab
be sin 2 -
2
ABC
-
ca sin 2
2
ab sin 2
2

=- 2
\bc cos 2 - + ca cos 2 - + o5 cos 2 - , by Art. 251,

= -5 {s (s - a) + s (s - b) + s (s - c)} = - (s - a + s - b + s - c)

1
s

39.

=
r2

6c sin

r2
(6
- c)

ia(b
-A
222 c)
r2 (c-a)

casing

+
b (c
fi

a)
j) +
z
r (a~b)
^^"""^^^
ab sin 2

c (a
(a-o)
b) I

~abc\ a A n B C
(7 >
HU a
. . .

2 2 I

-c) cot-+(c-a) -f!

= 0, by Example xm. 29.

b-c c-a a-
40 -
5 + T^ +

b-c . A c-a
~ .

sin + sin

11&-C ^4
- c-a
cos 2 -
n B ab cos n C)
*
2
(a
cos 2
2
+r-
b 2
+
c
2

2
f

1
, by Art. 251,

= 0, by Example xm. 29.

 XVI. PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES. 145

41. In order that it may be possible to inscribe a circle within a quadri-

lateral the sum of one pair of opposite sides must be equal to the sum of
the other pair. Now if we take the point of the diagram of Art. 248, we
see that the condition is satisfied for OFAE, OECD, and since ODBF-
OE+AF=OF+AE, and so on. We have then to shew that no other point
but can be taken.

Take any other point P; from it draw PM

perpendicular to AC and PN
perpendicular to AB. The centre of a circle inscribed within must PMAN
be on the straight line which bisects the angle A and also on the straight ;

line which bisects the angle NPM-, but unless P is on AO, the latter straight
line will be parallel to A 0, the former straight line, and therefore cannot
meet it. Thus P
must be on A 0; similarly it must be on BO and on CO.
Then take thecircle inscribed in OFAE, and draw perpendiculars from
the centre on the sides of the quadrilateral. Thus we have
ft (AF+FO+OE+ EA)
= twice the area of OFAE ;
2
therefore p ]p
+p cot
^ [
=/9 cot ^ ;

therefore pl = \ ;
therefore -

Similarly

Thu. -- i
=
/cot 4 cot
- f

In this manner we find that the proposed expression

= , by Example vm. 25.

P

42. As in Example 24 we shall find that the radii of the circles succes-
2
,... where
sively inscribed in the angle A are lr,
I r,

T. T. K.
146 XVI. PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES.
4 2 6 2
Hence the sum of the areas of all these circles is TT (Z
2
r2 + Z r -|-Z r + ...) ;

vs
TT ( 1 - sin
that is ^L t hatis

r2
, .
Til-cos-^-
\v & I , -1 i
9
2
. JD -}- G -A
sin 4
.,

that is ,
that is ?rr
j cosec <r
.

Similarly we find the areas of the circles inscribed within the angles
E and (7. Thus the sum of all the areas is

7T7*
(42 42
,{
2
.

ism 4
.B + C -
A

SC
cosec
A
-r- + sin4
.C+A
-.- cosec
B
+ sin 4
.A + B
42)
. cosec C\
\ .

43.
2 sin^G'G 1'

^2
sin 2 A

b r
similarly .fl ft = -_ , .
t
and^ = c :r :
r^,.
2 8in2IT 2 sin 2(7
T

Thus + -+ = 2 (sin 24 + sin 2B + sin 2(7)

-p-
J\ a lib Hw- e

=8 sin A sin 2? sin C, by Art. 114, =;D x x =

7? # JM
Again,
BO a a a

,, , 2 sin -(B + C) 2cos

4

similarly rb = _
" , and r e = /T .

2 cos 2eos-
2
Therefore

-f
-r- -= ^ by Example vm.
f
A-- B ^=^7-^ . : 1C,
- cos C 2 (sm 4 + sin B + sin (7)
,
abc ^
8 cos cos -

R R

44.Since the angles at B' and C' are right angles it will follow that A
on the circumference of the circle which is described round P&C',
will be
and that PA is a diameter of the circle. Let O x denote the centre of the

circle, then P0 = ~ PA
1
.
 XVI. PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES. 147
In a similar manner if O 2 is the centre of the circle round PC 'A', and
the centre of the circle round P A 'B , we have
1

P0.2
=^PB,
and P03 = ^PC.
Then in the triangle P0 2 3 we have
2 O,
2 = P0 2 2 + PO*2 - 2P02P0a cos OJPOZ ;

and in the triangle PBC we have

. PCcosBPC.
Hence 2 3
= - J5C7. Or this might be obtained by Euclid vi. 2, and vi. 4.
a

Similarly OgO^- <74, and 1 0,t

= Thus the area of 0^0^ is one-
^AB.
fourth of the area of ABC.
45. Let rlt r 2 r3 denote the radii of the circles; then the sides of the
,

triangle are respectively r2 + r 3 , ra + rlf and r-^ + r^. Thus

2
Therefore <S
(7^ + r 2 + r3 ) rj^^rg .

Suppose a, 6, c in Geometrical Progression, so that J = ac;

2
46. let

Pn P-2' Pi denote the perpendiculars from the opposite angles on a, 6, c

respectively.
1 oO f) O OO
Then - ^a = 5, so that p^ = ; similarly jp 2
= ,
and p 3 = .

Let At , ^ , Cl be the angles opposite p\ , p z p$, respectively in the new

triangle.
L 6'
2
+ c2 1

c2 ) - 6 2 c2 2 2 - c 2 + aV a2 - c2 + ac
_5 (a )

-
=-VT
2a6
=cosC.

Thus A 1 = C. Similarly C\ = A . Therefore B =

a sin ,4

Similarly /^- sin B

and y =
sin C

K2
148 XVI. PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES.

Therefore 2 (py + ya + - a2 - /3 2 - 72 = the product of

a/3)
sin 2 .4 sin 2 B sin C 2

into {2 sin 2
B sin 2
(7+ 2 sin
2
(7 sin 2
A+2 sin2 J. sin
2 5 - sin4 .4 - sin4 B - 4
sin C}.

The expression within brackets is equal to

(sin4+sin^+sin(7) (sin4+sinB-sin(7) (sinJ.

- sin.5 + sin<7) (sin.B + sinC'- sinA),

as we know from a similar process in Art. 218.

Then, by Examples vm. 16 and 17, we obtain

A 7? C A 1
7? r*
4 4 sin 2 - sin 2 - sin 2 - cos 2 - cos 2 - cos 2 -, that is, 4 sin 2 A sin^5 sin 2 (7.
4 i & & i 2l

Hence 2 03y + 7a + ct/3) - a 2 -/32 -7 2 = 4,

and therefore a 2 + /3 2 + 7* - 2 (7 + 70 + a) + 4 = 0.

48. Let P, Q, # be the centres of the equilateral triangles described on

BC> CA, AB respectively.
Then PQ? =PC +QC*- 2PC QC cos PCQ Z
.
;

also PC=-
3
,and^ = A.
Thus 3 />Q 2 = a 2 + 6 2 - 2a& cos (0+ 60)
= 2
+ _ 2 a j (cos (7 cos 60 - sin C
5-2 sin 60)

_ -2

We shall obtain the same symmetrical expression for 3 QR~ and 3 RP*-.

49. We have tan (B - C) =

~ C
cot ;
w -f* C ^

4 65 + 25 _ .. 9
_3 =-^
1 3 \/3
.

= ,
=
therefore cot
^ ^-^ t=m 30 j
. ;

therefore i cot^ =10 + ? Iog3 -2 log2 = 10-113C210.

w 2

10-1137122 10-1136219
10-1134508
~
10-1134508
-0002614 -OOOlTlT -0002G14 : -0001711 :: 60" : x" ;

this gives x = 39 therefore = 37 36' - 39" = 37 35' 21". Therefore

;
^
4=75 10' 42". Thus B + 6^=180 -75 10' 42''; and B -(7 = 60. There-
fore ^ = 82 24' 39" and (7=22 24' 39".
 XVI. PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES. 149

50. In the solution of Example 26 it is shewn that the sides of the

new triangle are a cos A, b cos B, and c cos C respectively.
In the solution of Example 27 it isshewn that the angles of the new
triangle are TT - 2A v - 2B, and IT -
,

cos

but cos (TT - 2 A) = - cos 2^

.

(IT
- 2A

.
)
=i- 2

Therefore
2O respectively.
~
T
26c cos
----
Then, by Art. 215,

- ---
cos- B + c- cos- C - a2 cos 2 A
B cos (7
- :

a 2 cos 2 ^ - 6 2 cos 2 ^-c 2

cos 2 (7

51. Let p l denote the radius of the circle which touches BD, BF and
the arc DF in the diagram of Art. 250. Let /o 2 denote the radius of the
circle which touches CD, CE, and the arc DE.
The angle DBF=ir B. Hence, by the method of Example 24, we have

Similarly

In this way we see that the product of three of the radii

B a
x rz tan 2 -j
A
rl tan 2 x r2 tan 2 ;

and the product of the other three

C 1
A B
rx tan 2 -r x r2 tan 2 x rz tan 2 -
.

The two products are equal.

Aff sinAPB' .,
therefore tjy = APsmAPB'
AB
52. -=*= r-R7^' r^r^ :

AP smAB'P sin AB'P

BPsinBPC' CPsinCPA'
Similarly
tnt
BC'= , ,
and.'.,
CA^
AP.BP.CP sin APB' sin BPC' sin CPA
'

Thus AB*.BC'.CA'=
In like manner
AP.BP.CP vaa. A PC 1

LB ,_
.

AC . BA . --

^AC'p . si n BA'P . sin C P

7

The two expressions are obviously equal; sin APB' for sin BPA',
sin BPC' = sin B'PC, and sin CPA' = sin <7'/M Also, sin A . BP = sin CB P,
and so on.
150 XVI. PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES.

53. Let P denote the intersection of A A' and BB'\ then, if CO' does
not pass through P, let a straight line be drawn from through P, and let
it meet AB at C
1
.

Then, by the Example, we have

A B' BCl .CA^AC^ BA' CB.
. .

But by hypothesis,
AB'. BC' CA'=AC' BA' CB'.
. . .

Therefore =
f' IC'
;

therefore __i_ = AC'+^cr

scr-c.c'
__,!_.,
c^c = w
1

therefore
-^ i^ ;

therefore (71 C"=0;

therefore Cl must coincide with C'.

54. Let the feet of the perpendiculars from A, B, C be denoted by

A', B', C' respectively. If all the angles are acute, we have

thus AB' BCT CA' = AC' BA'

. . . . CB'.

Therefore, by Example 53, the straight lines AA' BB' and CC' meet
t t

at a point.

Next suppose one angle obtuse, say C. Then

CA' = 6 cos (180 -C), and CB = a cos (180- C)
1

the other expressions remain as before, and the result holds as before.

55. Let the straight lines which bisect the angles A, B, C respectively
meet the opposite sides at A', B', C' respectively. Then

=
BB' siii A '
CC 1
sin B '
AA' sin C
'

sin - A s'm^B sin -C

therefore AB' BC' CA'=AA'. BB' CC'
. . . - sin
.

A
.

sin p sin
.

B .
^-;
C
the same value may be obtained for AC' . BA' . CB'.

Therefore, by Example 53, the straight lines A A', BB', and CC' meet
at a poiut.
 XVI. PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES. 151
56. Let A' t B', C' denote the middle points of EC, CA, AB respectively
Then

Similarly A C' BA' CB' = \ abc.

. .

Therefore, by Example 53, the straight lines A A', BB', and CO' meet
at a point.

57. Let the points of contact opposite to A B, , C respectively be denoted

by A', B', C' respectively.

Then AB i
, ,
2 2

Thus AB' BC' CA '=r 3 cot

. . cot cot ?.
^ |

Similarly AC BA'
.
'
. CB' = r* cot cot ? cot .
^ ^
Therefore, by Example 53, the straight lines A A', BB\ and CO' meet
at a point.

58. Let the points of contact opposite to A, JB, C respectively be denoted

by A', B', C' respectively.

Then ^5' = r2 tan ^A,

cot^(7r-l)=r2

therefore A B' BC' .CA' = r^r^ tan - A tan - B

. tan - C.

Similarly AC'.A'.CB' = r x r2 r3 tan | A tan B tan i C.

^

Therefore, by Example 53, the straight lines AA', BB', and CC' meet
at a point.

59. HereAE = AF, CE=CD, BD = BF; therefore

AE BF. CD = AF. BD CE.
. .

Therefore, by Example 53, the straight lines AD, BE, and CF meet
at a point.
152 XVII. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

60. Let A BCD be the quadrilateral figure. Then, denoting by A, B, C,

and D the internal angles of the figure, we have

Cl
\
tan - -+ tan- \=BC.
(7? 2

Again, in like manner we have

that is r ( tan ~ + tan | = DA ,

j
for A + (7=7r, and- J3+D = ir, by Euclid in. 22.

Hence - = 5(7
r
- .
r DA
In the same manner we can shew that
vb
~'
_CD ~'
_AD re
* A
rd _AB
~

Therefore

therefore

XVII.

1. Here r = - 4, =6 ; therefore

2V2 V2
Therefore 3a = . Hence o=^. Therefore the roots are
4 4
 XVII. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 153

2. Here r = l, = 3; therefore cos3a = 4 f j^* = J

^*= 4 f\4y 2
;
\12/
therefore 3a = 60; therefore a = 20. Therefore the roots are 2 cos 20,
and 2 cos (120 .-t20).
Also 2 cos (120 + 20) = 2 cos 140 = -2 cos 40.

And 2 cos (120 - 20) = 2 cos 100 = -2 sin 10.

3. Take the equation or5 - px3 + qx - r 0.

Put x = ny\ thus w ^5 - pn?y3 + qny - r =

5
;

therefore y*-P.f+1Ly = m

Now by Example vin. 59, cos 5a = 16 cos 5 a - 20 cos 3 a + 5 cos a.

Thus
,5
-
cos& a 3
T cos a + ^
5
cos a =
cos5a
-^-7.
1 lo lo

5 5 r
= cos5a
Assume y = cos a,
^=-,
p
t
fQ
= q
*.,
,.
then _. ^ .

= 4 ,and =
Here
M[J ^- ^=^-4 so that we have n* =gp and n*=^. ; ,

Thus the process will not be admissible unless p z = 5q; and this condition is
satisfied by hypothesis.

cos5a= ?
Then a must be found from T
5 ; put for n its value (
'

\ r

= T
thus cos5a = 16r x f
j- J^ . The process then will not be admissible
^(- J
if this expression is numerically greater than unity. Hence f M / -
j
2
/r\
-
must not be greater than unity; that is ( must not be greater than

Suppose this condition also to hold ;

then one root is n cos a, that is

2 ^V cos a.

Moreover we might also suppose y = cos ( a or y = cos ( - a ,

j )

and we shall still arrive at the same value for cos 5a, since

~*
cos 5 ( a )
= cos 5a and cos 5 ( -^- a )
= cos 5o.
V / \5 J
Hence we see that the other roots of the equation are

and 2 cos
a
 XVII. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

4. Proceed as in Example 3.

Here r = 8, 2 = 20, p^lO.

cos5a = 4 fl 1* = -*
;
therefore 5a = 45.
V2/ V2
Hence the roots are

2 V2 cos 9, 2 V2 cos (72 9) ,

2 x/2 cos (144 9),
that is

2 V2 cos 9, 2 V2 cos 63, 2 V2 cos 81, 2 v/2 cos 153<>, 2 x/2 cos 135 ;

the last is equal to - 2.

5. Let D
denote the point of contact of the circle with BC. Let A C
intersect the circumference of the circle at E, and let AS intersect the cir-
cumference at F. Then the four straight lines AE, ED, DF, FA can be
measured. Then, by Art. 254, the AD can be determined. diagonal

Then all the angles of the triangles ADE and ADF can be found; and
thus the angles of the triangles ADC and ADB are known. Thus DC and
BD can be found. See Euclid in. 32.
6. Let D be the point on AC produced through C such that the angle
ADB is half the angle ACE then CD=CB. Thus CB is known. Again,
;

let E be the point on BC produced through C such that the angle AEB is
half the angle ACB\ then CJH=CA. Thus CA is known. Then in the
triangle ACB we know AC, and CB, and the angle ACB] thus AB can be
found by Art. 215.

7. Let x denote the height of the balloon, and a, 6, c the sides of the
triangle A BC. Let be the point in the plane of A BC which is vertically
under the balloon* Then

= xcot5< =x, J30=xcoi45 = x,

)
C0=x cot60=-*a-. Therefore

V3
But A CB is a right angle, and therefore cosBCO = smACO; thus
/3& 2 -2x2 \ 2 /3a2 -2a;2 \ 2
"*"

\2bx^3 ) V2oJcV3 V '

therefore a 2
(36
2 - 2x 2
)
2
+6 2
(3a
2 -
2x 2 ) 2 - 12a 2 2z 2 Z>
;

therefore 4z4 (a 2 + & 2 ) - 36a2 6 V + 9a 2

6 2 (a 2 + 6) = ;

therefore 4c a - 36a 2 6 2* 2 + 9a 2
2 4
Z>
2
c
2
= 0.
 XVII. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 155

8. Here the angle SAC -the angle BOC the sum of the angles ABO
and AGO.
smACO AO .. nsinS
Now .

-4f)fy= -77^9
therefore sin A C0= v

, and since ACO is very

small the circular measure of
.

nearly equal to
n sin /?
.
,
- it is nearly equal to the sine, so that it is

Again
. sin
.
A SO
= AO ;
.,
therefore sin ABO= wsin(a-/S)
r
.

-- ,
.

therefore the cir-

ABO is nearly
l

cular measure of equal to .

Thus the circular measure of BAG- BOC is nearly n

9. If the distance is 50 feet and the elevation is - the height in feet

>

is 50 tan j , that is 50.

But suppose the distance to be 50 + h, and the elevation to he -.+0.-

Then the height is (50 + U) tan j + <* If a is very small this is very
( )

nearly equal to (50 + A) (tan + o sec 2 ~ , by Art. 188, that is (50+/t)(l + 2a).
^ J

If 7t is also very small this is very nearly 50 +h+ lOOa. Now suppose
7t = and =- ^ ^ ;
then we obtain 50 + + --- . Thus the difference
1^ lot) X u(J 4 lUo

between this and the former value is + that is about +

U lUo
,
1^ . ob
,

that is, 1 inches.

10. Suppose that the tower and the spire each subtend the angle a.

Then tana = -,
a
and tan2a = - a
.

26
J) +c a
Therefore

therefore b + c= --, ^therefore .

c = - - ,
b =
If however the height of the tower is &+, and the height of the spire
is c + 7, we have
156 XVII. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

Hence, by subtraction,
a
=

Now
and if /3 is very small this is very nearly &
2
+ 26/3.
And (& + /3) =& + 3&
3 3 2
j3 + 3i/3 2 +
and 3 2
if is very small this is very nearly 6 + 36 /3.

T ,
_
a2 -6 2 - 26/3

362)
_(
a*_r_?
"
8 "-
("a 6* -26/3) (a* -6 s )

y
c

put a - 6 for a - & -

2
very small we
2
But when /3
is may 2 2
26/9 ;
and thus

11. We have a2 =6 5 + c2 -2&e cos^i ;

suppose that 6 is changed to 6 +

and c to c + y; thus
j3,

2 2 -
=(& + /3) + (c + 7) 2 (b + p) (c + y) cos A.
2

Therefore, by subtraction,
26/3 + )32 + 2(ry + 7 3 - 2 (67 + c/3 + 7) cos A = 0.
If /3
and 7 are very small this becomes very nearly

therefore /3(6-c coswd)+7(c-6

therefore ^3acos(7+7aoos = 0, by Art. 216.

Therefore -=B + cos

cos -^,=0, (7

therefore |S
sec B+7 sec (7=0.

12. Suppose & the height of the tower, r the radius, x the distance of
the first place of observation from the centre. Then
x
- = cosec,
j8 x-a = 8'

& v cosec^-;
&
r
h = artan a, h = (x - a) tan a'.
 XVII. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 157

Hence = cosec ^~ cosec - .

r 2 2
This finds r.

Also h x tan a' -a tan a'=

tana
-- a tan a':

'
tan a ton
therefore ^
tan a' - tan a
This finds h.

Again, from the first and second equations,

x-a
x
__ cosec

cosec
7:
2

J3
"

And from the third and fourth equations,

x a
~ cot of '
x cot a

cosec -
2
Therefore = cot a'
8 cot a
cosec

13. We have = cosec - cosec ............................. (1).

If we suppose an error 5 of the same sign to be made in B and 8' these

errors will tend to compensate each other ; the greatest possible error in r
will be determined by supposing that errors of opposite signs are made in
B and {?. Suppose then that instead of B we ought to have B - 5, and instead
of 8' we ought to have /?'+ 5. Then we have
a 8-d
= cosec^ -- B'+S
-7r-
r
cosec .

r-p

Hence, by subtraction, , that is -

r-p r' r(r-p)

= cosec B-d - cosec

B
- cosec B'+S
(

=
^ j

Therefore, if 5 and p be very small, we obtain

158 XVII. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

(eosf

5 cos -
cos - - -
I 1 - cos ^ cos jj-
4 4 V * 2 '
...(2).
sm
V
2 /3
m iP 2

Now (1) may be put in the form

Divide
;= ^
sin - sin -

then
A A
=
V^
22
sin - sin ^
<>

(2) by (3) ;

1-coseos-

=- cot- cosec cosec

(/3'-/3) j ^ ^- cot ^ cot^

If j8= 60 and /3'

= 120, we obtain for ^ the value
cot 15 {cosec 30 cosec 60 - cot 30 cot 60} 5,

5+2 3
that is (2 + V3) (4;
Vv^
-
^]
/
^ that is y 5.
v^
Put for 5 the circular measure of 6', that is
1800

Hence = >
__ =
-^ x .
therefore

14. Let j8 denote the angle PSQ, and the equal angle QSR and
;
let
denote the angle

T1 PT
 XVII. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 159

and
QR _ sin QSR _ sin p
SQ sin StiQ sin (<f>+p)'

therefore
g = ^|S.
LetPQ = a, and Q,R = b; thus

a sin (0 - /3) = 6 sin (0 -f /3),

therefore a (sin cos /3 - cos sin j3) = 6 (sin cos + cos sin ) ;

+ S)
= -:L (a sin /3
= -^ a+b
therefore tan tan 0.
r(
(a
- 6) cos /3 a-6

1 sinS
p 1 - sinS
Also = . , , and
n

SQ,

therefore -^-o
sui (0 - p) sin (0 + p) ab (sin3 - sin 2 /3)

2
tan /3

aft {sin
2
(1 + tan 2 p) - tan 1

//7-L7.\2tnTi2
jBtiif sin ==

1 - 2
+ (g + 6) 2 tan 2 p "= - &) 2 + + 2
tan 2
thus _
"~
(g 6) (a (a ft)
.

<SQ
2
a6 {(a + b)'
2 - (a
- 6) 2 } 4a 2 6*

Suppose that instead of p we ought to have p + a, and instead of SQ we

ought to have SQ + c, where a and c are very small. Then

Hence, by subtraction,

approximately, by Art. 188.

Thus -
3
= 2 tan ^ sec 2 /3 a, nearly ;
j|-
ICO XVIII. INVERSE TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS.

XVIII.

1. Let tan -1 5 = 0, then tan =- ;

therefore
o o

tan 2*=-2 =?

therefore 26 = tan" 1 7
4
3
. Therefore tan" 1
31
-.-

4
= 2 tan- 1 -.
o

2. Let sin" 1 - = 6, and cos" 1 ~ = ;

therefore ^ " ~~
Q '

and cos0 = H ,
and si

Therefore sin (6 + 0) = sin cos $ + cos 6 sin = j1 + 37 = 1.

3 8
3. Let sin- 1 ^ = a, and sin" 1 = 0;
o 17

tnen sin a = 3- ,

and

therefore sin (a + /3) = sin a cos /3 + cos a sin ft

_3xl5 + 4x8 _45+32_77

~5xl7 5xl7~ 85 85
;

therefore a 4- /3 = sin" 1 .

4. Let a = tan" 1 x, and j3

= cot~ 1 ar;
then tana = sc, and eotp=x; therefore tanj8 = -,

1 1

1 - i

Thus tan (a f |8) is infinite.

 XVIII. INVERSE TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS. 161

o. Let -zra, tan~ 1 -=fi, tan- 1 -=7, tan"1 ==9.

O O 7 O

Thus tan a = - , and tan ft = - ;

o o

11
,,
therefore
,
tan .,
tana + tanfl
---
;
"- = 35..
=- = -.
84
l-tanatan/3 1 1 14 7
1 X
~3 5

And

Then

therefore

6. Let tan -1 a = 0, and tan" 1 6 = 0;

then a = tan0, and 6 = tan0;

tan - tan a- b
and fa(-) 1+tmt J;"!^.
Thus tan" 1 , . = tan -1 a - tan" 1
6.
1 + ab
b c
Similarly tan" 1 - ,
= tan" 1
b - tan" 1 c.
1 + bc

Therefore tan -1 ^ -- - + tan" 1 , -r- =tan -1 a - tan" 1

c,
l + ab l+bc

and
"
tan" 1 ,
1
-
+ ab
-
+ tan
"1 "
+ tan" 1 c = tan" 1
a.

~
7. Let

~
_
3 tan a - tan 3 a 7 73 14 6 73
tan3a = ~ ~
l-3tan 2
a 3 322 161

T. T. K.
162 XVIII. INVERSE TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS,

tan (8 + 7) = _ it JL :

73 29
1 fil 77
tan (3a + ft + 7) =
^^ jj a t ~n (/3 +'7)
="
73^
161
X
29
77

_ 10290 _ 1029
~ ~ "
10280 1028

1029

= 1028
1
tan 3a + # + 7 -
( , )
=, ./-.~- V ~-r-x
l
<
7 \
= '

1029 2057
1+ 1028

8. We see as in the solution of Example 6 that

tan- 1 {(^2 + 1) tan a}

- tan" 1 {(V2 - 1) tan a}

2 + *) tap a ~ (V2 ~ tan

-i ~"~
(V *) tt

tan a
= tan -1 - 2 = tan" 1 n
. , . ,
,
T- (sin 2a) .
+ tan 2 a
:
1

9. tan(0-a)tan(0-/3) =
sin (6 -
a) sin (0
- /3) 1 cos 20
i_
= _
'
cos (0
- a) cos (d
- /3) 1 + cos20
- 18) - cos - - /3) -
cos (a (20 a ~ 1 cos 20
_ ^

^1 a - j8) 1 + cos 20
'

therefore cos (a - 0) cos 20 = cos (20 - a - j8)

= cos 20 cos (a +) + sin 20 sin (a + /3)

therefore tan 20 sin (a + j8) = cos (a - 18) - cos (a + /3) = 2 sin a sin

2 sin a sin 8
tan 2S =-
,
therefore ?!

8
= tan "
. 2 sin a sin
therefore 2 '
 XVIII. INVERSE TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS. 163

Q
10. Let a = cos~ 1 //Q0 ., and |3
= cosec~ 1

4
1
then cos a
V
4

Therefore cos (a + p) = cos a cos - sin a sin /3

45-4 ~ 41
~V( 82 x V(41) 41>/2
)

Therefore a+8 = ~.

11. Let a = B~1 , j8=sin- lo

1
, 7 = sin- bo
1
;
o

then sina =
g, sinj3=jg,
sin 7=,
3 12 63
and cosa = ^, 008/3 = ^^, 0037=^;.
O lo OD

Then sin (a + /3) = sin a cos jS + cos a sin p = =

^ AS

thus sin(a + /3) = COS7, so that

12. Let a = tan" 1 , and /S

= tan' 1 ~ .
^

tan3a=
3 tan a
l-3tan2 a
-tan 3 a
= ~
4 43
= 47
^'

T 20 992
52
993'
52 x 20

7 = tan'
1 then
Again, let ^;
1
1985 1984 992

1985
IT
Therefore
104 XVIII. INVERSE TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS.

13.

2a-b 26 -a
+
fe x/3" ay/3 a(2a-b)+b(2b-a)
then tan (0 + 0) =
8^~(2^r5)"(26~a)

Thus

14. Let tan" 1 a = 0, and tan" 1 o 3 =

Then tan0 = a, and tan 2^

Also

Therefore tan (2 tan" 1 a) = 2 tan (tan" 1 a + tan" 1 a3 )

.

15. Let tan" 1 ( tan 2A = a, then tan a = tan 2A ;

let tan" 1 (cot A = /3,

)
then tan |S = cot ^4 ;

let tan" 1
(cot
3
^)= 7, then tan 7 = cot 3 A.

A A
= cot A + cot
3 cot
tan 5 + tan 7
Thus =

_ tan a.
tanM-l
1- 2
tan J

Therefore

Thus

-1
16. Let ^, then cos ^=7.
6 ^

1-tans

1 - tan
 XVIII. INVERSE TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS. 165

= 2.
l-tan 2 ^f l-tan 2 f cos 2 2
f-sin ^
2 & i i

2 _26
~
cos a

17. Let tan-^^fl; then tan 8 = --,

o o

,
cosec K2 =
2 . l-cos0
Sm9
2

~
2 -6 V(a a + b*) + b a*

therefore ^cosec ^
2 = a (a2 + 63 + a6 V( 2 + &2
) )-
j z

Let tan- 1 - = ;
then tan =- .

8
I= cos 2
:
l+cos0 a

therefore sec2 = 6 (a?

^ 2

Therefore cosec 2 + sec2

^ g

18. sin- 1 x + sin-

1 = ?

therefore sn~ = - sn

Take the sines of both sides ;

thus

therefore
166 XVIII. INVERSE TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS.

= 1 - xz
(^ + l\
2
therefore ;

O \

+ 1 '
2
(** V2/
V2) = 2
2
therefore (5 + 2 ;

o o 5 2 \/2 2
therefore x* = = = (*
- V2).
17

19. We shall first shew that sin" 1 = 2 tan-1 a.

1 + a3
2 tan 6 2a
Let tan~ 1 a = 0; then tan 0=a; and sin 25:
1 + a2
therefore sin- 1 = 25=2 tan- 1 a.
1 + a2

Similarly sin" 1 - = 2 tan' 1 b.

Hence the equation may be written

2 tan- 1 a + 2 tan~ a 6 = 2 tan" 1 x ;

therefore tan" 1 05 = tan" 1 a + tan" 1 b.

Take the tangents of both sides ; thus

x = tan (tan" 1 a + tan" 1 b) = ^ - r

20. Let tan- 1 (*-!) = a, tan- 1 ac=j3, tan- 1 ( + !)= 7.

Thus tan" 1 3x = a + /3 + 7.

Take the tangents of both sides ; thus

ina + +
.

= --~
tan a + tan /3 + tan 7 -tan a tan /Stan 7

3s - x (a;2 - 1)

Therefore either x = Q, or 3 (2
- 3a;2 ) = 4 - a?2 ; the latter gives 8*2 =

therefore a2 = 7 ; therefore x = =t - .

21. sin- 1 2o5-si

Take the sines of both sides ;

thus
- 3^2) - x V3 x V(l - 4a2) =;.
 XVIII. INVERSE TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS. 167

Thus either x = 0, or 2
V(l - 3z ) - ^3 x ^/(l - 4z ) = 1.
2 2

- 2 = - 2
Transpose, thus 2 V(l 3x ) 1 + \/3 x V(l 4X ).

Square, 4 (l-3*2 ) = l + 2 V3 x V(l- -4*2 ) ;

therefore 2 -v/3 x V(l - 4x 2

)
= ;

therefore therefore = -.

22. tan-

~l = '
l
l

Thus the equation may he written

therefore

Now

A +L
1
19 29 470
therefore
452'
1 X
~19 29

452 18 _9
Hence
922 461

23. Let tan -1 x = 6, then tan =x ; cot 20 =

Thus the equation may be written

1-se2
sin 2 cos" 1 = = 0.
168 XVIII. INVERSE TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS.

1-a;2
Now since 2 cos~ l - has zero for its sine, the angle must be of the

form nir, where n is zero or some integer.

, 1-058 . 1 -x 2 = mr
-
Thus 2 cos" 1 -_ mr\ therefore cos" 1 ;
&x 2iX 2
2
1 a; nir
therefore ^
= cos -^- .
~i'JC a

Since n is zero or an integer we have or 1, or -1.

cos-^"=0,

If
^p=0, then=l.
1 -X s =
If 1, then x* + 2x = 1 ; and from this we deduce x = - 1 =fc
v/2.
-g
2
l-o:
If - r = - 1, then x 2 - 2x = 1 and from this we deduce as =1 =fc
; \/2.
A9C

24. tan- 1 -i- = tan' 1 - + tan" 1 -

a-1 x a?-

therefore tan" 1 - tan -1 - = tan" 1 -^

a-1 x a^

Take the tangents of both sides ;

thus
11
a-1 x I

therefore
005-05+1
therefore (x
- a+
1) (a
2 - x + 1) = ao; - x + 1 ;

- a; + 05
2 - a3 + a2 - a +
2 = ax -
therefore (a + a) 1

therefore a2 - x (a
2
+ 1) + a 3 - a 2 + a = 0.
By solving this quadratic in the ordinary way we obtain x = a or

25. sec0-cosec0 = 5 ;
o

therefore '
cos sin 6 3
4
therefore sin - cos =5 sin 6 cos 5 = 2- sin 26.
u o
 XVIII. INVERSE TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS. 169

Square, thus 1 - sin 20 =- sin 2 20.

O
By solving this quadratic in the usual way we obtain sin 26 = j ,
or - 3 ;

o
the former value is alone applicable. Thus sin 20 =
2 ;

therefore 20 = sin" 1 -
4
3
;
therefore ==
13
24 sin" 1 -
.

26. sin (v cos 0) = cos (TT sin 0) ;

therefore cos f - tr cos \ cos (TT

sin 0).

Hence, by Art. 67 the solutions are comprised in

-- IT cos = 2mr TT sin ;

therefore cos sin = - - 2n.

/I
Square, thus 1 =b sin 20 = (
- - 2n \s .
j

If we give to n any integral value, positive or negative, the value of sin 20

is greater than unity.

therefore sin 20 =
q
-
;
Thus we must have n

thus 20 = =t sin" 1 j
313
, and
zero.

=
Then Isin20 = -; and

^
sin
~1
4

27. Let i//=sin

Take the cosines of both sides ;
thus

cos ^ = Jl - (sin + sin 0) ^l -

3
(sin
- sin 0) a - (sin + sui 0) (sin
- sin

= A/1 - --2 sin ^ sin - -+ 2 sin ^ sin - (sin

2 - sin 2 0)
/y/1

= ./ _4 sin 2 sin2 - (sin

2 - sin 2
0).

1 1
Now ~ = sin 2 + sin 2 0, therefore - = (sin 2 + sin 2 0) 2 ;

therefore }
- 4 sin 2 sin 2 = (sin2 - sin 2 0) 3.

Thus cos \ff

= (sin
2 - sin 2 0) - (sin
2 - sin 2
0).

Taking the upper sign we have cos ty

= 0, and therefore ^ = (2n + 1) ,

where n is any integer.

170 XVIII. INVERSE TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS.

28.

Now let tan- 1 = 0, then tan d = ;

3
x *
therefore tan 30 = -r-
(2 + V 3)3-3 (2TV3)

This might also have been inferred from the fact that

tan, so that -.
The equation may now be written

tan- 1 1- tan- 1 5 = tan- 1

-.
o X

Take the tangents of both sides ;

thus

therefore --"Hi therefore * = 2.

0? -i

29. Let .ta-i

\//(\a> + cj
a
-W then sin ,=
V/(e_V
'+c/ \a
- a - 26
then cos 2^ - 1 - 2 sin 2 6 = 1
2
- (a
-r+ 6)
1 =~ c
T~

and
a+ c

Thus the proposed expression is

26 + a-c
sm -i _
.

a+c
_ cog- 1
.
-
c-a-26
a+c
-
;

that is sin- 1 2>=tcos" 1 (- p);

when /) is put for

 XVIII. INVERSE TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS. 171

Now cos {sin" 1 -1

j>cos ( />)}= p \/(i p^^Fp V(l ~P^) >

thus zero is one of the values of the cosine, and the corresponding angle is

an odd multiple of .
^
30. tan" 1 x +cot~ l y = tan" 1 3,

therefore tan" 1 x + tan" - = tan" 1 1

3.

Take the tangents of both sides ;

thus
1

=3;
rly
therefore 3 (y - x) yx + 1 ;

therefore x

Thus if a; and y are to be positive integers y + 3 must be a divisor of 10.

Try in succession the various cases, namely y + 3 = 1 or 2 or 5 or 10.
'

It
will be found that the only admissible cases are y + 3 = 5, and
These give y = 2 or 7, and the corresponding values of x are 1 and 2.

31. tan" 1 x + tan" 1 # = tan" 1 c.

Take the tangents of both sides; thus ~^-=c;

l-xy
therefore x+y=c (1
- xy) ;
therefore x = = .

It is obvious that if c and y are positive integers x is either a positive or

negative proper fraction, and cannot be a positive integer.

Next take cot" 1 x + cot" 1 y = cot" 1 c.

Take the cotangents of both sides; thus =c ;

therefore xy - 1 = c (x + y),

therefore x= cy+l -
y-c

y
Thus
c
if

+ a and
;
then x c + -
a denote any divisor of c 2 + l we may put y-c = a, so that

Hence we see that there are as many solutions in positive integers as

there are divisors of c a + l.
172 XVIII. INVERSE TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS.

x_ 1
1
32. tan-i^^=tan-i2_-. = tan-i *- tan-* ,

as in the solution of Example 6.

~
Similarly
k
tan" 1
'
2
\
= tan- 1 - - tan~* - '
,

C2 -C 9 ,1
-- .1
tan -1 tan -1
,
tan" 1 --^
c3 c2 +lf= c2 c3
,

and so on.

Thus the sum of the terms on the right-hand side of the proposed
i
1
X
-
expression is tan .

'
5
1
33. Let sin-i-f^r5=
a2 + b 2
0, and sin-
a f"
2
+ 6 /2
=0 5

2a6 2a'&'
then sin = ;

a^ + 62
,
and sin d> =^ +a'
2 775
6'
2 ;

2 - 62 /2 - 6 /2
=a
a
therefore cos =- and cos = -^
,
^ 5

therefore s

_ 2a& (a' -
2
__
+ (aa - &&') 2r
(a6' + a'6) 2 + (aa'
- W) z

therefore + = sin" 1

/^ 2 ,

where p and ^ are rational expressions.

Then if there be another angle sin" 1 ^ ^, we may denote it by

then sin {(^ + 0)+^} will take the form ^

where r and s are rational.

And so on.
7*1
I) 7T
34. We may take for the simplest value of sin" 1 (
v
the angle (
- l)
m- .

as is evident by supposing m first even and then odd. This will be the a of

Art. 66 and the general solution is mr + ( - w that is nir + (- m+ n -.

.
; l) a, l)

Or we may take the form (m + n) TT + - l) n

(
.

o
 xix. DE MOIYRE'S THEOREM. 173

For the sine of this angle

- n +cos mir sin

l) ! l)
JWTT+(-

= cosTO7rsin \nir + (-l) ^ =cosm7rx -=.(-l) m

71
x -.
(
o A ) 2

35. If m be even the value is cos" 1 -

2
, that is 2w7r .
3

If m be odd the value is cos" 1 ( - -

J
,
that is 2mr( tr + )
.

Both forms may be comprised in (2^ + m)7r- where p is any integer.

O

For 2mr J consists of an even multiple of TT augmented by J; and

o o

fJ) consists of an odd multiple of TT augmented by ^.

6 ] 6

36. If m be even the value is tan" 1 !, that is mr+ .

4

If m be odd the value is tan -1 - 1), that is nir -

(
j .

Both forms may be comprised in mr + ( - l)

m- .

XIX.

-l) sin 2A] by Art. 267.

therefore one value of (

- 1)^= cos - + \/( - 1) sin ^o ,
o

so we may put - 1 = cos 3?r, or cos 5ir, and thus we obtain two other values
for (-1)^, namely,
r
l)sin^ ,
that is -1,

and cos-"
174 xix. DE MOIVRE'S THEOREM.
3. We may put-l = cos7r, or cos3?r, or cos 5ir, or cos TTT, or cos 9?r,
or cos UTT ;
and thus
-l = cos0 + V(-l) sin0

where = ir, or 3?r, or Sir, or 7?r, or QTT, or UTT.

i
6
Hence the six values of (- 1) are contained in

6
cos - + ^(-1) - '
5
'

sing,

where has any of the six values just specified.

= A/2 {cos + V( - 1) sin 0},

where for we may put + 2mr, where n is any integer.

Therefore = 2* |+V(
jcos O -1) sin|
( O

and the three values will be obtained by putting for in succession ,

7T 7T
27T+ T ,
and ir + -. .

4 4

5. Since - - is given nearly equal to unity, we may infer that is a

small angle. Hence we have approximately, by Art. 274,

sin = - ;
^

02 2165
thus 1 ==
-6 2166
;

2 1
therefore '
6 2166
1
therefore =
361'
*
therefore _ 1
~I9'
This is the circular measure of the angle ;
therefore the number of

degrees ^-jr of = of 57.29... =3 approximately.

 xix. DE MOIVRE'S THEOREM. 175

As -51 is very nearly equal to sin - we may infer that 6 is very small.

We have
sin - cos 0+ cos - sin 6= *51,
b b

therefore = ( 1 -
J
+ ~- 6 = '51 approximately.

/O -I

Hence, neglecting
2
,
we have ^ = --
,
and therefore 6
2 100' 50 V3
a
Then if we retain the term in we have

'
50 V3 2 v'3
2
and putting for its approximate value, we have for a closer approximation
1 V
50 V3 2V3 \50V3
V3 /
1 1
~ + '

50 V3 15000V3
The same result will be obtained if we solve the quadratic equation
1
0-2
.
in the usual way, select the least root, and take its ap-
50 \/o
proximate value. See A Igebra, Art. 526, Example (3).

o *
fo 7. Suppose t&nx = a l x+-f + -* +... ;

1 l

til 6 11 .
PJ**-. ^ ,*, ,,
^
W j^w i
j
~

!_
Substitute for sin x and cos x by Art. 274 ;
thus

x3 x5 x~

Then, according to the known principles of Algebra, we may equate the

any power of x on the left-hand side to the coefficient of the
coefficient of
same power obtained by working out the product on the right-hand side.
2n+1 thus we obtain
Take, for instance, the coefficient of 5c ;

g 2tt-l ^
2!2n-l
,

;4
q 2 n-3
,2n-3
" ^ ,
/
-,
x

'
n
2n
'
176 xix. DE MOIVRE'S THEOREM.

Multiply by |2rc
+ l and transpose ;
thus wo get

a 2n+l = (2n -+2---2n

1)
"S"" 1
~ (2rt + l).2ra(2n-l)(2- 2)"
[4

+ ... + (2n + l) (-

8. Let

then 0cos0 = sin0{a + a 2 2

+ a4 4
+ ...}.

Substitute for cos 6 and sin by Art. 274 ;

thu

2n + l
Equate the coefficients of thus

(-1)" ~
r '

[2w
+l
[3 |_5 |2n

Transpose ;
thus we get

an-4 (
~ l r~ l <*o (
~ l)
n
, , .

To find the first four terms of cot we have the following equations :

- -i = a
6 -^ + ^-^.
Hence we obtain

a ~ as
= = = a4= ~ =
*
l3~ 2 6 ~2 ~3' [4^~
3l3 T5" ~45 '

'
-L-
-
6
1_ _l_ + __ T
+ _L-_JL tv"
45[3_
945
J6 3[5_ )7_
 xix. DE MOIVRE'S THEOREM. 177

Let

then

Then equating to zero the coefficient of 2n in

the expression on the
right-hand side we get

a - -2 "- 4 +
Transpose ; then we obtain a 2)l = 2
... +
2
'J"~ '2n
I

a+ 6 = cos2a + cos2j8 + V(-l) {sin 2a+ sin 2}

=2 cos (a + /3) cos(a-)3) + 2V(-l) sin (a+/3) cos (a - /3)

=2 cos (a -
/3)
|
cos (a + /S) + V( - 1) sin (a + ) }
.

b cos 2/3 + V( ~ 1) sin 2j8

numerator and denominator by cos (a + /3) - >/( 1) sin (a + /3) ;

tlms we get - j3)

2 cos (a

Similarly
2 cos (a-y)
be
re
(a + 6) (a + c) 4 cos a - /S) cos ( (a
-
7)

11 {cos B + cos + \/( - 1) (si 11 -r siii <p)}

- _ -- -
=
.

- ^
.
-~f- cos -
2 cos
-^ cos --^ + 2 V( 1) sin

= 2' 1
f cos
-\ ^- cos + \/( - 1)
.

sin -

cos + cos - x/( - + sin <p) n

Similarly -J
1 ) (sin 6 {

7
= 2" + 0) - - +
f cos (6 \/( 1) sin (0 0) .

^^j" {cos J ^ j

M
 178 xix. DE MOIVRE'S THEOREM.

Hence by addition we M + 1 ( cos cos

get 2
gy ^

12.

Now x/(l - c2 = nc - 1
) ;
therefore 1 - c2 = (nc - l) 2 r therefore - c2 = n 2c2 - 2nc,
therefore 2n = (n 2 + 1 ) c.
Thus - -
1, and the expression becomes 1 + c cos 0.

*A 13. Let r denote the radius, and the circular measure of the angle ;

then the length of the arc is rd.

6 f)

The chord of the arc is 2r sin - ,

and the chord of half the arc is 2r sm - .

Now let it be required to determine two numbers I and m, such that

approximately f\ f\

I x 2r sin -
+m x 2r sin - = rd.
f\ f\

Expand sin - and sin- by Art. 274. Thus

Neglect all powers of 6 above 3

; then to make this formula hold we must
put
,
m . I m .

Therefore m= -81; therefore -3Z = 1.

Thus l=-\o and w = |o .

This establishes the rule.

14. Proceed as in Example 13.

ft)

The chord of one-fourth of the arc is 2r ski - .

o
Let it be required to determine the numbers lr m, n such that approxi-
.

mately
f\ f\ f\

I x 2r sin - +m x 2r sin - + n x 2r sin - r9.

 xix. DE MOIVRE'S THEOREM. 179
In this case we can make the approximation closer than in Example 13 ;
5
for we shall retain and neglect only the higher powers. Thus

+.- irSViirjv-

Hence we must put

I m n I m n
* + * ==0 ' + + =(

The values of I, m, n given by these equations are

_ 1 40 256
"45' ~45' -46'
-
-l) sin 20 cos 28 V(
- ~
= - - -
2 sin (j8 0) {sui (j3 + ff) V( 1) c

In like manner

- 1) rin
Therefore _
a- 6 sin(/S-a) eos <^ -h a) -f >/(-!) sin (/S+o)

numerator and denominator by cos (j8 + a) - ^/( - 1) sin (8 + a) ;

thus we get -~^- cos - + V( - 1) sin (0 - a) .

{ (0 a) }
sin (a p)

Similarly we transform - a-c ;

and thus we obtain

-is-c rin(*- sin (*-,,)

(a
- 6) (a
- sm (a - /3) sin (a - 7) *

c)

( c)( a) ( *~ q)(a: )
In like manner we transform ^~ f" and Then by
-~f
.
- - - a) (c 6)
(6 c) (b a) (c
equating to zero the coefficient of the imaginary part we obtain

mg-,r).fa.(g-^
Sin (a - j8) sin (a - sin (8 - 7) sm (8 - a)

-^
7)

sin 2 .
sm (7 - a) sin (7
-
8)

M2
180 XX. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

And then by equating the real parts we have

sin(g-/3)sin(0- 7) sin (fl- 7 ) BJn(g-q)

2 ~ a) +
(<?
7) sin (-

XX.

1. Proceed as in Art. 282. Thus we obtain

- 2 4n+1 (sin
0)
4II+2 = cos (4ro + 2) 6 - (4n + 2) cos 40

2. Proceed as in Art. 283. Thus we obtain

24 (sin 0)
4n+1 - sin (4n + 1) 0- (4n + 1) sin (4n - 1) ^

(4re + 1) 4n (4n - 1) r. .
(2n + 2) .

L?!
3. Proceed as in Art. 280. Thus we obtain

+ ?^
2
2 2-i eos 2n Q = COB 2nO + 2n cos (2n - 2) d
^
cos (2 -
4)

4. We have

a2 cos - (B - C) a- cos - a2 cos A cos ~ (B - C]

| (^ (7) \

sin
^-4 cos 4 4
g sing

a- sin B a 2 sin (7 a-6 a2c

 XX. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 181

2
ft cos (C-A)
Similarl = ba + be,

and = ca + cb.

Then by addition we obtain the required result.

5. Suppose the triangle to have all its angles acute.

Then a sin (BAD -CAD) = a (sin BAD cos GAD- cos BAD sin CA D)
=a (cos B sin C - sin B cos C\.
Similarly 6 sin (CBE - A BE) = b (cos C sin A - sin (7 cos ,4),
and c sin (^ CF BCF ) = c
- (cos A sin J? - sin A cos ).

The sum of the three expressions

= cos A (c sin B -b sin C) +cos 5 (a sin C- c sin A)
+ cosC(bsinA-asiuB) = 0, by Art. 214.

If the triangle has an obtuse angle, let it be (7; then it will be found that
instead of cos C we have cos (180- C) in the preceding expressions; and the
result is still zero.

6. We have p cot 5
&
DAB + cot - DBA = AB.
2,
I

Now

1 + sin A =
sec A + tun A.
cos A

Similarly cot _-
&
DBA = sec B + tan 5.

Therefore p {
sec .4 + tan A + sec j5 + tan B = }
182 XX. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.
7. By joining the centres of the circles we form an equilateral triangle of

which each side is 2a ;

and therefore the area is ^-
T^ >
that is a 2 A/3. The
area of each of the three sectors which are formed by the radii and arc of a

circle is x -
,
that is
^- ;
therefore the area of the three sectors is
^- .

Hence the area of the space between the circles = aV3 - '- =a 2 V3 - -
^ ( )

8. Let R be the radius of the circle. The inscribed polygon of n sides

consists of n triangles ;
and therefore the area of the polygon is

R2 . 27T

The area of an inscribed figure of half the number of sides is

nR* . 47T

The area of a circumscribed -

polygon of J sides is - R2 tan .
& n
We have to shew that
/nR 2 27r\ 2 n . 4?r n . 2?r

n2 R
.

( sin )
='-7 R 2
sin x - 2
tan ,

\ 2 n ) 4 n'

or that sin 2
9 27T
= H1 sin 47T tan 27T
.

;
n 2 n n

. 47T .
. 27T 27T
and this is obvious since sin =2 sin cos .
n n n

9. Let R be the radius of the circle. The area of the circumscribed

polygon of n sides is nR 2
tan . The area of the inscribed polygon of n sides

is - sin . The area of the circumscribed polygon of - sides is

& n &
n 2ir IT
- R 2
tan . We have to shew that nR 2 tan - is an harmonic mean between
2 n n
- sin and - tan : or that 2 tan - is an harmonic mean between
2 n 2 n
. 27T . . 27T
sin and tan .
n n
Now the harmonic mean between sin and tan is
n n
2ir 2ir
2 sin tan
that is , that is 2 tan - .
n
sin h tan 1 + cos
n n
 XX. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 183

10. Let r be the radius of the circle; then c=2r sin~^ = 2r sin - ;

therefore r = = = .
Multiply both nume-
Q_2
2 sin v
5
+ V5
rator and denominator by V( 5 + V 5 )- Thus we obtain ^V^
X /l^o
/>?
)'
i\

11. Let A, B, C denote the centres of the three circles. Let tangents to
the arc of the first circle meet at T ; then the distance of T from the point of
contact is a tan .

Now

1 - cos A be
therefore
+ cos A
'
1 a (a + b + c)

therefore t&n-=\~
-=\/
2 V a(a + b + c)' - - r ;
therefore atan- =
2
We shall obtain the same symmetrical expression for the distance of the
point of intersection of any two tangents from the points of contact ; and
thus it follows that the three tangents meet at a common point.

12. Use Article 254. Here s = 7, s-a = 4, *-6 = 4, s-c=3, s-d=3.

Thus the area = ^4x4 x 3 x 3 = 12.
Since the sum of a pair of opposite sides is equal to the sum of the other
pair, a circle may be inscribed in the quadrilateral. Let /> denote the

radius of this inscribed circle ;

then ^-(a + b + c+d) = the area of the quadri-

lateral. Thus ps = the area.

12
In the present case p = -=w

Also ofr+cd=25, ac + bd = 24, ad + bc=24.

Hence the radius of the circumscribed circle

13.
M
Let w be the number of the
25 x 24 x 24

sides,
4x4
R the
5 x 24
4x12
5
2"

radius of the circle.

Then -j? 2 sin is to wJ2 2 tan- as 3 is to 4.

2 n n
 XX. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

sin
Thus

therefore cos 2 =- ;
therefore cos = *- .
n 4 n 2

ABC
But cos
^
= ^~-
;
therefore n = 6.

14. Let A, B C denote the

t centres of the three circles.
1

Then o = 2asin-, /3
= 26sin-, 7=2csin-.
a a 2

Now from the solution of Example 11 we see that

.
therefore ! . cos 4 =
(0
_
+ 6) (a + c)'
-= A
therefore sin
2 V/ (0 + 6) (o + e)'

tlieref ore a = 2a *
V/ + 6)
~ -

+ c)
.

(0 (a

Similar expressions hold for j8 and 7. Thus

~
^ afa 8ab~c 6c

'

= + JWi + }W1 + ^
therefore
0/^7
(J-
v* AC &/ \ cj
.

3
/tan^\02 3 tan0
15. Let u= (
---
" )
; then log u = - log
,. .
-
\ / v

Now tan = + -- + terms in 6* and higher powers of 6 ; see 5?ample xix. 7.

Therefore
tan
J= l + ?! + ...
6 3
\ Ql
1
+.- + ... =-- + terms in 0* and higher powers of 0.
(^O J

Therefore log
-
= 1 + terms in 6" and higher powers of 0.
 XX. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 185

Therefore when 6 is indefinitely diminished * log

- = 1 and
, therefore

16. Equate the expressions for AC Z and BD'2 given in Art. 254. Thus

(ac + Id) (ad + be) _ (ac + bd) (ab + cd)

ab + cd ad + be

Therefore

therefore ad + be = ab + cd ;

therefore (a
- c) (d
- 6) = 0.
Therefore either a = c or b = d.

17. Let A and B be the centres of the two circles, and C a point of
intersection. The angle between the tangents at C is therefore 7.

The angle ACB = ^ + ^-y = ir-y.

Then AB'2 = a? + 6 3 - 2ab cos (ir

- 7) = a2 + 6'2 + 2ab cos 7.

Let x denote the length of the common chord ;

then the area of the

triangle ABC= - x x AB and this area also = - A C CB . sin ACB.

|

*AC.CB,i*AOB
Thus x=
AB
2ab sin -y
'
2
V( + &2 -^ 2a6 cos 7)

18. We have
r
R
= S- -f- -abc =
s 4S
4
sa&c
2

^.= 4
.

sin
222
^4 .

sin
B .

sin
G
.

Now we have shewn in the solution of Example xui. 40, that the

expression 4 sin ^ sin sin can never be greater than -

. Hence r cannot

be greater than - R.
 186 XXI. EXPONENTIAL VALUES OF THE COSIXE AND SINE.

XXI.

_Bin20_
1 - cos.20 i
-
(2

2t

2. Let the angle opposite to the smaller side be - 0, and the angle
-j

\y opposite to the larger side Thus

^+ 0.
sin { "-r
-

f re
theref
,

2 sin 5

therefore tan 5= .

But by Art. 293 we have

=tan0--
o

thus
o O

If we stop at the first term we have = -02.

Then the number of degrees in the angle = -02x57-29577951...=M4591559;
and this =18'45".
 XXI. EXPONENTIAL VALUES OF THE COSINE AND SINE. 187

^3j
We have, as in Art. 229,

tan
A-B = a-b cot^C -
.

2 a +b 2

Hence by Art. 293 the circular measure of

^

*-*+?- O O

where k stands for ~ cot - .

a+o &
A 7?
number of degrees in -
Therefore the

180

Also -+- = 90-. Thus A is found by taking the upper sign, and

B by taking the lower sign in

sin A _a sin B_ 6
=
sinC r
c' sin(7"~c-

sin A - sin 5 a- 6
therefore

. ^-5 A+B
Bm-^-eos-g-
therefore n
O n
Lx
sin cos

^1-5 a-6 (7
= cos -
.

therefore sin
^- -^-

Hence by Art. 4^8 the circular measure of,

^

= n 8015 + sin 25 + sin3+ ..,

^- ^
where n stands for ^^ . Therefore the circular measure of -4 - B
=2 sin B + n2 sin 25 nearly.
188 XXI. EXPONENTIAL VALUES OF THE COSINE AND SINK

a sin A c Ai_ e
-A<.
e
^ 1
n _ e - 2/tl )

Take the logarithms : thus

log 6
- log a= Bt At + log (1
- g- 25t -
log ) (1
- e" 2^ 1
j- )

Bl = cos2B -t 2At =
Now e~*-
sin2By e cos2A- i sin 24,

and so on. Then, as the real and imaginary parts of the expression must^j
be separately equal, we have

log b
- log a =. cos 2 A - cos 2B + - (cos 44 - cos
4.Z?)

+ -
(cos 64 -co&6J3)+ ....
o

rfft By Art. 294,

7T . 1 1 1 1 1

JL + JL + JL ""'
"1.3 5. 7 9T11"
1

therefore =- - +- - + -
+ ...

Let 4 + 7?t = log (w + m) ;

therefore

therefore m + m = e A e81 = e A (cos B + 1 sin

therefore

and n e
A sin B.

By division = tan B.
m
m2 w2 = $
A
By squaring and adding -f ;

therefore 24 = log (w 2 + n 2 ).
 5 XI. EXPONENTIAL VALUES OF THE COSINE AND SINE. 189

(Sy cos (6 -f 0t)

= cos 6 cos 0i - sin 6 sin 0t

= cos - ----- sin S

- 1
2i

= cos + 1 sin

this is of the form a 4- [Bi where

a = cos , and = sin

sin (0 + <f>t)
sin cos 0t + cos sin 0t

= sin L cos 6 -

2 2
this is of the form a + @i where
g -<t _ e <i>
<
g-<_4_ c
a = sin ,
and /3
= - cos

log u
- (p + qi) log (a + bi)

= (p + q t) log V(
2
+ &
2
) {cos 7+ t sin 7},

tt
^
where 0037 = 77~5 i^v> an<^ sin7=-

= (p + 31) yl
+ log V( + & )
{log e
2 2

= p + qi)
( {yt + log
2 2
\/(a + & )}
2 3 -
=p log V( + 6 ) ?7 + Py + 2 {

This is of the form a + /3t, where

2 -
a =T> 2
log >/(a + ^ 57. ) a> nd jS =2>7 + 5 log V(
2

11. By Example 10 we can express log(a + bi) p+q< '

in the form a + /3t;

therefore

u nd this is of the form X

a
+ i/i, where X = e cos/9, and /j.
= ea sin/S.

^ 12. {sin (a -0)4 e

rtt
sin 0} n=
{sin (a-0)+ (cos a + i sin a) sin 0} n

= (sin a cos + 1 sin a sin 0)

n = sinn a (cos + t sin

= siu n a (cos n0 + 1 sin n0).

1.90 XXII. SUMMATION OF TRIGONOMETRICAL SERIES.
at
Again sin"" 1 a {sin (a - nd) +e sin nd}

= sin"" a {sin (a - nd} + (cos a + sin a)

1
1 sin nd}

= sin"" 1 a {sin a cos nd + sin a sin nd} 1

= sinn a (cos nd + 1 sin ra0) :

thus the two expressions agree.

In a similar way we may proceed when we take the lower sign in the
expressions.

XXII.

sin 2 a = <r (1
- cos 2a),

sin 2 (a + 20) = {1
- cos 2 (a + 20)},
and so on.
Hence the sum of n terms

_n _ cos {2a + (n-

2
2sin0

sin 3 a =- (3 sin a - sin 3a),

sin 3 (a + 0) = - {3 sin (a + 0) - sin 3 (a + 0)},

sin 3 (a + 20) = - {3 sin (a + 20) - sin 3 (a + 20)},

and so on.

Hence the sum of n terms

= -{sina + sin (a + 0) -h sin (a + 20) + ... }

- 1
sin 8a +
^0)sinf l ( 30) rin^
 XXII. SUMMATION OF TRIGONOMETRICAL SERIES. 191

3. We have cos 2 = -(l + cos 26);

&

therefore cos 4 0^-(l + cos 20)

2 = -(l + 2 cos 20 + cos 2
20)

1
jU!
o J
+

Apply this transformation to every term of the proposed series ;

thus the
sum of n terms

+- {cos
-
4a + cos4(a + /3) + cos4 (a + 2/3) + ...
}
o

_3n, cos { 2a + (n - 1) /3 }
sin nff cos {
4a + (ro
- 1) 2/3 }
si
+
"~~8" 2 sin /a 8 sin 2/3

4. sin + sin 30 + sin 50+ ... to n terms

_ sin{0+(n-l)0}sinn0 _ sin 2 nd _
'
sin sin

cos + cos 30 + cos 50 + ... to n terms

_cos{0 + (n- 1)0} sinn0 sinn0cos?z0

sin sin

Divide the former result by the latter ;

thus we obtain tan nd.

5. cos A cos B= cos (A - E) +- cos (A -t-B).

Apply this transformation to every term of the proposed series ;

thus the
sum of n terms

= + -{cos(20 + a) + cos(20 + 3a) + cos (20 + 5a) + ...

|cosa ; }

_n cos {20 + a + (n- 1) a} sin no.

~ CC
2 2 sin a

2
n
= -cosa+ cos(20
^ + wa)
2 siu
- :

a
sin no.
.

6. By Art. 307 we have

sin - sin 20 + sin 30 - ... to n terms

. + 7T
 192 XXII. SUMMATION OF TRIGONOMETRICAL SERIES.

And cos 0- cos 20 + cos 30- ... to n terms

+ 7T
sm
.

Divide the former by the latter : the result

cos (0+ir)

7. sin ^ cos = sin (.-1 + B) + - sin (A

- B).
2

Apply this transformation to every term of the proposed series ; thus the
sum of n terms

2
-+
n sin pd 1
2
{
s

' *
2 -Jsin0

8. sin ^1 sin = -coa(A -)-- cos (^ + B}.

Apply this transformation to every term of the proposed series thus the
sum of n terms

= -cosa--1
TO

{cos3a + cos5a + cos7a + ...f

=- cos a - cos i 3a +(rc-lMsinrca _nC _ cos (n + 2) a sin

~~ ~
no.
*
2 sin a 2 2 sin a

9. Suppose that in the preceding result we put for the sines of the angles
their values from Art. ^274 ; the proposed series becomes an
j^l expansion in
^ powers of a, and it is obvious that the coefficient of a 2 is
1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4... +n(n+l).
We must therefore find the coefficient of a 2 in the
expansion of the ex-
pression found for the sum of the Trigonometrical
Series, and equate it to
the above.
 V
XXIL SUMMATION OF TRIGONOMETRICAL SERIES. 193

Now cos a=~ (

l-rj+
2
TJ -...), so that the coefficient of a in this
n
--
term is ;

a
cos (n + 2) a sin not.
_ ( 2 '") ( 6

Multiply out and it will be found that the coefficient of a8 is

Hence the required sum

n
42 2 6
2
n n(n+2) n3 n

10. sin A sin =- cos (A - B) - cos (A+B).

^

Apply this transformation to every term of the proposed series ; hence

r
the sum of n terms

= \ (cos 20 - cos 40) + - cos +^ - cos 1G0) +

(cos 40 80) (cos 80 . . .

T. T. K.
 194 XXII. SUMMATION OF TRIGONOMETRICAL SERIES.

11. Omitting the first term, we can find the sum of the rest of the
series by Art. 34i ; we must put cos for c, and put a=/3 = 0. Hence the
'

? sum of the whole series

= cos + e cos2 * cos (0 + sin cos 0) - cos = e cos2 e cos (0 + sin cos 0) .

J> 12. In the first series of Art. -frit put - 1 for c, and for a, and for
/ (3, and change the sign. Thus we obtain for the required sum
~ cos e
- e ~ cos * sin (- sin 0), that is e sin (sin 0) .

10
13. For cos 20, cos 40,... put the exponential values; thus denoting e by
. z, the proposed series becomes

=- {COSZ+COS3"
1
}

{cos (cos + 1 sin 0) + eos (cos

- 1 sin 0)}

= cos^cos~0) cos (i sin 0) = cos (cos 0) (e~

sin9
+e sin *)

14. The proposed series

= cos + cos 2 + cos 3 + cos 4 + . . .

+ COS0 + -COS 3 + - COS 3 0+-.-COS4 0+...

* O TC

15. In the first series of Art. &11 put for a, and cos for c, and for ft
Thus the sum = e 008 ** sin (sin cos 0).

16. In the second series of Art. 311 put for a, and for ft and sin

sin cos 20 + -~ cos 30 + =~T cos 40+ ...

L_
= e sin e cos * cos (0+ sin 2 0) - cos 0.

Therefore cos + sin cos 20 + ^ 2

cos 30 + ^5__
[3
cos 40 + ...
 '
XXII. SUMMATION OF TRIGONOMETRICAL SERIES. 195

17. Put the exponential values for cos 0, cos 20, cos 30, ... Thus de-
l9
noting e by z, the proposed series becomes

'

2( 2 3" 4

that is
^
Io 8 0- + z + 2 log ^ + z ~^'
)
that is log ^ + z ^ 1 + 2 ~^'
2

that is
^ log (2 + 3 + z" 1
)^
that is -
log (2 +2 cos 0),

that is - f 4 cos 2 -
that is 2 cos -
log , log ( .
J J

18. Proceed as in the solution of Example 17. Thus the proposed series
becomes

1 2+22 + z- 2 = 1. 2 + 2cos20 = 1. l + cos20

Iog
=4 log
2-z*-z-s 4 log 2^2^oT20 4 l-cos20

= - log cot 2 =- log cot 0.

19. Put the exponential values for sin0, sin 20, sin 30, ... Thus, de-
t9
noting e by z, the proposed series becomes

= -
This
^ log (1 + xz) ^ log (1 + xz-i)
1 l + xz = 1, l + x (cos + 1 sin 0)
= 10g g '

2t I+^z"-i 2i l+lT(cos0- t sin0)

Assume tan0= ;
thus the sum of the proposed series

1 1 + tan
1
_ 1 cos + 1 sin
= g ~~ g -
2t F- i tan 2t cos~0 1 sin
196 XXII. SUMMATION OF TRIGONOMETRICAL SERIES.

20. By Art. 129 the limit of cos -

cos 7 cos- ... is ;
J 4 o v

therefore the limit of cos 6 cos - cos - cos -

z 4 o
e 6 e
...
.

is --
cos
-
sin
,
,
that is
. sin 20
-
1
Za
. . .

Then take the logarithms of both sides.

21. sin^fsin^] = sin0 (1-cos 0)= sin -

0- 7 sin 20,
A i j 4

.
2 sin-
r .
0y . e f, e\ .01.
(^m^J =sin-^l-cos-2j=sin---sm0,
4
.

sm .
-
/ .

sm 0\
-
2
=2 sm -
(
.
/
1 - cos -0\ =2 .0 - sui
sin
.0
.
~
( ) } ,
4 \ 8/ 4 \ 4/ 4 J

Proceeding in this way, and adding the terms, we see that all cancel on
the right-hand side except two, namely

/ 0\
sin - sin I * sin cos - - cos sin -

COS - COS COS - COS COS - COS

= tan 0- tan- ;

therefore
4224
tan - sec - = tan - - tan - ,

tan - sec = tan - - tan -

^ ,

and so on.

Then adding the terms, we see that all cancel on the right-hand side
except two, namely
f\

tan - tan .
 XXII. SUMMATION OF TRIGONOMETRICAL SERIES. 197

23. cot cosec 0= =

sin3 sin 2

1 2
therefore 2 cot 20 cosec 20 = -^-;
2
--- ,
'
sin sin 2 20

4 cot 40 cosec 40= --- O

'-'
J_

* .

Proceeding in this way, and adding the terms, -we see that all cancel on
the right-hand side except two, namely
~
1 2n 1

2 sin'?

1 1 sin (20 - 0) 1 sin 20 cos - cos 20 sin

~ *
_
~ '

sin sin 20 sin sin sin 20 sin sin sin 20

= -v - (cot
- cot
20).
sm0 v

1 1 sin (30 -20)

**
y sTnT20 sin 30 sin sin 20 sin 30

(cot 20
- cot 30) ;
sin0

1 1
(cot 30 -cot 40).
sin 30 sin 40 sin

Proceeding in this way, and adding the terms, we see that all cancel on
the right-hand side except two, namely

-Ljcoto-cot^im.

25. Let 0=0 + - ;

thus the proposed series hecomes

1 1 1
cos cos 20 cos 20 cos 30 cos 30 cos 40
198 XXII. SUMMATION OF TRIGONOMETRICAL SERIES.

Now -A- - =-- Bin(20-0)

cos cos 20
= _J_
sin
an
cos cos sin 20 <f>

cos 20 cos 30 sin cos 20 cos 30 sin

1 1 sin (40 -30) _ 1

cos cos sin
(tan 40 - tan 30).
cos 30 cos 40 sin 30 40

Proceeding in this way, and adding the terms, we see that all cancel on
the right-hand side except two, namely

-, {tan (n + 1) - tan 0}.

26. Tan- 1 ^^- = tan- 1 - - tan- 1

1+m+ra 92 m
this is obvious, for by taking the tangent of tan" 1 tan" 1 we obtain
m ^
l +m
1
_ 1^
m m+1 ,, , . 1
, ,
that is -

m (m + 1)

Apply this transformation to -every term of the proposed series; thus

we obtain

tan -1 - - tan" 1 - + tan -1 s - tan- 1 - + tan~ J - - tan" 1 T + . . .

,
1 / i O O 4:

that is tan- 1 1 - tan' 1 -^ ,

'
that is j
4
- tan" 1
n+

27. Tan- 1 q r- = tan" 1 (m + 1) jc - tan" 1 ma;

+ m (m + 1) x
; 7,
2 ;
1

this is obvious, for of tan" 1 (m + 1) se - tan" mx, we

1
by taking the tangent
(m + 1) x mx ., . x

Apply this transformation to every term of the proposed series after the
first ; thus we obtain

tan- 1 x + tan" 1 2x - tan" 1 x + tan~ x 3x - tan- 1 2x + . . .

,

1
that is tan" nx.
 XXII. SUMMATION OF TRIGONOMETRICAL SERIES. 199

28. sin A sin .B= - cos (A

- )
- - cos (A + E).
& Z

Apply this transformation to every term of the proposed series ; thus we

obtain

- I/ a \
s (cos 2a cos 4a) + 77
5 (O0 5 -0fl.a ) + ...,

that is
2 (

1 _ 1
_ 1 sin (20 - 0)
~ ~ '

cos + cos 30 2 cos cos 20 2 sin cos cos 20

1
(tan 20- tan 0),
2 sill

1 1 1 sin (30 -20)

=
~ =
~~ '

cos + cos 50 2 cos 20 cos 30 2 sin cos 20 cos 30

1
(tan 30
- tan 20),
'2sin0

sin (40 - 30)

cos + cos 70 2 cos 30 cos 40 2sin0'cos30cos40

1
40 -tan 30),
"2sin0 (tan

Proceeding in this way, and adding the terms, we see that all cancel on
the right-hand side except two, namely

{tan (n + 1) - tan 0}.

2sin0

sin0 sin0
COS20 + COS0 50
2 cos 5 cos
& i

6<
. 30
4 sin- cos
(oos y ^

sin 20 sin 20
200 XXII. SUMMATION OF TRIGONOMETRICAL SERIES,

sin 30 sin 30 I
cos60 + cos0 50 70 . . 6< 70 50
2 cos -. cos --- 4 sm - /
cos -- cos -

2i A & v. a a

Proceeding in this way, and adding the terms, we see that all cancel on
the right hand except two, namely

If 1 1 ,
'
0'

4sin^cos^^ cos-j

sin0 sin
1 + 2cos * ---" --"" 3-4sin2
^

sin
.
sm - sm
.00
sin ^ cos ^ - cos 30

30"

2 cos s - 2 cos cos - (1 + 2 cos 0) + cos - - 2 cos cos - - 2 cos

^-
. . 30 . . 30
4 sin 4sm--

30
cos- cos H -2cos0cos 5 -2cos
t

& 2i A &

30
cos- 3CQS-

4 sin- 4sin--

3 sin 30
= 3 C0t,30 - 9 CGt,90
Similarly
U2COS30 4 T 4 T '

'

3 2 sin3 2
= T9 cot,90 - 27- cot 270
>
+ 2cos3 2 0~4
,

2
,

l 4

Proceeding in this way, and adding the terms, we see that all cancel on
the right hand except two, namely

1 .0 3" 3W
.
-co^-^cot
 XXII. SUMMATION OF TRIGONOMETRICAL SERIES. 201

32. cot"! 2a-i a = co- a-

For if we take the cotangent of cot' 1 ~ a - cot' 1 - a,

m m
-+ 1
-5- a. -a + 1
we obtain
m+1 m

that is

Apply this transformation to every term of the proposed series ; thus we

obtain

cot-'
^
- cot-'
^^ + oot-i ~J - cot-i ^/ + cot-i ^2 - cofi ^*2 +
that is cot- 1 ~ - cot- 1
J 2

1
33 sccg=
' ~
2 2 cos ^ 2 sin cos sin 20 sin 28

= cos 0-cot20 sin = sin (cot 8- cot 20) ;

- sec 6 sec 20 = - sec Q sin 20 (cot 20 - cot

40)

= sin (cot 20 - cot 40) ;

3
sec sec 20 sec 40 = sec sin 20 (cot 40 - cot 80)
^

= sin (cot 40 - cot 80).

Proceeding in this way, and adding the terms, we see that all cancel on
the right-hand side except two, namely
sin (cot 0- cot 2" 0).

_ sin 20 ~
~<jolf20
_ _ sin 2 20
sin720cos20~
_ 2 sin
sin 40
2
20 _4
~
2 sin~40
sin 2 20 _
;

therefore - log tan 20 = log 2 sin 20 - - log 2 sin 40,

2 = i log 2 sin 40 - ~ log 2 sin 80,

^ log tan 2
^ log tan 2 3 = i log 2 sin 80 -
^3 log 2 sin 160.
202 XXII. SUMMATION OF TRIGONOMETRICAL SERIES.

Proceeding in this way, and adding the terms, we see that all cancel on
the right-hand side except two, namely

log 2 sin 26
- i log 2 sin 2 n 6.

.60
2 sin - cos - . .
.0
2 cos2 - - cos -
6
6 2 2 Kind sin 6 4 2
35. cos x =
n - n sin - 2
2 Bin - 2 sin -
A ~
A &

sm a f
2COS2 J
4 .0 J
COS
I 4

2 cos
g
cos
22
=: 2 cos--2 jcot--cot~
5 (
A

% sin ( L 6

sin
2 2 cos ~ cos cos =2 cos -
22 3
.

jcot^ -cot|
-^U.'l6- -^.0)
COt
8|-

Proceeding in this way, and adding the terms, we see that all cancel on
the right-hand side except two, namely

sin 6

36. Let R denote the radius of the circle, n the number of sides of the

polygon. Put /3
for - . Let 2a denote the angular distance of a fixed point
in the circumference from one of the angular points then the angular dis- ;

tances from the other angular points in succession will be

2a + 2/3, 2a+4/3, 2a + 6/3, ... 2a+2 (n- 1) 0.

The lengths of the successive chords will be

2-Rsina, 2^sin(a + j3), 2R sin(a + 2/3), ... 2R sin {a+ (n- l)/3{.

To find the sum of the squares of the chords, we have

sin 2 = (1- cos 20);

 XXII. SUMMATION OF TRIGONOMETRICAL SERIES. 203
and applying this transformation to every term of the proposed series, we
obtain
# J
{cos2a + cos(2a + 2/3) + cos(2a
The sum of the series of cosines is zero, as in Art. 304 ; and thus the
result is 2nR 2 .

Next, to find the sum of the fourth powers of the chords. We have
6in 4 = -- H cos 18 +- cos 40;
O ii O

and applying this transformation to every term of the proposed series, \ve
obtain
6nR* - SR* {cos 2a + cos (2a + 2/3) + cos (2a + 4/3) + } . . .

+ 272 4 {cos 4a + cos (4a + 4/3) + cos (4a + 8/3) + ...},

that is GnJP.

37. Let A be the common vertex; let B, C, ... be the successive angular

points. Put /S
for -.

Let PQ be one of the sides of the polygon, such that the arc A BP contains
m of the sides; then the angle AQP=mp the angle PAQ = p, and the t

angle APQ = ir-(m + 1) /S.

Let PQ = c, and let r m denote the radius of the circle inscribed in APQ.
Then

*-(m+l)p + cot.*) = c,
therefore r
(
\ cot ^ft
-^-
ml

therefore x r
i -&

/S
=c m+1 sin
.
m/S-
therefore rm cos cos /3
^

Now there are w - 2 circles in all which can be drawn ;

so that we have to

up the values of

from 1 to n-2 inclusive. The sum then is

204 XXII. SUMMATION OF TRIGONOMETRICAL SERIES.

-
that is ^ sec

that is
|
sec
f
L__ wsm.ft)e
(
i

l
sm
sin
l
2 J

But c = 2rsin/3; thus we get

rn sin 8 sin
r m ~
^
*k at *S 2r ~ 2rn S * n2
' '
^ a R 2
cos sin cos
^ ^ ^

that 2r Tl - n sin 2
is ,

^ J
.

38. Use the notation of the preceding solution. The area of the m th
circle

7TC
2
sm ~ - sin

Then as before we have to sum this expression for the values of m from
1 to n- 2 inclusive. Thus we obtain

sec' -2,

and this = sec2 (- 2) l +2 sin2 -2

But c = 2r sin 8 therefore c 2 sec 2 =

^
cos^
so that the result = 167rr2 sin 2 -
\
~ sin 2
^- + ^^
 XXII. SUMMATION OF TRIGONOMETRICAL SERIES. 205

39. Let Sn denote the sum of the series ;

so that

Sn =n sin + (n-l) sin20 + (n--2) sin 30 + ... + sinn0.

In like manner let Sn _ 1 denote the sum of the series formed by changing
n into n - 1, so that

Sn . l = (n-l) sin + (n - 2) sin 20 + ... + sin (n- 1)0;

therefore Sn - Sn _ l sin + sin 20 + sin 30 + ... + sin n0

..._ +!
21(0
_...?

~!T^e
cos --cos
2
2n + l J"
2
v
.
sui - 2 sin -^

Similarly we have

^-w-iyW-'^^H'
COS--COS
2
2sm-

(??}.
COS
2
' )S
2 !
'

2sm- J

^
301
1
2
2 sin -

Hence by addition from this series of equations we obtain

SM = -
2 sin
1
-
(

ncos^-cosy-cos
30 50
...-cos
2n + l

(30 ,0) . n0i

2
Sm
2

=n
2
COt
2
-- - (w + 2)

2 sin 2 -
.

n
n0

=
w
2
COt
.0
2

sin (n + 1)0
= __
_n +l
co t-- .
206 XXII. SUMMATION OF TRIGONOMETRICAL SERIES.

40. Let Sn denote the required sum, and _! the sum of the series
when n is changed to n - 1. Thus

(n-l) sin 26 + ... + 2 . 1 sinwfl,

S n _ l = n(n-l)sw0+(n-l)(n-2) sin 20 + ... + 2 . I sin (n- 1) 6 ;

therefore Sn - 5n _j = 2 {n sin + (n - 1) sin 26 + ... + sin n6} ;

that is, by Example 39,

Similarly

sin 30

- -- sin 20

2 sin 2 -

Hence by addition from this series of equations we obtain

sn = -
9
cot - -- -
'{sin 2 + sin 30 + ... + sin (n + 1) 0}

--
2 +3

4 sin3 -
 XXIII. FACTORS OF EXPRESSIONS. 207

XXIII.

1. By Art.-SJJ we have
2 s
~ _ e' 0*
+
v320i we have r "

~li*in
and by Art.

Take the logarithms of the equivalent expressions ;

thus

Expand the logarithms then both ; sides become series arranged according
to powers of ;
and by equating the coefficients of 2 we obtain

therefore
111
+ + +-=
7T

4
2. Equate the coefficients of in the two equivalent series of the pre-
ceding solution ;
thus since .
'

1(0 2 6* 2

1/1 \ 2 = ii
^i/ir + & +#+-)i
i i i \
we have - -
^ ( <
(

therefore + + + . . .
= 2^ -

7T/1 1\_7T*
12V3" 5y/ ~90*

3. Let 5= + + +...;

and let
2=^+1 + 1 + 1+....
 208 XXIII. RESOLUTION OF TRIGONOMETRICAL

Then s=
1111
_ + 3n+ ^ + __ + ...

1111

2n -l-
Therefore S=- S.

Hence S can be found when S is known.

If n = 2 we have S= -,- by Example 1 ; and then 2 = j -^ .

= .

O 4 o

4. In the preceding solution suppose n=4; then we have S="- by

yu

Example 2, and therefore "2, = . = .

J.O yo yo
o^dV
i
( / 5. By Art.-fttQ we have
n0 = 2"-
1
sin sin 0. sin (2,3 + 0). sin (4/3 + 0) ... sin (2n/3 -2/3 + 0)

where /3
= .

Let ct = -/3, and let = a; then 8^720 = 8^ =^; thus

a 4 2-y/

- = 2"" 1 sin o sin 5a sin 9a . . . sin (4 - 3) a ;

therefore sin a sin 5a sin 9a . . . sin (4n - 3) a = 2~"+i.

6. Let r be the radius of the circle. The polygon can be resolved into
n triangles and thus the area of the polygon
;

2
= r- {sin a + sin 2a + sin 3a + ... + sin na} |
. na
-
a sin

. a
sm-
 EXPRESSIONS INTO FACTORS. 209

But
n (n
l + 1) a .

that is =27r,
2
n+1
so that
.
a = 2?r
-.
Now the area of the regular polygon of n sides

= w sm 2w = w sm n+1 a
2 2
. .

T V -2-
'

Hence the ratio of the former area to the latter = -

sin

nsm-
.

.
na
-g

a
.

7. Let A, B, C, ... be the angles of the polygon. From A draw straight

lines to the other angles. Let AP be the mP straight line, so that AP sub-

tends at the centre of the circle the angle m . Then AP = 2asmm3

n

where B = - .
n
Thus the product of all the straight lines

= (2a) n ~ 1
sin/3 sin 2ft sin 3 ... sin (n - 1)

= ^- 1
;

for by Art. 318 we have

~1
w = 2n sin /3
sin 2/3 sin 3/3 ... sin (n- l)/3.

8. Let ^ 5, (7, ... be the points of contact of the circle with the circum-
,

scribed polygon taken in order. Let be the fixed point, and suppose the
arc OA to subtend an angle 20 at the centre of the circle. Then the angle
between OA and the tangent at A is and the length of the perpendicular ;

from on this tangent is OA sin 0, that is 2a sin 2 0. Thus we have

p l = 2a sin 2 0.

Let /3 = ~ ,
then we obtain in a similar way

;? 4
= 2a sin 2 (0 + 3/3),
and so on.

Thus J7 1 p 3 p 5 ... 2) 2n _ 1
= (2a)"sm 2 0sin 2 (0+2^)...sm 2 {0+(2-2) 3} /

T. T. K.
210 XXIII. RESOLUTION O.7 TRIGONOMETRICAL

In the same way we have

- 1)0}
Ptf* -Pzn^W sin 2
(0 4 jS)
sin 2 (0 + 3/5) ... sin 2 {0 + (2

aw 2

Hence by addition we obtain

an ,
an
<^2 (
Sin n $ + COS ' W 0)> ^ Ba ' 1S '
9^=2

Let A, B, C, D, ... be the angular points of the inscribed polygon.

9.
Let be the fixed point from which the perpendiculars are drawn. Let the
arc OA subtend an angle 2a at the centre of the circle, let the arc OB subtend
an angle 2/3, the arc OC an angle 2y, and so on.
Let 2\ #2 Ps '
denote the perpendiculars from on the sides of the
circurnscnbed^poly gon which touch the circle at A B O, , , . . .
respectively. Then

pi
= OA sin a, p.2 OB sin /S, pa

Again, let q l
q 2 q3 , , ,
... denote the perpendiculars from on the sides of
the inscribed polygon AB, EC, CD, ...' respectively. Then

ql = OA sin OA B = OA sin (TT

- j8) = OA sinyS ;

similarly q2
= OB sin 7, q.^OC sin 5, ...

Thus piPsP-j... and q l q.2 q s ... are equal, for each is equal to th product
of the same series of lengths into the same series of sines.

10. By Art. -^ifr we have

cos 5A = 16 sin (A + 18) sin (A + 54) sin (A + 90) sin (A + 126) sin (A + 162)
= 16 cos (72 - A) cos (36 (J - A) cos A cos (A + 36) cos (A + 72) ;

and cos (36 -A) = - cos (144 +A ) ,

cos (A + 36) = - cos (144 - A ),
therefore
cos 54 = 16 cos (72 -A) cos(72 + J) cos A cos (144 -A) cos (144

(4 JrT. Put for in the expression for sin Q in Art.

320; thus
^
>

*
 EXPRESSIONS IXTO FACTORS. 211

12. In the general result of Art. 321 put - for 0, thus

13. It is shewn in Art. 321 that

The product of the first two factors on the right-hand side

_4 -.'
n +
2
YIY -
\ 1
\ 2 /
and this is equal to z 2
when vanishes.

Thus, by supposing &=0, we obtain

Extract the square root and put 2x for z ;

thus

14. Let s denote the series of which we require the sum,

Hence by Examples 1 and 2 we have.

7T
4
/ 1 1\ 7T
4
/I 1\ 7T4
"

15. By Art. 318 we have

=2 n~ 1 . ./ TT\ .
f 27T\ . / H-l \
sin n<p sin sin ( 0+ I sin I
0H I ... sin I
0H tr \ .

\ */ V / \ *'
'

Change into +- ; then since n is even we have

/ TT\ / mr\ mr
+ -= ] = sin n0 + -- = sin
,

sin n ( ( cos ;
J

02
 212 XXIII. RESOLUTION OF TRIGONOMETRICAL

thus
rnr ._ / TT\ / 2?r\ / n-1
sin nq> cos = z" l
cos <p cos I
9H I cos I H 1 ...cos I <f>-\ w\
]
* \ nj \ y \ y

Divide the former result by this ; then we obtain

nir f TT\ ,
/ 27r\ / n- 1 \
sec-7r=tan0
2
tan
V
0+
*/
tan
A
+
* / ) ...tanl
V
0+
.

t
*/ TT .

cos^ (-1)5

16. sin 5 A - cos 5A = *fi sin (5A 45) = ^/2 sin 5 (A

- - 9).

And by Art. 318 we have sin 5 (A - 9)

= 2 4 sin B sin (B + 36) sin (B + 72) sin (5 + 108) sin (B + 144),

where B = A - 9,
= 2 4 sin (4
-
9) sin (A + 27) cos (27 - A) cos (A+ 9) sin (4 + 135)
= 2* sin (A - 9) sin (A + 27) cos (27 - A) cos (A + 9) (cos A-wnA)-^.
& \J

Therefore sin 5 A - cos 5 A

= 2 4 sin (A - 9) sin (.4 + 27) cos (A - 27^ cos (A + 9) (cos A -am A).

<* 4T. By Art. 320 we have

sin
~e

Put x for 6 : thus

,
therefore
, IT
= 2.2.4.4.6.6.8.8...
2 1.3.3.6.5.7.7.9...

18. We have .
 EXPRESSIONS INTO FACTORS. 213

Divide the first by the second : thus

In the formula for cos 6 in Art. 320 put for 6 ; thus

1 l
v^V "^; ( ~2*r
99.195...
~
^3.35.
4. 36. 100. 196...'

therefore ,. 4.36.100.196...

In the formula for cos in Art. 320 put for 6 ;

thus

^8.80.224.440...
~~
9. 81. 225. 441...*

y- y
cos x cos + sin x sin
|
21. cos x + tan 4- sin x
2 u

Now by Art. 320

Divide the former by the latter. Then

2
l
(2*-y)
 214 XXIII. RESOLUTION OF TRIGONOMETRICAL

Similarly
'

3 2 7T S

And so on. Thus the required result is obtained.

. y
- sin x y fy - \
cos x sin cos sin I a; 1
^ | |
- & cos x- cot
y-
sot ~ a; =
sin 05 ^~
V 2
sin
. y
sin
. y
| |
Now by Art. 320

2
-2*) )

Divide the former by the latter. Then

y y

4.7T 2 2 - - 2a;)
_ 47r (y
47T 2 - ya 4?r 2 - y3

-
4x2
+ 4xy =
/ 2x
~ \f 2x \

a ..
. .

Similarly
4.2V 8 .
=(!+.---
/, 2 --
H 1 -!*r+yj
\ /- .
2a; \

r~r_
'
_
4.2V 2
\ ^-y)\ )

And so on. Thus the required result is obtained.

--
-
i
-
cos x- cosy
-
cos u
y
2 sm an y
.
--
 EXPRESSIONS INTO FACTORS. 215

Now by Art. 320

Divide the first by the third, and divide the second by the third, and
multiply the results together.

And as in the solution of Example 22,

2
,
"(y-^)

1
~4 2

'- <*+)
^ i
H
1-
47T 1

'~472V 2 ~4.2"V 2

~4T2T
1 1
r2
7i ~4^V2

And so on. Thus the require 1 result is obtained.

216 XXIII. RESOLUTION OF TRIGONOMETRICAL

2cos*f
Now by Art. 320

Divide the first by the third, and divide the second by the third, and
multiply the two results together j the reductions will be similar to those
in the preceding solution.

^
2
-. (y-) 2 , (y+s)
IT H?~ *
Thus

8V
And so on. Thus the required result is obtained.

Or we may obtain the result in Example 24 by changing y into TT -y in

the result of Example 23.

2 sm (s + y)
sin a; + sin y _
25.
siny
2 sin cos
I |
Now in the course of the solution of Example 23 we see that

And by changing y into IT - y we see that

1 .

Hence by multiplication the required rr suit is obtained.

 EXPRESSIONS INTO FACTORS. 217

26. We have cos x + tan ^ sin x

thus the coefficient of x is tan .

|

Now conceive the factors on the right-hand side of the formula of Exam-
ple 21 multiplied together, and the product arranged according to powers
of x. The first term will be unity the second term will involve x, and the
;

coefficient will be
2 2 2
_2_
ir y ir-i-y 3ir-y 3~+y
Hence by equating the coefficients we obtain the required result.

27. Proceed as in the solution of Example 26. Then on the left-hand

side the coefficient of x will be - cot and on the right-hand side

^ ,

2 2 2 2
_2 + +
y 2Tr-y~2ir + y
Equate the coefficients, and then change the signs of both sides ;
thus we
obtain the required result.

28. In the formula of Example 26 put for y ;

then
Q

1 1 (6 6 6 6 6
tllUS =

thatlS
1
= 6 (1111
" + - +
1
- 1

therefore

29. In the formula of Example 27 put for y ;

then

cot = cot - = /3 ;
2 o

_e j
i
j.i 1 _ JL + 1_ ) .

TT
__ 1
= i-- +
1
- 1
+
1
- ~1 + \_
therefore /o
? ^ ....
218 XXIV. MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.

30. Add together the results given in Examples 26 and 27 ; then

. y

Thus
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
_2
~ ^

Then divide both sides by 2.

Or we may equate the coefficients of x in Example 25.

XXIV.
/\
fi fi fi / fi

1. gin cos - = 2 siu - cos 2 - = 2 sin - sin 2 (

t m m 2 V 2 .' 2

62
sm 2s ^cos .2 -
.

62
sin 2 ^ cos 2 -

2$. e 20
cos - cos
.

tan-
T Bin-co^
sin cos-

/ 20
Again (tan 2, - cosec 2,0
- - sec 2-0\
- cot =
j

pos
..sin
2 --
2 -
4 O

. ^ 20
. ,20
Bin sin - cot
T
-

8
.

cos 2 - sin 2
g
 XXIV. MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS. 219
3. tan 30 -tan 20 -tan

sin 30 sin 20
-tan0
J

cos 30 cos 20

sin 30 cos 20 - sin 20

-tan0
cos 30 cos 20

sin sin
cos 30 cos 20 cos

=0030 col^ cos BB <<S-W)-eo.Meo.2}

sin 20 sin 30
= sin = tan
.

.
-

tan 20 tan 30.

cos cos 20 cos 30

4.

therefore (tan x + cot x)

3 -3 2 2
(tan x cot x + cot a; tan x) = m 3 - 3m ;

therefore (tan x + cot x)

- 3 (tan x + cot
3
x) = m 3 - 3m ;

3 - m* = 3 (tan x + cot - 3?,.

therefore (tan x + cot cc) z)

Put y for tansc + cota;; thus

therefore (y
- m) (y
2
+ ym + m 2 = 3 ) (y
- m) .

Therefore either y-m = 0, or

Take y-m = 0; thus

sin x cos x
therefore t-

therefore = w;
sin x cos a;

therefore sin2x=-.
m
Again, take y* + ym + m?
= 3. By solving this quadratic in the usual way
we obtain
2
-j V(12-3m )
"
2

and thus we obtain two other values for sin 2x.

220 XXIV. MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.

5. Let T denote the m th

point, counting from A as the first, so that the

angle TOA m^, where &=- Then, since the angle OTA is a right angle,

we have OT=OA co8TOA=2rcosm[3, where r is the radius of the circle.

The angle between OT and the tangent at T is equal to the angle TAO, and
is therefore - m/3. Thus the perpendicular from on the tangent at

T=OT \- mP\ = OZ cosm/5 = 2rcos

T 2
sin m|3. The square of the perpen-
2 4
dicular is 4r cos mfi.

Thus the sum of the squares of the perpendiculars

= 4r 2 {l + cos 4 +cos 4 2 3+...+cos 4 (2w-l)j31.

i

Now cos 4
81
=- + --
cos 26
1
+ -cos 40.
O a O

Apply this transformation to every term in the series, observing that 1

may be considered as cos 0.

Thus the sum of the squares of the perpendiculars

O
= 4r 2 . -_
;
. 2n+ 2r 2 {cosO + cos 2j3 + cos 4/3+... +cos 2 (In- !)}
8

r2
+ {cosO + cos 4/3 + cos 8/3 + ... +cos4(2w-l)}.

Each series of cosines will vanish as in Art. 305 ;

thus we find that the
sum of the squares of the perpendiculars 3 2
. = w
6. -Let ACP = 6, ACQ = (f>,
ACR = $ ;
let A0=p. Then
Now, in order that a triangle may Ap, Aq, and Ar as sides we must
exist with
have Ap + Aq greater than Ar ;
thus tan + tan must be greater than
tan if/.

But by Art. 114 we have

tan 6+ tan <f> +tan ^=tan tan tan \f/.

Hence tan tan tan \f/

must be greater than 2 tan \f/,
and therefore
tan tan greater than 2. Therefore a fortiori tan 2 must be greater
than 2.

Thus the inferior limit of Aq is when tan QCA =x /2.

Again, since + + ^ = ir, the superior limit of is the value of when

0, 0, and ^/ are all equal ;
that is, when =J .
o
 XXIV. MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS. 221

When the triangle is formed the radius of the inscribed circle, by

Art. 248, is
2S '
a* d ^ ^dius of the circumscribed

Circle

p
2
^-
2
-
tan
by Art. 252
tan 6 tan
+ tan + tan
d>
is

tan i^
-7
\{/
,

Hence the product of the radii is constant, whatever

,.
that
, .

is
an

p
;r
2
2
,
,in_^

by Art. 114.
^^ prO(juct o f

6, <f>,
and \f/ may be ;

and therefore one radius varies inversely as the other.

7. As in Art. 250 we see that CF=s ; also CE=r-, hence

the area of CEF=^rs, i

And, as in Art. 248 the area of ABC= rs ;

therefore CEFis half ABC.

8. The straight lines bisecting the external angles are the same as those
which join the centres of the escribed circles.

Thus, by Example xvi. 34, we have S'=^~;

S' dbc sabc abc

therefore
S 2rS 2S 2 2(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)

= -1 cosec A B G
-TT cosec cosec .

2 & a &

9. Let P denote the point above D. Then PD x A G- twice the area of

the triangle APC=AP.PC sin 2a ;
therefore

_ A P PC. . sin
2a_ (a + 5) AP PC. sin2a _. (a + b)AP.PO. sin2a
AC AC'2

2 (a + b} ah sin a cos a
*
+ COS 2 a^ _ 2ab (cos 2 a - sin 2 a)
2(a+b)ab tana

10. Let AB be the arc, and C the centre of the circle; in AB take any
point P, join PA, and draw PJ/ perpendicular to AB.
Let CL1 = 2r PCA=26,,
222 XXIV. MISCELLANEOUS PKOPOSITIONS.

Then AB = 2rsiny, AP = 2rsin0, PM = AP sin PA B = AP sin (7- 0).

have then to shew that 2r sin 6 { I + sin (7 - 0) }

We is less than 2r sin 7, or
that sin (7 - 0) sin is less than sin 7 - sin 6, or that

cos i (7 - 6} sin 6 is less than 2 sin - (7 - 6) cos (7

- - + 6),
2 sin - (7 6}

or that cos - (7 - 6) sin is less than cos --

(7 + 0).

Now this is the case, for cos s (7 - 0) sin is less than sin 0, and therefore
l

than sin 7; and cos - (7 + 0) - + 7),

less is greater than cos (7 that is greater

than cos 7 ;
and cos 7 is greater than sin 7, since 7 is less than .

11. Let A be the position of the observer's eye, C the cloud, B the
image of the cloud formed by the lake. Draw the horizontal straight line
A H. Then HAC=a, and HAB = p.
The straight lines CB and AB are equally inclined to the surface of the
water by the Laws of Optics, and thus the angle between CB and AH is

equal to ft,

CB ~~
_ sin CAB ~
_ sinjS_+a) m
'
AB tin. AC B sfifS^a
~
therefore CBD --//, -\
sm(/3-a)

The height of the cloud = CB sin /3

=
- a!
AB

^
*
sin -
(ft a)

12. Let J. be the position of the observer's eye, the cloud, the C B
shadow of the cloud on the sea. Then the position of the sun is on BC
produced through C. Draw from A
a horizontal straight line meeting BC
at H. Then HACa, and HAB=ft. On account of the enormous distance
of the sun, the straight line HO
may be considered as parallel to the straight
line drawn from A to the sun ; so that OffA y. =

Now ~ ~~
BA -
sin BOA sin (IT a - 7) sin (a -t- 7)

The height of the cloud above the surface of the sea

-
sin
sm fta sin (a + 7) ,3

_ sin 7 sin(a + /3)

' '

sin ft sin (a + 7)
 XXIV. MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS. 223
13. Assume that
2 n-i cos n Q = cos nd
7
+ n cos ( n _ 2) e + cos (n - 4) e +
Mp~- ...

~
+ n(n-l)... (n-r+l)
COS n~
^r (

Multiply both sides by 2 cos 6>. Thus

2 n cos n +a = 2 cos 7*0 cos 6 + 2n cos (w - 2) cos

Now use the formula 2 cos^l cos^cos^l + .Z?) + cos(J[ - B) for the terms
on the right-hand side. Thus
2 n cos n +1 6 = cos + + cos(n 1) (n-l)0
+n {cos(n l)0 + cos(r?-3)0}

...

Then
re-arrange the terms on the right-hand side, and we obtain a series
like that with which we started except that we have n + 1 instead of n.

For instance, the term involving cos (n

- 3) is

that is cos (7i+ 1-4)0.

And generally the term involving cos (n + l- 2r) is

+ .(.- 1) .^n- ,-M);

|njn- l)^(n-r+2)

that is i

-
that is (g+A)_"_-( cos (B + _
! 2r) 8 .

This shews that if the formula holds for an assigned value of n it holds;
also when n is changed into n + l. Moreover the formula evidently holds
when 7i = l.
We have not paid special attention to the last term in the expansion, but
it is easy to do this if required.
224 XXIV. MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.

14. Take the formula of Art. 280, and suppose n even ; thus

"1
2 71 cos" = cos n0 + n cos (n - 2) + /*"!
'
cos (n - 4) + . . .

c-i) ...Yi+i)

Change 6 into -- 6 ;
thus

cos" becomes cos n (

- ,
that is sinn ;
j
\ /

cos i0 becomes cos n ( - that is cos cos n0, that is (- 1) 2 cos

^ j
,
w^- ;

cos (n - 2) becomes cos - 2) f - that is (- 1)

*
cos (n -
(n 2) ;
|" J,

and so on.

n M-2
Thus 2"- 1 sin* = (- 1) 2 cos w0 +n (- 1)
2
cos (n - 2)
/
_ , \ n-4
+ t" 1 )"* cos (-4)0+ ...
1 2

- 2 thus we obtain the formula of Art. 282.

Multiply both sides by ( 1) ;

Next suppose n odd. Then in the same manner we deduce the formula
of Art. 283 from that of Art. 280 we observe now that ;

n-i
fir \
cosn 2
(--0j=sinw ~sinn0=(-l) sinn0,

w"3
fir \
cos(-2) ( = (-l) 2 sin (w- 2)0,
~-0J
and so on.

15. Let tan~ 1 aj = 0, so that tan0 = ce; then

cos0=. 7- -r and 8^0=,-, ^,

And by Art. 270

cos 60 = cos 6 0-15 cos 4 sin 2 + 15 cos 2 sin4 - sin 6

 XXIV. MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS. 225

16. Since the quadrilateral can be inscribed in a circle, the area by

Art. 254 is ^{(s- a) (s - b) (s - c) (s - d) }. But when a quadrilateral can be
described about a circle it may be shewn by geometry that the sum of two
opposite sides is equal to the sum of the other two. Thus in the present case

Now .

therefore s-a = c, s-b = d, s c = a, s-d=b;

therefore V{ (s - a) (s
- b) (s-c)(s-d)} =

Thus the area =

17. Let a, b, c, d denote the sides taken in succession ;

let B denote the
angle between the first two, and D the angle between the last two. Thus
JJ + D = 0.

Then dividing the quadrilateral into two triangles, as in Art. 254, we have

S= n ab-J
sin B + -cd sinD ............................. (1).
&

And from two values which can be obtained for the square of the
diagonal opposite B and D we have
a 2 + 52 _ 2ab cos B = c2 + d 2 - 2cd cos D,

~ "
therefore = ,ab cos B- cd cos D ................. (2).

Square and add (1) and (2) : thus

1
abcd cos (B + D}

= - (a? 62 + c-d 2
)
- i abcd cos 6 = (a"&
2
+ c2 ^ 2 - ^
)
abcd cos 2 - - 1 ;

^ ^2 J

therefore 5^ |(a& +)*- f ^^ -)*-

^cZ cos 2
1
.

6=
2 must reduce to
Now we know that if IT the expression for

(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)(s-d).

Hence we are sure that

and
^(ab
this is easily verified.
+ cd)*-- ("-

For
^ -J
this expression
must take the form

just given ;

T. T. K.
226 XXIV. MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.

Thus S* = (s-a)(s-b)(S -c)(s-d)-abcdcoB*.

/ 18. Let t stand for tan 0. By Art. 270 we have

L n(n-l) , n(n-l') (n-2}(n-3)
cosne = cos n 0ll--^.^~t y +
-jj-=
-
Put t for fj - 1 ;
then we may write the formula thus

2 cos n8 = cos" {(1 + rf)* + (1 - d)

n
}.

Therefore 2 cos* cos nO cos 2n {(1 + it) +n

(1
- t<) n}

Expand the two terms on the right-hand side by the Binomial Theorem,
and the required result is obtained.

19. Proceed as in the solution of Example 18. Thus we obtain

2 sin n0 =

C
therefore 2 cos" 6 sin nQ = - - {(1 + it} n - (1
- d} n }

Expand the two terms on the right-hand side by the Binomial Theorem,
and the required result is obtained.

20. Let have any value between and ; let h be a small positive
i

quantity.

is
We
we must shew that -
have then to shew that

+h ---
; -.
6
-:
-

is positive.
;- is greater than -.
-
, that

Now the sign of the last expression is the same as the sign of

(0 + h) sin 6-d sin (0 + /<),

 '

XXIV. MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS. 227

and is therefore the same as the sign of

sin 6 (1 - cos h) + h sin 6 - 6 cos 6 sin /*,

or as the sign of

6 sin (I
- cos h) + sin Q sin
\sm h tau tf

Now 1 - cos A is positive : and -:

- is greater than unity while - is
sin h tau
less than unity, by Art. 118 ;
thus the expression is positive.

21. Let e have any value between and let h be a small positive
^ ;

quantity. We have then to shew that - is

greater than
-

5^
v- , that

is we must shew that -

9
- +
.-
h 6
,
is positive.
tantf tan(0 + A)

Now the sign of the last expression is the same as the sign of

6 cos 6 sin (0 + h)-(d + h) cos (0 + h) sin 0,

that is of 9 sin h - h cos (0 + k) sin 0,

that is of - - -
-3-j- cos (0+h).
sin sin h
n
But as we may suppose h less than 0, we know by Example 20 that -.---

is greater than . ---. and therefore .

-
is greater than -.-
-f cos (0 + k).
sin h sin sin h

22. Lei P6> intersect FD at^gT; then by similar triangles, since P^l = 2PF,
we have 6U = 2 /-'A"; but D^=OA therefore DF=2FK; therefore DF is
m
t

bisected at K.

Also since PJ. is bisected at F }

it follows by similar triangles that PO is
bisected at K.

23. Let PO intersect AD at L. Then the triangles ALP and Z>Z(9 are
., . LD = LA ,. ,
LD = OD FA = 1
~
similar ;
therefore ;
therefore

24. The point TTin the solution of Example 22 being the middle point oiDF
^ p2=p2 2
'

is the centre of the nine points circle. Thus P, K, and are in one straight

line. Also this straight line cats AD at a point L, such that ,-.-.-
LA.
= s
2
;
and

OP is divided at L so that = .>

P2
228 XXIV. MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.

In manner the straight line from B to the middle point of AC cuts

like
OP same point as AD does and so also does the straight line from
at the ;

C to the middle point of AB, Hence the point L is the intersection of the
three straight lines from the angles of ABC to the middle points of the oppo-
site sides.

25. The centre of the nine points circle is the middle point of OP, hence

the perpendicular from it on BC=^(OD + PG). Now OD = RcosA, and

PG-BP AnPBG=BP cos g- cos PBG .

sm G
-- Csin

= 2E cos B cos C.
Hence the perpendicular required
1 7?
= -( cos A + 2R cos B cos C) = o& {2 cos B cos (7 - cos (B + C}\
2,

n .Jl
=- (cos B cos C- sin C sin 1?) = - cos^C-B).

Or thus : the required perpendicular

= 5 gin #Z> = cos CU G = cos

cos {90 -B- (90

- C)} = cos (C -

26. The perpendicular from the centre of the nine points circle on AG

= {sin (B + C) - 2 sin B cos C} = sin (C- B).

Or thus : the required perpendicular

^cosHDG = ~sinOAG^sin(C-B).
27. We have AP = 2AF=20D = '2R cos A ; and, as shewn in the solution
of Example 25, the angle OAP=C-B.
Then, from the triangle OAP,
OP'2 =OA* + PA* - 20A PA cos (C- B)
.

= 722 {l + 4cos 2 ^-4cos^l cos (C-B}\

= 72 2 + 4ft2 cos A {cos A - cos (C - B}}
= 72 2 + 4ft 2 cos^l - cos (5 + C) - cos ((7-
{ )}

= IP - 872 2 cos A cos B cos (7.

 XXIV. MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS. 22.9

28. Denote the centre of the nine points circle by A'; then K is the
middle point of OP.

Now OA 2 =K 2
+ KA* -ZOK.KAcos OKA ,

PA = PK 2 2
+ KA 2 - 2PA' . KA cos PKA ;

therefore, by addition,

thus 2A^ 2 = 2
+ 4R2 cos * ^ _ 20^ = 72 2 + 472 2 cos 2 .< - PO2 .

Therefore, by the aid of Example 27,

4A^1 2 = 2 2
+ S722 cos 2 ^ - 722 (1
- 8 cos^ cos cos C)

= & + SRZ cos A (cos ^ + cos B cos (7)

= 5 s + 8T22 cos J. {
- cos (B + C) + cos B cos (7}

=J2 2 + 8T22 cos ^ sin B sin (7;

'

therefore JL1 = f V(l + 8 cos A sin .B sin C).

. J

29. Take the diagram of Art. 332. The centre of the nine points circle
is on a straight line which bisects DG at right angles and so it cannot be at ;

O unless Dand G coincide, that is unless the perpendicular AG bisects

C, that is unless B = C. Similarly we see, by considering the side AC
instead of BO, that it will be necessary to have A = C. Thus the triangle
must be equilateral.

30. Take the diagram of Art. 332. The centre of the inscribed circle is
on the straight line AE, which bisects the angle A and the centre of the ;

nine points circle is on DF hence when the two coincide it must be at the
:

point H. Thus, by Example 22, we must have If at the middle point of

OP. Then from the similar triangles OH.E and AHP we find that OE must
be equal to AP, that is to twice AF. Thus 72 = 2^2 cos A therefore ^ = 60. ;

Similarly we see by considering the side AC instead of J5<7, that 5 = 60.

Hence the triangle must be equilateral.

Or we may use Example 25 ;

thus we must have

r - C} -
=| cos (B =|cos (C- A) =|cos(,l ) ;

so that cos (B-(7) = cos(C'-^l) = cos(^ - B):

these lead to A=B^C.

230 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.
Let x denote the number of degrees in the unit. Then 3 x :: "15
1. : : 1.
q 00
Hence x = = 20. The measure of a right angle will be that is 4g. ,

2. Let x denote the Circular measure of the larger angle, y that of the'

measure --- we have

smaller angle. Then, since the circular of 1 is ,

3. Here tan x + .
-
tanas
=a +b ; therefore tan 2 x - (a + 6) tan x + ab = 0.

By solving this quadratic equation we obtain tan a; = a, or tana = 6.

4. Here sin (20 + 6)

= sin 6 cos 20, that is

sin 20 cos 6+ cos 26 sin = sin 6 cos 28 ;

therefore sin 26 cos = 0, that is 2 sin 6 cos 2 = 0.

If cos 9 we have an odd multiple of ; and if sin = we have an

even multiple of r : hence all the solutions are comprised in = n--, where n
is zero or an integer.

5. Let 2 A denote the whole angle, and A+x one of the two unequal
parts ;
then A - x denotes the other. Hence we have to shew that
sin (A + x) sin (A -x)+ sin 2 x sin 2 A ;

and this is obvious by Art. 83.

G. (sec 6 sec + tan tan 0) 2 - (tan sec <f> + sec tan 0) 2

= sec 2 sec 2 + tan 2 tan 2 - tan 2 8 sec 2 - sec 2 <f>
tan 2
= sec 2 (sec 2 - tan 2 0) - tan 2 (sec 2 - tan 2 6) <f>

= sec 2 ^- tan 2 = 1.
2 (1 + tan 2 tan2 0) - sec 2 sec 2 =^
2 (cos 2
"cosVcoi
cos 2
+ sin2
2
sin 2 0) - 1

_ (1 + cos 26} cos 2 + (1 - cos 20) sin 2 0-1

cos 2 cos 2

cos 20 (cos 2 0- sin 2 0) cos 20 cos 20

COS 2 6 COS'2 COS 2 COS 2

cos 20 cos 20 cos 2 cos 2

And ~~ ~ sec 20 sec 20
cos 2 cos 2 cos 20 cos 20 2
sec sec 2
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 231

7. Since A +J3+ (7=360, we have cos C= cos (A + B).

Thus 1 - cos 2
A - cos i?2 - cos 2 (7 +2 cos A cos .B cos

= l-cos 2 J. -cos 3 J?-f cos (7(2 cos^ cos B cos (7)

= 1 - cos 2 J. - cos 2 5 + cos (A + B) (cos A cos J? + sin ^4 sin .B)
= l-cos 2 ^ - cos 2 B+ (cos .4 cos.B-sin.4 sin B) (cos ^ cos B + sin ^ sin B)
= 1 - cos 2 ^ - cos 2 B + cos 2 J. cos 2 B - sin2 J. sin 2 B
= 1 - cos 2 4 - cos 2 J? + cos 3 A cos 2 - (1 - cos 2 A) (1 - cos2 B)
= 0.
3 4
8 sin A= -= : therefore cos A =^ .

5 y
1 9 5
sin -5==-=; therefore cos B = lo .

lo
7 24
sin C= 2- 5
therefore cos
^=5^
/O 1 /

Hence we obtain sin (A + B) = cos (A + B) = -

^ ,
^ ;

63 x 24 - 7 x 16 1400 56
then

9. cc

From these we obtain sin

^ ft
2r cos - 2r Bin -

Square and add ; thus 1 =7-,,

1
'
J
-
ffo-f?/)
2
+
-

therefore 4r2 sin2 cos 2 = (* + 2/)

2 sin 2 + (y - x) 2 cos 2
1
;

j* g 1
*

that is r 2 sin 2 a = x 2 + y z - 2xy 2 - sin2 =* + 2/

2 - 2^y cos a.
(cos

l-tan 2 1-tan 2
|
232 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.
J f\ f\ i / f\ -*n\
therefore a tan ? - & tan - = tan - tan^ f a tan - b tan
^ J

=c tan - tan
^ ;

therefore a tan = tan - (b +c tan .

|* | J

/3

Substitute for tan - from the second of the given equations, and we obtain

a2 tan=.(& + ctan?n f c + bt&n?}.

11. Let x denote the number of degrees in one angle ; then 90 - x denotes
the number of degrees in the other angle, and consequently ~- (90 - x) the

number of grades. Hence x = x - x) =- (90

- x) Therefore 4x = 90,
y (90
.

iu o
and x =22i.

12. Let the circular measure of an angle be ;

then the number of

.
~
nir 180 . mr 200
degrees in it is . , that is 9n ;
and the number of grades is
^ .
,

that is lOn.

13. Here (sin a cos ft + cos a sin /3) cos 7 = (sin a cos 7 + cos a sin 7) cos p ;

therefore cos a (sin /S cos 7- sin 7 cos /3) = 0,

that is cos a sin (/3
- 7) = 0.

Either then cos a = 0, so that a is an odd multiple of ;

or sin (/3
- 7) =0,

so that /S- y is a multiple of ir,

14. sin 4A (tan

4 A +2 tan 2 A + 1) = sin 4A (tan
2 ^1
+ 1) 2
_ sin_44 _ 2 sin 2^ cos 2^ _ 4 sin A cos 2 A
cos4 ,4 cub 4 .4 cos 3 .4

_4 sin A (cos
2
^ - sin 2 A )

And

_4 sin ^i (sin
2
A - cos 2 ^i)

Therefore sin A (tan

4
A + 2 tan 2 ^i + 1) + 4 tan 3 ^ - 4 tan A = 0.
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 233

15. By Art. 83, sin2 24 - sin 2 C = sin (24 + 6) sin (24 - 6)

= sin 30 sin 18.

Also sin 30 = , and sin 18 =

16. The given expression is

sin A (sin A + cos B

sin C + cos C sin B)

+ sin B (sin B + cos C sin A + cos A sin C)

4 sin C (sin C+ cos A sin B + cos .# sin A),
that is sin 4 {sin A + sin (5 +C)} + siu {sin 5+ sin

-f sin C {sin (7+ sin (A +B)}.

Now since A + B + (7=360, we have

sin(Z? + (7) =
- sin^l, sin ((7+ ^4) = - sin B, sm(A + B) = - sin C:
'thus the whole expression vanishes.

17. We have
cos a cos 7 sin a sin _
7 ~~ 1 , cos ft
cos 7 sin /3 sin 7_ 1
*
'
a 6 c a 6 c

From these equations we find cos 7 and sin 7. We get

a (sin (3
- sin a) _
3S7==
c(cosasinj3-cos/3sina)~ csin(j8-a)

a cos - (/3 + a)

ccos-(^-a)

7 ~~c
6(cosa-cos/3)
(cos a sin/3- cos jSsina)
_ __
~~
26 sin --
vr + a) sin ^ (0
2 (j8

csin(/3-a)
2
_
- a)

6 sin (/3+ a)

c cos - - a)
(/3

Square, and add

----
; thus

a 2 cos 2 - (/3 + a) + 6 2 sin 2 -

(/3 + a)
2 2
j

therefore c {l
2
+ cos (^-a)
therefore (6
2
+ c 2 - a2 ) cos a cos + (a3 + c2 - 6 2 )
sin a sin /3 = a2 + 62 - c 3 .
234 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

18. sin A=
1
;
therefore cos 2A =1-a = - 27 ,

sin 5=-
J
; therefore cos 2
.44 =1-^= -
,

Hence sin

19. cos 4x + cos 2# + cos 05= 0;

therefore 2 cos 3o5 cos cc + cos x = ;

therefore either cos x = or 2 cos 3# + 1 = 0.

If coso;:=0, then =(2n + l)-.

If cos3a; = --, then 3x = 2nir~.

A i
jy
A _ J)
20. cos 4 + cos B = 2 cos - cos ;

(74- D C 1
D
cos C+ cos D 2 cos s cos i>

_ -
C7-D ,
2 cos cos , by Art. 48.

Hence, by addition,

cos A + cos B + cos C + cos D=2 cos - - -- cos;

4 cos
A+S
- sin
.
--- --
A + C-P-D
sin
C+B-A-D
jcos

.
|

- --
^ .

Also
. A+C-B-D =sin 2^ + 2(7-360 =sm(fA +--
sm --- -
. C mn \ = - A+C ,

4 ^ J 90J cos-^- ;

and in like manner Bin -~ ll^ = _ cos ?_+_? .

Thus we obtain finally 4 cos cos -+ C cos

 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 235

21. Suppose that the smaller unit contains x degrees, and therefore the
larger unit x + 10 degrees. Let n denote the number of degrees in the angle
o o
measured; then - is to as 3 is to 2. Therefore - = ; whence
* = 20.

22. sin2 x + sin x = 1. Solving this quadratic in the ordinary way we

obtain sina; = - ;
the upper sign must be taken, as the lower would

make sin x numerically greater than unity.

. 6-2V5.
Thus

-2
COS2 *=1-
fi \/5 _ -2 + 2\/5 _ - 1+ V5
therefore
T~~ 4 2

6-2 N /5 3 - v5
therefore COS 4 X "
6

therefore COS X + COS 4 X = 1.

2

Or thus : sin x = 1 - sin 2 x = cos 2 x ; square ;

x = cos 4 x, that is 1 - cos 2 x = cos x

2 4
therefore sin j

therefore =
1 cos 2
x + cos 4
x.

23. Here tan 2 x + - r- = 2 ;

tan- x

therefore tan4 x - 2 tan2 x + 1 = ;

hence tan x 2 1 ;
therefore tan x = 1 ;

7T
therefore

a cos ^ + 6 sin
24. We have a sin +5 cos = c,

hence a cos0 + 6 sin^) =

sin 6 cos 6 + ab = c sin d cos 6
2 2
therefore (a
2
+6 )
;

therefore sin 26 (c
2 - a2 - 6 2 )
= 2a&.

l + cos(2^-27?)
25.

= 1 + cos 2^. cos 25;

therefore cos 2 (A + B) + cos 2 (A -13)- cos 24 cos 2E = 1.
236 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.
o
- tan B - tan B
26.

tan B sin.BcosB sin 2 B

2 + 3tan 2 J3 2 cos a ^ + 5 sin'i? 2 (1 + cos 25) + 3 (1 - cos 2 B)

5 -cos 2B'

27. si

therefore
.

2 sin
nd
cos -
d .80
= 2 sm - cos -
.

Thus either cos -

0, or sin -- = sin - .
L & i

From the former we have - = (2m + 1)1- All the solutions of the latter

are comprised in =rmr+ (- l) m > where ??i is zero or an integer.

28. Here tan (2a - 3^3)

= tan - 3a -h 2/5 ,

tan (2a + 3/3) = tan

and
^ - 3a -
Hence all possible solutions are comprised in

3, and 2a + 3/3 = n7r + - - 3a-

2/3,

where m and n are zero or integers.

From these we obtain a = (m + n + l) ,

/3=(n-m)^-,

so that a and /3 are multiples of .

sin(a + a;)sin(a-a:
>

==
l-2cos2a ^
'
costc^ a) cos (a -a) 1+ 2 cos 2a
sin 2 a - sin 2 x 1 - 2 cos 2a
therefore, by Art. 83, r-T7-= - _
cos 2 a - sm j x
^
1+2 cos 2a
therefore 4 cos 2a sin 2 x = sin2 a + 2 cos 2a) - cos 2 a (1 - 2 cos 2a)
(1

=- cos 2a + 2 cos 2a = cos 2a ;

- v
therefore sin x = -r
2
; therefore sin a = - ; therefore x rnr .
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 237

30. sin A + ski B = 2 sin cos

2 2

sin C + sin Z> = 2 sin ^? co s

^"^

=2 sin cos T , by Art. 48.

.3 4

Hence, by addition,

sin A +sin .Z? fsin (7+sin Z) =2 sin -

]cos hcos - I
J ( 2 2 J

^ + (7-5-2) ^+^-.B-(7
= 4 sin-^1+2? cos
.
-
cos , .

Then, as in Example 20, we can shew that

A-+ C-B-D A+ A+D-B-C = sin B+(J

cos = sin.

, and cos
.

31. The first the second angle contains

angle contains 60 degrees;
9 BIT 180
x 50 degrees, that the third angle contains
is 45 degrees
-y
X -
;

degrees, that is 135 degrees. Therefore the fourth angle must contain
360 - 60 - 45 - 135 degrees, that is 120 degrees.

32. sin .4
_
'
41 41 41
"

1 - 760\
2
= 7(61-60) -- (61 + 60)
""' JlVL 11

40x60 + 9x11 2499

'
2501

therefore
41 x 61

33. Here 3 sin -4 sin = 8 sin 3

3
;

therefore 3 sin 6 = 12 sin 3 \

therefore either sin = 0, or sin- = - :

the former gives 6 = mr; the latter gives =

238 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.
34. Divide the first by the second ;
thus we get
2

a cos d-b cos < =c ;

therefore cos 6 = ^ (r + -\ cos = - C-

,
^ (r J
.

Now
" 2 sin ' *
COS 2
= ._ ;
'
therefore a 2 (sec 2 0-1) =6 3
(sec
2 - 1) ;

COS 2

35. Here tan A+ tan C= 2 tan 5, and

t
112
_ +
-^
=

therefore =(2 tan^-tan^)'tan.fi _

tan^l/ ytanJ. tan/?/

_ /sin 5 cos A sin ^1 cos \

_ _
~ sin2 ^ cos 2 ^ +sin 2 J. cos 2 ^
\ cos ^ sin A + cos A sin /?/ s5iXoos"2 sin ^ cos 5
sin 5) 2 _ 8 sin 2 (~4-
*
sin A cos A sin JS cos ^ '

sin 2A sin 2.5

36. Here cos x (I- cos 2 #) = sin a (1 sin 2 a) ; therefore

cos x - sin a = cos 3 x - sin 3 a = (cos x - sin a) (cos 2 x + cos x sin a + sin 2 a) ;

therefore either cos x sin a = 0, or 1 = cos 2 x cos x sin a + sin2 a, -t-

The latter gives cos 2 x + cos x sin a = cos 2 a ;

by solving this quadratic equation we obtain

-^ sin a v/fsin 2 a + 4 cos 2 a) >

itwill be found that only one of these values is numerically less than unity,
namely, the numerically less of the two.

- 1 = 4 cos- (9-1 2 cos 26 +1

37. We have 2 cos '
2 cos +1
4 cos 2
20-1 2 cos 40 + 1
2 cos 20-1 =
2 cos 20+1 2 cos 20 + 1*
and so on, which we use down to

2 cos 2
2cos2- 1 + l
Multiply these expressions together, then by cancelling we obtain the re-
quired result.
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 239

38. Here tan (TT cot 0) = tan I ~ - IT tan 6 ;

J

hence all possible solutions are comprised in the formula

TT cot = n7r.+ -j
- TT tan ;

thus tan 2 0-fn + tan + 1 = 0;

-J
by solving this quadratic equation \ve obtain the value of tan 0.

39. cos 3
A + cos B + cos C -2 cos A cos B cos C-l
2 2

- (cos A - cos B cos C) 2 + cos 2 5 + cos 2 C - 1 - cos 2 B cos 2 (7

= (cos A - cos B cos <7) 2 - (1 - cos 2 .5) (1 - cos 2 (7)
= (cos J. - cos B cos (7) 2 - sin 2 B sin 2 (7
= (cos A - cos i? cos C+ sin ^ sin C) (cos .4 cos B cos (7- sin B sin C')

= {cos J. - cos (B + C)} {cos A - cos (5 - C)}

= 4 S in^ + +g + C g
'sm-
f sin^^sin^
f- -^-^
= - 4 sin
. yi+.B+C'
sm
#+C7-^
sm
^+(7-5
. . .

sin
A+B-C .
g

40. sin A - sin B = 2 sin cos --

;

sm <7-sinD = 2sm
C-D cos C+D .

= -2 sin eos , by Art. 48.

^-g
Hence, by addition,
A +B sm A-B
(
=
<
. .

sin C-D)
- C
2 2
(
J }

A+B . A + D-B-C A+C-B-D

=4 cos sin cos
^
2~-

41.
.

sj n

The angle
42
Then, as in Example 20, we can shew that
A + D-B-C =

described
cos
B+C
;

is
,

^
and eos

of
, A + C-B-D =

four right angles;

4
.
^A+C
sin
^

the
&

number
.

of

degrees =^x 360 = 150; the number of grades =

^ x 400 = 106;- ;
the cir-

cular measure = x 2?r = ~rr

2-tO MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

42. cos * + sin , =

*
similarly cos 20 + sin 26 - V2 cos f 26 - \ :

*"
the product = 2 cos ( 6 - cos ( 20 - = cos + cos ( 30 -
^ ) ] 9 j
.

1 sin A + sin 3 A
43. cosec 2 A (cosec .4 + cosec 3J) =
sin 2A sin .4 sin A '6

2 sin 2.4 cos A 2 cos A

'

sin 2A sin A sin o.4 sin A sin 3-4

'

/cos X
and cosec A (cot
1
= ---
.4- cot ----cos 3^4 \
3,4)' -.- I . . .

em A \sinA sinSAJ
- sin (3 A - A
~ 1 sin 3 A cos A cos 3 A sin A ~
'
_ 1 '
)

sin A sin A sin 3 A sin J. sin A sin 34

sin 2A _ 2 sin .4
~ cos A _ 2 cos A
~ ~~ '
sin 2 .4 sin 3>A 2
sin J. sin 3-4 sin ^4 sin 3 A

thus the proposed expressions are equal.

44. sec'2 A sec A

1 + cot 2
^

1 Q
s!n
V ^i 1 \ / 1 Q 1\
cos - A sin - ^4 - cos -
A sin - A ( cos - A sin ~ ,4 + cos -
A sin - ^
2 j j

sin 2 - ^4 cos 2 - A cos ^4

sin ^4 sin 2 J.

sin 2
A cos 2 - .4 cos A sin - 2 ^4 cos 2 -4 cos J.

f 1 1 \2
2
2 sin 2 A ^2sin-^lcos-^J
sin 2 = ^4 cos 2 . 4 sin 2 A cos 2
1
^ ^
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 241

1 1/1
_
45. sec A +cosec A (1 +seo^)= cos A 1 +
\-
smA (

V cos^
cos.4

2 cos- - A +2 sin - A cos - A

I + cos A + sm ^ _ 2 2 2
cos A sin J. 1 1
2 sin - A,
cos -
t
.4 cos A

sin - A cos .4

cos2 - A- sin 2 - A
1 2 2
1
1 - tan2 x A4
2
=
-1 Acos 2 - cos2 -
1
A
'

cos 2 T -4 - sin 2 - A cos - .4

i-to-l^- =
x
cos 2 j ^1
f-.
cos 2 j 4

Hence by multiplication we obtain the required result.

46. Put c 2 for a4 + a"_ri : tnus

a-6
-- = a+6
--
cos 5 = ,
and cos d> :

c c

from these we obtain

a(a*-l)-6

Next we obtain

thus

we have - = cos cos + sin sin

By (2)

b b+a b
T--- cos
- .
2
+ -
cc 6-a x

T. T. K.
242 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

hence we get cos 2 0= - jr-4

tab
- ;

-
A,
cos 2 6 =
.
,
therefore .
2a6 (6
- a)

But from (3) we have - (1

- cos 2 0) = 1 - cos 2 0,
2

^- 1
a _ ,, 2 _
~ "
) b-a
therefore a2 (6
- a) = 62 (2c - a - &) .

48. Put 2 cos 2 _ - 1 for cos x ;

thus we obtain the quadratic equation

O x fir - 8\ - x
2 cos 2 - cos sin cos - = cos
fir - B\
(^- |J
ft
^ ^J
.

By solving this we have

4co8 \
U 2)

and sin 2 j34-8cos 2 - = sin 2 /3 + 4 l + cos -

Hence cos

Take the upper sign ;

then cos =
|
2 cos (
j

Take the lower sign ;

then cos x = -
2 cos
6-8
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 243
49. Write the first equation in the form

cos - 26 - 20 = cos (0 + 30) ;

(^ J
hence all possible solutions are comprised in

- 26 - 20 = 2mir (8 + 30).
If we take the upper sign we have

30 + -2mir ..................................... (1).

50=^
If we take the lower sign we have

....................................... (2).
0-0=2m7r-|
Again, write the second equation in the form

cos (? - - = cos (20 + 20) ;

30)
hence all possible solutions are comprised in

=
^-0-30
If we take the upper sign we have

2n7r ..................................... (3).

If we take the lower sign we have

0-0 = 2n7r~;
this agrees with (2).

Thus either (2) holds, or both (1) and (3) hold. From (1) and (3) we obtain

160 = (3m - 5n) 2* + T, 160 = (3n - 5m) 2ir + IT.

1 + cos 20 sin 20 1 + cos 20

50. We have l + sec20 = -

cos20 cos 20' sin 20

tan 20

Similarly 1 + sec 40
and so on, which we use down to
n
tan 2
l + sec2 n =
~
tan2 n 1 0*
Multiply these expressions together, then by cancelling we obtain the
required result.

Q2
244 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.
Q
51. Here the circular measure of au angle is given equal to ;
hence

the number of degrees in it is . ,

that is .

52. sin (A - B) + sin (A + SB) = 2 sin (A + B) cos 2B ;

therefore {
sin (A-B) + sin (A + 3B) } sec 2B = 2 sin (A + B).
cos 25 - cos 2A = 2 sin (A - B) sin (A+B);
therefore (cos 25
- cos 2 A) cosec (A - B) = 2 sin (A + B) :

thus the proposed expressions are equal.

53. Here ^ (1+ riDMH cos a (1 + cotf*)

cos 6
;

therefore cos a (sin B + sin 3 6) = sin a (cos + cos 3 6) ;

3 sin0 -sin -30 3 cos + cos 30

therefore' cos a sin + cos a -. = sin a cos Q + sin a -
;
^

therefore 7 (sin cos a - cos sin a) = sin 30 cos a + cos 30 sin a ;

that is 7 sin (0 - a) = sin (30 + a).

54. Here 2 cos 40 cos + V2 (cos + sin 0) cos

= 0;

therefore either cos = or cos 40 = --- (cos d + sin 0) .

Take the former then = (2n+ 1)

;
|

Take the latter; thus

therefore 40 = 2mr -
+6 .

__
o5.
.
We ,
have sin
.

<f>
= nsin0-mcos0 :

2m
and n sin 20 - m (1 - 2 sin 2 0) = n ;

therefore n sin 20 +2

therefore 2mn sin 20 + (n sin - ?n cos 0)

2 = 2m (m + 71) ;

therefore (?i
sin 4- m cos 0/2 = 2
 56. Substitute

thus the equation becomes

,
3 cos
-
MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

+ cos 30,
-J
for cos 3
. 3
and -
sin
- 6- sin 30,
for
245

sin 3 ;

2 smf0--o/ ) {
3 cos + cos 30} +2 cos ( 0-^)
6 {3 sin 0- sin 30 {

\ \ J

that is 2 sin (0 - ?\ cos 30-2 cos d - sin 30= V3,

that is -s

thus s

- 4-
therefore n
20+~=n7r+(-l)
o -5-.
o

57. sin0cos(j3-0) = ^jsin/3+sin(20-/3){.

The greatest value of sin(20-j8) is obviously when 20-/3 = so

|,

=f +
that
|-

58. cos 55 + cos 65 = 2 cos 60 cos 5 = cos 5 = - cos 175 ;

therefore cos 55 + cos 65 + cos 175 = 0.

=| (cos 10+
cos 55 cos 65 cos 120),

cos 65 cos 175= I (cos 110 + cos 240),

cos 55 cos 175 =i (cos 120 + cos 230) ;

hence by addition we obtain + (cos 10 + cos 110 + cos 230),

| |

-? + H + cos 1100 _ cos 50 o),

that is (cos 10
4 2i

_^ +^ cos 60 cos 50 - cos 50) that is - .

that is (2 ,
^
246 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

cos 55 cos 65 cos 175 = (cos 10 + cos 120) cos 175

= (coa 165 + cos 185) + (cos 55 + cos 295)

= (
- cos 15 + cos 175 + cos 55 + cos 65)

=- - cos 15, by what has been already shewn,

59. From x cos (a + /3) + cos (a

- )
= x cos (/3 + 7) + cos (/3
- 7)

cos (B - 7) - cos (a - S)
we obtain x=
/a + 7 \
|

Two other expressions for the value of x may be obtained ;

and thus we
have

hence

Similarly '

.
and , are also equal to .
tan 7 tan a 1 -f x

A _L 7? R A
60. cos A - cos JB = 2 sin ^ sin ^t ;
2i

/~i I ~r\
7) C*
cos (7 - cosZ) = 2 sin ^ sin x

=2 by Art. 48.
sin-| sin^^,
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 247
Hence by addition,

cos A - cos B + cos C -cos D = 2 sin -- - --hsin -

=4 .

sin
A +- B
^
.

sin
jsin

B+D-A-C cos B+C-A-D

4
- -
4
.

Then, as in Example 20, we can shew that

B-rD-A-C =cos A +- C , B + C-A-D
--- B+C
sin
.

7 ,
and cos - = sin
.

61. Let x denote the number of sides in the first regular polygon,
and y the number of sides in the second. All the angles of the first
polygon are equal to 2x - 4 right angles therefore each angle is equal ;

to right angles, and therefore contains -

90 degrees. In the

same way each angle of the second polygon contains 100 grades. Then,

by supposition, we have - 90 : 100 : : 3 : 5 ;

therefore 5 ^^ = ^^
x
90 3
y
100 ;

3
, ,
therefore
^~ = 2(y-2)
(as -2)
y
'

therefore 3y (x - 2) 2x(y-2); therefore y (6 - x) = 4x. This formula shews

that x cannot be greater than 5 ; for if a; = 6 we should have y x = 24, which
is absurd and if x is greater than 6 we should have a negative value for
;

y, which is also
absurd. And x cannot be less than 3. Thus the Only
=
possible solutions are x S, *=4, and x 5;
= which give respectively y = 4,
y = 8, and y = 20.
1
+
1
- = 16 cos x-
62 . Here
cos 2 - sin 2 -
-^^ ;

therefore

therefore
sin 2
+ cos 2 =
1
--
=4
16 cos x cos 2 - sin 2 -

cos x sin x = 2 sin 2x

= 8 cos x

;
cos sin ;

1 TT
therefore 2x = WTT + - w
therefore sin 2x = s ; ( l) .

2 u

63. Here m sin 2^ = n sin 0, p cos 26 = q cos 0;

from the first equation 2m sin cos 6 = n sin 0; therefore cos # = :

Substitute in the second equation, that is in p (2 cos 2 - 1) =q cos ;

thus p 2 Y-l =*; therefore p (n

- 2m 2 ) = qmn.
J2 ^Y-lj =|*;
248 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.
64. We may write the equation thus :

therefore cos (0 + = cos ( a+ ;

^J ^J
*
therefore 6+ - 2?nr (
o+- ) .

4 V 47
65. sin (A + C) sin (A+D)- sin (. + C) sin (J? + )

=s {008(25 + 07+1)) -cos (2A

J
= sin (4 - )
sin (4 + B + C+D).
Thus, if + + (7+ D) vanishes, the difference between the two pro-
sin (A
posed expressions vanishes and therefore the two expressions are equal.
;

66. We have sin <f>=p- sin 9, cos <f>

= q- cos 6 ; square and add,

thus 1 =p + ? - 2p sin -2^008 + 1

2 2
;

therefore 2p sin 6 + 2q cos 6 =p* + g2 .

Now assume that tana=-, so that

P
sin a = -7 | 8^ and cosa=
V(^ + 2 ) V^f x

2 2
thus 2 V(f> +2 ) {sin 9 cos a + cos 6 sin a} =# 2 + q 2,

therefore sin (0 + a) = ^*1_1*_' = sin

therefore + a=nw+ (- l) n p.

cos cos =- ~
15 2 V 5 5 J 2 \ 4 4 4
'

J
5-n- I
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 249

v 2ir
-- cos
Sir 4ir 5ir 6ir 7ir
therefore cos ^= cos ^- cos ; cos cos -= cos , -

15 15 ID 15 15 15 15

68. a sin 2 +i sin 6 cos +c cos 2

{a(l-cos20J +6 sin 20 + c (1 + cos

- + c+ b sin 20 - (a
- c) cos 20}.
{a

Now let a be an angle such that tan <x= -

, so that cos a =

and sin a = . Then the above expression

-
(a+ c) + s V* 2 + ( ~ c) 2~{sin 20 cos a - cos 20 sin a}
2t i

Then as sin (20 - a) must lie between - 1 and + 1, we obtain the required
result.

69. cos ( -^+a Wcos ( -^-a =2 cos-Jcosa = - cosa ) ;

\ * 6 J \ /

therefore cos a + cos ( + a + cos

) (
- a =0. )
6 J V A J

27T /27T
cosacos

\
cos
27T
-
+a cos
/2?r
- -a = cos -
+ cos 2a .

Now cos 2a + cos (

-
+ 2a + )
cos (
~ - 2a )
is zero, in the manner already
\ 6 ) \ 6 J
shewn ;
and cos and cos are each - - : thus the sum is - - .

o o 2 4
250 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

cos a cos f ~+a J

cos (
-^
- a
J
= cos a ( cos 2 a - sin 2
-^ J
, by Art. 83,

70.
COS--COS-
COS--COS^

similarly cos + cos ^ ft

= -1

and we use a series of these transformations down to

a 8 1 cos a
2' 2 21-a -cos-
cos
1
ft

Then by multiplication we obtain for the product

1 cos a -
2" a
cos - cos
ft.

'
The angle a6' is of a right angle the angle p
71. ; 2 is
--y
of a right angle. Hence the excess of the former above the latter is

72. Here 1 - cos 2x + sin 2 2x = 2 ;

therefore 1 - cos 2x + 1 - cos 2 2x= 2 ;

therefore cos 2x (1 + cos 2x) = 0.

Therefore either cos 2o;=0, or 1-f cos 2x=Q.

If cos 2a; = 0, we have 2x = 2mr ^ ,

which may be written more simply

as 2x = (2m + 1) .
J

If l+cos2o:=0 we have cos2cc=-l, and therefore 2x = 2mrir which

may be written more simply as 2x (2m + 1) IT.
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 251

73. tan4 -cot4-

^^ - ^ S ^
= sin 2 ^~cos 2 4
= 2 (sin 2 4 -cos 2 4)
cos A sin 4 sin A cos 4 2 sin A cos 4

2 cos 2 A
= -- = . .
- 2 cot 24.
sin 24

Similarly 2 tan 24 - 2 cot 2 A = - 4 cot 44 ,

and 4 tan 44 -4 cot 44 = -8 cot 84.

Therefore by addition and cancelling

tan A - cot A + 2 tan 24 + 4 tan 44 = - 8 cot 84 ;

therefore tan 4 + 2 tan 24+4 tan 44 + 8 cot 84 = cot 4.

74. Here 2 sin 3x sin x = sin x ;
therefore either sin x = or 2 sin 3ar = 1.
If sin 05 = 0, then x=mr. If sin Bx = - then 3x = mr+ (-l) n .
,
^

75. Let r denote the common ratio of the Geometrical Progression, so

that tan B = r tan 4, tan (7=r tan#, tanZ>=rtan <7;
therefore tan 4 tan D = tan 5 tan (7.
Now since 4 + D= 360 --(7, we have tan (4 + D) = - tan (B + C) ;

., , tan 4 + tan D tan .5+ tan C

Thus we must have either tan 4 tan D =tan J3 tan (7= 1,

or else tan 4 + tan D = - (tan B + tan (7).

The latter gives (1 + r3) tan 4 = - (r + r2 )

tan 4,

so that l + r3 + r + r2 = 0, that is (1 + r) (l + r2 = 0: )

the only possible solution is l + r=0, so that r= - 1.

76. Let 4, B, C denote the angles; then 4 +#+(7=180; and since

therefore

-
Again we have sin 24
difference of the angles ; so that
1124
the angles are in Arithmetical Progression A +
5 = 60.
+ -^
sin
thus 3.5 = 180^

20
- = -
sin IB
=
^/3
Let x denote the common
A = 60 - and C= 60 + x. Then
jc,
.
C=2;

sin24 + sin2(7 ~ 2 sin (4 + C) cos (4 - 4

= 4 re
(7) ,/_
"
sin 24 sin 2(7 V3
;
sin (120 - 2x) sin (120 + 2x) V3
'

v/3 cos 2x 4
theref re = ;
theref re
V3
cos 2x = f (sin 120
2 - sin 2 2x) =* ? - 1 + cos 2 2*) - + cos 2 2x.
O O (
^4 /
252 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

By solving this quadratic we obtain cos2x 1, or -T. The latter must

betaken: then cos 2 x=- --)=--.

2 (l
\ 4/8
77. cos A + cos 2A
4 2 J. + cos 3 J.
3.4 = 2 cos 2 A
*
cos 4 + cos 2 A
= cos 2 A (2 cos A+l) = cos 24 f 2 - 4 sin - A 2
+ 1
J

IA\= ^lHf
*
= cos 24 3-4 sin2
'

-
3 sin
^ - 4 si^ A

cos 24 . 34
= sm- '

j 2
sin -A

78. Multiply the given expression out. The coefficient of jc

2
is

./ 27T 47T 67T\

- 2( cos + cos + cos ;

J
47T .

2 cos sin
^ v-
77 this = - = - /sin = 1.
by Example
sm ~
sin -
y- sin J

The coefficient of x is

. 2?r
2ir 4?r 2?r GTT 4?r 67r\
4 I COS ---
COS
C " + COS COS + COS COS
j
;
7 7

/ 27r 6?r 47r 8?r 27r 107r\

this =2 ( cos + + cos ---
+ cos ---
+ cos + cos
cosy J

( 2?r 6?r 47r\ / 8?r 2?r 10ir\

= 2n - -
(cos
y + cos y + cos J
+2 ( cos
y + cos 4 cos
J

n ( %ir GTT 4?rX / 8?r I6?r 24?r\

= 2 (cos + cos +2 -~
y y + cos y J
( cos + cos -
+ cos \ .

The former expression = - 1, as we have already shewn. And by

Example 77 the latter expression
IGir 12-ir
2 cos
.

sin --
7 7 1 / 47r\
.
= . I
. .

sm 4?r - sin
.
--
)
= - 1.
. 47T . 4?T Vv 7 '/
in
sin sin
sin

Hence the entire coefficient is - 2.

 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 253

The term independent of x is - 8 cos cos cos this

-^ ;

GTT / 2-n- 67r

= _4 cos + cos
(cos y
= -
./ STT 47r
-127T
- +
A
2 (cos + cos -- + cos 1
-y 7 J

2 cos sin

sin sin

79. sin 3 A + sin 3 5 + sin 3 (7

- 4 + 3 einB + 3 sin (7- sin 3A - sin 3.S - sin 3(7).

(3 sin

Then by Example 32

sin
of Chap. vui. we have

A + sin B + sin (7= 4 cos

ABC cos cos - ,

O A Q T> Q/^
and sin 3.4 + sin 35 + sin 3(7= - 4 cos cos cos
-^-
.

80. By solving the quadratic equation we obtain

sin x=-
Hence I* c must not be negative, and b + -/(&2 - c) must not be greater
than unity, in order that both values may be admissible.

81. Let mx denote the number of sides in the first regular polygon, and
nx the number of sides in the second. Then, proceeding as in Example 61,
we find that the number of degrees in an angle of the first polygon is

2nx - 4
nx
90,

100.
and the number

n
Therefore

mx-2
-
2mx - 4
mx
of grades in

nx-2
...
90 :
2nx
-
nx
-4,-
--
100
an angle

::
of the second polygon is

- 10pm)
2 (9ow
: q.

Therefore 9o =10p ---- therefore x= - -.- .

m n
:

mn (9g - lOp)
Hence wo; and nx are known.

82. Here 2 cos 3x cos 4x = cos 4x. Therefore either cos 4x =

2 cos 3a?=l.

If cos4x = then 4x =

if cos3a; = - then 3x=

&
254 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.
83. From the first equation \ve have

x sin(a-jS) cos(a + ]3)=y sin (a + /3) cos(a-/3),

therefore x (sin 2a - sin 2/3) =y (sin 2a + sin 2/3),

therefore (x
-
y) sin 2 a
= + y) sin 2/3.
(a;

+ y)sin
Thus sin2a = (a;
^,
x-y
+ *)flOB
and coB2. = '-(* ^.
x-y
Square and add ;
thus

(a; + y) 2 sin 2 2/3 {2- (s + y) cos2/3}

2

(*-y) (x-yY
Therefore (x
- y) 2 = (x + y )
2
sin 2 2/3 + {z - (x + y) cos 2/S}
2

= (x + yY + z 2 - 2z + y) cos 2/3 (as ;

therefore z 2 + 4a?y = 2z(x+ y) cos 2/3.

84. Let J. denote the sum of x and y. Suppose x = + z, then

a

y =A
--2; and
, .

sina; sm y = sin
. . /M
I
--
\
sm (A-4-2!\
.

I =sm A
--.
2
.

sin
.
2
2.
XT
Now
-0J
sin 2 2 ranges between the values and 1 ;
hence sin x sin y ranges between
the values sin 2 and - cos 2 - : the former is always the greatest value
^
algebraically.

85. Wehave sin

/ C\ B-A /_ A\ C-B
similarly sin I B+-
J=cos ^
sin ( (7 + - J=cos .

<7 24 - B - C7
Then =2
cos-l^ + cos^
cos
cos^-

and 1 + cos =2 cos 2 ;

A -
C B A G B
therefore cos h cos (- cos s h 1

B-C( B-C -B-C

2A-B
=2 cos -
4(4 jcos r- 4 cos
4

4 cos
444
B-C cos A-C cos A-B =4 cos A-B cos B-G cos C-A
-.
j
- ;
444 .
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 255

86. Bring the proposed expression to a common denominator ; then the

numerator
= 2 cos a (1 - cos 2 a) cos B cos C+ 2 cos |8 (1
- cos 2 /3) cos C cos A
+2 cos Y(!- cos 2 7) cos A cos + 2 cos a cos /S cos 7
= 2 cos a (cos 2 /3 + cos 2 7) cos B cos + 2 cos /3 (cos 2 7 + cos 2 a) cos C cos A
+ 2 cos 7 (cos 2 a 4- cos 2 cos A cos 5 + 2 cos a cos
/3) cos 7
= 2 cos a cos /3 (cos a cos A + cos /3 cos B) cos (7
+ 2 cos /S cos 7 (cos /3 cos 1? + cos 7 cos (7) cos A

+ 2 cos 7 cos a (cos 7 cos C+ cos a cos -4) cos B + 2 cos a cos |3
cos 7
=- 2 cos a cos 2
/3 cos 7 cos (7
- 2 cos a cos j8 cos 7 cos 2 4 -2 cos a cos j3 cos 7 cos'2 5
+ 2 cos a cos jS
cos 7
=2 cos a cos /3 cos 7 (1 - cos C - cos
2 2 J. - cos 2 B) = 0.

87.

16

Now it will be found that

2^6 - 2 V2 = (2 - V2) (6 + 2^2 - 2 V3 -2^/6) = (2 + V 2 - N/ 3 ) 2

8- -
^2) (1 5

therefore sin 7i

88. The second equation r -

gives Q
'
c
l~tan-
l-tan|

therefore tan =
1 + ctan-

-
The first equation gives 2

l-tan

^
therefore c"
256 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

c + 2
(1 -r c ) tan - + c tan 2 -
(1 + 2c 2 tan ~ )

therefore '

- c 2) - tan 2 - - tan* -\
(1
(l ^ (1 ct)
(l

therefore either 1 - tan 2 - = 0, or c tan 2 - - c

2
tan + c = 0.
'2i & &
n n
The former gives cos 0=0; the latter gives 1 -c sin --
cos -
=0, there-
2 2
fore 2-csin0 = 0.
89. Put 2 cos 2 x - 1 for cos 2x then ;
2 cos 2 x + b cos x+ c - 1 = 0. By
solving this quadratic equation we obtain

cos x ----

Hence 5 2 + 8 8c must not be negative, and >/(6 2 + 8 - 8c)

- b must not
be numerically greater than 4.

90. Suppose 2 greater than 6 l ,

and each between and 7. Now

sin 6 {
1 + sin (7
- 6) }
= sin + - sin y sin 20 - cos 7 sin 2
0.

Put l and 2 in succession for 0, and subtract the second value of the
expression from the first. Thus we get

( 1 sin 20 9 - sin 20,

(sin 2
- sin
6,}
,
l + ^ sin 7
.

-gT^ L ( sm ^2 + sm ^ cos ^ )

Now (sin 2 + sin 8J cos 7 is less than 2 sin 7 cos 7, that is less than
sin 27, and therefore less than 1. Hence the preceding expression is neces-
sarily positive, and this is what was to be proved.

91. Let x be the number of sides in one regular polygon, and y the
number Then, as in Example 61, the number of degrees
of sides in another.

in an angle of the first polygon is - 90, and the number of grades

in an angle of the second polygon is

2y-4 100. Hence we must have
2
~ 9 = ^^ 10 ' therefore 9 # ( x ~ 2> = Wx (y- 2 )'> therefore

We must then try in succession values of y from 3 to 19 inclusive, and

ascertain in how many cases we obtain an integral value of x. The ad-
missible values will be found to be these :

y 5 8 10 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 19

a; 6 12 18 22 27 42 54 72 102 162 342.

 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 257
The cases in which the angles are expressed by integers are when
y = 5, 8, 10 or 16.

92. We have tan y = - -

,
cos a cos /3

1 ~ tan2 7 cos 2 a cos 2 - (1 + sin a sin /3)

2
and _
cos 2 7 ~ _
~~
ft
'
1 +tan 2 7 cos 2 a cos 2 + (1 + sin a sm 2 )

The numerator
= (cos a cos + 1 + sin a sin (cos a
)3 /3)
cos /3
- 1 - sin a sin
/3)

= - 1 + COS (a - j8) 1 - cos (a +

{ } { /3)
-

| ;

and this cannot be positive, for 1 + cos (a- /8) and l-cos(a+/3) cannot be
negative.

93. Denote the angle by 6 then ;

-- = -
;
therefore cos'2 = sin 6, there-

3 1
fore 1 - sin 2 = -
sin 0. By solving this quadratic equation we get sin 6 = 5 ,
t t

or - 2 ;
the former is the only admissible value, and hence

94. Let A denote the sum of x and y. Then

sin x + sin y
_
= 2 sin . x+y '

cos
x-y =2 t .A x-ii
sin- cos - v ;
t>

and as cos ^ ranges between - 1 and + 1 the value of sin x + sin y ranges

between - 2 sin -- and 2 sin : and the positive value out of these two is

algebraically and arithmetically the greatest value of sin x + sin y.

C
95. Here ^- - 55 =1; therefore therefore
cos/0+^J=l;

96. sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin C- 2 sin A sin B sin C- 1

2

= (sin A - sin B sin (7) 2 + sin 3 B 4- sin 3 (7- 1 - sin 3 B sin- 6?

= (sin A - sin 5 sin C) 2 - (1 - sin 2 5) (1 - sin 2 C)

= (sin A - sin B sin C }- - cos 2 B cos 2 (7
= (sin A - sin # sin C- cos 5 cos (7) (sin A - sin Z? sin C + cos 5 cos (7)
= {sin 4 - cos (B - C)} {sin^ + cos (B + C)}
T. T. K. B
258 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

= -A -cos (B- C)l cos A\ + cos (B + C)

jcos (? ) j (?- j

= the product of 4 sin

fB-C-A + TT\ .

sin
(B-C+A ir
(

^ T ) (
2 4

into cos
(B + -C-A TT\
cos
fn + C+A TT\
( h yJ I

J
.

fB-C-A TT\
(B-C+A- - 7T \
+-
.

Instead of sin ( sin I we may put

^ J j

- cos fA + C-B
-- +
TT\
COS f
A+B-C + TT

(,- 2 4J (^2 4

Thus the expression becomes the product of

- fA + B + C TT\
4 cos (B+C-A -7 cos +
TT
-7

mto cos
^
-
/^+6^-S
~ --- + 7T\

jj
cos
/

^
-
A+B-C
-- + -
2
7T

97. cos^ 7| =~ (1 + cos lo) = + cos (45

- 30<>)}
=
^{1
+ 2 V2
4V2
Now it will be found that

" V3
therefore cos 7i =

98. By addition 2a (sin + cos ^) = c (1 + sin 20 + cos 26)

= 2c cos 6 (sin + cos 6) ;

therefore a = ccos0 .............................. (1).

Again, by subtraction, 26 (sin0 - cos 0)

= c(l -sin 20 -cos 20)
= 2c sin (sin - cos 0) ;

therefore 6 = csin0 ............................... (2).

Square and add (1) and (2); thus a 8 + 6 a = c 2 . This assumes that tan
is neither equal to 1 nor to - 1.

99. We have
A cot a.
(I- cot cot 7) + B cot (1
- cot a cot
7) + C cot 7 (1 - cot ft cot a) = 0,
and
A cot o (cot + cot y) + B cot /3 (cot 7 + cot a) + (7 cot 7 (cot a + cot/3) =0.
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 259
These may be written

A cos a cos (j3 + 7) + B cos ft cos (7 + a) + C cos 7 cos (a + 0) = 0,

A cos a sin (ft + 7) + B cos ft sin (7 + a) + C cos 7 sin (a + ft) = 0.
Hence by Algebra, Art. 385, we have
A = k cos ft cos 7 {cos (7 + a) sin (a + - cos (a + ft) sin + a)},
ft) (7
B = k cos 7 cos a {cos (a + ft)
sin (/3 + 7) - cos (ft +
7) sin (a + ft)},
C= k cos a cos {cos + y) ft (ft sin (7 + a) - cos (7 + a) sin (ft + 7)},
where k is some constant.
Thus A = k cos ft cos 7 sin (18-7),

5 = k cos 7 cos o sin (7- a),

C= k cos a cos sin (a - ft ft).

Therefore A sin 2a + B sin 2/3 + C sin 27

= 2& cos a cos j8 cos 7 {sin a sin (/3
- 7) + sin sin (7 - a) + sin 7 sin (a
- 18)}.
The term within the brackets will be seen to vanish, since

sin a sin (ft

- 7) =- {
cos (7 + a - j8) - cos (a + ft
- y) } ,

sin sin (7 -a) = -r {cos

( (a + ft-y) -cos (ft + y- a )\,

and sin 7 sin (a-/S) = -{cos Q3 + 7-a)-cos(7 + a-/3)}.

Or we might proceed thus: let <r stand for a + ft + y- then the two given
relations may be written

A cos a cos (<T - a) + B cos ft cos (a-

- ft) + C cos 7 cos (a
- y) = 0,
A cos a sin (a-a)+B cos ^8
sin (<r- fi) + C cos 7 sin (a - 7) = 0;
2
therefore (A cos a + -B cos 2 ft + (7 cos
2
7) cos o-

= -
(4 sin a cos a + B sin /3 cos /3 4- (7 sin 7 cos 7) sin a-
(1]

And 2
(A cos a + B cos* + (7 cos /3
2
7) sin <r

= (A sin a cos a + B sin cos/3-f (7 sin 7 cos 7) cos <r...(2).

Multiply (1) by sin a and (2) by cos o- and subtract thus :

A sin a cos a + B sin cos ft + C sin 7 cos 7 = 0,

which is the required result.

Again, multiply (1) by cos <r and (2) by sin a and add ;
then we obtain the
additional result A cos a + B cos ft + C cos 7 = 0.
2 2 2

R2
260 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

100. From the first equation

- cos a cos 2
;=
2
sin a sin
2 - c2 sin 2 0)
(cos j3) p (1 ;

substitute 1 - cos 2 for sin

2
;
thus

cos 2 - c
2
sin 2 a sin 2 - 2 cos cos a cos
(1 /3) ]3

4 cos 2
a cos 2
/3
- (1 - c 2 )
sin 2 a sin 2 = 0.
The second equation leads to the same quadratic for finding cos 0.
Hence we infer that cos is one root of the quadratic and cos the other.
Hence by the theory of quadratic equations, Algebr^ Chapter xxn,
2 cos a cos 8
COS 4 COS = ,
- ,
2
. .
-, ,
sin 2 a sin 2
.,
1 c p
fi - (1 - c ) sin a sin 2 8
2 2 2 2

cos cos = cos a cos '

""1-^2 sin 3 ~a sin 2 /8
1 - sin 2 a sin 2 p + cos 2 a cos 2 /3
therefore 1 4 COS COS =
1 - c sin 2 a sin2 /3
2

cos 2 a 4 cos 2 8
~ - c-
*

1 sin 2 a sin* /3

Then sin 2 sin2 = (1 - cos 2 0) (1

- cos 2 0)

= (1 + cos cos 0) 2 - (cos 6 + cos 0) 2

(cos
2
a- cos 2
p}*

co& 2 a cos 2 ,

therefore sin sin =^ '

1 - c'
2
sin 2 a sin 2 p

And _ 1 - cos "

1 *- cos
sin sin

1 - (cos 4 cos 4 cos cos

_ 0)
sin sin

(cos a
- cos p)* cos a - cos
(COS
2
a- COS-/3)

101. cos 114 4 cos 54 =2 cos 84 cos 34,

3 cos 94 4 3 cos 74 = 6 cos 84 cos 4 ;

hence by addition we find that the proposed expression

=2 cos 84 (cos 34 4 3 cos 4 =8)
cos 84 cos 3 4
:
8 cos3 4 (2 cos
2
44 - 1)
= 16 cos 3
4 (
cos 2
44 - -

= 16 cos 3 4 cos 2 44 - sin 2 :

16 cos 3 4 cos [ 4A + -} cos
^J
see Art. 83.
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 2(U

102. Let the distance be denoted by cc inches ; then we must have

1
2
-the tangent of a quarter of a degree. As the tangent of a small angle

is approximately equal to its circular measure we have approximately

= '
;
therefore *= - 114 '
6

103. By Example 27 of Chapter vi. this becomes sin 40 = 1 ;

therefore

40=(4+l)-.
2

104. Here c sin =a sin cos +a cos sin ;

substitute for sin and cos <j> ;

thus

c sin = a (cos 0- 2m) sin0 + a cos0x- sin0;

therefore c = a (cos - 2m) + 6 cos ;

therefore ct>s0= - .
a+6
- 26m
= c + 2am -2m =
c
Therefore cos< -j- .
a+6 a+6
But a 2 sin2 = 6 2 sin 9 ;
therefore

a2 - 62 = a2 cos 2 - 6 2 cos 2 = -
~~r~T7>\2

_
0+6
105. ^Ve have, by Art. 252,

a = 2RsinA, 6 = 272 sin .B, c = 2,Rsin(7;

hence the proposed expression
= 2R{aia.A sin (C - A] + sin C sin -
sin (5 - C) + sin (4 B)}

+ sin (A + 5) Sin (A

= 2R {sin 2 ,B - sin 2 C + sin 2 C - sin 2 ^1 + sin 2 A - sin 2 ^}

= 0.

106. By Art. 108 the proposed expression

10 2
y5 \/5 +l V5-1 _ 5
_
1 _ J^
"16 4^' ~~4 "16 4 16'
262 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

107. From the triangle OAB we have

OA sinOB A cos A
AB sinAOB sin C"
c cos A a cos A
therefore x=
sin C sin A
b cos B . c cos C
Similarly y= -
.-
^ ,
and 2 ~ .

smC"
Hence we have only to shew that

tan A + tan B + tan (7= tan A tan B tan (7;

and this is known to be true by Art. 114.

108. Let I denote the length of the pole. The distance of the coping
from the ground is I sin^l, and the distance of the sill from the ground is
I sin B hence the distance from the coping to the sill =1 (sin A - sin B).
;

The distance of the foot of the ladder from the wall is I cos A at first, and
I cos B afterwards therefore a = I (cos B - cos A).
;

Substitute for I in the former expression, and we obtain

that is
a cos - ( A

^2sin-(A+B)
- + B)

109. Let r denote the radius. Then the area of the sector PCB
by Art. 258;
-f (|-*V
r
and the area of the triangle ACP = - sin (s+<fYj by
Art. 247.

The sum of these two areas by supposition is equal to half the area of the
semicircle ;
thus

cos 0= -j- ;

then by simplifying we obtain cos 6 = 6.

110. By Art. 255 we have a=2R sin 36, and a' = 2R sin 18;

Also =2 tan 36, and =2 tan 18 ;

 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 263

therefore - + ^
/
=2 (
?5_?6 + ^^\ = 2_si]
V cos 36 cos 18 J cos 36 cos 18
2 sin 54 2
~ 272 '
cos 36 cos 18" cos 18 r'

111. CO S =1
2^

C0s4 =
i

=- 1 +2 cos ^ +- (1 + cos 2A) = I + I

I cos A+1 cos 2A.
t \
\ & )
O & O
In this way the proposed expression becomes
91
- + 1
+ 008,8 + 008 (7) + ^ (cos2J+cos2J5 + cos2C ) r

2(003^

--

+
2

=5+ 6 (
cos 2 ^ + cos 25 + cos 2 ^) + K cos J
O O -

= s - 5 = 0; see Example vm. 18.

O O

112. We have 1 + tan* 6 = - = _ 2 ; take the logarithms of both

sides ; thus

therefore, by Art. 146,

tan 2 0- ...
2 o

The series are convergent, since tan 2 is supposed to be less than unit
oA /\
O0 Q/3
113. Here 2 sin sin - =2 sin cos ;
-^

.36 6 38
sm = 0, sm - = cos
.

therefore either or .
2 & i

30 36
If sm
.
-
n =0, then = nr.
& 2i

6 36 fir 8\ 36 TT 6 36
If sm - = cos-,
.

or cos = cos = (

2 -2 -2
'
2 ~2 2"'
264 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

114. We have
= 272 sin C;
hence the proposed expression
= 4J2 2 {sin A sin (B - C) + sin B sin (C - A) + sin C sin (A - E) },

and this is zero, as in the solution of Example 105.

cos 30 sin 36 cos 6 sin 8

115. We have -
+ = . + ^ ;

V2 V2 V2 V2
therefore cos ( 30 -~ \ =cos (
0-^ \ ;

therefore 30 - = 2n?r =t f - 1
|

116. We have tan's

sin (a + x) sin (a - x)
^-^ sin 2 a - sin 2 x
-

x - sin 2 a) = cos a - sin 2 x),

sin 2 z (cos 2 2 2
therefore aj (sin

therefore 2 sin 2 x cos 2 a- = sin 2 a (sin 2 x + cos 2 SF)

= sin 2 a,
therefore 4 sin x cos x = 2 sin
2 2 2
a,

therefore 2 sin a: cos x N/2 . sin a,

therefore sin 2aj = >/2 . sin a.

117. Put x for tan A, y for tnn 5, z for tan C, a:' for tan^', /' for tan B',
and 2' for tan C", for the sake of abbreviation. Then we have given that

x?x'=yy = z*z' = xyz ....................... i ...... (1),

and ii^lVH^o.... ...................

Now tanM-
But from (2) we have
1 1 1 -

x+_ + y + _ +2+ _ = ,

therefore icyz (a? + y + z) + xy + yz + zx = 0,

- + y + z) + xy+zx
therefore x" yz=x* + xyz (x

therefore ~~ L = x + y .+ z.
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.
Thus tan (A - A') = tan A + tan B + tan C.

-
Similarly tan (B B') and tan((7-C") maybe shewn to be equal to the
same expression.

cos 60
118. Here

therefore smA V5-1

4 sin 3
' >-l V5-1
Hence i&aA= -^
4 cos 60 2

cos 36
Again,

2
60 - cos'2 36 6 ^cos 2 60 -
therefore sin B~ Nsin sin 60 sin 60
~ y5 1
4 sin 60
2
Hence tan B = V5-1 _V5-1_ (V5-1)

Therefore tan ^ + tan B = g-yg-x. \ '

Sm
therefore + cos B = 1, therefore
- sin (A + B) = cos ^ cos B = cos (7 ;
there-
cos .4
fore A + B = 90 - C is one solution.

119. Let be the sun's altitude at the first observation, and + a that
at the second observation then ;

ft = a tan 0, and h = b tan (6 + a).

hb .

----h o tan a
& (tan + tan a) a

therefore fc
- - tan = + & tan o,
(l aj ^

therefore A 2 tan a + h (b - a) + db tan a = 0,

2
therefore A + A (&- a)
 266 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.
120. Let AP = b, BP = a, AB = c.
The diameter of the circle which touches the semicircle and also touches
AP - - that is - --
at its middle point is
22
s sin PAH, 2 2 c
-, that is
2
-
; there-

fore the radius of this circle is r .

4
Similarly the radius of the circle which touches the semicircle and also
touches BP at its middle point is
j- . We have then to shew that

~~
(c-a)(c-b} _r*
~> il ~~
(c-a)(c-l}_

= since C2 = a2+ b *-> therefore

s
2
_(a + 6-c) _ 2c + 2a6-2c(a + 5)
8
2 _ (c-o)(c-6)
4 ." 4 2

121. sin a sin (j3- 7) cos (jS + 7 -a)

=j {cos 27 + cos 2 (a
- j8) - cos 2/3 - cos 2 (a
- 7)
{.

The other two terms may be transformed in a similar manner, and then
it will be obvious that the sum is zero.

122 _
sin 6 2 sin cos sin 26

~ 1 + cos 20 ~ /!1 + cos 20

x/(l - cos 2 20)
2?) V 1 - cos 20'
1-
Hence, taking logarithms we have

log cot = lQ g = COS 2e +

123. We have shewn in the solution of Example viu. 15 that

cot2+cot-+cot-=cot-cot-cot-;
hence the expression on the right hand-side

cot-
A
cot
.B
- L G
cot-.-- _ -
A A
- B B C C
sm - - sin - cos
^^^
.

S cos sin
.
- cos
.

cos BA cos cos C

^^^ =tan A tan B tan C.
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 2C7

Again cot A -2 cot 2A =cot A - = tan A 5

similarly cot B -2 cot 2B -- tan B, and cot C- 2 cot 2(7= tan C ;

thus the expression on the left-hand side

= tan A + tan B + tan (7= tan A tan 5 tan C, by Art. 114.
Thus the two expressions are equivalent.

124. sin A sin B sin (A - 5) = - {cos (A

-
B)
- cos
(A + B)} sin (A
-
B)

=j sin (2A - 25) - 2A - sin 25).

^ (sin

Transform the second and third terms in the same way ; then by addition
we obtain the required result.

1
- cos 2,,A
1
- cos 2
5
- - cos 2-C
1
= s(s-a)+8(s-b)+s(s-c)
12o. + + jr-
-5
a 2 6 2 c 2 abc

3s--s(a + b+c) _ 3s - 2s _ j*_ _

2 2
~~
a&c abc abc 4a6c

126. Here
7j + X
( COS (
- - X
] j

cos x - sin x cos x + sin x

therefore cosx = cos 2 x- sin'

2
x = cos 2x,

therefore 2x = 2nirx.

127. Express the fractions with the common denominator

sin - sin Q3 - 7) sin (7-0)
(a /3)
:

then the numerator becomes

- { sin (/3
- 7) sin (0
- a) + sin (7
- a) sin (0-p) + sin (a -/3) sin (0 7)}.
-f-

Now sin(/3-7)sin(0-a) = -cos (0-a-/3 + 7) - -

1 1
y)
- --
cos (0-8 + y- a),

-a) - cos (0-y + a-p) ;

thus the sum of the expressions is zero.

268 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

128. Let x denote the length of the pillar, Ji the height of the foot of
the pillar above the horizontal plane, 6 the horizontal distance of the pillar
from the first station. Let be the angle subtended by the pillar. Then

tan (-*), =- ,

And from the fact that a circle would pass through the two stations and

the top and the foot of the pillar we have a+ j8

- = . Thus
^

r = cot /?, 7 tan a ; therefore

x cos (a + 8)
< - = tan a -cot .

p- -- T-"'. -

b cos a sin /3

Similarly _
b
-= x
+ c
tan 3 - cot a =
cos (a + 8)
---
cosjSsma
-- .

Therefore
c

;=.
cos a sin
-Ms(a+/3r
8- cos 8 sin a sin(yS-a)
"jSj^i
c cos (0 + a)
therefore x^ -r <r
-
sin (/S a)

129. In every right-angled triangle r =- (a + b - c) ; see the solution of

Example 120. In the present case 2/# a

-2tfr = v ;
(a + 6-c); and R = '

thus 4 f cr (a +&-c); therefore c-4r=a+&-c;therefore4r=2c-a-6;

|-- J=c

2(a + &-c) = 2c-a-6; therefore a + 6 = O

:

therefore ;
and therefore r

130. cos 2 ^1 + cos 2 - B+ cos 2 (7=- (3 + cos A + cos 5 + cos C)

^

B
= I/.
2\
m 42 sm
. .

2
.
G\
a/ 1
.

y '

2
= 2+ 2r^ =2 + -^,.
2-S . r
=2 +
.

,-
sa&c a6c 2^

/v/sin 2 A fsm 2A
sin x cos ^4 + cos x sin .4 sin x cos 5 + cos x sin 5
therefore

cos J5 (tana; + tan B)

therefore .

A/sin 2/
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 269

therefore -. = ,

>/tan 4 A/tan 5
therefore tan x (^tan B - */tau A) ^Aan 4 tan 5 ,/tan/? - ^/tarTI),
(

therefore tan # = x/tan4tan5.

132. sin 2 24 + cos 24 cos 25 cos 20= 1 - cos 2 24 + cos 24 cos 25 cos 20
= 1+ cos 24 {cos 25 cos 20 -cos 24}
= 1 + cos 24 {
cos 25 cos 20- cos (25 + 20) f

= l + cos24 sin 2 B sin 20.

Similarly
sin 2 25 + cos 24 cos 2 B cos 20= 1 + cos 25 sin 24 sin 2<7.
Hence the proposed expression
= 2 -f sin 20 { sin 20+ sin 25 cos 24 + sin 24 cos 25}
= 2 + sin 2 O { - sin (24 + 25) + sin (24 + 2B)}
= 2.
133. The series may be separated into two, namely

E. C.
-1 log 2 2 Iog 2
- log 2 4
and is therefore equal to e + e 1, that is to e - 1 + e log - 1
,

that is to 2 - 1 + 4 - 1, that is to 4.

134. sin (4 -5) cos ((7 -5) 008(4-0)

= - B) {cos (4 +5-2O) + cos (4 - 5)}
|sin (4
*
= isin2 (4 - sin 2 (C- 5) + sin 2 (4 - 5).
0)+^
Transform the second and third terms in like manner, then by addition
we obtain the required result.

sin (4-- 5) sin (4 -5)" = sin 2 4 -sin* 5

L3D " = sin
~ (A +5) '
sin (A + B) ~sin* (4 + 5) Bin' C
/8in4\ 2 /sin5\_ /a\
2 2 2
-5 2
_
VsinC/J \sin6V~\c/ W"_a
(b\*
c^

136.Suppose the diagonal fc of the quadrilateral to make an angle

with the sides of the rectangle which pass through its extremities then each ;

of the other sides is equal to h sin 0. It will be seen from a diagram that
270 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

the diagonal k of the quadrilateral will make an angle

y - (8+A)vriib the
which pass through its extremities then each of the
sides of the rectangle ;

other sides is equal to k8in(~-8-A\ that is to - k cos (8 + A )

. Henco

the area of the rectangle = - hk sin 6 cos (0 + A) = -^{- sin (28 + A) + sin A}.

The greatest value of this is when 28 + A = ~ ,

and is
-^
(1 + sin A).

137. Let h denote the height of the house, x the height of the wall,
y the height of the church. Then
x cot a is the distance of the wall from the
house, and y cot a is the distance of the church from the house. By
similar
h ^ - x) = xy.
triangles .
= -r
- r- ;
therefore 7t (y
x cot a y cot a x cot a
h h tan a

hy ft tana
; ~ ~ '

2tana-tan/3

138. a cos2 \A +b cos2 ^ + c cos 2 i C.

2 Z 2

= - (a + 6 + c + acosJ. +6 cos S+ccos (7)

= s + i J? (sin 24 + sin 25 + sin 2 (7)

2

=8 + 25 sin^ sin B sin (7, by Art. 114,

SS 3 4S 2 S

139. Through (7 draw a plane parallel to the horizon ; from A draw AP

perpendicular to the intersection of this plane with that which contains A,
,
and (7; from B draw BQ perpendicular to the same intersection. Let
A CP 0, and BCQ = ^ ; so that <f> + \f/ + y = IT. Therefore
cos y = sin sin \f/
cos (f>
cos ^.

Now AP = AC sin0; thus the perpendicular from A on the plane drawn

through C parallel to the horizon =AP sin = AC sin sin but this per- ;

pendicular also = AC sin a therefore ;

sin a = sin 9 sin 0.

Similarly sin /3 = sin sin i/>.

sin a sin
-- Jisin* 6 -
B - 3Lr sin 3 a) (sin 2 5 - sin 2 B)
Hence cos 7 = .
n
-
.-^r
sm 2 sin*
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 271

therefore (cos 7 sin 9

2
sin a sin = (sin 2 9 - sin 2 a) (sin2 6 - sin 2 /3),
/3)
2

therefore 2
cos y sin 2 - 2 cos 7 sin a sin ft = sin 2 - sin 2 a - sin 2 j3,

therefore sin 2
sin 7 = sin 2 a + sin 2 ft - 2 sin a sin /3 cos 7.
2

140. With the diagram of Art. 248 we see that

a' = 2r sin FOA = 2r cos -4 ;

^
and we have similar values for b' and c'.

Thus aW = Sr 3
cos i ^ cos
^
B cos i C= 8r 3
J^ ;

., . a'b'c' Sr-S* 8r2 r2

- tana
Here -
3 tan 2 tan

3 tan 2 2
Therefore either tan = or + + 1 = 0.

The latter gives

(3
- tan 2 0) (1
- tan 2 0) + 2 (1
- 3 tan2 0) + (1
- tan 2 0) (1
- 3 tan 2 0) =0 ;

therefore 4 tan 4 0- 14 tan2 + 6 = 0.

By solving this quadratic we obtain tan 2 = 3 or - .

2i

142. We may obtain the result by taking the values of the four cosines
and raising them to the eighth power. Or we may proceed thus :
D 7T Q 3?T 5?T a 7"T
cos 8 + cos 8 + cos 8 + cos8
O o o o
7T a 37T\ _ / H 7T .
Q
=2 cos 8
-+cos 8
=2 cos 8 - + sin 8
8 8 (
8

= cos IT + 28 cos + 35 , by Example ix. 13,

62 (\ * J
)

_34_17
"W 16*.

--
b
-= - cosd) a+b
-- = cos + cos
143. Here T; therefore .
- cos
a cos a- b cos

%
= -
2 cos

2 sin
^(0 + 0) cos^ (0-0)
j
^(0+0) sin
^
-(0-0)
- cot
^
(0 + 0) cot
2
(0-0).
272 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

144. cos
A
cos
B C
- cos - = sm fir - A\
- sm .
fir - B\
- sm
s]
.
.

^ ^- J ^ J
J D /Tf

and the sum of - - ,

- -, and - - - is a fixed quantity, namely IT.

Hence proceeding as in Example xui. 40, we see that the proposed pro-
ductis greatest when
*
_A_ir _ B _* ~"~"
O
O O
Q O O O'

A- B C if
that is when = = --=-;

and then the product ( ^- )

= ^
\ ^ /

145.

C 1
s c A
-
cot == cot
similarly .

Hence
^ + *r_A cot^
A~ g A~ ^
_3*-a-6 c
Ot _~ , ,

C0t '

~*-_^~ 2 7^~a 2 6+^T 2

146. Let A denote the angle between the diagonals ; then

O=^hk sin A ;

and by the solution of Example 136 the area of the circumscribed rectangle
is - hk sin cos (A + 9). And since the rectangle is to be a square, we have
by the solution of Example 136
A sin =- * cos (A + 0); ;

therefore A=- fc (cos A cot - sin A] ;

therefore
in ^~ A
cot 0=*fk cos A ;

u^,,* <

therefore sin8 0=
F- ^sin^ -i- A* A2 -f-iJ -

And the area of the circumscribing square = A5 sin8 0=

^ ^
14?. We may put the proposed expression in the form
L sin8 0+ M sin cos 0+ N cos3 0,
where L, M, N involve the angles a, /S, 7 and also x, y, z: moreover x, y, z
occur only in the first power. Now if we put If =0 and L = N=fhe given
 ~
MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 1

the expression is equal to the given constant whatever 8 m&r be.

So we have only to determine x, y, and r from the three simple equations
M=0, and Z = A = the given constant.
As soon as we have thus shewn that such values of or, y, r as we require
must exist, we can determine the values more simply. For let C denote the
given constant ; put a for 8, then
x sin (a - ) ein (a - 7) = C.
This finds x. Similarly, by putting f01 6 we find y, and by putting 7 for 6
we finds.

148. Let AB
denote the side of the regular pentagon, the middle point P
of the arc subtended by the side adjacent to A B at B. Then the angle APB
is the angle subtended at the circumference of the circle by the side of a

regular pentagon inscribed in the circle, so that the angle = ^. Similarly

the angle PAB = ^; and therefore the angle AP = ^ .

Let r denote the radius of the circle, so that

~, and PJ =2r sin=2r dn .

Hence PA- PB^r \<*1 -

149. Suppose the tower to subtend an angle at the eye of the observer ;

let x be the length of the flag-staff then :

a
_,
tang
= a + bian0
z a (6*4-0*)
therefore

then if 6 be very small we may put for tan 0, and neglect a tan in com-

parison with 6, so that x= nearly.

^

150. We have by Art. 249

2
+ - sin B - c) J sin C
(s- a) sin,! (*' &) -f- (t

=r (*-a) sin^ cot^ + (s-6) sinJ? cot|+ (s-c) sin Ccot

^ j

. XTT\
j TJ
= 2r - a) cos2 + - &) cos 5 + - c) cos8
^s ^ (
2
{
^ j
;

T. T. K. s
274 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES,

and by Examples 130 and 138, this

A B C
And COSCOSC 8= Ss

so that

Thus the proposed expressions are equal.

151. 2 sin 7 A cos A = sin 84 + sin 64 ;

therefore 2 sin 7 A cos 4 + 16 sin .4 cos 3 A = sin 6-4 + sin 8.4 + 16 sin A cos 3 A
= sin 6.4 + 2 sin 4.4 cos 44 + 8 sin 2 A cos 2 4
= sin 6.4 + 4 sin 2 A cos 2.4 cos 44 + 8 sin 2 A cos 2 4
= sin 64 + 4 sin 2 A (2 cos 2 A + cos 2 A cos 44)
= sin 64 + 4 sin 2A {l + cos24 (l + cos44)}
= sin 64 + 4 sin 2A (1 + 2 cos 3 2 A ).

152. Let x denote the logarithm of 32 to the base J/4 ;

then 32 = ( tyi)

that is 2 5 = 4^ = 2^ ; therefore 5=^; therefore *=^.

o

Let a; denote the logarithm of 81^/3 to the base $9 ; then 81^/3 =

2 13
that is 3 4+3 =9 5 =3 3
; therefore ?=4 = ^; therefore x= .
o o 2

therefore sin (4 + B] cos 4 - cos (A + B) sin A=2 sin .4 cos (A + B) ;

therefore sin (A + B-A =2 ) sin A cos (J. + B} ;

that is sin .B =2 sin ^4 cos (4 + #)= sin (2.4 +5) -sin 1?;
therefore 2 sin 1? = sin (2 A + B) ;

therefore 2 sin 5 cos B sin (24 + B) cos .Z? ;

therefore sin 2B = - {
sin (2A + 2JS) + sin 2 A } ;

therefore 2 sin 2^ = sin (2A + 2B) + sin 2 A .

 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 275
1 .B 1
-sm 2,4
1
sm ,<7
. . .

Io4. +
2+6 sin2 2 c 2

- a2 - & 2 - c2 }.
/

155. Let A BCD denote the quadrilateral figure. Let P, Q, R, S be

taken in AB, BC, CD, DA respectively, such that
AP = BQ_CR _DS_m
PB QC~ RD SA n'
PB n BQ m
Then
AB m + n' BG m + n'
mn
and the area of the triangle PBQ, = - BP. BQ sinB = 2
AB. BCsin B
mn
2
area of the triangle A BC.
(m + n)

'
Similarly the area of the triangle EDS=- - area of the triangle A DC.

Therefore the area of the triangles PBQ and RDS = *',

where //
denotes the area of the quadrilateral figure A BCD.
In the same way we shew that the area of the triangles QCR and SA
mnH

Thus the area of the four triangles PBQ, QCR, RDS, and
Therefore the area of the quadrilateral figure PQRS
'
2
(m + n)*) (m + n)

156. cos + cos 30 =sJ therefore cos 0+4 cos 3 0-3 cos 0= ;

therefore 4c.os 3 0-2 cos 0--=0; therefore 4( cos 3 0-i-- - 2 cos0+.r

) (
* \ o/ \ *

s2
276 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

therefore 2 (cos 2
6 - cos 6 + - 6+ =
$+^\ (cos ^ ^ (cos ^\
;

therefore (cos0 + (2 cos^-cos^- =0.

-J

Thus either cos + -=0 or 2 cos 2 - cos - =0 ;

i 1

the former gives cos =- ;

the latter gives cos 0= - .

157. cos/3 cos? sin (7-$ = ^ {cos (j3-7) + cos(/3 + 7)} sin (7-18)

= (sin (27
- 2/3) + sin 27- sin 2/3}.

Transform the other two terms in the same way; and thus we obtain
finally as the sum

i
{sin (27
- 2ft) + sin (2a
- 27) + sin (2ft - 2a)}.

Again, sin (a
- ft) sin (/3
- 7) sin (7 - a)

= {cos (a + 7 - 2/3) - cos (a - 7)} sin (7 - a)

^

= j {sin (27 - 2)3) + sin (2/3 - 2a) + sin (2a

- 2>)}.

Thus the proposed expressions are equal.

Or thus : from Example vm. 12 we see that

sin /3 sin 7 sin (7 - ft) + sin 7 sin a sin (a - 7) + sin a sin ft sin -
a)
(ft

= sin (a - /3) sin (ft

- 7) sin (7
- a).

In this formula change a, ft, y into ^ + a, J + fl, +7 respectively;

X Z 2 -

and thus we obtain the required result.

^ - 5) sin (A - C) - i sin .4
158. sin sin (^ {cos (C-B}~ cos (2.4 - J5 - <?)}

= {sin (4 + (7- 7?) + sin (4 +B- C)

- sin (3A - B - C) - sin
(B+ C- A)}
^

s= ~ {sin 2JE? + sin 2(7+ sin 14 - sin 2A}.

 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 277

In this way we see that the expression on the left-hand side in the pro.
posed formula

= - {sin 2J. + sin 2B + sin 2(7+ sin A + sin B + sin 4(7}.

Then by Example vni. 33 we have

sin 2A + sin 25 + sin 2(7=4 sin A sin E sin (7,

sin iA + sin 4JB + sin 4(7= - 4 sin 2 A sin 2B sin 2(7

=- 32 sin .4 sin 5 sin (7 cos A cos 5 cos (7.
Thus we obtain the required result.

159. A denote the bottom

Let of the pole, B
the point on the pole to
which the man climbs, F the top of
the window, the bottom. E
Let A and F
BE intersect at Z>, which is therefore the top of the wall. Draw per- DC
pendicular to the ground, and produce FE to meet the ground at H, Draw
from B
a horizontal straight line meeting at (?. FH
Then from the triangle BAF we get JBF=^
sin (a - '

j3)

ecosacosS e

tan a- tan /S'

CE =
160. From the triangle CEB we have

CD =
and from the triangle CDA we have -r-

Thus the area of the triangle CE.CD sin (7

db sin (7 sin -^ sin -B S8in^Asin^

(TT2
cos
C-B
2 sin cos -^r s
278 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

161. We have p = 2 cos A + cos 3 A ( - 5 + 4 cos 2 4)

= 2 cos 4 + j (cos 34 + 3 cos 4) (

- 5 + 4 cos 2 4 )

=
891
2cos4+j

oil
(cos

= 2 cos A --cos34--cos4+-cos34
34 + 3 cos A) (-3 + 2 cos 2A)

cos

Q
B
24 + -cos 4 cos 24

= --cos34-jcos4+v(cos54 + cos 4) +7 (cos 34 + cos 4)

= i
(cos 54 + 3 cos A).

In the same way we find that

2 = ^ (sin 54 +3 sin A).

Therefore

p cos 3^+5 sin 34 = T 54 + 3 cos A) cos 34 + 54+3 sin 4) sin 34

(cos ^ (sin
3
= 1j (cos 54 cos 34 + sin 54 sin 34) +j (cos 34 cos 4 + sin 34 sin 4)

=i cos (54 - 34) + cos (34 - 4) = cos 24.

1
And
p sin 34-2 cos 34 =- (cos 54 + 3 cos 4) sin 34 - -g
(sin 54+3 sin 4) cos 34

1 3
= j (cos 54 sin 34 - sin 54 cos 34 ) + j (sin 34 cos 4 - cos 34 sin 4 )

=- i sin (54 - 34) + sin (34 - 4) = sin 24.

1 |

C t2
/ a\
162. Let w = ; therefore
(cos-J
"
log u =cot 2 - log cos - = cos 2 - x cosec 2 - log cos t
n n n n n
Now as in the solution of Example xn. 33 we can shew that

cosec 2 cos - = - when n is infinite.

^ log ^-
a
And cos 2 - = 1 when n is infinite.
n
~
Thus log u =- ; and therefore u = e '&* .
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 27.9

163. If n be a positive integer, we have l+2 + 2 + 2

... + 2n = 2 n+1 - 1.
Hence the infinite series

24 L 1 1 1

164. Here

and
cos a;
cosy

therefore,
,

by
,. .

division,
. cos*?
.
cos(x+y] '= cos cos(x-y)
^f ,
cos (x - y)
7
cos a (x + y)
cos (x - y)
so that = A//cos ft

cos (x + y) v cos a
cos
And cos (x - y) + cos (x + y) = 2 cos a cos y = 2 cos a
^ffj

; (2).

From (1) and (2) we have

2 cos a *Jcos
--- 8
therefore cos (x+ y) = .
-
.

/s/cos a+ V cos 3 J

Then by (1) we have cos (x - y) = . . .

165. It may be shewn as in the solution of Example xx. 4 that

CW)
similarly =- -
,
and ,

Hence by addition we obtain the required result.

280 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

166. AP= OA cos OAP, AS= OA cos OAS;

therefore the area of the triangle A PS= OA* cos OAP cos OAS sin A.
(>

In the same way the area of the triangle OPS

= 1 OA* sin OAP - A)
2
sin OAS sin POS=l OA* sin OAP
2i
sin OAS sin (180

=42 OA* sin OAP sin OAS sin A.

Hence triangle APS- triangle OPS

= OA* sin A {cos OAP cos (L1S- sin 04P sin OAS}
|

= I OA* sin A cos (04P + 0JS) =1 OA* sin ^ cos A = \ OA* sin 2A.
& a .
%
In the same way we obtain

triangle BQP - triangle OQP=- OB* sin 2B,

triangle CRQ - triangle ORQ = j' 0<7 2 sin 2(7,

and triangle D/2 - triangle OSR =-r OZ>2 sin 2Z>.

Hence by addition we have

<%
triangle ^4P5f + triangle SQP + triangle CRQ, + triangle DSR
- quadrilateral PQRS
=i {OA* sin 2A + OB* sin 2B+OC* sin 2C+ OD* sin 2D}.

But the sum of the four triangles and the quadrilateral

= the quadrilateral A BCD.
Hence by subtraction we have
twice the quadrilateral PQ.RS^the quadrilateral ABCD

-^{OA*
sin 2A + O B* sin IB + 00* sin 2(7 + OD3 sin 2D}.

167. We have a = 2R sin ^, 6 = 2 J2 sin 5, c = 272 sin (7 ;

thus the proposed expression

._{
= 472 . B-C cos A- + sin C-A . B
- . A-B cos -C\
sin cos + sin
| g ^- j
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 281

_( B-C sin B+C C-A C+A A-B sin A + B\

(4 -
. . . . . .
4R {sin n + sin
jr
sin + sin-
t & & & * }

= 4R 2 2 2 2 2
--sin -
^+ -sin + sin 2
-sin sin
jsin ^ ^-

= 0.

168. Assume x = tan A, y=ta,nB, z = tan(7; then since x+y + z=xyz it

will follow in the manner of Art. 114 that tan (A + is zero ; therefore B+C)
A+ + B Cnir where n is zero or some integer. Therefore 3A + 3B + 3(7=3n7r ;

and therefore in the manner of Art. 114 we have

tan 3A +tan 35 + tan 3C7=tan 3A tan.3J9 tan 30.

3 tan A - tan 3 A Zx-x*

But

similarly tan 35 = , tan 3(7=:

thus the required result follows.

169. We liave 1= R cos A, m=RcosB, n=RcoaC; thus we have to

shew that
4a _
4ft 4c dbc
=
R cos A + K cos E + R cos C M3 cos A cos BcosC'
Now a = 2R sin A, b=2RsmB, c=2R sin C ;
thus the proposed identity
becomes
tan A + tan B + tan C= tan A tan 5 tan C ;

and this is true by Art. 114.

170. 8in2

= l-2 6 Art. 114.

in^sin|sin|', by
A B C
Now we

greater than -;
8
have seen in Example xm. 40 that sin
1 ABC
hence sin 2 - + sin 2 - + sin 2
^
=- ski

cannot be less than

^
sin cannot be

1--,
1 '

3
that is than
4'
s[nad
171 '
L =* . ; and when & is indefinitely diminished the
sin 60 6 ad sin b6'

lim it of ^ ad
is unity, and so also is the limit of -^-^: thus
the limit of

sin ad . a
Bin bd b'
282 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.
aS 2
,a0 t .

Sin 8m
- -2- T

Now the limit of - is r in the manner just shewn ;

therefore the
sin-
vers ad .

172 -

=44 log 2, by Art. 146, =logV2.

, A
= - _
^ + cos|-sec 1 860^ 1+
173. tan
cos- cos -cos -

,A . A B C
cos 2 4- sm cos cos -
2 > & 2
~~A
- B
- C
-
cos cos cos

The numerator of this fraction = 1 - sin 2 + sin - cos - cos -

a J 2 2 '

A \
B C A B C
B+C) = l + sin-sm-sin-. . . .

2 jcos 2-cos--cos-2- j

A R C 1
A JR f
- tan -
Thus the fraction = sec - sec _- sec - 4- tan ^ tan .
i i t i t ft

Similarly the other two proposed expressions may be reduced to this

symmetrical form ; and thus the three expressions are equal.
174. sin (?r
cot 6) = cos (IT tan 6) ;

therefore cos (TT tan 0)

= cos I ^ - v cot 6 ;
J

therefore all the solutions are comprised in

TT tan 6 = 2mr - IT cot

T^ J
,

where n is zero, or some integer, positive or negative.

 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 283

Take the upper sign; thus 2n+- = tan + cot0 = ^ so that

^ ,

1_ 1
4~ sin 20'

Take the lower sign; thus -- 2n=cot 0- tan = 2 cot 20, so that

COt 20=* -71.

Thus either cosec 20 or cot 20 takes the prescribed form.

175. We have a = 2RsmA, b = 2RsuiB, c=2RsinC.

2
-\ .
}
(1
AKJ
.

And
, x, ., A1 ,
the right-hand member =,
= - by Art. 114.
l&R' sin A sin B sin 2 *
,
G 4jrt

a-r
176. Let 6 be the angle of the sector
= sin-. But 2e=2asin-.
2 2
. Therefore
;

-
then we see from a diagram that

a r
=-;
a
therefore
r

therefore - =- +
r a c

sin x sin 4s sin 2x sin 3a

-
177 t [

cos2#

-
cos 05 cos4o;

therefore
sin x cos 4x + cos 05
cos x cos 4x
sin
- 4x
+
sin 2cc cos 3x + cos 2oc
cos 2x cos Bx
sin Bx
= .
;

therefore

therefore either

If we take the
sin5x=0
sin 5aj
cos x cos

or

former, then 5x = nir.

- ^
4ic

cos x cos 4#
-|
-- ~
5x

7-+'
sin
^- =0
cos 2x cos 3x

cos
^
2a5
'-

cos
;

-
n
3a5
- =0.

If we take the latter, then cos 2x cos 3z + cos x cos 4a?=0 ;

therefore cos 2x (4 cos 3 a; - 3 cos x) + cos as cos 4aj = ;

therefore either cos x = or cos 2x (4 cos 2 05 - 3) + cos 4z = 0.

If we take the former, then g = (2m + l) _ .

If we take the latter, then cos 2x (2 + 2 cos 2x - 3) +2 cos 2 2x - 1 = ;

therefore 4 cos 2x - cos 2x -

2
1 = ;

and by solving this quadratic we obtain cos 2x= - -

.
284 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

178. We may proceed as in the solution of Example 147, and seek for
the values of x, y, and z, which make
x sin (0
-
/3) sin (6 - 7) + y sin (0 - 7) sin (6 --
a) + 2 sin (6 - a) sin (6 -
p)

always equal to 1.
so on.
Then we shall find that *=
^
gi -^ sin(a-7)
> and

Or we may verify the formula by direct work. For reduce the three
common denominator sin (a - /S) sin (ft - 7) sin (y a). Then
fractions to the
the numerator will become L sin 2 Q + M
sin Q cos 8 + N cos 2 6, where

L=cosp cos 7 sin (7 - jS) + cos 7 cos a sin (a - 7) + cos a cos p sin ( - a),
M= -sin(7 + /S) sin(7-/3) -sin (a + y) sin (a -7) -sin( + a) sin(j3- a),
N=8inp sin7 sin (7 - /3) + sin 7 sin a sin (a - 7) + sin a sinj3sin(/3-a).
It is obvious by Art. 83 that M =0 ;
and we have seen in the solution of
Example 157 that L and N are each equal to the common denominator ; so
that L sin2 + Ncos? is also equal to this denominator, and the expression
is equal to unity,

179. By Euclid vi. 2 we find that BD = -^~ , and CD=^.

b+c b+c
Similar expressions hold for the segments of the other sides of ABC.
Therefore the area of the triangle DOE
ab Sab
=-1 ^ab . sin C=-

Similar expressions hold for the areas of EFA and FDB.

Therefore the area of DEF
=si-
+ b)(a+b)

2abcS
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 285

180. Let x denote the height of the mountain; then the distances of the
two stations from the point in the horizontal plane which is vertically under
th<3 top of the mountain are x cot a and x cot /3 respectively.

Thus c
2 = x2 cot 2 a + a2 cot2 /3 - Ix* cot a cot /3 cos y ; (Art. 215)
2

c 2 sin 2 a sin 2 /3
*
sin 2 ft cos 2 a + sin 2 a cos 2 ft-2 sin a cos a sin /3
cos ft cos 7
The denominator of this fraction may be put in the form

cos a + cos sin a) 2 - sin 2a sin 2ft cos 2 ?

(sin ft ft

so that with the specified value of $ it becomes sin 2 (a + ft) cos 2 <f> ;

c sin a sin B
and therefore x-..
sin
-

+ 8) cos
.

(a

d 1
181. Let e denote the angle then tan - = ;
therefore approxi-
;
3x45Q

mately 2
- = -T^TT ;
therefore Q =f . Hence the number of degrees in the
18oO o7o

angle is x ,
and the number of minutes is x - ,
that is
TT 675 TT "7o

x , that is x 57'29... ,
that is about 5.
45 ir 45
n
182. The general term of the series is ;
for we obtain all the terms

by putting successively 1, 2, 3, ... f or n in this expression.

~
Now +l
|n
+l |n
+ l_ |n-l [ |n

If then we split up each term into three in this manner, beginning with
the second term, we obtain

+++
'

1 1 1 1
+ +

that is + e-1- (e
- 2)4 c- 2 - ,
that is e - 1.
286 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

183. Here
2 1
_ _ I 2 cos cos 2ct
_ 2 cos cos 2a
~~ "" ~"
cos0 cos (6 + 2a) cos (0 - 2a) cos (0 + 2a) cos (0 - 2a) cos 2 0-sin 2 2a '

therefore cos 2 - sin 2 2a = cos 2 cos 2a,

therefore cos 2 (1
- cos 2a) = sin 2 2a = 4 sin 2 a cos 2 a ;

therefore cos 2 =2 cos a. 2

184. Here 4 sin (0 + 0) cos (0 - 0) = 1, and 2 sin (0 + 0) = 1 ;

therefore sin (0 + 0) = - ,
and cos (0
- 0) = - ;

therefore + 0=W7r+(-l) n , and 0-0=

185. sin A + sin B+ sin (7=4 cos

ABC cos - cos -
1

, by Example vin. 16.

sm ~~2~
, A+B cos
C
A n o
And tan 5 + tan 1? =
A B A 5'
-cos- cos -cos-

A 7? C 1
"
therefore tan - + tan + tan =- = + ^>
& i A.
~ Jf
- U
-
cos cos cos

C 1
C1
A
cos 2 -+ sin -cos cos -7?
=
cos
ABC
-cos -cos-
2
'

C C A1
B 1

the numerator = 1 - sin 2 - + sin - cos 5 cos - -

2i t i a

= l+sm-C( . A B A + B) A B C
sm sm-;
. . .

^- j=l + ^
-cos sin
jcos-cos 2 ^

A . B . C
1 + sm sm sm
^ 2" 2~*
and thus the fraction = ^ .

cos -cos cos -

^
Hence by multiplication we obtain the required result.
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 287
186. Proceed as in the solution of Example 166. Then we obtain the
following expression for the excess of the sum of all the triangles at the
corners above the second polygon
r2
{sin 2 A + sin 2B + sin 2(7+ sin 2D +...},

where r is the radius of the circle.

Hence this vanishes if sin 2 A +sin 2B+

...=0, and then the sum of the
triangles at the corners is equal to the second polygon, and therefore the first
polygon is double the second.

187. Wehave a = 2R sin A, b=2R sin B, c = 2RsinC;

hence the proposed expression

= 4JRDX}sm B-C sin A

.
- + sin C-A . .

sin
. B
-+ sin
. A-B sm-C .

= 2R A+C-B
_ cos
A+B-C + COS B+A-C COS
B+C-A
jcos n 2 2

B + C-A
cos -
A + C-B)
+ -cos -J=0.
A &

188. Wehave a=272sin^, l = 2RswB, c = 2.Rsin(7;

hence the proposed expression

_ .^ ~^~^~C) sin2 B sin (C-A) sin2 (7 sin (A-B)\

\ sin B + sin C sin C+ sin A sin A + sin B j

sin 2A sin (B - C) sin A sin (B + C) sin (B C)

Now

(S m^-sm^) = sm ^ (sinB _ sinCf)>

sin B + sin C
In this way the proposed expression
= 4E 2 {sin A (sin B - sin C) + sin B (sin (7 - sin A) + sin (7 (sin A - sin 5)} = 0.
189. If n be the number of sides in the first polygon we have

a = 2rsin*", 6=2rsin^.
n 2n

By Art. 100, since - lies between and i we have

^

Multiply by r, and we obtain the required result.

288 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

190.
(l-sinf)(l-sin)cos^
= cos A-- f B C\
. A B . . . C A
sin -cos- .
2 ^sin-+sin-Jcos-4sm2

ABC
Develope each of the other two terms in the same way

-sin
A+B B+C -sin C+A
--sin- . .
;
the aggregate

B C A C A B- sm A- B C
- cos ^ + sin - sin - -
. . . . . .

+ sin - sin cos + sin cos .

u 3t 9 1 & & 91 31 2

But coy
A=
sin
B+C ,

cos
B = sin C+A .

cos
C=
sin
. A+B
-
, ' ^ ,
&
;
2 m a a *

thus the expression

= sin B C A C A B A B C
- sm - cos - + sin - sm - cos ~ + sm - sin - cos -
. . . . . .

= sm B sin -C cos A
- +sin A C
- ( sm - B B C\
cos - + sin - cos -
. . . . ,

f
g j

= sm B- sin C
. A
- cos - A
+ sin -
. .

sin
. B+C
A A B A B+C B
+ sm- sm C) C)
( . . ( .

sm-
.

f j=cos^ jcos- +
-cos

= cos -- ABC
^ |sm-

i
cos
i
cos
i
.
sm-j

Or instead of the last four lines we may use Art. 113, observing that

here cos +

191. Let D denote the top of the object.

From the triangle ABD we have -5-^
= !, for the angles BAD and BDA
JjJJ
S1 a
are equal. From the triangle BDC we have ---^
= ] .

z>C sin a

Therefore
BC
= -~ =
sin a
3 -4 sin' a.

Since the object is very distant a is very small; therefore AB 3BC

nearly.

199 ~
x loge (l-*) x 1 ,
1 1

Here every term in the numerator is less than' the corresponding term in
the denominator, and thus the fraction is less than unity.
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 289
6sin5 6sin.gcos5

thus either sin 5 or cos (^1-f 25)= cos (.4 + 5) cos 5;

the latter gives cos (J. + 5) cos - sin (.4 + B] sin 5 = cos (4 + B) cos 5,
so that either 5= sin or sin (^4 + 5) = 0.
Suppose that sin (A + B) = ; then since
3 sin 25 2 sin SB

, 3 sin 25 2 sin 35
we have '

cof(A + 57cc>s5 cos (A + B) cos 25

3 sin 5 sin 35
so that '

cos (A + 5) cos (A + 5) cos 25

therefore 3 sin B cos 25 = sin 35,
therefore 3 sin 5 (1 - 2 = 3 sin 5 - 4 sin 3 5,
sin 2 5)

therefore 6 sin 3 5 = 4 sin 3 5,

therefore sin 5 = 0.
2
X CC V*
194. Here tan therefore sin 2 = -; ,, and cos
2
0=^ 0=-^ -. Sub-
y x> + y*' x2 + yz
stitute in the second given equation ; thus

^CW -,^ - 2
1
2
x*
6
+-,;
*'
therefore
* *=
+ i
y* -
.

From this quadratic in ^ we find ^ = 32, /2 = s (. v/2~ l)

2
; therefore

= ( > /2"+l) or d=( x /3~-l). The former gives 6 = nir-~; and the
o

latter gives ^ = n?r-- .

o

195. Since the sines of the angles are in Harmonical Progression, so are
the sides of the opposite angles. Thus a, 6, c are in Harmonical Progression,

and we have to
i.
shew that
*
ii- x (*-6)(*-c)
- - --
2(*-c)(*-o)
JJ ; (*-o)(*-6)I are so
S

also. Multiply each term by

J
-
.
be

- -
T
,

- -
ca

; thus we see
ab

it is sufficient

to shew that
s-a
-,
s-br ,
-
s-c
(s-a) (s- b)
are in
(s c)

Harmonical Progression, or that

-
s

a
-a
, r
6
s b s
- - are in Arithmetical
c
,
c
Progression, or that
-
,
a' b
- , - are in
c
. s s s

Arithmetical Progression ; and this is the case since a, b, c are' in Harmonical

Progression.
T. T. K. T
290 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

196. We have a = 2JR sin -K ;

o

therefore -=
a
2sin^D

1Q7
197 ' Her.

therefore cos (7+ cot B sin (7= n tan ^ sin (7 - cos (7= - ;
,
q

- cos C P
therefore sin 2 C= ( ( + cos C ;
J J

therefore 1=+ 2
cos C - ;

v
therefore cos (7=
mq

198. We have 0^= -,

A.
OB = --,
.ti
00=-; \;
sm -
. ,

sin -
.

sm -
i

Hence we have to shew that

sin sin o sin o-

9 i i &

member
By Example vni. 15 the left-hand

r4 cos
ABC
TJ
cos cos

sin
j
thus we have to shew that
.1 1

The left-hand member

/(s-b)(s-c) ~ ^^t,^ S_
V" "I \"
A / ~ ~6T
^J / yg
A /(*-g)(s-c)
^; / yo t*; /;
A /(-.g)(j-6) _ ~
V i*/ ye __
\
4,21 '
V -
oc V -~ab~ sa6c
"~ ^
*
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. (
2. )1

199. The radius of the circle inscribed in the triangle OBO

*
_ area of the triangle _ 2 p sin 2a
~ *
semiperimeter p (1 + sin a) 2(1 + sin a)
Let P denote the position of the centre ; then

p sin 2a I pcos a
op _ ^ _
2(1 + sin a) sin a 1 + sina"
Again, let Q denote the position of the centre of the circle inscribed in
the triangle OAB ; then, as 2a is now to be changed to TT - 2a, we have

'

. , ,. i 1 + cos a
1 + sin
rin(j-a)
And since POQ, is a right angle, PQ 2 = OP* + OQ 2

(1 + sina) 2 (1 + cosa) 5

~
3 U - sin a 1 - cos a)
_
~~
2
p (2
- sin 2a)
P '
1 1 + sina 1 + cos a) (1 + sin a) (1 + cos^a)

, , , p v/2
- sin 2a
therefore PQ,^-
in a) (1 + cos a)
Let A and B be the two objects. Suppose a circle to pass through
200.
A and B, and to touch the straight line at P then P is the point at which ;

the greatest angle is subtended see Appendix to Euclid, page 308. Produce
:

AB to meet the straight line at Q.. Let the angle BPQ = a, and let /3 be the
angle between AP and the straight line. Then also PA
= a, and PBA =/S,
by Euclid in. 32. Let PQ = c.
BP = sin(/3-a) AB
PQ sin/3 P=-*& '

AB sin (8 + a) sin (8 - a)
therefore
c
201. We have

~'~
1
+ 11)
!

2-a-6 ._-__!-,
o J
i , ~r-. H
r-: =CO ; v t
292 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

202. sin-' = t an -i , cot' 1 3 = tan' 1

;

tan" 1 - + tan -1 - = tan" 1 -~ = tan" 1 1 =v .

A O _ 1 4
"6
203. The angle of the second triangle which is opposite to the angle C
of the first triangle will be found to be - ; similarly the corresponding

angle of the third triangle will be ~5 " ttat is ~ + '

| ( )
'
5 \ 4
way we
th
Proceeding in this find that the corresponding angle of the ?t

triangle is
l 11

that is
7T
i (
\2J
1
Y 1

+
n
(-l) -*C
^
1 ~Y
+
2
2"-^
5

f_1\1-lx ^_1\-1^
that is ^ i_L_il_
f

U^l
Similar expressions hold for the other angles.

Suppose ^ = tan a; then we require cos

-;i
204. 40.

Now tan* = a, cos 20

205. We have &* cos (foe + c) = e a* (cos Ja; cos c - sin to sin c) ;

then by Art. 300 the required general term is

2
2(a
+ 6*)i-2 - sin nd sin
..

(cos nd cos c c),

E
that is

where i? is such that tan ^ =- .

a
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 293
20G. We have AD = AB + BD^-2AB BDcosB
Z Z
.

= c 2 +(s-c) 2 -2c(s-c)cos, by Art. 250;

therefore s2 - Alft =s2 - c2 - - c) 2 + 2c - c) cos B
(s (s

==
(s
- c) {s +c- (s
- + 2c cos .6}
c)

= 2c (s- c) (1 + cos B) = c (s-c) cos

| ;

j>
therefore a (s
2 - A Z>2 = 4ac
) (
- c) cos 2 - = 4s (s - b] (s
- c).

207. We have
'

+ $J - = cos 6 cos0 J - 1-sin d

'

a + P\f - l=cos (Q l) sin0 ^/^l

Hence by equating the possible and the impossible parts we have

Therefore - --
cos 8 5 sin s

8
, a* /3

208. log se .= log =

1 4
2 o _u />-
1 ^ j.

therefore 2 Iogsec0 =
294 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

Now 2-e 2l *-e~ 2t*=-e -e~ u tfl '

and so on ;
thus
o (2
- <?6l0 _ e -6i0) = _
88
(gSi*
_ ,5-310)2 gi

2Iogsec0=4 si

therefore log sec 6 = 2

(40
j
sin 2 6 - - sin 2 26 + - sin2 30-

- tana},
. . .
j
)
.

209. sec a sec (a + jS) {tan (a + |3)

=jg ^

sec (a + ) sec (a + 2/3) =- jtan(a + 2/3) -tan(a + /3)}

and so on.

Then by addition we obtain the required result.

210. The regular hexagon may be divided into six equilateral triangles ;

and thus the area of the first hexagon =

^~
By Art. 255 the radius of the first circle = cot 30= ^-; and the side
|
of the second hexagon is equal to this, so that the area of the second

hexagon = * ( \ . In this way we see that the areas of the hexa-

-^
O
gons form a geometrical progression of which the ratio is - ; and the sum of

the area S = --^ _-R lii. =6a'V3 jl- ( 7

211. We have a = 2R sin A, 6 = 2/2 sin , e=

thus the proposed expression
= 2R (sin A cos A +sin.Z?cos S + sinC'cos(?) J

= R (sin 2 A + sin 25 + sin 2(7)

= 4/2 sin A sin sin O, by Art. 114,
= 2a sin B sin (7.

The expression is now adapted to logarithms.

 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 295

212. Let e denote the angle APB, the angle BPC, and ^ the angle ABP.
AB _ sin BC _ sin0
P~sin(^ + 0)* P
but ^1 J5 Is supposed equal to 5(7, and thus

sin sin

therefore sin ^ cot 4- cos^ = sin if/

cot - cos
\f/ ;

therefore 2 cot =
^ cot cot 6 ;

therefore -= - - .

213. It is shewn in Art. 296 that

4
= 4 tan- 1 i - tan" 1
5 Joy
^ ;

hence we have only to shew that

orthat

1 * 239 1393
_! -1 -tan-1
"
~
239 x 1393

= tan ,
+ 239 =
1393 . 1632
= tan 816
tan
289*18981 332926 16641

Thus the required result is established.

214. By the diagram of Art. 332 we see that

A Sm
PA sinP^ ~ \2~ ) coa A .
~~ '

A~B svaAPB sin (A + b) sin G

ccosA a cos A
therefore

therefore
in 2 A sin- A
296 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

(cosct+ \/ -1 sin a) (cos 2a + \/-l sin2a) _ cos 3a-f \/-l sin 3a^
cos 3a - \A-I sin 3a cos3a- ^/^TsinSa'
- 1 sin 3a thus we
multiply both numerator and denominator by cos 3ct + v ;

obtain unity in the denominator, and cos 6a+ \/- 1 sin 6a in the numerator :

and this numerator = >J

- 1 since a = 15.

216. The new triangle will have for its angular points the centres of the
escribed circles of the original triangle. Now from Art. 250 we have

Q
00= CE sec OCE= (s - b) cosec - ;

and in the same manner the distance from of the centre of the circle

= (s - a) C
which touches BO and BA produced cosec - . Hence the sum of

C 1
C 1
C 1
C 1

these two = (2s - b - a) cosec -- = c cosec - = 2R sin C cosec - = 4R cos - .

This is the length of the side of the second triangle which passes through
the point C ;
similar expressions hold for the other two sides.

217. By the preceding Example the sum of the squares

*
= 16723 cos 2
IA+ cos 2
-B + cos 2 C
| ^

= &R 2 {
3 + cos A + cos B + cos C }

= 8R* 4 + 4 sin sin sin by Art. 114,

j ^ | | j
,

327?2 + 8r.
sabc

218. The numerator can be expressed in powers of 6 and it will be ;

found to reduce to 2 5 cos 6 in like manner the denominator will be found to

;

4 5
reduce to 2 cos 6 see Art. 280. Hence the expression reduces to 2 cos 0.
:

*
than - than ( I - *?\
219. cos is less 1
^+^ ,
that is less , therefore

Vcos is less than 1 - this holds if lies between and : see Art. 328.
j5 |
f\ -I / f\ \ g /)2

Again, cos is greater than 1 -- (

- ,
that is greater than 1 -- ;
this
J

holds as long as cos and 1 -- remain both positive, and this certainly

holds if lies between and . Hence /s/cos is less than cos -^ .

J \&
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 297

220. Suppose the polygon has n sides. Let be the centre of the circle
inscribed in the polygon, and S the assumed point. Let OS=c; and sup-
pose OS to be inclined at an angle a to the first perpendicular which is
"- and r Then
drawn ; put 8 for n ,
for the radius of the inscribed circle.

the length of the first perpendicular will be r + c cos a, that of the second
r + c cos(a + /3), that of the third ?- + ccos (a + 2jS), and so on. Hence the
sum of one set of perpendiculars

= +c + 2) + cos(a + 4,3) + ...to| terms .

jcosa-t-cos(a j

By Art. 304 the sum of the series of cosines contains the factor

sin - 8, that is sin TT, that is zero.

Hence the sum of the set of perpendiculars = .

Similarly the sum of the other set of perpendiculars has the same value.

221. r=
S-
s
, r,= [
-S
s-a ,
r2 ='
S
s-br ,
r* = -S
s-c
;

therefore rr1 r2 r,=

J - a)
S*
- b)
-
- c)
= S* = S 2 ;
s (s (s (s S*

therefore

222. We have 2 tan' 1 = tan- 1 - = tan" 1 ;

thus
1
4 tan-' = = 2 tan-i JL = tan -i
7 24-
7
-2x1j_
, iy-
'
nA
= tan -i
9x 7x

(24 + 7)(24-7)
24-

~\*
336

Then 5 tan- =4 tan" 1 + tan-i = tan -i + lan~i

336 1
+ 2879
_! 527 7 _j
: '

336 3353
7 x 527
298 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

in 2 - = tan' 1
tan-,3
g
.
__ 79
3

= tan' 1
.

j^^pgj
2x3x79

'

. 2879 \ 3353 474 237

tan fir - tan' 1 = = =
,.,.
Finally
^ 6232 3U6 ;

so that

223. In the expression for tan n6 put - f or ;

then tan = 1.

If n is an odd number we have tanw0 = (-l) 2 , so that the numerator

of the expression is numerically equal to the denominator.

If n is an even number, tan nd is either zero or infinite so that in the ;

former case the numerator of the expression must vanish, and in the latter
case the denominator must vanish.

224. We have sin4 cos 5 = (1 - cos 3 0) 2 cos 5 = cos9 0-2 cos? + cos 5 0.

Now cos 9 = cos 90 + 9 cos 70 + 36 cos 50 + 84 cos 30 + 126 cos ,

| j

cos?0 = 19 + 7 cos 50 + 21 cos 30 + 35 cos

jeos

COS \\J\JQ c/l/ -f t CVS QJ7 -f J.U UUH

^- C7> .

Hence

cos9 0-2 cos' + cos 5 = + cos 70) -

(cos 90
^ (cos 50 + cos 30) + J- cos 0.

Or we may proceed thus :

sin 4 cos 5 = sin 4 cos 4 sin = (sin 20)

4
cos

1 3
~ cos 5<? + cos 3e ) + cos e -
(
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 299

225. We have

sin* x -
(3 sin x - sin 3)

j)^~lo"f"lr
_ __ T I *! i r__ . i T
t

T
" (te)
5
_

then by arranging according to powers of x we obtain the required result.

226. Put s for cos + cos 30 + cos 90, and t for cos 50 + cos 70 + cos 110.
Then s + 1 = cos + cos 30 + cos 50 + cos 70 + cos 90 + cos 110
_ cos (0 + 50) sin 60 QA/n _ sin 120 _ sin _1

And st (cos + cos 30 + cos 90) (cos 50 + cos 70 + cos 110)

= cos 50 + cos 70 + cos 110) + ......
(cos

Resolve each product into the sum of two cosines by Art. 84; thus
we get
2st = cos 60 + cos 40 + cos 80 + cos 60 + cos 120 + cos 100
+ cos 80 + cos 20 + cos 100 + cos 40 + cos 140 + cos 80
+ cos 140 + cos 40 + cos 160 + cos 20 + cos 200 + cos 20
= 3 cos 20 + 3 cos 40 + 2 cos 60 + 3 cos 80 + 2 cos 100
+ cos 120 + 2 cos 140 + cos 160 + cos 200.

Now since = ^r we have cos 140 = cos 120, cos 200=- cos 70 = cos 60,
lo
cos 160 = -cos 30 = cos 100. Thus
2st = 3 cos 20 + cos 40 + cos 60 + cos 80 + cos 100 + cos 120
{ }

_ 3 cos (20 + 50) sin 60 _ _ 3 cos 60 sin 60 _ _ 3 sin __3

120 ~
'
sin sin 2 sin 2

therefore st =- -. .
4
1 3
Then, since s +1=^ , and st = - - we ,
find by Algebra that

and it is obvious that the upper sign must be taken, because s is positive ;

for cos and cos 30, which are positive, are both numerically greater than
cos 90, which is negative.
300 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

227. Suppose the polygon has n sides. Let be the centre of the
circle inscribed in the polygon, and S the assumed point. Let OS=c; and
suppose OS to be inclined at an angle a to the first perpendicular which is
drawn ; put 8 for ' ,
and r for the radius of the inscribed circle. Then
n
the length of the first perpendicular will be r + ccosa, that of the second
r + c cos (a + 8), that of the third r + c cos (a + 23) and so on. ,

Then fdr the squares on the sides of the new polygon we obtain the ex-
pressions

{r +c cos a} 2 + {r + c cos (a + /3j} 2 - 2 {r + c cos a} {r + c cos (a + 8)} cos B,

and so on.
Thus for the square on the mth side of the new polygon we shall obtain

2r2 (1
- cos /$) + 2rc {cos (a + m/3 - B\+ cos (a + mB)} (1 - cos 3)
+ c 2 {cos 2 (a + mB - 8) + cos 2 (a + m/3) - 2 cos 8 cos (a + m/3 - 3) cos (a + m/3)}

that is

2r 2 (1 .COB 8) + 2rc {cos (a + mB - 8) + cos (a + m/3)} (1

- cos 8)

+ ~ (I + coa (2a + 2mp

- 28) + 1 + cos (2a + 2m8)
- 2 cos 8 [cos 3 + cos (2a + 2m/3 - 8)]}.
We have to obtain the sum formed from this expression by giving to m all
integral values from 1 to n, both inclusive ;
the result, by Art. 305,

= 2nr 2 (1 - cos 8) + - 2w cos 2 3}

^ {2n
= 4nr2 sin 2 ^ + we 2 sin 2 3.
A ,

228. We have cos 56 + sin 56 = ^/iTcos (50 -

1J

= ^2 cos 5 (e - \ =N/2 cos 5 (0

- 8).

And by Art. 318 we have cos 5 (6-8) sin

=2 4
cos (6 - 8) cos (6
- 8 + 2a) cos (6-3 + 4a) cos (5 - /3 + 6a) cos (6 - 8 + 80),

where a = -- = 2/3.

Thus cos 5(6-8)

= 2 4 cos (^
-
/S)
cos (0 + 3/3) cos (0 + 7/3) cos (6 + 11/3) cos (0-f 15/3).
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 301
Also cos (6 + 7/3)
= sin (3/3 -6) = - sin (0 - 3/3),

cos (0+ 11/3)

= cosf0 + /3+\ = - sin

cos (0 + 15/3)
= cos + = (cos 0+ sin 6}.
\ */ )
V2
Hence >/2 cos 5(6-8)
= - 2 4 cos (0 - 8) cos (0 + 3/3) sin (0 - 3j8) sin (0 + 8) (sin + cos 6} ;

hence also cos 50 + sin 50 is equal to the last expression, which had to be
shewn.

229. We have
sin 2 2 2 2
V(cos a cos /3 + sin a sin 8) + cos 2
^/(cos a cos
2 8 - sin2 a sin 3 /3)

Assume r cos = >/(cos 2 a cos 2

/3 + sin 2 a sin 2 /3),
and r sin = V(cos'- a cos 2
/3
- sin 2 a sin 2 8) ;

so that r 2 = 2 cos 2
a cos 2
/3 (1),

cos 2 a cos 2 13 - sin 2 a sin 2

and tan 2 0= -*- - r^-
; :
'2).

Thus r sin(0 + 0)=sin(a + /3) (3).

Now it is obvious that r may be found from (1) by logarithms. Also

may be determined by logarithms ;
for we have from (2)

- tan 2 2
a sin 2 8
1 _ sin
~~ '
1 + tan 2 cos 2 a cos 2 8

20 = tan a tan /?,

2 2
that is cos

which is adapted to logarithms.

Thus can be found from (3) by logarithms.

230. If A, B, and C are angles of a triangle, we have by Art. 114, and

Example vm. 16,

sin A + sin B + sin C- (sin 2^ + sin 2 + sin 2(7)

B
=4 cos
222
A
cos ^ cos
C
4 sin A sin 5 sin C'

A B C( - A . . B . C
=4 8 sm
) '
cos sin sin
cos
^ cos ^ 1 1 =-
^ ^
!

and by Example xiii. 40 this expression can never be negative.

302 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.
231. Let A, B, C, ... M, N denote the angular points of the polygon

taken in order ;
and let a= - .
Suppose P the point in the circumference
71

from which chords are drawn, so that P is between N and A.

Then -
q c2 sin a = the area of the triangle PA B,

- C2 c3 sin a = the area of the triangle PBC,

=
^ cn _iC n sin a the area of the triangle PMN.

Therefore - + c2 c3 + + cn _j cn sin a
(c x c 2 . . .
)

= the area of the triangles PAB, PBC, ... PMN.

Also - c c sin o = the area of the PNA.
n x triangle

Thus -
(ra c 2 + C 2 c3 + . . . + cn _ cn - cn c sin a
a 1)

=the area of the regular polygon ;

so that c l c.2 + cz c3 + ... +c n _ 1 cn -cn c1

2
= -: x the area of the regular polygon.

This result is the same for all positions of P on the circumference of the
circle.

232. Let 6 be the angle of one sector, and 20 the angle of the other.
Let a and b be the corresponding radii. Then, since the areas are equal,
a2 s = 62 -^- ; and since there is a common chord, 2asin --= 26 sin .

Thus a sin - =b sin = 26 sin - cos - ; therefore cos s = ~ ;

a i i & 2u
a2 26 2 1
therefore
8
cos* - = = = ~
; therefore - = - .

Therefore = and 2^ =

233. We have P);

x(2x-k) V3

'

(2A;
- (2x^ k)
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

Therefore one value of -6 is *- t

234. We have here very nearly equal to unity; so we may infer

^

= 0-- 863
that 6 is small: hence sin
" nearly.
Therefore l-- = nearly '
6 864
ffi \ 1 i
therefore = nearly; therefore
2 = r7T nearly; therefore = nearly.
g-

1 180
Hence the number of degrees in the angle is nearly .
,
that is about 5.

235. Let ABC

be any triangle; let D, E, F be the centres of the
escribed circles opposite to A, B, C respectively.

Then AD
bisects the angle of the triangle at A, and EF bisects the
exterior angle at A. Therefore is perpendicular to EF. AD
Similarly EB is perpendicular to FD, and PC is perpendicular to DE.

Therefore by Art. 332 the circle described round ABC is the nine points
circle of DEF.

236. As in Art. 283 we have

=sin(2n+ 1) 0- (2n + 1) sin(2n- 1) 0+ sin (2n - 3) 6 - ...

II

Now suppose each side were to be expanded in powers of 6; on the left-

( 03 .

)2n+l
hand side we should have 2 2n - l)
n - r- + by Art. 274.
( ...( ,
( )
jo

On the right-hand side each sine gives rise to a series. Since the lowest
power on the left-hand side is 2re+i it follows that the whole coefficient
of 6
of every lower power of 6 on the right-hand side must be zero. The whole
coefficient of 6 is

2n + 1 - (2n+ 1) (2n
- 1) + (In - 3) - . . . to n + 1 terms ;

hence this is zero ;

and dividing by 2n + 1 we obtain the required result.

Similarly, supposing n to be greater than unity, we can obtain another

result by equating to zero the whole coefficient of 3 on the right-hand side.
And so on.
304 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.
237. We have

cos a + \/~l sin a = cos (6 4- <f>

*/ - 1) = cos 6 cos \/ - 1 - sin sin ij - 1

-*_^ = e-* + e* e~*-e+ -

- sin 6 cos a
6 -f sm a ^ V/
1.
2

Hence, by equating the possible and the impossible parts, we have

cos ~ - = cos a, sin ;= sin a ;

Square and subtract; thus

_ cos 2 a sin 2 a
"~ ~ ^
5
cos 2 sin*tf

therefore sin 2 cos 2

a - cos 2 ^ sin a = sin 2
2
cos 2 6 ;

therefore sin ^ (1 2 - cos 2 = sin a

&)
2
;

therefore sin 4 6 = sin2 a ;

therefore sin 2 d = sin a.

238. On the left-hand side the numerator

= sin + sin (3x+ir) + sin (5x + ITT) +
0; ...to n terms,

sin

sin
2

in like manner the denominator

sin-

Divide the former by the latter and we obtain

tan (2a; + 7r) , that is tan |pi+~

239. Let denote the centre of the circles, r the radius of the circle
A BOP, and E the radius of the circle DEFQ.

Suppose the angle QOA is equal to 6, then the angle QOB will be

B + J",
o
and the angle QOC will be 6+ J;
3
or at least the angles may be
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 305
so denoted by suitably choosing A , B, and C. Then

similarly QB'
2
= 722 + r - 2Rr cos ??
(0 + * V
V /

and QC f2

Hence by addition, and Art. 305, we have

In the same way we find that

PD'2 + PE* + PF 2 = 3 (R 2 + r2 )
.

240. Put for each cosine its exponential value ;

then the proposed series

=- (1 a cos ex ia sin cx] n + ^ (1 a coscx + ta sin ex)".

Now assume 1 - a cos ex = r cos and a sin ex = r sin ;

then the sum =- (r cos - ir sin 0) n

+- (r cos + ir sin 0) n

"
= Tr"- (cos v>0 - i sin 0) + -y (cos nO + 1 sin ?0)

= r n cos/i0.

2-41. By addition 3 -p sin 0-5 cos = 0.

By subtraction cos 2 - sin2 = - p sin. + 3 cos 0.
Therefore 3 (cos 2 - sin 2 0)
= q z cos 2 - p sin 2 2
;

3 (2 cos 6 - 1) =<?
2 2
therefore 2 2
cos 2 -p +p 2 cos ;

therefore cos 2 = 5
jjS^fjJi^Ti

o2 -3
therefore sin 2 0=

Substitute in the equation 3 =p sin + q cos ;

thus

This is the result of the elimination; the radicals are not necessarily
we obtain finally
positive. Bysquaring, transposing, and squaring again,
2 - -
-6(p + q-) + 27} =p-q*
2
(p~ 3) (q~ 3).
{jpq*

T. T. K.
U
306 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.
A 7? C1

242. cot - + cot + cot-

2-

(-) / s(s-c)
V/ (,-a)(.-cj* V
/ s(s-b)
~V (^M^T) (,-)(-&)

= i (
WT
ls-a + 8-bv + s-c}=^.
i>j ~ i

,/(-)(-&)(-)
2
s
Hence the proposed expression = 2
-f- =5.

243. Here 2 tan" 1 aas + sec" 1

bx - ',

aX
therefore sin" 1 , ,
=^ - cos' 1 r- = sin- 1 j- ;

i-^r- = therefore 2a&a;2 = 1 *a

2
therefore ;~
*
+ 5

therefore

244. With the diagram of Art. 332 we have OA = R, also the angle

-C, and the angle BAP = -B; so that the angle OAP=C-B.
Hence OP = R 2 + AP 2 -2R AP cos (B-
Z
.
C).

Now, as in Example 214, we have AP= : . =2R cos A ;

tan A
so that OP2 = R* + 4T22 cos 2 J[ -4& cos ^1 cos (5 - C)
= RZ + 2/2 2 (1 + cos 2A) + R? cos (B+C) cos (5 - C)
= 372 s + 2J2 cos 24+27? (cos 2B + cos2C)
3

= 3T22 + 27? (cos 24 + cos 2B + cos 2(7).

245. The values of *, y, z are given in Example 216 ; and the values of
o, j8, 7 inExample xvi. 31. Hence

472 cos A

472 ( cos C sin - B + cos - B sin --

(7 472 sin

cos - A cos x

= 472.
Similarly the other expressions are also equal to 472.
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 307
246. We have c = 6cos J. + acos B = b coaA -acos (TT B)

-acosfl.

We wish to expand this in powers of 0, as far as terms involving 0*.

Now

Put for sin 6 its value 0- -^-+ ... ; thus we obtain

6

4 / 0*

And

Hence approximately

3a 4

4a 2 3a 4 a2 /a 2 a4
and -r- - -a = -a+3 I
-r^
3
b L>" b \b b

a
T
(q -5) .
3a(&'-o
+ --- 6^ =(a ~ &) - 8
) , ,.
ja
6

Thus we obtain the required result.

247. sin 5 cos6 0= cos (sin cos 0)

5 = 20)
5
-^-(sin

= ^L x 1 {sin 100 - 5 sin 60 + 10 sin 20}

= i {sin 110 + sin 90-5 (sin 70 + sin 50) + 10 (sin 30 + sin 0)}.

/
308 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

248. We have cos a + J^l sin a =

sin 6 cos y^l + cos sin V^Tft _ sin 0(e *+"*)- V^Tcos 0(e"'* >
-e' f>
)

~*
cos cos v^T< - sin sin *J^l<f> cos 6 (e* + e~ $) + v/~l sin (e
-
e*)

_ >

cos0-*/-l&sin0'

Hence sin + >/

- 1 & cos V - 1 sin a) (cos 6 - J - 1 k sine)
6= (cos a+
= cos a cos 6 + k sin a sin + ^ - 1 (sin a cos d-Jc sin cos a)
therefore sin 6 = cos a cos +k sin a sin 0,

and fc cos ^ = sin a cos -k sin cos a

therefore --
sin 9
:

sin a sin
- cos a cos
;
-
9
cos 6
sin a cos 6
+ sin
-.

6 cos a
.

Multiply up ;
thus we get cos a (sin 2 6 - cos 2 6)
= ;

therefore tan 2
6 = 1, and therefore = mr- .

249. By Art. 309 we have

*
2 cot 2* = tan* + - + tan +
^- tan| -^ 2

and, since 2 cot 2x+ tan cc = cot x, we have

then put H for x, and divide by 2 ; thus - = T tan T + - tan - + . . . .

& TT 4 4 O O
2 ? n
-- / -- \
250. Put - for x ;
then we require the coefficient of (
-
, that is
J

n 2n
of --I)^-
(
- in the development of

Thus we require the coefficient of - ---^ - in the development of

that is in sin 0. See Art. 320.

 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 309

But the general term in the expansion of sin is r-

Hence ~ x the required coefficient =-r -; so that the required co-

efficient is '

1
2n, + 1

251. Proceed as in Example 241. We have

therefore (1 4- m + n) (2 cos 2 d-l + n-m) = q i

cos 2 - p 2 sin 2 ;

therefore

_
and sin 2 d = -5^, y/a-
----

Substitute in l + ?n + n=_p sin +5 cos 0, and the elimination \vill be

effected.

252. Let D, E, F be the points at which the bisectors of the angles

A, B,C respectively meet the circumference. Then the angle DAG = -A,
and the angle CAE= the angle CBE=-B;
&
therefore DAE=\(A +B] 2i
;
and
therefore DE subtends at the centre of the circle an angle equal to A+B :

thus DE= 2R sin ^ (A + B) = 2R cos ^ C. Similarly EF= 2R cos - A ;

and the

angle DEF=- (A + C); thus the area of the triangle DEF

= . 4^008 A cos i (7 sin (^ + C) = 272 2 cos - ^ cos -.Bobfl C

| ^ ^ ^

Rs
abc ~2*
^. ^2
253. Here sin" 1 - + sin" 1 f-
= sin- 1
.

a b ab

Take the cosines of both sides ;

thus

square both sides ;

thus
a' 2
*V_*V,
~ ~
V/(i_*
?/ ^L/
a? F+a 26 2 a2 6 2
2
a6 V **&
therefore 6V + a
2
V
310 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

254. Let PCA = ; then PCB = - ;

a

P(7
~
sin (0 + 7) PC ~
a sin 7 & sin 7

thus a sin (0 + y) = b sin (

^ + 7 =& )
cos (0-7) ;

therefore a (sin cos 7 + cos sin 7) = 6 (cos cos 7 + sin sin 7) ;

b cos 7 a sin 7?
tan0 =
.

therefore .
a cos y-b sin y

si" *
b cos 7 - a sin 7
Hence
V{( cos y-b sin 7) 2 + (6 cos 7 - a sin 7) 2 {

5 cos 7 - a sin 7
'
2a6 sin 27)

cos *y "*" cos s *n ^ a^ cos

'
sin 7 sin 7 V(
2
+ 6 2 - 2a6 sin 27)

255. a5
4
-ae3 + x2 -a5 + l = =- . Hence we must find the roots of
05 +1
or5 + = 0,
1 and omit the root - 1.
Now if se = - 1 we may put x = cos mr J - 1 sin
5 5
WTT, where n is any odd

integer. Hence x (cos mr rfe

^ - 1 sin tt7r)
g = cos =t v - 1 sin -^-
.

Put in succession 1 and 3 for n thus we obtain the assigned values. ; If

we put 5 for n we obtain the root - 1, which we had to omit.

256. Let denote the angle opposite to the side 1 ;

then

= ; therefore sin = .

sin^
D

As is very small we may put for sin ; thus =

^ approximately.

Therefore the number of degrees in the angle = .; x ;

and therefore the
OUU 7T

60 180 3 180 3 __ _ .

number of minutes = =7^ x = x - = ^rX 57'3 = 7 nearly.

5UU TT 20 IT 4O

257. First take the inscribed circle : see Art. 248.

FE= 2r sin FOA 2r cos - ; similarly

* FD = 2r cos - .
2 2
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 311

The angle EFA=-(ir-A); the angle DFB = -(ir-B)', therefore the

angle EFD = \(A+ &)

Hence the area of the triangle DFE

Now take one of the escrihed circles, as for instance that opposite to
the angle A see Art. 250.
:

7?
- O
-
DF= 2r x
sin DOB = 2rx sin ; similarly DE= 2r x
sin .

The angle FDE = the angle FDO + ihe angle EDO

Hence the area of the triangle DFE

1 .B.C. B+G

B C
= 2^2 sm - .

222
A 2r*(s-a)S = 2r
sin - cos - = -i-i-j
.
-iS = r,S
=
ale
'

abc
1
2

2R
.

258. Proceed as in Example 248 ;

thus we obtain sin2 6 = cos 2 0.

If we take sin = cos # we get 1 = cos o + fc sin a ;

thus

_ --
_ 1-cosa _ tan -a , that is
. e^
--
-e~^ =
v tan
a
-
;
a
sin e* +6 -<#>

therefore e^= -
1-tan
|Ltan j'^ j)

If we take sin 6 = - cos we get 1 = - cos a + Jc sin a ;

thus

k = ~+--
1 cosa ,a
=cot s ,
,,
that
, .

is
e*
-r
--
-e~^
e^e"*^=cot-;
a

--
<
sin a

, .

therefore <?* = = = - tan (

-
+ 5 .
312 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

259. Put the exponential values for the cosines in the series denoted
by s : thus
-
+ e-)+(** + e-*> )
+ ..

x = ze
ld
where z (cos 6 + 1 sin 6} ,

L0
and y=ze~ =z(cos6-i sin 6).

= cose tzsine izsine scos0

Thus s <? (e -i-e- )=e c os(z Bin*).

Similarly we find that <r =- (e

x - &) =e? cose sin (z sin 6).

Therefore -
*
=
cos ^(z
sin 0)
'Uan
= tan" 1 -
(z sin 0);

so that z sin .

And s2 + <7 2 = e* cos {cos2(2 sin0) + sm 2 (

Z
sin0)}

so that 2 cos = - log (s 2 + a2 ).

If
0=o> we have - = tans and s 2
+ cr
2 = l, so that <r=sinz and s =
^ s

260. ^Let c be the distance of the two given points, the number of

sides in the polygon ;

and put J3
= . Let a be the angle which the distance
between the two given points makes with the first straight line which is
drawn. Then the numerical values of the successive perpendiculars are
csino, csin(a + j3), c sin (a + 2/3), ...... Hence the sum of the squares on
the perpendiculars
= c 2 {sin 2 a + sin 2 (a + ) + sin 2 (a + 2/3) + . .-. to n terms}
c2
=- {1
- cos 2a + 1 - cos 2
(a + ) + 1 - cos 2 (a + 2/3) + ...... }

J7/.2
= ~. See Art. 305.

261; We have
a sin + b=h cos 6, and cos 6 (a + b sin0)=& sin0.
Find cos 6 from the first equation, and substitute it in the second ;
thus
we get
a^ + b^-
sm 2 ^+ ,
--

ab
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 313

Again, find sin from the first equation, and substitute it in the second;
thus we get
k
------ ,.
T .
on n,

Then we may employ the process 01 Example 251.

262. By Example xyi. 50 we know

that the sides of the new triangle
are respectively a cos .4, 6 cos B, and c cos C. Thus the perimeter
=a cos A+b cos B+c cos C= 4.K sin A sin B sin C, by Example xvi. 22,

~ '

(abcf R
263. As in Example 252 we shew that the area of the triangle thus

formed Is 2.K2 cos - A cos - B cos - C ;

denote this by 2.

Also S=- ab sin (7= 2

2
sin A sin .B sin C.

s cos
^
.4 cos -5 cos ^ j
Hence
5 sin ^ sin sin G
8 sin-
. A
sm
. B sin-C
.

& it 1

C A B
Now, as in Example xm. 40 we see that 8 sin -a sin a sin cannot be
a .

greater than unity and therefore S cannot be greater than 2.

;

S
264. r,1 = S 7%,'
= S r, r8 = - -
.

s-a ,
s-6 J
s-c
Hence

- 6) 2 "(7- c) 2
1

And
(

__
Divide the first result by the second ; and thus we get .

265. The wall a feet high casts a shadow which extends a cot a feet from
the wall measured in the direction of the meridian ; hence a cot a sin/3 is the
breadth of the shadow measured in the direction at right angles to the wall.
o!4 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.
Thus 6 = a cot a sin p. Similarly b' a' cot a sin (7 - 8).

From these two equations we have to find a and 8.

We
.

get
8
a sin *-
=
o
= -
of sin (7
~
o
- 8)
: so that

= (sin 7 cot /3- cos 7);

j.

therefore cot /3
= cot 7 + -77 cosec 7.

2 (. a2 6'2 2a&'
= 62 , ] 1 + cot 2 7 + rr-r cosec 2 7H 77- cot 7 cosec 7 '
a' 2 b
z
a ( a'b

/6 2 6 /2 \ 266'
= 2
+~ COS6C 7+ C0t 7 COSeC 7 *

266. Assume a = r cos 0, and 6 =r sin ; so that r2 = a2 + J 2 , and

tan0=-. Also assume 2= 2
a=/jcos0, =/>sin0; so that />
a + j8 2 ,
and

Then the proposed expression

-(r cos 6 + ir sin 0)

Denote this by w ;
then

log u = (p cos + ip sin 0) log (re

te
)

= (/>
cos + ip sin 0) ((0 + log r)

=p (cos log r- sin 0) +pt (sin log r-f cos 0)

= <T + IT say;

u=e <r+tT = e<T e LT =e

'
<r
therefore +
(cos T I
sinr).

To make this
wholly real the term involving i must vanish, therefore
sin r must vanish therefore r must be zero or a multiple of ?r therefore
;
;

p (sin log r + cos 0) must be zero or an even multiple of - ;

but p sin = 8,
R 7

and p cos =a so that 2

+ & 2 + a tan" 1 - must be zero or an even
| log
; (a )

multiple of
- .
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 315

a2 __
2 a2
9(?7 '

a*cos*0 + b z sin 2 a2 (l + cos20)+& 2 (l-cos20)

~~ 2a?_
a 2 + 62 + (a
2 -1 2
) cos 20

4a2 4a 2
24
+ (a2 -
t
2 (a2 + 6 2) Z>
2
) (e + e~ )
(a + 6) 2 (1 + ce) (1 + ce

Therefore

The term which involves c is - c (e

01 - *~ 0t) 2 that is 4c sin 2 0.

The term which involves c

2
is
^V^-e-
2* 1 2
) ,
that is -~ sin 2 20.

is - ~ (e^-e-
3 sdl a
that is
The term which involves c ) ,
-|-siu*30.
And so on.

Thus we obtain the required result.

268 Let denote the centre of the inscribed circle, and E the centres D
of the escribed circles. Then D, 0, are E on a straight line which is at right
angles to 00. The area of the triangle
ODE

= DE= i r cosec ^ fa + r 2)
sec
g
\OC.

_rfa
"
sinC'
__^_ /_*_
+ r2 "~ )

s sin \s
-a
A_\ =
s- b)
__^_-
s(s-a) (s- b) sin C

_
sin C s sin (7 2s
816 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

269. The angle OBC=-B, and the angle OCB=-C. Hence, as on

page 186, line 5 of the Trigonometry, we have
/ fi C \ 1

ra I cot -j + cot } =a ;

therefore - = cot + cot 7

ra 4 4

Similarly
- = cot - + cot - , and - = cot - + cot -.- .
rb 4 4 re 4 4
Hence by addition we get the required result.

270. We easily see that tan'

1 = tan" 1 (2r + 1) - tan~ x (2r - 1).
2?*

Kesolve each of the given terms into two by this formula. Then by
addition we find that the sum = tan" 1
(2n + 1) - tan- 1 1 = tan -1 ~
271
. .
= =

similar expressions hold for cot E and cot (7. Thus

Hence if S be given the sum of the cotangents of the angles varies as the
sum of the squares of the sides.

272. By Art. 253 we have

and OZ> Z + OE* + Of2 = BE 2

+ 2R (r x + ra + ra ).
Thus by addition we obtain

= 4^2 -|-8 R 2 J
, by Example 201, =12fl 2 .

273. Let ,=^

6 +a cos a;
/y ^,\ a + bcosx'
o-fc6 I cos 2 --sin 2 - )
\ * -/
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 317
274. Let denote the centre of the circles. Let A be a straight BCD
line cutting the outer circumference at A and D, and the inner circumference
at B and C. Let OB =
r, and OA nr. =
Let the angle AOD-lo., and the
=
angle 7?OC 2/3; so that the angle a-p. AOB =
Then A B 2 = n V2 + r 2 - 2/ir 2 cos (a
- /S) .

Now
^7) AB.BD AB.AC'
But ,4.5 .= the square on
^4 (7 the straight line drawn from A to touch the
inner circumference = (ri* - 1) r'2 .

Therefore - =

275. Proceed as in the solution of Example 266. That the expression

may be wholly imaginary we must have cosr = 0, and therefore r must be an

odd multiple of -
,
therefore p (sin <p log r + 6 cos <f>)
must be an odd multi-

but /3sin0 = /3, and pcos< = so that 2

+ 6 2 ) + a tan~ l -
ple of ^; ct, log (a
2 ft

must be an odd multiple of .

cos - cos -

= - fan' % tan f , by Art. 249.

T 2 '2

In this way we find that the proposed expression

= , by Example vm. 15 ;
2f*

and this is the area of the triangle by Example xvi. 34.

Or thus. Let 7 denote the centre of the inscribed circle, the centra
of the escribed circle opposite to A; then the area of the quadrilateral
: see Arts. 249 and 250.

In this way we obtain for the whole required area the given expression.
318 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

sm
277. We have 1 + 2 cos 6 =
T ,
6
sin-

32

-
.

sin
l + 2cos30 =

and so on. Then, as the sum of the logarithms of any set of quantities is
equal to the logarithm of the product of those quantities, we see that the
required sum is the logarithm of
32 . 3W 3W .
01T1 sm
T that is the logarithm of
~2~~
.
.

Put - The path consists of a set of arcs of circles, each of

278. ft f or .

which corresponds to the angle 2/3, and the radii of which are the respective
distances of any assumed point from all the other angular points. The
radii thus are 2R sin p, 2E sin 2/3, 2R sin 3/3, ...

Hence the required sum

= 25 {sin ,8 + sin 2/3 + sin 3/3 + ... + sinw|8}2/3.
The term sin np is zero, and may be omitted if we please.

By Art. 303 this expression

n
sin I +-- I
sm?f
2
=P_J lf -4g
sin -j3

eot .

279. The sum of the areas of all the sectors will be

2
{sin p+ + sin 2 np} p
sin 2 2/3 + sin2 3/3 + . . .

= 2R*P{1- cos 2/3 + 1 -cos 4/3 + ...}

If we wish to have the whole area of the figure bounded by the straight
line and by the arcs between two points where they cross the straight
line, we must add to the above a set of triangles which make up the whole
,, . . n
- . 2-rr
polygon, that is T? 2 sin .
 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. .819

280. We have
sin 2r0
'

1(1
2 cos0 (sin(2?- sin (2r
1

+ 1)
)
'

sin(2r-l)0sin(2r+l)0 1) )

If we resolve each term of the proposed series into two by the aid of this

formula we find that the sum of 2n terms =- --

2cos0(sin3
] .
--- .

sin(4n + l)0r

281. As in Example 214 we have

_acosA b cos B _ccos(7 '

~~sin~4
'
P~~Tin ' 7 ~~sln~C f

1, l/a- 2 cosJ. 6 2
cos5 2
Hence (aa + 6/3 + cy) = +- +

= R? (sin A cos A + sin B cos .B + sin C cos (7)

= ~ (sin 24 + sin2B + sin 2(7) = 2^8^^ sin B sin (7, by Art. 114,

= - ab sin C, by Art. 252, =5.

2
Also, a a cosec 4 + V? cosec .B + c27 cosec flf^-p
_ a 3 cos 4
+ --B
J 3 cos
+
c 3 cos C'

= 853 (sin4 oo wl -f Bin 5 oos 5 <- Bin C oo (7)

= 4.R 3 (sin 24 + sin 25 + sin 2(7) = 16J23 sin A sin 5 sin C

= 8RS, by the former part of the Example, =2a6c.

282. We obtain immediately from a diagram

2r' = R (1 - cos 4 ), 2r" = .R (1

- cos 5), 2r'" = JJ (1 - cos C ) ;

hence Sr'r'Y" - 8 3
sin2 - sin 2 - sin 2 -=
^^
... abc
Therefore 6472r
, ,.
r'V"= =

2BB. Let

therefore sm - k -
0)= '
-
(0
-^-^ ^-^^^ ^^T?)
.
2
x V(

_a(-r -c "
2 2
_
~
~ -
* _
_ )
2 a - C2
x a c *) aT(a*^ c ) (a )
320 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

284. Suppose D the middle point of EG. Then

AE = AD + D 2 - 2 AD ED cos A DB,
2 Z
.

AC = AD + CD -2AD. CD cos ADC

2 2 Z
;

therefore by addition 6 2
+ c2 = 2h 2 + so that A 2 = - 2
+ c2 -
^ ; (Z, )
^ ;

similarly
2 = i (c2 + a3 - and Z
2 = 5
+ &2 - .

^ (a
fc ,
) )
| -^

Therefore by addition 4 (A 2 + & 2 + Z

2
)
=3 (a
2
+ 2
+ c 2 ).
Also L
(4A ')
2
+ (4F) 2 + (4Z 2 ) 2
= (2& 2 + 2c 2 - a 2 2
) + (
2 c 2 + 2a 2 - i2 ) 2 + (2a 2
= 9 (a + & + c
4 4 4
), by development.

Again, from what has been already shewn,

and 16 (A 4 + jfe* + Z
4
)
= 9 (a 4 +6* + c 4 ) ;

subtract and divide by 2 ;

thus
16 (7i
2
F + FZ2 + 2
Z ft
2
)
=9 (a 6
2 2
+ 6 2 c2 + c 2 a 2 ).

285. The area of the triangle which can be formed with the straight
lines h, k, I, by Arts. 247 and 218,

I
- fa* _ fc
4 _ I*)

=i 2
+ 26 2 c2 + 2c2 a 2 - a4 ~ i 4 - c4 )
y/^ (2a*&
= 2 2
+ 26 2c2 + 2c2 a2 - a 4 - & 4 - c4 =
^ V(2a & )
1
5.

286. a cos -& cos (0 -

a)
= cos (a
- 6 cos a) - b sin a sin ;

assume a-b cos a = k cos /?,

and b sin a = Jc sin /3 ;

then a cos - J cos (0 - cos - sin sin =fc cos (0 + /S).

a) => (cos /S)

Similarly
a sin - 6 sin {0 - a) = sin (a
- b cos
a) +6 sin a cos = fc sin (p + 0).

Thus the proposed expression

 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 321

287. Denote the point by ;

and let OD, OE, OF be the perpendiculars
on BC, CA, AB respectively. Then OA is the diameter of the circle which
fP
would go round OEAF; so that OA = -., , by Art. 252. Therefore
^

a.O4. EF=a (OE FA + OF. AE), .

by Euclid vi. D,

=*.p.AP+a.y.AS.
Transform the other two terms in like manner ; thus we obtain

a (AF+ BF) + Py (BD + CD] + ya (AE+ EC) = a/3c + pya + yob.

288. We have sin C= 2R x 2 area of OED.

o^e^~-^ a/3
Transform the other two terms similarly ;
thus we obtain

R (area of OEZJ + area of ODF+*xe& of OFE).

289. We have
1 1 cos2 A - cos 2 B _ sin 2 B - sin 2 A _ sin(jg-^) sin( g + ^) J

~~ ~
cos 2 A cos 2 B cos 2 B cos 2 A cos 2 B cos 2 A
L
__ |
1
B
1 )
'

(B - A) A
2 cos a
(cos \

Apply this transformation to every term of the proposed series ; then we

find that the sum

-^
sin
i ---
01 cos 2 n0 cos 2 0i
I = -L- \
i -- if =cosec tan 2 n8.

290. By De Moivre's Theorem the equation becomes

cos (6 + 20+ ... +w0)+ \/-l sin (6 + 26+ ...+w0) = l,

thatis

n(n + l} 6=0
Hence we must have cos !iitl) e= l, and sin ;
so that

= 2m7r, where m is zero or any integer.

291. Wehave / =
2 cos -
J
pressions hold for r" and

rVV" " 8sS

8 cos cos cos
2 2 2

T. T. K.
322 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

292. We have R=^ so that ^sin4= s (1).

& sin A . >
*

Suppose that in consequence of the error 7 in (7 there is an error a in 4 ,

and an error p in R. Thus

&
2
therefore approximately by Art. 181

From (1) and (2) by subtraction, neglecting the product ap,

aRcosA+p sin A=0;

so that a = - 4i tan 4.
R
Similarly if be the error in B arising from the error 7 in (7, we have

But a-t-/3+7 = 0, since the sum of the three angles of a triangle is equal
to a fixed quantity, namely two right angles.

Thus 7--^ (tan.4 +tan5) = 0;

Ry = Ry 4 B= 4 B
therefore ,*___, _J^_^_ ^.^
cos cos cy cos cos

do
.

c sin 4-
=c sin jB
2 cot
a&7 4 cot 5
p=
_, ,
And since sin (7= and - we have
; ^
2c
.

293. C denote the right angle, CA and CB the equal sides produce
Let ;

CA to D andCBto E; then since D.fi' is w times 45, it foUows that CD and

and CE are each n times CA or (75. Let AE and 52) intersect at 0. Then
the angle D04 = the sum of the angles 054 and 045, and these are equal ;

so that the angle DOA= twice the angle 045. But the angle 04 5 = the
angle EA C -the angle 54(7, so that

=
tan (EA C -54 (7) = 1 ,
+ tan .4(7 tan

294. As continually increases from to s the value of cos# con-

2i

tinually decreases from 1 to so that there must be one value of 6, and

;

only one, in this range, which makes 0=cos 0. Also as cos 6 is greater than
d when = 0, and is less than 6 when 6=?-, this value is less than ~ .
4 4

As d changes from to - the cosine is always positive, and so we cannot

^ ,

have cos 6=0.

 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 323
v
When e is numerically greater than -
it is numerically greater than

unity, and so cannot be equal to cos 6.

Hence there must he one, and only one, solution of the equation 6 = cos 0.

295. Suppose /3 the circular measure of an angle between and

^,
which is greater than the solution of cos 6, so that - cos is
/? positive.
-
Let j8 a denote the solution, so that - = -
a cos (/3 a) = cos /3 cos a + sin /3 sin a ;

"
therefore a = . . Now is less than unity, and so is cos a
. sin a a
1 + sin 8
a

hence than the true value of and a positive quantity.

?^ is less a, is

Therefore - is nearer than to the solution of the equation, and

/3
!j- ^ /J

is still too large.

296. As in the solution of Example 248 we get

Bin0+- J^lkcos0
=-
tana+ V/ -lseca = > - J

cos 6 - V - 1 k sin e

therefore (tana + ^/- 1 sec a) (cos - V-1& sin 0) = sin + ,/^l

therefore sin = tan a cos + k sin sec a ,

and =
k cos 6 sec a cos - sin tan a fc ;

therefore (sin
- tan a cos 0) (cos + sm0 tan a)
= sin 6 cos sec 2 a ;

therefore sin cos (1

- sec 2
a - tan 2
a) = tan a (cos
2 - sin 2
6} ;

tuereiuro

Hence

And

therefore

Now
324 MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.
The sum of five sides will be found to be
2r {sin 30+ sin 6 + sin 24 + sin 12 + sin 18} ;

and by Art. 303 this = ^ sin + 12Q) sin 15 = 2r sin 18 sin 15

(6<>

sin 3 sin 3

298. The first term = *V

-
+ V=
- cos
cos (1 + cosj)_
1 cos 30 (1 6) (1 + 2 cos 0) 2

^
- cos 6) +2 cos 0)* l-cos0 + 2cos0)-
(1 (1 (l-cos0) (l
1 1
4 4
~ - - cos 30 "
1 cos 6 1

Each term is to be resolved into two in this manner ; so that the sum
1 1
4 (I- cos l-cos3 n
299. Put ft
for - . The perpendicular = r sin 0, the second
first perpen-
dicular = r sin(0+ ft), =
the third r sin (0 + 2/3), and so on. Hence the product
= rw sin sin (<f> + ft) sin (0 + 2/3) sin (0 + n/3- ft) ;

and this by Art. 318= --^ sin n0.

300. Let r denote the radius. When all the stones are taken to the centre
each stone is carried over a length r, so that the labour may be denoted by nr.
When all the stones are taken to the position of one stone the labour in like
manner may be represented by the sum of the straight lines drawn from one
corner of the polygon to all the other corners.

Let #=- : then this sum

n
= 2r {sin/3 + sin 2/3 + sin3/3 + ... +sin nft}

sm

Hence the required ratio = = - tan ~ = - tan ^

.

_ .
p & 2i i 2n
2r cot ^
2
To find the value of this when n is indefinitely increased we put it in the

tan^-
form ^ ; then by Art. 118 the limit is -.
4 IT 4 .

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