The Iv Industrial Tech Civil Tech 11 PDF
The Iv Industrial Tech Civil Tech 11 PDF
Technology
and Home Economics IV
CIVIL TECHNOLOGY II
·Modille t •· •· •
Working Plans ......... .. .......................................................... 2
Overview............................................................................. 3
Objectives ... .... .... ..... ... ..... .... ... ... .... ............ ......... ........... ... .. . 3
Pretest................................................................................. 4
Posttest ... .... .... .... .... .... ..... ... ... .... ..... ... .... ..... ... ... .. .. .... .... ...... 17
Key to Correction................................................................ 19
iii
Rough Carpentry ................. ........ ................. .............. ... .... 22
Pretest................................................................................. 24
Posttest ... ...... ................... ... ....... ................ .... ......... ... ... ...... 39
Key to Correction................................................................ 41
Overview .. ..... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. ... .... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .... .... .... ... .. .. .. .. 45
Objectives............................................................................ 4·5
Pretest................................................................................. 46
iv
Lesson 7 Materials for Ceiling Boards,
Wall Panels, Partitions,
and Flooring ................................................ 47
Posttest ... .... ........ .... .... .. .. ........... .... .... .... ........ ... .... .... ........ .. 60
Key to Correction................................................................ 62
Overview .... . .. .... ..... .... .... ... .... ... .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ... .. ...... .... .. .. 65
Objectives............................................................................ 65
Pretest................................................................................. 66
v
Lesson 15 Setting Wall Tiles ....................................... 78
Posttest ....... .... ........ .... .... ....... ........ .... ........ ....... .................. 96
Key to Correction................................................................ 99
V1
Introduction
General Objectives
At the end of the course, you are expected to gain the following
competencies:
1. Identify the parts of a building and a house
2. Describe the parts according to construction
3. Read and interpret a building or a house plan
4. Discuss the nature and types of forms
5. Explain the methods of constructing forms for walls, columns,
and beams
vii
6. Discuss how a scaffolding or staging is made
7. Estimate the cost of materials needed in form construction
8. Identify the materials commonly used for ceiling boards and
flooring installations
9. Explain the methods of installing ceiling boards, panels for
walls and partitions, and timber flooring
10. Demonstrate the correct procedure of applying finishing mate-
rials
11. Demonstrate skills in the use and care of finishing masonry
tools
12. Cite measures to observe economy in the use of finishing
masonry materials
Program Requirements
It is expected that you have taken Civil Technology I, a
prerequisite for this learning program. The skills taught in the
previous course are generally preparatory to undertaking the
activities prescribed in this series.
viii
Learning Modules
Module 1 discusses the first and most crucial stage in cons-
truction work. The preparation of a working plan is so vital no
builder can afford to set it aside. A well-thought out and carefully
prepared working plan will not only save you a lot of time and
effort, it will, most of all, help ensure quality construction work.
ix
3. Each lesson is followed by the Self-check portion to help you
assess your learnings or evaluate your work. The Key to
Correction on the last pages of each module contains the
correct answers to the Self-check or the results of the evalu-
ation of your work. Look at the Key to Correction only after
you have completed the Self-check.
X
WORKING_
PlANS
ROUGH I
CARPENTRY
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. t is expected of skilled and professional workers involved in
building or house construction that they can read and interpret
working plans and specifications. Such plans guide them in their
respective tasks.
This module will teach you how to read and interpret working
plans and drawings, which are vital to civil technology. You will ..
.......
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also learn about the different parts of a building and the various
occupations related to civil technology.
..
OBJECTIVES
After studying this module, you are expected to:
3
l#nl PRETEST
From the four options under each item, choose one which will
complete or answer best each statement below. Write the letter of
each correct answer on another sheet of paper.
4
10. The floor plan is taken at a level plane through doors and
windows approximately
a. 1 m up from the floor c. 3 m up from the floor
b. 2 m up from the floor d. 4 m up from the floor
11. The floor plan shows the
a. actual size of the site c. internal room sizes
b. height of the building d. lot number
12. The diagonal lines found in a floor plan represent the
a. corner braces c. gable roof
b. eaves lines d. hips and valleys
13. Suppose a bungalow has two bedrooms measuring 3.0 m x
5.0 m each, living and dining rooms including kitchen with
a combined area of 3.0 m x 10.0 m, and 2.0 m x 4.0 m comfort
room. The total area of the bungalow is
a. 53.0 m 2 c. 73.0 m 2
b. 68.0 m 2 d. 78.0 m 2
14. The usual distance of the eaves from the gutter to the external
wall is at least
a. 0.50 m c. 0.60 m
b. 0.55 m d. 0.90 m
15. An elevation plan must show at least
a. one elevation c. five elevations
b. four elevations d. six elevations
16. Which dimension is found only in the elevation plan?
a. width of the building c. height of the building
b. length of the building d. area of the building
17. Most working drawings are rendered in the scale of
a. 1:100 c. 1:150
b. 1:125 d. 1:200
18. Detailed drawings are usually executed in the scale of
a. 1:1 or 1:2 c. 1:5 or 1:10
b. 1:3 or 1:4 d. 1:15 or 1:20
19. A specification should clearly describe the
a. carpenter's instructions
b. names of the builders or designers
c. desired quality and standard of work
d. working drawings
20. Among the workers involved in building constructipn, the most
capable of overseeing or supervising all the works is the
a. carpenter c. mason
b. plumber d. steel fixer
5
Lesson 1 Parts of a Concrete Structure
6
17. Stair. This is a series of steps with or without landings or
platforms, usually between two or more floors in a building.
18. Stairwell. This is the framed opening which receives the
stairs.
19. Sidings. This refers to the finish covering of the outside wall
of a building.
20. Ceiling. This is the finish covering of the joist of a roofing
system.
21. Rafter. This is one of a series of structural members of a roof
designed to support roof loads.
22. Truss. This is a structural unit assembled in the form of a
triangle. It provides a rigid support over wide spans with
minimum amount of material.
Subfloor
7
23. Purlin. This is one of horizontal roofs used to support rafters
between the plate and the ridge board.
24. Roofing. This is a material applied to the roofs as covering to
make the internal parts of a building waterproof.
25. Roof ridge. This is the horizontal line at the junction of the top
edges of two roof surfaces where an external angle greater
than 180 degrees is formed.
26. Eaves. These are the lower edges of a roof which projects over
an exterior wall. These are also called overhangs.
27. Soffit. This refers to the underside of the eaves. It is also called
drop ceiling or furred-down ceiling.
28. Fascia. This is a wood member used on the outerface of a box
cornice where it is nailed to the end of the rafters.
29. Gutter. This is a wood, metal, or concrete trough attached to the
edge of a roof (fascia) to collect and conduct water from rain.
30. Downspout. This is a vertical pipe that conducts rain water
from the gutter to the drainage.
Self-check
Identify the parts of a building being described below. Use
another piece of paper for your answers.
1. These are called overhangs.
2. This part of a building collects and conducts water
from rain.
3. It is a structural member usually assembled in the
form of a triangle.
4. This is the part of a building roof system which
supports the rafters between the plate and the
ridge board.
5. This is one of a series of structural wood lying
vertically along the walls and partitions.
6. This is a principal structural member used be-
tween posts, columns, and walls.
7. This is one of parallel framings of floors and ceil-
ings.
8. This is a vertical supporting member which has a
rectangular or circular shape.
9. This is a vertical plane structure, located inside
and outside a building, and is made of timber,
concrete, or blocks.
_ _ _ _ 10. This is the supporting portion of a structure lying
below the first level of construction or grade in-
cluding the footing.
8
_ _ _ _ 11. This is a spreading course at the base of a founda-
tion wall or column.
_ _ _ _ 12. This is a horizontal plane extending to one or more
levels.
- - - - 13. This is the principal beam of a building used to
support concentrated loads at a particular point
along its length.
- - - - 14. This consists of a series of steps extending to the
next level of a building.
- - - - 15. This is the internal or external trimming around
the door.or windows.
- - - - 16. This part of a timber framing or concrete wall is
also called lintel.
_ _ _ _ 17. These are diagonal braces nailed into studs to
reinforce the comers of a framed structure.
1
9
For special constructions, the following may also be included in a
working drawing:
1. lighting and wiring plans
2. subfloor plan
3. ceiling plan
4. roofplan
5. legend
Site Plan
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The method of circling a plan view of some area of consvvction and enlarging that area to
show its details is what is shown in a detailed drawing.
Specifications
Self-check
13
4. What does the site plan show?
5. Examine the floor plan below and then answer the questions
that follow.
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a. What are the names of the nine rooms in the floor plan?
b. What is the thickness of the external wall?
c. What is the size (area) of bedroom no. 2?
d. How long is the building?
e. How wide is the building?
f. What is the floor area of the building?
14
6. What does the elevation plan show?
7. What particular dimension is found in an elevation plan?
8. What is the importance of a detailed drawing?
9. What is the vital aspect of specification?
Masonry
Rebar Works
Electrical Works
Sanitary Plumbing
15
General Framing
Hanging Beam
Eaves Trimmer
Y t - - - - Nagging
1~+--- Stud
Floor Joist
-Bearer
Foundation Works
Laying the foundation of a house or a building involves soil
preparation, excavation, and the designing of footings. All these
are undertaken by carpenters.
16
House Finishing
Self-check
lhl POSTTEST
From the four options under each item, choose one which will
complete or answer best each statement below. Write the letter of
each correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.
17
3. The site plan shows the real property
a. clearance c. eaves lines
b. description d. sectioning
4. A major part of a building or a house is the
a. beam c. scaffold
b. form d. staging
5. The spreading courses at the base of a column and foundation
wall is called
a. bridging c. footing
b. girder d. flooring
6. Which dimension is found only in the elevation plan?
a. width of the building c. height of the building
b. length of the building d. area of the building
7. The floor plan is taken at a level plane through doors and.
windows approximately
a. 1 m up from the floor c. 3 m up from the floor
b. 2 m up from the floor d. 4 m up from the floor
8. Which of the following is a vertical structural part that serves
as a support to a building or a house?
a. beam c. joist
b. column d. slab
9. Detailed drawings are usually executed in the scale of
a. 1:1 or 1:2 c. 1:5 or 1:10
b. 1:3 or 1:4 d. 1:15 or 1:20
10. The name of the street or road which serves as the building
site is found in the
a. elevation plan c. floor plan
b. detail plan d. site plan
11. The horizontal plane structure extending to one or more levels
of a house or a building is called
a. column c. footing
b. flooring d. wall
12. An elevation plan must show at least
a. one elevation c. five elevations
b. four elevations d. six elevations
13. Most working drawings are rendered in the scale of
a. 1:100 c. 1:150
b. 1:125 d. 1:200
14. A building plan is a requirement in securing a
a. bill of materials
b. building permit
c. municipallicense
d. real property clearance
18
15. A specification should clearly describe the
a. carpenter's instructions
b. names of the builders or designers
c. desired quality and standard of work
d. working drawings
16. Suppose a bungalow has two bedrooms measuring 3.0 m x
5.0 m each, living and dining rooms and a kitchen with a
combined area of 3.0 m x 10.0 m, and 2.0 m x 4.0 m comfort
room. The total floor area of the bungalow is
a. 53.0 m 2 c. 73.0 m2
b. 68.0 m 2 d. 78.0 m 2
17. Among the workers involved in building construction, the most
capable of overseeing or supervising all the works is the
a. carpenter c. mason
b. plumber d. steel fixer
18. The diagonal lines found in a floor plan represent the
a. corner braces c. gable roof
b. eaves lines d. hips and valleys
19. The usual distance of the eaves from the gutter to the external
wall is at least
a. 0.50 m c. 0.60 m
b. 0.55 m d. 0.90 m
20. The floor plan shows the
a. actual size of the site
b. height of the building
c. internal room sizes
d. lot number
~ CKey to Correction )
Check your answer against the following:
Pretest
1. a 11. c
2. c 12. d
3. b 13. b
4. b 14. a
5. a 15. b
6. b 16. c
7. c 17. a
8. b 18. c
9. d 19. c
10. a 20. a
19
Posttest
1. c 11. b
2. a 12. b
3. b 13. a
4. 'a 14. b
5. ,c 15. c
6. c 16. b
7. a 17. a
8. b 18. d
9. c 19. a
io. d 20. c
Self-check
Lesson 1
1. Eaves 11. footing
2. Gutter 12. flooring
3. Truss 13. girder
4. purlin 14. stair
5. stud 15. casing
6. beam 16. header
7. joist 17. corner braces
8. column 18. roof
9. wall 19. rafter
10. foundation 20. ceiling
Lesson 2
1. Working plans are needed when obtaining a building permit.
They are vital in site preparation, building construction, and
finishing.
2. a. site plan e. specifications
b. floor plan f. sections
c. elevations g. symbols and abbreviations
d. details h. drainage plan
3. a. lighting and wiring plans
b. subfloor plan
c. ceiling plan .
d. roofplan
e. legend
4. A site plan shows the real property description, which includes
the following:
a. location of site
b. lot number
c. distance of the building from site boundaries
20
d. name of street where the site is located
e. size of the site
f. compass direction
g. position or size of the casements
h. contour lines showing the rise and fall of the site
i. scale of the drawing
5. a. 1 bedroom 1 6 living room
2 bedroom2 7 dining room
3 bedroom 3 8 kitchen
4 dressing room 9 laundry room
5 shower room
b. 250mm
c. 2 900 mm x 3 625 mm
d. 13050mm
e. 9850mm
f. 115.95 m 2
6. The elevation plan shows the views of the sides of the build-
ing, namely, north, south, east, and west elevations.
7. The height of the building
8. A detailed drawing shows the enlarged part of important
shapes and positions of assembly including the dimensions.
9. The specification describes how certain aspects of building
construction are to be done, the materials to be used and their
desired quality, and the expected standard ofwork.
Lesson 3
1. concrete works
2. steel
3. electrical
4. sanitary plumbers
5. forms and scaffolds
6. form works
7. Scaffolding works
8. excavation
9. design of footings
10. painting
21
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Bough carpentry deals with the construction of forms and
rough structures. Mainly involved in this area of building or house . ... . ..
construction is the carpenter, who builds, assembles, and sets in
position timber forms and structures in preparation for concrete ........ ... .. .. .
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work. He also constructs temporary as well as permanent struc- .
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This module provides relevant information about form con- ... ... ..........·•........
structions for concrete footing, columns, walls, and beams. ,
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OBJECTIVES
After studying this module, you are expected to:
23
ltlil PRETEST
Select the best answer for each item. Write only the letter of
the correct answer on another piece of paper.
1. A temporary boarding or sheathing used to produce the
desired size and shape of concrete is known as
a. covering c. staging
b. form d. scaffold
2. This type of sheathing is widely used because of its low cost. It
is called
a. chip c. pressed wood
b. plywood d. tongue and groove
3. Metal forms are used in constructing
a. beams c. circular columns
b. column walls d. girders
4. Square columns, beams, slab and wall forms are classified as
a. arch forms c. culvert forms
b. circular forms d. straight forms
5. The type of form used in mass production of pre-stressed
structures is
a. circular c. straight
b. metal d. timber
6. The weight of concrete per cubic metre is
a. 1 000 - 1 500 psi c. 3 000- 3 500 psi
b. 2 000 - 2 500 psi d. 4 000 - 4 500 psi
7. A form failure brings about
a. bulging c. destruction
b. deformation d. sagging
8. Small structures require sheathing and framing made out of
a. 3 mm plywood and 25 mm x 50 mm stock
b. 6 mm plywood and 50 mm x 50 mm solid stock
c. 12 mm plywood and 50 mm x 75 mm lumber
d. 19 mm plywood and 50 mm x 100 mm stock
9. A two- or three-storey building requires forms with a sheath-
ing measuring
a. 3 mm thick c. 12 mm thick
b. 6 mm thick d. 19 mm thick
10. A type of form framing which uses short pieces of stock is
called
a. diagonal c. perpendicular
b. longitudinal d. tangential rib
24
11. A form framing belonging to the longitudinal rib type is
a. economical c. practical
b. expensive d. not widely used
12. In laying and constructing footing forms, the first structure
that must be built is the
a. brace c. outside form
b. inside form d. stake
13. A pair of column forms is wider by at least
a. 50 mm c. 100 mm
b. 75 mm d. 200 mm
14. The components of square or rectangular column forms must
be
a. butted to each other
b. mitered to another pair
c. rabetted
d. clamped to each other
15. Beam forms consist of one bottom and
a. two pairs of top structures
b. two pairs of side structures
c. two sides
d. two tops
16. Walls must be strong enough to
a. carry their own load
b. avoid sagging
c. resist wind load
d. resist concrete lateral pressure
17. Scaffolding refers to a temporary structure made up of poles
and
a. lumber c. slab
b. plank d. stock
18. A scaffolding must have a high degree of
a. accuracy c. durability
b. necessity d. safety
19. A more substantial framework that progressively builds up as
the building rises is called a
a. ladder c. scaffolding
b. platform d. staging
20. The primary consideration in the purchase and selection of
forms is
a. cost c. profit
b. labor d. quality
25
Lesson4 Constructing Forms
26
Plywood Forms
2x2Frame
Forms of typical concrete foundation. These are used for above-grade footing wall
27
The following are the different types of forms:
1. Footing forms. The size of a footing depends on the load-
carrying capacity of the soil and the weight of the building as
well as its contour.
28
3. Beam forms. These consist of one bottom form having a width
of 100 mm to 150 mm wider than that of the beam. These
also consist of a pair of side forms with a width equal to the
depth of the beam. See illustratio~ ~elow.
Self-check
A. Fill in the blanks with the correct answers. Use another piece
of paper for your answers.
1. A temporary structure used to produce the desired shape
and size of concrete is called _ __
2. The most widely used type of form material in any kind of
construction work is _ __
3. Metal forms are made out of _ _ _ sheets.
4. Arches and culverts require forms.
5. Of the different kinds of wood, is the most com-
monly used in form construction.
29
B. Identify what is being described in each of the statements
below. Write your answers on another piece of paper.
1. This is the normal weight of concrete per cubic
metre.
2. This structure requires 6 mm to 12 mm plywood
and 50 mm x 50 mm or 50 mm x 75 mm solid
framing.
3. A one- or two-storey building falls under this
type of structure.
4. This type of framing requires short pieces of
lumber.
5. This type of framing is more economical to use
and is preferred by carpenters.
30
A double-pole scaffolding can stand alone. This is used when
heavy equipment and materials are needed for construction.
Building Building
~·
under ledger for heavy loads
2 X 6 notched block
securely nailed to
building frame
1 x6or2x6
31
5. Nails. These are used to fasten the staging and scaffolding.
Their sizes range from 3 to 4 inches.
Self-check
List down the required information for each item. Write your
answers on another piece of paper.
1.
2.
B. List down the two typical types of scaffolding.
s.
4.
C. Enumerate the parts of staging.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
32
Lesson 6 Estimating the Cost of Materials
for Form Construction
L, = a+ b + c + d
= 1.40 m
b d = .40m
a= .30m
33
Refer to the table below for the quantity of tongue and groove
per metre run. ·
post
1.20 m
Footing
34
Thus,
1m = 3.3 ft
1.2 m = 3.96 ft
= 4ft
Your bill of materials for tongue and groove should
have the following specification:
54 pes. of 1" x 4" x 4' tongue and groove
Since the shortest available length of 1" x 4" tongue
and groove is 8 ft ('), you will need less than 54 pieces of
board. To find the actual quantity to be purchased, halve
the initial quantity obtained. Thus,
54 + 2 =27 pes. of 1" x 4" x 8' tongue and groov!
5. Find the required number of form ribs or 2" x 2" solid
framing. For purposes of preparing a comparative bill of
materials, make your computations for two types of form
ribs, namely, A and B. The latter has greater thickness
than the former. The distance between ribs of both types
is 2.40m.
Form A has a width of 0.30 m and a height of 1.20 m.
2" x 2" Frame
0.30m l
..,.TAG
[!Jo.40m o.som
T 0.30m
Foolng
35
Form B has a width of
0.60 m and a height of 1.20 i.
I
m.
1.20m
L
7. To find the height of solid wood needed to construct perpen·
dicular and longitudinal ribs, apply the following equation:
0.60 m x 8 ribs = 4.80 m or 16 ft
1.20 m x 4 ribs = 4.80 m or 16 ft
To construct 3 sets of form B ribs, you will need 3 pieces
of2" x 2" x 16' solid wood. For 3 footings, you will need the.
following:
27 pes. 1" x 4" x 8' tongue and groove
13 pes. 2" x 2" x 8' solid wood
12 pes. 2"' x 2" x 16' solid wood
Convert the above quantities into board feet. Board
foot (BF) is the unit of measure used in the computation
of lumber. One board foot is equivalent to 144 cubic
inches or one square foot of lumber one inch thick. The
thickness and width of commercial lumber are in inches
while the length is in feet of even number. Board foot is
computed using the following formula:
BF = no. of~s. 12
xTxWxL
where
T = thickness ( ")
w = width(")
L = length(')
Thus,
27 ~S X 1" X 4" X 8'
12 = 72 BF
13 ~S X 2" X 2" X 8'
12 = 35 BF
12 pes X 2" X 2" X 16'
= 64 BF
12
Total 171 BF
36
B. Preparing a bill of materials for plywood with a lateral width
of 1.40 m and a height of 1.20 m
3 x 1.68 m 2 = 5.04 m 2
5.04 m 2
2.88 m2 = 1. 75 pes.
37
6. Determine how many pieces of form B ribs are needed.
If you need to prepare 3 sets of ribs, you need 6 pieces of
2" x 2" x 4', or 4 pieces of2" x 2" x 16', solid wood.
3x6pcs.of2"x2"x8' = 18pcs.
3 x 4 pes. of 2" x 2" x 8' = 12 pes.
Total 30 pes.
or
38
/6/ POSTTEST
Select the best answer to each item. Write only the letter of the
correct answer on another piece of paper.
39
11. In laying and constructing footing form, the first structure to
build is the
a. brace c. outside form
b. inside form d. stake
12. A type of form framing which uses short pieces of stock is
called
a. diagonal c. perpendicular
b. longitudinal d. tangential rib
13. Beam forms consist of one bottom and
a. two top pairs c. two sides
b. two side pairs d. two tops
14. A more substantial framework that progressively builds up
as the building increases in height is called
a. ladder c. scaffolding
b. platform d. staging
15. A pair of column forms is wider by at least
a. 50 mm c. 100 mm
b. 75 mm d. 200 mm
16. Scaffolding is a temporary structure made up of poles and
a. lumber c. slab
b. plank d. stock
17. The components of square or rectangular column forms are
usually
a. butted to each other
b. mitered to another pair
c. rabetted
d. clamped to each other
18. Wall forms must be strong enough to
a. carry their own load
b. avoid sagging
c. resist wind load
d. resist concrete lateral pressure
19. The primary consideration in the purchase and selection of
forms is
a. cost c. profit
b. labor d. quality
20. A scaffolding must have a high degree of
a. accuracy c. durability
b. necessity d. safety
40
~ CKey to Correction)
Check your answers against the following:
Pretest
1. b 11. a
2. b 12. c
3. c 13. c
4. d 14. b
5. b 15. c
6. b 16. d
7. b 17. b
8. b 18. d
9. c 19. d
10. c 20. a
Posttest
1. b 11. c
2. c 12. c
3. b 13. c
4. d 14. d
5. b 15. c
6. d 16. b
7. a 17. a
8. c 18. a
9. b 19. a
10. b 20. d
Self-check
Lesson 4
A.l. form
2. wood or timber
3. GI
4. circular
5. plywood
41
C.l. True
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. True
Lesson 5
1. It ensures safety for workers.
2. It provides support for building materials and tools.
3. single-pole scaffold
4. double-pole scaffold
5. vertical support
6. footing base
7. horizontal braces
8. block and wedge support
9. rails
Lesson 6
A. Bill of materials for plywood forms
1. Total actual area of one form
2 (0.30) + 2 (0.40 m) = 1.40 m
2. Height of 1 form -1.0 m
3. Area of 1 form- 1.40 m x 1.0 m = 1.40 m2
4. Total area of 4 forms -1.40 m x 4.0 m = 5.60 m 2
5. Effective covering of plywood -1.20 m x 2.40 m = 2.88 m 2
6. Required pieces of plywood
2
5.60 m = 1.94 or 2 pes. of plywood
2.88 m 2
B. Bill of materials for ribs
1. Form A ribs
a. By direct counting
6 pes. 2" x 2" x 4'
4 pes. 2" x2" x 1'
b. Ribs needed for 4 forms
24 pes. 2" x 2" x 4'
16 pes. 2" x 2" x 1'
c. No. of pieces of ribs needed
12 pes. 2" x 2" x 8'
1 pc. 2" X 2" X 16'
42
2. Form B ribs
a. By direct counting
6 pes. 2" x 2" x 1.0 m
4 pes. 2" x 2" x 0.40 m
Total 54 Ln ft
43
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OBJECTIVES
After studying this module, you are expected to:
45
/Jlnl PRETEST
Select the best answer from the choices listed under each
number. Write only the letter of the correct answer. Write your
answers on another piece of paper.
1. The interior and exterior covering of a house or a building is
called
a. ceiling tile c. panel
b. hardboard d. plywood
2. The type of material suitable for ceiling board and wall
panels is
a. plyboard c. pressed wood
b. plywood d. tongue and groove
3. The material used for wall and ceiling boards in the kitchen
and bathroom is called
a. hardboard c. siding
b. plywood d. tongue and groove
4. In establishing the center line for the ceiling board, the tool
used is called
a. T-bevel c. spirit level
b. chalkline d. try square
5. In installing ceiling boards using plywood panels, one of the
following should be minimized.
a. cutting c. measuring
b. marking d. planing
6. Once the center line is located or marked, the next step to
take is to
a. cut c. install panel
b. establish right angle d. provide expansion joint
7. For a quick railing of panels, use a
a. ballpeen hammer c. nail gun
b. claw hammer d. stapler
8. All panels should be installed with their edges
a. offsetting the center line
b. overlapping the center line
c. parallel to the center line
d. parallel to the center point
9. The stud to which solid sidings or panels are nailed must
be free from
a. cracks c. holes
b. decays d. knots
10. Wall panels should be installed with all their edges
a. planed c. supported
b. rounded d. unsupported
46
11. A popular timber material used for flooring is
a. drop siding c. tongue and groove
b. plywood d. marine plywood
12. In modern construction, the commonly used subflooring
material is the
a. hardboard c. rustic panel
b. plywood d. tongue and groove
13. A popular way of finishing a house or a building is by
a. lacquering c. plastering
b. painting d. varnishing
14 Cracks, holes, and openings can be sealed with
a. paint c. shellac
b. prima d. wood filler
15. The bristles of the brush are dipped in the paint at least
a. 1/4 of the length of the brush
b. 1/2 of the length of the brush
c. 113 of the length of the brush
d. 3/4 of the length of the brush
knows how to select the right materials for ceiling boards, wall
panels, partitions, and flooring.
This activity describes each of these materials.
Solid Timber
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Hardboard
Hardboard patterns
48
Ceiling Tiles
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Self-check
49
Lesson 8 Installing Ceiling Boards
The first step in installing ceiling board is to measure the two
short opposite walls and locate the midpoint of each using a
chalkline. At the middle of the center line, make a right angle using
a chalkline.
All sheathings must be installed with their edges parallel to
the lines.
50
Install the main runners by resting them on the molding and
hanging them on the wires attached to screw eyes. Use a chalk-
line stretched between walls to achieve levelness. Splice the run-
ners and remove the irregular lengths with a hacksaw.
Once all the main runners are in place, attach cross tees.
Check the size of the panels before fixing the cross tees in place.
51
Self-check
52
2. Obtain the pole layout. To do this, halve the distance of the
pole according to the combined width of the single sidings
excluding the lap. Mark the position of the top of each siding
on the storey pole.
"
/
.
Obtaining the pole layout
3. Transfer the layout of the pole to the wall. Set nails to this
mark so strings can be attach~d to align the sidings.
4. Once the layout has been made, start fastening the sidings
by nailing a spacer strip having the same thickness as the
siding alon& the foundation as shown in the figure below.
5. Form inside corners using square pieces of wood or metal
corners. Then install outside corners.
Inside corners are pieces of wood or metal with angular
shapes. These are installed to cover the external corners of
adjacent sidings.
Outside corners are similarly shaped wood or metal
installed under each adjoining siding.
I
Outside Comer Metal Inside Comer
Corners for sidings
6. Nail the sidings to the surface of each stud. The nail must
be placed about 12 mm above the butt edge. If the material
is likely to split when nailed, drill holes before nailing. The
figure below shows patterns for nailing sidings.
25 I 2£J E?:F
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8 L!J §
L3 LJ
Various joint treatment for plywood panels
Ser-check
55
Lesson 10 I Installing Timber Floorings
Subfloor
Joist
56
Blind nai/ing succeeding timber
strips at an angle of 50 degrees
Self-check
57
Painting equipment must be used with care so they will
last long. This means cleaning them after use and storing them
properly.
These are the steps you must take before painting any
surface:
1. Fill all cracks, openings, and holes with wood filler. Let them
dry.
2. Sand the filled areas using 4#100 floor sanding paper.
3. Apply wood primer or a preliminary coat of paint.
4. Sand the primered surface using #120 or #180 sanding paper.
5. Apply undercoat and let dry before applying the top or final
coat.
59
Self-check
l#nl POSTTEST
Select the best answer from the choices listed under each
number. Write only the letter of the correct answer. Write your
answers on another piece of paper.
1. In installing ceiling boards using plywood panels, one of the
following should be minimized.
a. cutting c. measuring
b. marking d. planing
2. In establishing the center line for the ceiling board, the tool
used is called
a. T-bevel c. spirit level
b. chalkline d. try square
3. The interior and exterior covering of a house or a building
is called
a. ceiling tile c. panel
b. hardboard d. plywood
4. The type of material suitable for ceiling board and wall panels
is
a. plyboard c. pressed wood
b. plywood d. tongue and groove
60
5. For a quick railing of panels, use a
a. ballpeen hammer c. nail gun
b. claw hammer d. stapler
6. The material used for wall and ceiling boards in the kitchen
and bathroom is called
a. hardboard c. siding
b. plywood d. tongue and groove
7. The stud to which solid sidings or panels are nailed must be
free from
a. cracks c. holes
b. decays d. knots
8. Wall panels should be installed with all their edges
a. planed c. supported
b. rounded d. unsupported
9. Once the center line is lc.:ated or marked, the next step to
take is to
a. cut c. install panel
b. establish right angle d. provide expansion joint
10. In modern construction, the commonly used subflooring
material is the
a. hardboard c. rustic panel
b. plywood d. tongue and groove
11. All panels should be installed with their edges
a. offsetting the center line
b. overlapping the center line
c. parallel to the center line
d. parallel to the center point
12. The bristles of the brush are dipped in the paint at least
a. 1/4 ofthe length ofthe brush
b. 1/2 of the len,gth of the brush
c. 1/3 of the len~h of the brush
d. 3/4 of the length of the brush
13. Cracks, holes, and openings can be sealed with
a. paint c. shellac
b. prima d. wood filler
14. A popular way of finishing a house or a building is by
a. lacquering c. plastering
b. painting d. varnishing
15. A popular timber material used for flooring is
a. drop siding c. tongue and groove
b. plywood d. marine plywood
61
~(Key to Correction)
Check your answers against the following:
Pretest
1. c 9. a
2. b 10. c
3. a 11. c
4. b 12. b
5. a 13. b
6. b 14. d
7. c 15. c
8. c
Posttest
1. a 9. b
2. b 10. b
3. a 11. c
4. b 12. c
5. c 13. b
6. a 14. b
7. a 15. c
8. c
Self-check
Lesson 7
Lesson 8
1. T
2. chalkline
3. T
4. pal'allel
5. nail gun
62
Lesson 9
1. 0
2. 0
3. X
4. X
5. 0
Lesson 10
1. 1
2. 6
3. 4
4. 3
5. 2
6. 5
Lesson 11
1. preserving
2. beautifying
3. quality of work
4. 100 mm wide
5. short-piled sleeve
6. wood filler
7. #100
8. one-third
9. along the grain
10. a very light stroke
63
--"~
'4.
MASONRY FINISHING
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64
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OBJECTIVES
After studying this module, you are expected to:
65
I#Til PRETEST
Select the best answer from the choices listed below each
number. Write only the letter of the correct answer on another
piece ofpaper.
66
12. Guide strips are used for
a. leveling c. rendering
b. plastering d. screeding
13. The part of the wall where rendering of plaster should start
is at the
a. base c. either side
b. middle d. top
14 Plastering is done by
a. placing the mortar lightly on the wall
b. vending the mortar gently on the surface
c. squeezing the mortar to the surface
d. trowelling the mortar by slashing
15. The tool used for paving excess mortar on plastered wall is
the
a. spirit level c. steel float
b. string d. straight edge
16. Tiling on straight walls is relatively
a. difficult c. easy
b. complicated d. expensive
17. The standard sizes ofwall tiles range from
a. 20 mm x 20 mm to 30 mm x 60 mm
b. 25 mm x 25 mm to 50 mm x 50 mm
c. 50 mm x 50 mm to 100 mm x 200 mm
d. 75 mm x 75 mm to 114 mm x 216 mm
18. The wall surface to be filled must be clean, dry, firm, and
a. crooked c. hollow
b. flat d. square
19. The succeeding tiles are set in
a. angular pattern c. rectangular pattern
b. pyramid pattern d. trapezoidal pattern
20. The process of filling or sealing the spaces between files is
called
a. gauging c. grouting
b. grooving d. routing
21. CHB is made up of cement and
a. coarse aggregates c. mortar
b. fine aggregates d. plaster
22. Inert granular materials such as sand and gravel are called
a. aggregates c. mortar
b. concrete d. plaster
67
23. The smallest size of commercially available CHB is
a. 75 mmx200mmx400mm
b. 100 mm x 200 mm x 400 mm
c. 150 mm x 200 mm x 400 mm
d. 2000 mm x 200 mm x 400 mm
24. The tool used in maintaining the grade of levelness of soil for
CHB laying is called
a. pole c. spirit level
b. string d. tamper or compactor
25. CHB dowels are spaced at a maximum distance of
a. 150 mm c. 300 mm
b. 200 mm d. 450 mm
26. The final layer applied to masonry surface is called
a. concrete finish c. paint finsh
b. curing materials d. water proofing
27. Plain cement finish is done by
a. brushing cement or surface
b. chipping the surface
c. plastering mortar on a structural sufrace
d. screeding concrete
28. If a finished concrete surface has designs of varying forms and
shapes, then the type of finish applied is called
a. fancy c. overlay
b. patterned d. plastered
29. A tooled surface resembles that of
a. a brick c. an adobe stone
b. a CHB d. a wood surface
30. A type of finish which has a combination of smooth and uneven
patterns of a hollow surface is called
a. anay c. synthetic adobe
b. fancy d. plain
68
Measuring 1oo\s
1. PuU-push rule. This is used for long· or short-distanCe
measuring.
1esting 1oo\s
1. Spirit level. This is used to test or to obtain horizontal and
vertical surfaces.
69
2. Plastic hose with water. This is used to test and obtain
horizontal surfaces. It is regarded as the most accurate tool
for establishing a horizontal level.
Roughing-up Tools
70
4. Hatchet. This is a small axe with a small handle. It is used for
chipping surfaces.
71
2. Trowels are also flat tools used for applying, spreading, and
shaping plaster or mortar. They are made of steel.
Trowels are further classified into two:
72
8. Nylon string. This is used for guiding the course of tiles to
ensure alignment.
9. Screed. This is used for paving flat plastered surfaces. It
is made up of rectangular timber or aluminum with long
straight edge at least 30 mm x 75 mm x 200 mm.
Self-check
73
Cement
Lime
Sand
Water
Plaster
74
sets quickly. It is available in various fonns for specific uses. These
are the different types ofplaster:
Self-check
1. Make the surface of the wall rough enough for the mortar to
adhere. Do this by chipping it using a hammer or a hatchet.
Another way to do it is by slashing, which means rendering
75
the wall with a thin mixture of cement and water using the
square end of a pointing trowel.
Surface preparation
2. Render the wall with mortar using a float and a trowel. Start
at the base of the wall towards the top.
76
4. When the mortar starts to set and becomes hard enough,
screed the mortar until the guide strips appear.
Rsmoving strips
6. Fill in the spaces made by the guide strip and lumps using
a timber float.
Timber floating
77
7. When the mortar has hardened a bit, sprinkle water onto
the surface using sponge or a paint brush. Then rub the
surface using the steel float until the surface has smooth-
ened. Repeat this procedure.
~~~-----------
Steel floating
Self-check
78
Wall tiles are glazed and offer a great variety of colors and
designs. They are appropriate primarily for use on interior sur-
faces: walls, counter tops, and ceilings. Their bodies are fairly
light, which facilitates vertical installation. Though the bodies
are porous, the glazing process makes the surface water-resistant.
Standard sizes of wall tiles range from 75 mm x 75 mm to
114 mm x 216 mm, with thickness of from 7 mm to 24 mm.
The commonly used adhesives for setting wall tiles is
mortar. Pure cement is also used at times, which can also fill the
chinks or spaces between tiles.
The tools needed for wall tiling are the pointing trowel, tile
cutter, spirit level, squeezes, and sponge.
These are the steps in setting wall tiles:
79
sequence illustrated below. Use spacing lugs or match sticks
as spacers.
I Wall
I
n1e to be cut
80
8. After the mortar has dried, grout the joint. See the following
illustrations
Steps In grouting
Self-check
81
9. Continue setting the tiles downward.
10. Grouting is done once the mortar bed of the laid tiles has
dried.
1. Lay out the foundation lines and excavate the desired width
and depth of the foundation wall.
2.
3.
4.
9. Place the full mortar bed for the first course of the blocks
using a pointing trowel.
84
10. Lay out the blocks for the first course. The outside comer or
the block should touch the string guide. Maintain a 10 mm
spacing between the sides of blocks.
12. Set the guide string for the second course of CHB. Place at
least 12 mm to 18 mm thick mortar on top of the edges of
the first course.
13. Lay the second course of CHB maintaining a 10 mm joint
between each course. Full length of CHB should be laid first
at the center of underneath joints.
14. Place the end blocks to complete the second course and then
repeat the procedure of leveling the blocks using a spirit
level.
~ .. '..!!. \
...
86
16. Proceed to laying the remaining course following the same
procedure. Place 12 mm horizontal bars for every third
course of blocks.
Self-check
87
Lesson 17 Applying Decorative Masonry
Finishes
88
c. Press the cans about 6 mm deep on the concrete surface.
·~.;. ~9..
C)
89
3. Tooled finish. This type of concrete finish is also known
as hammered synthetic adobe finish, for it resembles the
adobe stone. It is achieved by chipping the cured plastered
concrete surface with an axe. Follow these steps in tooled
finishing:
f. Apply very light and even blows with the axe while chip-
ping to obtain an even depth of tooled surface.
4. Anay finish. This type of finish is so called because its
surface resembles that of wood where termites dwell. The
surface has a combination of smooth and uneven patterns of
a hollow surface.
The steps in anay finish are as follows:
-1 E
E
0
U')
C\J
1'\ti
_l
35 mm
f
~
~~
~
93
f. Remove the broom stick slowly. ,....,. ~ ~
(M}~ ~4
"'~... ~
fl'
~
¥·/#
/9/(/A .
._/' /~
g)~
t90
~e,
• $j; ~
, ~ ~ .·, ~ ®~ ~~@
~®®~~@~@.®'
~~~@8®(IDi~-
94
i. Repeat step h until all cement marks have flattened to at
least 4 mm thick.
Self-check
95
Performance Checklist Acceptability
Yes No
1. Masonry surface preparation
(cleaning and washing)
2. Workability of mixture
3. Correct use of tools
4. Observance of safety precautions
5. Economy in the use of masonry
finishing materials
lbl POSTTEST
Select the best answer from the choices listed below each
number. Write only the letter of the correct answer. Write your
answers on another piece of paper.
96
9. Sand used in plastering must be sharp, clean, and
a. well balanced c. well quarried
b. well graded d. well purchased
10. Lime is introduced into plastering mixture as a
a. catalyzing agent c. patching agent
b. plasticizing agent d. retarding agent
11. Rendering of plaster should start
a. at the base of the wall
b. at the middle of the wall
c. at either side of the wall
d. at the top ofthe wall
12. Tiling on straight walls is relatively
a. difficult c. easy
b. complicated d. expensive
13. The standard sizes of wall tiles range from
a. 20mm x20mm to30mm x 60mm
b. 25 mm x 25 mm to 50 mm x 50 mm
c. 50 mm x 50 mm to 100 mm x 200 mm
d. 75 mm x 75 mm to 114 mm x 216 mm
14. The tool used for paving excess mortar on plastered wall is
the
a. spirit level c. steel float
b. string d. straightedge
15. Before plastering, the surface of a wall must be
a. flat c. sufficiently rough
b. painted d. sufficiently smooth
16. Plastering is done by
a. placing the mortar lightly on the wall
b. vending the mortar gently on the surface
c. squeezing the mortar to the surface
d. trowelling the mortar by slashing
17. Guide strips are used for
a. leveling c. rendering
b. plastering d. screeding
18. The tool used in maintaining the grade of levelness of soil
bed for CHB laying is called
a. pole c. spirit level
b. string d. tamper or compactor
19. Inert granular materials such as sand and gravel are
called
a. aggregates c. mortar
b. concrete d. plaster
97
20. The wall surface to be filled must be clean, dry, firm, and
a. crooked c. hollow
b. flat d. square
21. After setting the first tile, the succeeding tiles are secured
in a pattern that is
a. angular c. rectangular
b. pyramid d. trapezoidal
22. The type of finish which has a combination of smooth and
uneven patterns of a hollow surface is called
a. anay c. synthetic adobe
b. fancy d. plain
23. CHB dowels are spaced at a maximum distance of
a. 150 mm c. 300 mm
b. 200 mm d. 450 .mm
24. Plain cement finish is done by
a. brushing cement on surface
b. chipping the surface
c. plastering mortar on a structural surface
d. screeding concrete
25. The process of filling or sealing the spaces between tiles is
called
a. gauging c. grouting
b. grooving d. routing
26. A tooled surface resembles that of
a. a brick c. an adobe stone
b. a CHB d. a wood surface
27. If a finished concrete surface has designs of varying forms
and shapes, then the type offinish applied is called
a. fancy c. overlay
b. patterned d. plastered
28. CHB is made up of cement and
a. coarse aggregates c. mortar
b. fine aggregates d. plaster
29. The smallest size of commercially available CHB is
a. 75 mm x 200 mm x 400 mm
b. 100 mm x 200 mm x 400 mm
c. 150 mm x 200 mm x 400 mm
d. 200 mm x 200 mm x 400 mm
30. The final layer applied to masonry surface is called
a. concrete finish
b. curing materials
c. paint brush
d. water proofing
98
~(Key to Correction)
Check your answers against the following:
Pretest
1. d 16. c
2. b 17. d
3. b 18. b
4. d 19. b
5. b 20. c
6. b 21. b
7. b 22 a
8. b 23. b
9. d 24. d
10. d 25. d
11. c 26. a
12. d 27. c
13. a 28. a
14. c 29. c
15. d 30. a
Posttest
1. b 16. c
2. b 17. d
3. b 18. d
4. d 19. a
5. d 20. b
6. d 21. b
7. b 22. a
8. d 23. d
9. b 24. c
10. b 25. c
11. a 26. a
12. c 27. a
13. d 28. b
14. d 29. b
15. c 30. a
99
Self-check
Lesson 12
1. spirit level
2. plastic hose with water
3. pull-push rule
4. star drill
5. trowels
6. floats
7. spade
8. pail
9. hawk
10. screed
Lesson 13
1. portland
2. Water
3. well graded
4. clean and fresh
5. plasticizing
Lesson 14
1. 7 5. 1
2. 4 6. 3
3. 6 7. 2
4. 8 8. 5
Lesson 15
1. easy
2. T
3. T
4. mortar
5. T
6. batter
7. T
8. along the vertical line and with the bottom edges resting on
the batter
9. upward
10. T
100
Lesson 16
Lesson 17
101
References
102