Demond Carter

Physics Final Exam Study Guide

Chapter 1:
Science -Body of knowledge
Scientific Measurement -Hallmark of good science -Amount of knowledge
Scientific Method -Idea, hypothesis, prediction, test
Equations -Expression of relationship between concepts
Eratosthenes - Found diameter of the Earth
Aristarchus -Found distance and size of the Moon
Theory -Synthesis of info -Tested and verified hypothesis
Hypothesis -Educated guess
Pseudoscience -Fake science w/o scientific attitudes
Principle -Hypothesis that has been tested multiple times with no contradiction
Newton’s 1st Law: -Objects in motion stay in motion unless acted upon by a net external force -
Objects at rest stay at rest unless acted upon by a net external force

Chapter 2:
Inertia -Property to resist changes in motion -Depends on amount of matter in object
Natural Motion -Straight up and down on Earth -Circular on Earth -
Violet Motion -External pull or push on object
Newton’s 1st Law of Motion -Every object continues in a state of rest or of uniform speed in a
straight line unless acted on by a nonzero net force
Net Force - All forces acting on 1 object
Vector Quantity -Has magnitude and direction
Scalar Quantity -Only has direction
Resultant -Sum of 2 or more vectors
Equilibrium Rule -The vector sum of forces acting on an non accelerating object equals 0 -ΣF =
0

Chapter 3:
Motion - Described as relative to something else
Speed - Distance over time (Meters per second)
Average -Total distance covered -Total distance/Time Interval
Velocity - Direction of travel -Distance/Time
Constant Speed -Steady speed
Constant Velocity -Same speed and direction
Change in direction = Change in velocity
Acceleration -Velocity change over time -Change in speed or direction -m/s^2
Freefall -Fall w/ influence of gravity w/o air resistance
Gravity on Earth -10 m/s^2
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Chapter 4
Mass -Quantity of matter
Newton’s 2nd Law -
Force- Mass x Acceleration
Weight - Force on object due to gravity

Chapter 5
Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion -Each force has an equal and opposite reaction
Interaction -Pair of forces acting on another

Chapter 7
Energy -Transferred or transformed
Work -Force x Distance -Joule
Power -Work/Time or Energy/Time
Mechanical Energy -Due to position and/or motion
Potential Energy -Stored energy w/ potential
Kinetic Energy -Mass and speed -K= .5mv^2
Inertia - Resistance to change in motion
Momentum -P = Mass x Velocity
Torque -Force x Rotation(s)
Rotational Inertia -I=mr^2
Angular Momentum -L=IW
Angular Velocity -V=rW
Chapter 9
Universal Gravitation -Everything pulls on something
Gravitational Fields -Center of planet = 0 gravity -Surface of planet = max gravity
Einstein’s Theory of Gravitation - Warping of space and time
Intensity -1/Distance^2

Chapter 10
Range -Horizontal distance -Vox * t + .5axt^2
Height - Vertical distance -Voy * t + .5ayt^2
Projectile -Object moving through space due to gravity
Satellite -High speed projectile falling around Earth -V=rW
Elliptical Orbits -Speed varies -Closer=faster
Keepler’s 1st Law -Planets are elliptical orbits
2nd Law -Closer=Faster orbit
3rd Law -Further away=slower orbit
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Chapter 11
Aristotle -4 forms of Matter -Earth, Air, Water, Fire
Brownian Motion -Collision between visible and invisible particles
Atoms -Always in motion -Ageless
Atomic Nucleus -Nucleons(Building block of nucleus), protons(+), and neutrons(-)
Element -Composed of 1 kind of atom
Ion -Carrying charge
Compound -Diff. Elements bonding

Chapter 12
Density -Mass/Volume
Weight Density -Weight/Volume
Hooke’s Law -Extension of spring is directly proportional to force
Tension=Pulling Compression=Squashed
Arch -Withstand compression

Chapter 13
Fluid -Liquid or gas
Pressure -Force/Area
Buoyancy -Loss of weight in water
Displacement Rule -Submerged object displaces volume of liquid
Archimedes Principle -Immersed body is buoyed by force equal to weight of fluid

Chapter 19
Vibration -Periodic wiggle in time
Sound -Wave that needs a medium
Light -Electromagnetic wave that needs no medium
Period -Time to complete 1 vibration -1/Frequency
Frequency -1/Period
Wave Speed -Frequency x Wavelength

Chapter 20
Sound -Waves produced by vibrations of matter (No sound w/o matter)
Pitch -Impression of frequency
Range of hearing is 20 - 20,000 Hertz
Reflection- Echo of sound
Refraction -Bending of waves caused by change in speed
Speed of light =300 Million m/s
Speed of sound = 340 m/s
Soundwaves -Longitudinal waves
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Chapter 22
Flow of charge = electrical current
Opposites attract
*Protons(+) -repel + & attract - *Neutron -Neutral charge *Electron(-) -Repel - & attract +
Ion: + ion = + charge (missing electron) - ion = - charge (Extra electron)
Conservation of electron -Transfer from 1 material to another
4 Forces -Gravity, Electromagnetic force, Weak force, Strong force

Chapter 23
Conductor -Electrons flow freely
Insulator -Electrons tightly bond
Semiconductor -Insulator and conductor
Superconductor -Infinite conductivity
Charged by induction -charged w/o touching
Charged by polarization -Charge uneven (More - than +)
Electric Field -Space around electric charge -F=F/q
Electric potential -Potential energy/amount of charge
Capacitor -Store energy

Chapter 24
Magnetic Pole -Force between a pair of magnets
North Pole = South Magnetic Pole
South Pole = North Magnetic Pole
Magnetic Force -Attraction and repulsion -Opposites attract
Magnetic domain -Cluster of aligned atoms
Michael Faraday -Changing magnetic fields produces voltage
Solenoid -Multiple loops of wire - Increase wire, Increase magnetic intensity
Generator -Converts mechanical energy to electric energy
F=B x q x v
Work = 0 -When force and direction are perpendicular
r= mv/qB
Chapter 26
Light -accelerated motion of electrons
Electromagnetic wave -Vibrating electric and magnetic fields
Electromagnetic spectrum (long to short) -Radio wave, microwave, infrared, visible light,
ultraviolet, X-Ray, gamma ray
Sound can’t travel in a vacuum or space
Lowest frequency of visible light is red
Highest is violet
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Rods in eye -Dim light