THEORIES OF PERSONALITY MATRIX

LEGEND ON CRITIQUE:
1. Generates research 4. Guide Action
2. Falsifiabilty 5. Internally Consistent
3. Organize Knowledge 6. Parsimony

METHOD OF
PERSONALITY
NAME/THEORY OVERVIEW/BASIC TENET CONCEPT OF HUMANITY CRITIQUE RELATED RESEARCH
ASSESSMENT

Many critiques say that his

methods are outdated,
Human personality and behavior The new defense mechanism  Free association, a
unscientific, and permeated
are powerfully shaped by early Deterministic, pessimistic, of Freud is clustered in to patient
with gender bias.
childhood relationships. They causality, unconscious three by George Vaillant: spontaneously
1. Sigmund Freud 1. High
believed that humans are determinants of behavior,  Neurotic express his ideas
PSYCHOANALYSIS 2. Very low
primarily pleasure-seeking biology and middle position on  Immature and and images in
3. Average
creature dominated by sexual uniqueness vs. similarities maladaptive random fashion
4. Average
and aggressive impulses.  Mature and adaptive  Dream analysis
5. Low
6. Average
2. Alfred Adler Individuals strive toward He saw people as forward 1. High  Family constellations  Order of birth
INDIVIDUAL completion and toward achieving moving, social animals who are 2. Low  Early recollections  Early recollections
PSYCHOLOGY his or her idiosyncratic, fictional motivated by goals they set 3. High  Dreams  Dream analysis
personal goals (both consciously and 4. High  Early memories are  Play therapy
 Inferiority feelings are the unconsciously) for the future. 5. Low templates on which
source of all human  Free choice, social 6. Moderate people project their
striving. influences, optimism, (average) current style of life
teleology and neither (manner of a person’s
conscious nor striving)
 THEORIES OF PERSONALITY MATRIX

LEGEND ON CRITIQUE:
1. Generates research 4. Guide Action
2. Falsifiabilty 5. Internally Consistent
3. Organize Knowledge 6. Parsimony

unconscious.
Product of both conscious and
Humans have a vast and  Investigation of
unconscious personal 1. Average
mysterious potential within their symbols, myth, and
experience. However, people 2. Very low  MBTI, a highly popular
unconscious. Unconsciousness rituals in ancient
3. Carl Jung are motivated by inherited 3. Average employee selection
contains broad psychic energy cultures.
ANALYTICAL remnants that spring from 4. Low on useful technique and used
rather than simply sexual energy.  WAT
PSYCHOLOGY collective experiences of their theory for research on Jung’s
Humans are extremely complex  Dream analysis
early ancestors. Psychology of 5. Low system.
beings who possess a sanely of  MBTI
opposites, thus, average on all 6. Low
opposing qualities
dimensions.
Object relations theorists see Research on attachment
1. Low
personality as being a product theory has found that
4. Melanie Klein Humans are driven by human 2. Low
of the early mother-child children with secure
OBJECT- relationship and attachment 3. Low  Mother-child
relationship, and thus they attachment have better
RELATIONS needs, rather than instinctual 4. Average (useful) relationship
stress determinism over free attention and better memory
THEORY drives. 5. Average
choice, pessimism, causality, than to children with insecure
6. Low
unconscious and similarities. attachment.
5. Karen Horney Feminine psychology: Free choice, optimism, average 1. Very low  Morbid dependency, it  Free association
PSYCHOANALYT psychological differences on causality, teleology, 2. Low generates the new  Dream analysis
IC SOCIAL between men and women are unconscious uniqueness 3. Low concept of  Case study
THEORY not due to anatomy but to 4. Low codependency. It
culture and social expectations. **Hypercompetitiveness 5. Average produce research
 Social and cultural is 6. Average showing that people
conditions esp. during an indiscriminate need to  She should have made with neurotic needs to
childhood have a powerful compete and win and to her theory different move toward others
effect on later personality. avoid losing at any cost, as from Freud instead of will go to great
a means of maintaining or fashioning Freud’s lengths to get the
enhancing one’s feelings of approval of others.
selfworth.  Hyper
competitiveness,
moving against
people. Some
 THEORIES OF PERSONALITY MATRIX

LEGEND ON CRITIQUE:
1. Generates research 4. Guide Action
2. Falsifiabilty 5. Internally Consistent
3. Organize Knowledge 6. Parsimony

research says that

European American
women who have this
are having some type
of eating disorder.
 Shaun Saunders and
Don Munro have
developed the
Saunders Consumers
Humans have been torn away Orientation Index
He believed that humans were
from their prehistoric union with (SCOI) to measure  Extensive interviews
“freaks of the universe” 1. Very low
nature and left with no powerful Fromm’s marketing  Dream reports
6. Erich From because they lacked strong 2. Very low
instinct to adapt to a changing character. In general,  Detailed
HUMANISTIC animal instincts. While 3. High
world. But because humans have Saunders found out questionnaires
PSYCHOANALYS possessing the ability to reason. 4. Low
acquired the ability to reason, that people with a  Projective
IS Free choice, optimism, 5. Low
they can think about their strong consumer techniques
teleology, unconscious, 6. Low
isolated condition called human orientation tend to (TAT and Rorschach)
uniqueness, social influences
dilemma. place low value on
freedom, inner
harmony, equality,
self-respect and
community
7. Harry Sullivan It emphasized the importance of Social influences, unconscious 1. Low  Intimate relationship  Participant
INTERPERSONA interpersonal relations. determinants, free choice, 2. Very low with friend observation
L THEORY Personality is shaped almost optimism, causality, low on 3. Average  Imaginary friend,
entirely by the relationship we uniqueness. 4. Low studies showed that
have with other people. 5. Average children with eidetic
6. Low personifications tend
to be more socialized,
less aggressive, more
intelligent and have a
better sense of
 THEORIES OF PERSONALITY MATRIX

LEGEND ON CRITIQUE:
1. Generates research 4. Guide Action
2. Falsifiabilty 5. Internally Consistent
3. Organize Knowledge 6. Parsimony

humor.
It is an extension of Freud’s Humans are basically social 1. High
theory but in a different way. It animals who have limited free 2. Average
 Play therapy
postulated eight stages of choice and who are motivated 3. Average
8. Erik Erikson 1. Identity in early  Anthropological
psychosocial development by the past experiences, which 4. Average
POST-FREUDIAN adulthood studies
through which people progress. may be either conscious or 5. High
THEORY 2. Generatively in midlife  Psychohisorical
He emphasized on ego and social unconscious. He thought of 6. Average
analysis
influences than what Freud’s people as optimistic and
asserted on Id and unconscious. unique.
People are structured in such a
way that their activated needs
are exactly what they want
most. Hungry people desires
food, frightened people looked
for safety, and so forth.  Personal orientation
People are continually motivated 1. High  Positive psychology
Although he was generally inventory (POI)
9. Abraham Maslow by one or more needs, and that, 2. Low  Self-actualization
optimistic and hopeful, Maslow  Interviews
HOLISTIC- under the proper circumstances, 3. High related to creativity,
saw that people are capable of  Free association
DYNAMIC they can reach a level of 4. High self-acceptance and
great evil and destruction. As  Projective
THEORY psychological health called self- 5. Average Intimate interpersonal
species, humans are becoming techniques
actualization. 6. Average relations
more and more fully human  Biographical material
and motivated by higher level
of needs. Free choice,
optimism, teleology,
uniqueness and social
influences.
10. Carl Rogers Each individual has with him or Humans have the capacity to 1. High  Positive psychology  Q-sort technique in
CLIENT- her capacity for dramatic and change and grow—provided 2. High  Couples therapy which clients sort
CENTERED positive growth. that certain necessary and 3. High average  Facilitative conditions statements about
THEORY sufficient conditions are 4. High average outside therapy their self—concept
present. Optimism, free choice, 5. Very high into categories
teleology, conscious motivation, 6. Very high ranging from most
 THEORIES OF PERSONALITY MATRIX

LEGEND ON CRITIQUE:
1. Generates research 4. Guide Action
2. Falsifiabilty 5. Internally Consistent
3. Organize Knowledge 6. Parsimony

to least descriptive
is a way of
social influences, uniqueness.
quantifying self-
image
A basic unity exists between
people and their environment, a
unity expressed by term Dasein
 Low on testability,
or being in the world. Three
thus, very little
simultaneous modes of the world As complex beings, capable of
research can be
characterized us in our Daesein: both tremendous good and
generated
Umwelt, or the environment immense evil. People have 1. Low
 Jeff Greenberg
around us; mitwelt, world with become alienated from the 2. Low
11. Rollo May investigated terror
other people; and Eiqenwelt, or world, from other people and 3. High
EXISTENTIAL management w/c is  Therapy
our relationship with our self. most of all, from themselves 4. Low
PSYCHOLOGY base on the notion of
People are both aware free choice, teleology, social 5. Low
existential anxiety.
themselves as lining beings and influences and uniqueness. 6. Average
Existential anxiety as
also aware of the possibility of Middle position bet. Conscious
an apprehension of
nonbeing or nothingness. Death vs. unconscious.
threats to one’s
is the most obvious from of
existence.
nonbeing, which can also be
experienced as retreat from life’s
experiences.
12. George Kelly It holds that people anticipate Saw people as anticipating the 1. Average  Role construct  Rep test
PSYCHOLOGY events by the meanings or future and living their lives in 2. Low repertory (Rep) test is  Accepting words at
OF PERSONAL interpretations that they place on accordance with those 3. Low to discover ways in face value
CONSTRUCTS those events. These anticipations. This concept of 4. Low w/c clients construe
interpretations are called elaborative choices suggests 5. Very high significant people in
personal constructs. that people increase their range 6. Very high their lives. Clients
Basic postulate: people/human of future choices by the present place names they
behavior is shaped by the way they freely make. Teleology, know on a repertory
people anticipate events in the optimism, choice, conscious, grid in order to
future. uniqueness, social influence identify both
 THEORIES OF PERSONALITY MATRIX

LEGEND ON CRITIQUE:
1. Generates research 4. Guide Action
2. Falsifiabilty 5. Internally Consistent
3. Organize Knowledge 6. Parsimony

similarities and
(average) differences among
people.
13. B.F Skinner Humans are neither positive or His concept of humanity was a 1) Very High 2) High  *How conditioning affects  *Functional analysis
negative, but simply a function of completely deterministic and personality
BEHAVIORAL their environment. causal one that emphasized 3) Average 4) Very High 5)
ANALYSIS unconscious behavior and the Very High 6) High
 *Direct observation of
uniqueness of each person’s
 *How personality affects Behavior
history of reinforcement within
Human behavior like any other conditioning
a mostly social environment.
natural phenomena is subject to
the laws of science, and that
 *Self-Reports
psychologists should not attribute
inner motivations to it.

 *Physiological
Measurement

14. Albert Bandura Humans have some limited ability Humans as being relatively fluid 1) Very High 2) High 3)  *Self-Efficacy and  *direct observation
to control their lives. In contrast and flexible. People can store High 4) High Smoking cessation
SOCIAL COGNITIVE to Skinner, Bandura (1) past experiences and then use 5) Very High 6) High
THEORY recognizes that chance this information to chart future
 *self-report inventories
encounters and fortuitous events actions. Teleology, free choice,
 *Self-Efficacy and
often shape one’s behavior; (2) optimism, conscious influences,
academic performance
places more emphasis on uniqueness, social
observational learning; determinants.  *physiological
measurements
(3) stresses the importance of
cognitive factors in learning; (4)
suggests that human activity is a
function of behavior and person
variables, as well as the
environment; (5) believes that
 THEORIES OF PERSONALITY MATRIX

LEGEND ON CRITIQUE:
1. Generates research 4. Guide Action
2. Falsifiabilty 5. Internally Consistent
3. Organize Knowledge 6. Parsimony

reinforcement is mediated by
cognition.

15. Rotter & Mischel Cognitive factors, more than They see people as goal- 1) High 2) Average  *Locus on control and  *Test Questionnaires
immediate reinforcements, directed, cognitive animals 3) Average health Related Behaviors
COGNITIVE SOCIAL determine how people will react whose perceptions of events 4) Average 5) High 6)
LEARNING THEORY to environmental forces. Each are more crucial than the High
 *Self-Reports
suggests that our expectations of events themselves. Social
 *Analysis of Reactions (x)
future events are major influences, uniqueness, free
determinants of performance. choices, teleology, conscious
processes, and optimism.
 *Positive Psychology

16. Raymond Cattell & Human personality is largely the Biological, conscious & 1) High 2) Average  *Personality of Creative  *Test like 16PF
Hans Eysenck product of genetics and not unconscious, uniqueness. No 3) High 4) Average 5) Scientists compared with
environment. application of free choice, High 6) Average either the general
TRAIT AND FACTOR optimism & causality. population were more
THEORIES intelligent, outgoing,
adventurous, sensitive,
self-sufficient, dominant
& driven.

17. Gordon Allport He emphasized the uniqueness of Humans are thinking, proactive, 1) Average 2) Low 3)  *Religious Orientation  *Projective techniques
each individual. He believed that purposeful beings who are Low 4) Average 5) Scale
PSYCHOLOGY OF THE psychologically healthy individual generally aware of what they High 6) High
INDIVIDUAL are motivated by present, mostly are doing and why. Conscious,
 *Conduct Analysis
conscious drives and that they uniqueness, free choices,
 *Religious Orientation
not only seek to reduce tensions optimism, teleology, and social
Scale and Psychological
but to establish new ones. He influences.
Health
also believed that people are  *Self-Appraisal
capable of proactive behavior.
 THEORIES OF PERSONALITY MATRIX

LEGEND ON CRITIQUE:
1. Generates research 4. Guide Action
2. Falsifiabilty 5. Internally Consistent
3. Organize Knowledge 6. Parsimony

 *Conduct Analysis

 *Tests and Scales

 *Self-Appraisal

18. Henry Murray (1) Personality is rooted in Unconscious, uniqueness (A),  *The need for  *Projective technique,
the brain. He was the one determinants, biological, achievement objective tests and
PERSONOLOGY who quoted, causality, optimism, social questionnaires covering
influence(A) childhood memories,
family relations, sexual
 *The need for affiliation
development, sensory
“No brain, no moto learning, ethical
personality.”(2) Idea of standards, goals, social
tension reduction. (3) interactions and
Individual personality mechanical and artistic
continues to develop one abilities.
time and is constructed of
all the events that occur
during the course of a
person’s life. (4)
Personality changes and
progresses. (5)
Uniqueness of each
person while recognizing
similarities among people.