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The Iv Industrial Tech Civil Tech 11 PDF

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1K views112 pages

The Iv Industrial Tech Civil Tech 11 PDF

Uploaded by

Edsel Tillana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SEDP Series

Technology
and Home Economics IV

CIVIL TECHNOLOGY II

FOURTH YEAR HIGH SCHOOL

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT CENTER


DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, CULTURE AND SPORTS
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
Technology and Home Economics IV
Industrial Technology
Civil Technology II
Experimental Edition, 1994

Copyright Notice. Section 9 of Presidential Decree No. 49


provides: "No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government
of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency
or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation
of such work for profit."
This edition was developed by the Bureau of Secondary Education
and published by the Instructional Materials Development Center,
Department of Education, Culture and Sports under the Secondary
Education Development Program (SEDP) funded by the Asian Develop-
ment Bank Loan No. 898-PHI (Secondary Education Sector Loan).
This book is based on a manuscript approved by the Instructional
Materials Council.

Bureau of Secondary Education, Department of Educa-


tion, Culture and Sports. Avelina T. Llagas, Project Director;
Adela A Capistrano, Project Coordinator; Patrocinio C. de Castro,
Civil Technology Coordinator; Jess Ignacio, Writer.

TX-32-07 -5. 76M


Printed in the Philippines by Raquel Commercial Press
ISBN 971-540-134-1

Instructional Materials Development Center (!MDC)


Office Address: A Ma. Regidor Street, Area XI
University of the Philippines Campus
Diliman, Quezon City
Mailing Address: U.P. Post Office Box 211, Diliman 1104
Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines

The paper used in the printing of this book is a gift from


the Government of Canada through the Canadian International
Development Agency (CIDA), Commodity Assistance Program.

Typeset in 11 on 13 points by 28 picas, New Century Schoolbook, Macintosh SE


Table of Contents

Introduction ................................................................... vii

·Modille t •· •· •
Working Plans ......... .. .......................................................... 2
Overview............................................................................. 3

Objectives ... .... .... ..... ... ..... .... ... ... .... ............ ......... ........... ... .. . 3

Pretest................................................................................. 4

Lesson 1 Parts of a Concrete Structure .................... 6

Lesson 2 Preparing Building Plans ........................... 9

Lesson 3 Types of Construction Work....................... 15

Posttest ... .... .... .... .... .... ..... ... ... .... ..... ... .... ..... ... ... .. .. .... .... ...... 17

Key to Correction................................................................ 19

iii
Rough Carpentry ................. ........ ................. .............. ... .... 22

Overview ............. ............................................. ........ ........... 23

Objectives ... ................. ....................... ....... ............ ... .... ....... 23

Pretest................................................................................. 24

Lesson 4 Constructing Forms . .. .. .. ..... .... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 26

Lesson 5 Constructing Scaffolding


and Staging .... .... ... ..... ... .. ... ... .. .. ... .... .. .. .. .. .. . 30

Lesson 6 Estimating the Cost


of Materials
for Form Construction................................ 33

Posttest ... ...... ................... ... ....... ................ .... ......... ... ... ...... 39

Key to Correction................................................................ 41

Finishing Carpentry ................. .. ................. .................. .... 44

Overview .. ..... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. ... .... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .... .... .... ... .. .. .. .. 45

Objectives............................................................................ 4·5

Pretest................................................................................. 46

iv
Lesson 7 Materials for Ceiling Boards,
Wall Panels, Partitions,
and Flooring ................................................ 47

Lesson 8 Installing Ceiling Boards ........................... 50

, Lesson 9 Installing Partition


and Wall Panels .......................................... 52

Lesson 10 Installing Timber Floorings .... .. .. .... .... .. .. ... 56

Lesson 11 Applying Paint............................................ 57

Posttest ... .... ........ .... .... .. .. ........... .... .... .... ........ ... .... .... ........ .. 60

Key to Correction................................................................ 62

Masonry Finishing ... .... ........................ ..... ...... .... .............. 64

Overview .... . .. .... ..... .... .... ... .... ... .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ... .. ...... .... .. .. 65

Objectives............................................................................ 65

Pretest................................................................................. 66

Lesson 12 Masonry Finishing Tools ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 68

Lesson 13 Finishing Materials Used


in Masonry.................................................. 73

Lesson 14 Plastering Walls with Mortar.................... 75

v
Lesson 15 Setting Wall Tiles ....................................... 78

Lesson 16 Laying Concrete Hollow Blocks ................. 82

Lesson 17 Applying Decorative


Masonry Finishes ....................................... 88

Posttest ....... .... ........ .... .... ....... ........ .... ........ ....... .................. 96

Key to Correction................................................................ 99

References ............................................................................. 102

V1
Introduction

Civil Technology II discusses the basic concepts involved in


constructing concrete structures like houses and buildings. It has
been developed to help you acquire some of the skills needed in
performing carpentry work, particularly those that relate to the
building of a structure.
The underlying basic principles are also presented in this book
to help you understand the different aspects of construction work,
which generally consist of four stages, namely, the drawing up of a
working plan, rough carpentry, finishing carpentry, and masonry
finishing.
Each step is presented and discussed in such a way as to help
a beginner like you undertake the task with ease and pleasure.
After studying this entire series, it is hoped that you shall
have gained a deeper appreciation for, and developed the skills
required in the course.

General Objectives

At the end of the course, you are expected to gain the following
competencies:
1. Identify the parts of a building and a house
2. Describe the parts according to construction
3. Read and interpret a building or a house plan
4. Discuss the nature and types of forms
5. Explain the methods of constructing forms for walls, columns,
and beams

vii
6. Discuss how a scaffolding or staging is made
7. Estimate the cost of materials needed in form construction
8. Identify the materials commonly used for ceiling boards and
flooring installations
9. Explain the methods of installing ceiling boards, panels for
walls and partitions, and timber flooring
10. Demonstrate the correct procedure of applying finishing mate-
rials
11. Demonstrate skills in the use and care of finishing masonry
tools
12. Cite measures to observe economy in the use of finishing
masonry materials

Program Requirements
It is expected that you have taken Civil Technology I, a
prerequisite for this learning program. The skills taught in the
previous course are generally preparatory to undertaking the
activities prescribed in this series.

It will help to review some of the lessons discussed in the


earlier course, especially those that directly relate to construction
work like the correct use of carpentry tools. Then you will be ready
to study this course.

It is also important that you understand thoroughly the


lessons discussed before carrying out the activities prescribed.
Following each step as presented is equally vital. Remember that
each of the four stages of construction work discussed in this course
is preparatory to the next. To alter the order will be costly.

As you study the lessons, note your progress. Knowledge of


the principles and methods of construction work is vital only to
the extent that you can apply it in practical and concrete ways.
After all, the true measure of effective learning lies in the appli-
cation. Make sure you shall have acquired more skills at the end
of this course.

viii
Learning Modules
Module 1 discusses the first and most crucial stage in cons-
truction work. The preparation of a working plan is so vital no
builder can afford to set it aside. A well-thought out and carefully
prepared working plan will not only save you a lot of time and
effort, it will, most of all, help ensure quality construction work.

Module 2 is all about rough carpentry, which involves the


construction of forms and rough structures both of which are vital
in undertaking concrete work.

Module 3 explains the materials used in and the methods of


covering framed structures such as the ceilings, walls, and floor-
ing.

Module 4 provides a detailed discussion of masonry finishing,


the final stage in doing construction work. Here you will learn how
to lay stone and marble blocks, bricks, tiles, and other similar
materials used in shaping walls, slabs, and the like.

How to Use the Modules


Here are some reminders for you as you use the modules. Be
sure to take note of them.

1. A Pretest precedes the lessons in the module. Prepare a note-


book where you can write your answers to the Pretest and the
Self-check portion of each lesson. Accomplish the Pretest first
before you go through the lessons. The Pretest determines
how much you know of the module and identifies the areas
you need to learn more. Check your answers against the Key to
Correction on the last pages of each module. Your score will
determine your learning needs.

2. Each module has a sequence of lesson. It contains new infor-


mation for you to learn and practice tasks you must perform.
Go over each lesson carefully. If you encounter difficulties, feel
free to consult your teacher for help. Do not skip any topic
unless you are told to do so. Each lesson will prepare you for
the succeeding ones.

ix
3. Each lesson is followed by the Self-check portion to help you
assess your learnings or evaluate your work. The Key to
Correction on the last pages of each module contains the
correct answers to the Self-check or the results of the evalu-
ation of your work. Look at the Key to Correction only after
you have completed the Self-check.

4. When you have successfully finished all the lessons in the


module, answer the Posttest in your notebook. Compare your
answers with those in the Key to Correction. You must score
at least 80 percent or better before proceeding to the succeeding
modules. If your score is less than 80 percent, go through the
module again. Do not mark the modules in any way.

X
WORKING_
PlANS
ROUGH I
CARPENTRY
...........................................
........................................
..............................
• • • • • • • • § •

.........................................
.. .. .. .. .. .. .....
..............
.................................................
·•

.......................................
........................................
...

........................................
---~
............. ..................
' 1 •
WORKING PLANS

... .. . . . ... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................................................................................................................................................. .... .. . ...... . .. .. .. . .. . . .





a


8

8

8











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e









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.. .. ..
.•




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r

..





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. . . ..
...
'


" .. .. .. . .
• • • • • a a a • a a a a • a • • lilt " • " a • a .• • • • • • • • • • • • • • , • • • • • • • •


. t is expected of skilled and professional workers involved in
building or house construction that they can read and interpret
working plans and specifications. Such plans guide them in their
respective tasks.
This module will teach you how to read and interpret working
plans and drawings, which are vital to civil technology. You will ..
.......
.. . . .
also learn about the different parts of a building and the various
occupations related to civil technology.

.......................................................................................................................................................... ... ...·- .. ... .. ....... ..


.. ..
.. .. .. ..
..
.. ..
.. ..
..
•,

..

OBJECTIVES
After studying this module, you are expected to:

1. Identify the parts of a building and a house


2. Describe the parts according to construction
3. Read and interpret a building or a house plan
4. Discuss the following:
a. masonry
b. rebars
c. electrical works
d. plumbing
e. general framing
f. foundation
g. finishing

3
l#nl PRETEST

From the four options under each item, choose one which will
complete or answer best each statement below. Write the letter of
each correct answer on another sheet of paper.

1. A major part of a building or a house is the


a. beam c. scaffold
b. form d. staging
2. The spreading courses at the base of the column and founda-
tion wall are known as the
a. bridging c. footing
b. girder d. flooring
3. A vertical structural part acting as the supporting component
of a house or a building is called
a. beam c. joist
b. column d. slab
4. The horizontal plane structure extending to one or more levels
of a house or a building is called
a. column c. footing
b. flooring d. wall
5. A principal supporting structural part of a house or a building
used between posts, columns, or walls is called
a. beam c. soil
b. foundation d. subfloor
6. A building plan is a requirement in securing a
a. bill of materials c. municipal license
b. building permit d. real property clearance
7. A working drawing for building construction should include
the site plan, elevations, details, and
a. ceiling plan c. specifications
b. legend d. subfloor plan
8. The site plan shows the real property
a. clearance c. eaves lines
b. description d. sectioning
9. The name of the st:reet or road which serves as the building
site is found in the
a. elevation plan c. floor plan
b. detail plan d. site plan

4
10. The floor plan is taken at a level plane through doors and
windows approximately
a. 1 m up from the floor c. 3 m up from the floor
b. 2 m up from the floor d. 4 m up from the floor
11. The floor plan shows the
a. actual size of the site c. internal room sizes
b. height of the building d. lot number
12. The diagonal lines found in a floor plan represent the
a. corner braces c. gable roof
b. eaves lines d. hips and valleys
13. Suppose a bungalow has two bedrooms measuring 3.0 m x
5.0 m each, living and dining rooms including kitchen with
a combined area of 3.0 m x 10.0 m, and 2.0 m x 4.0 m comfort
room. The total area of the bungalow is
a. 53.0 m 2 c. 73.0 m 2
b. 68.0 m 2 d. 78.0 m 2
14. The usual distance of the eaves from the gutter to the external
wall is at least
a. 0.50 m c. 0.60 m
b. 0.55 m d. 0.90 m
15. An elevation plan must show at least
a. one elevation c. five elevations
b. four elevations d. six elevations
16. Which dimension is found only in the elevation plan?
a. width of the building c. height of the building
b. length of the building d. area of the building
17. Most working drawings are rendered in the scale of
a. 1:100 c. 1:150
b. 1:125 d. 1:200
18. Detailed drawings are usually executed in the scale of
a. 1:1 or 1:2 c. 1:5 or 1:10
b. 1:3 or 1:4 d. 1:15 or 1:20
19. A specification should clearly describe the
a. carpenter's instructions
b. names of the builders or designers
c. desired quality and standard of work
d. working drawings
20. Among the workers involved in building constructipn, the most
capable of overseeing or supervising all the works is the
a. carpenter c. mason
b. plumber d. steel fixer

5
Lesson 1 Parts of a Concrete Structure

A concrete structure such as a house or a building consists


of various parts each of which serves a definite purpose. Study
carefully the description of each of these parts and then look closely
at the illustration that follows.
1. Foundation. This is the supporting portion of a structure
located below the floor construction or grade including the
footing.
2. Footing. This refers to the spreading course or courses at the
base of a foundation wall or column.
3. Flooring. This is a horizontal structure extending to one or
more storeys of a building.
4. Wall. This is a vertical plane structure found inside or outside
a building. It is made of timber, concrete, or masonry blocks.
5. Column. This is a vertical structure for support. It may be
circular or rectangular in shape.
6. Girder. This is a large or principal beam used to support
concentrated loads at a particular point along its length.
7. Beam. This is a principal structural member used between
posts, columns, or walls.
8. Joist. This is one of parallel framing members used to support
floor and ceiling loads. It is supported by beams, girders, or
bearing wall.
9. Bridging. These are pieces of wood fitted in pairs from the
lower side of one floor joist to the upper side of adjacent joist
and crossed to distribute the load. Sometimes pieces of solid
stocks of equal widths to the joist are used.
10. Stud. This refers to one of a series of structural wood lying
vertically along walls and partitions.
11. Jamb. This refers to the top or one of two sides of a door or
window frame which touches the door or sash.
12. Corner braces. These are diagonal braces fitted into studs to
reinforce the corners of a frame structure.
13. Header. This is a horizontal structural member that supports
the load over an opening such as a window or a door. It is
also called lintel.
14. Sill. This is a horizontal piece lying at the bottom of the open-
ing into which a window or a door is set.
15. Casing. This is the trimming around a door or window.
16. Casement. This is a window in which the sash wings open on
its vertical edge.

6
17. Stair. This is a series of steps with or without landings or
platforms, usually between two or more floors in a building.
18. Stairwell. This is the framed opening which receives the
stairs.
19. Sidings. This refers to the finish covering of the outside wall
of a building.
20. Ceiling. This is the finish covering of the joist of a roofing
system.
21. Rafter. This is one of a series of structural members of a roof
designed to support roof loads.
22. Truss. This is a structural unit assembled in the form of a
triangle. It provides a rigid support over wide spans with
minimum amount of material.

Underlayment Header Finish Roof

Subfloor

Parts of a concrete structure

7
23. Purlin. This is one of horizontal roofs used to support rafters
between the plate and the ridge board.
24. Roofing. This is a material applied to the roofs as covering to
make the internal parts of a building waterproof.
25. Roof ridge. This is the horizontal line at the junction of the top
edges of two roof surfaces where an external angle greater
than 180 degrees is formed.
26. Eaves. These are the lower edges of a roof which projects over
an exterior wall. These are also called overhangs.
27. Soffit. This refers to the underside of the eaves. It is also called
drop ceiling or furred-down ceiling.
28. Fascia. This is a wood member used on the outerface of a box
cornice where it is nailed to the end of the rafters.
29. Gutter. This is a wood, metal, or concrete trough attached to the
edge of a roof (fascia) to collect and conduct water from rain.
30. Downspout. This is a vertical pipe that conducts rain water
from the gutter to the drainage.

Self-check
Identify the parts of a building being described below. Use
another piece of paper for your answers.
1. These are called overhangs.
2. This part of a building collects and conducts water
from rain.
3. It is a structural member usually assembled in the
form of a triangle.
4. This is the part of a building roof system which
supports the rafters between the plate and the
ridge board.
5. This is one of a series of structural wood lying
vertically along the walls and partitions.
6. This is a principal structural member used be-
tween posts, columns, and walls.
7. This is one of parallel framings of floors and ceil-
ings.
8. This is a vertical supporting member which has a
rectangular or circular shape.
9. This is a vertical plane structure, located inside
and outside a building, and is made of timber,
concrete, or blocks.
_ _ _ _ 10. This is the supporting portion of a structure lying
below the first level of construction or grade in-
cluding the footing.

8
_ _ _ _ 11. This is a spreading course at the base of a founda-
tion wall or column.
_ _ _ _ 12. This is a horizontal plane extending to one or more
levels.
- - - - 13. This is the principal beam of a building used to
support concentrated loads at a particular point
along its length.
- - - - 14. This consists of a series of steps extending to the
next level of a building.
- - - - 15. This is the internal or external trimming around
the door.or windows.
- - - - 16. This part of a timber framing or concrete wall is
also called lintel.
_ _ _ _ 17. These are diagonal braces nailed into studs to
reinforce the comers of a framed structure.
1

_ _ _ _ 18. This material makes the internal part of a build-


ing waterproof.
_ _ _ _ 19. This is one of a series of structural members
nailed to the ridge and top plate designed to
support roof loads.
_ _ _ _ 20. This is the finish covering of the joist of a roof-
ing system.

Lesson 2 Preparing Building Plans

Building plans and specifications form part of the working


drawings needed in any construction project. They are vital for the
following reasons: ·
1. The submission of a building plan is a requirement when
obtaining a building permit from the local council.
2. Building plans and specifications serve as guide to builders
and tradespersons in site preparation, construction, and fin-
ishing.
A working drawing should include the following:
1. site plan 5. sections
2. floor plan 6. specifications
3. elevations 7. symbols an:d abbreviations
4. details 8. drainage plans

9
For special constructions, the following may also be included in a
working drawing:
1. lighting and wiring plans
2. subfloor plan
3. ceiling plan
4. roofplan
5. legend

Site Plan

A site plan essentially shows the location of a building or


house site. It includes the following:
1. lot number
2. distance of the house from the site boundaries
3. name of the road or street on which the site is located
4. actual size of the site
5. compass direction
6. position and size of the casement
7. contour lines to show the rise and fall of the site
8. scale of the drawing

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10
Floor Plan

The floor plan is a drawing showing the layout of a building


taken at a level plane through windows and doors approximately
one metre up from the floor. It shows the following:
1. arrangement and names of the rooms
2. location and thickness of all external and internal walls
3. internal room sizes
4. set of figures outside to represent length and width dimensions
5. position of doors and windows
6. built-in furniture
7. sectioning lines and labels in alphabetical order
8. eaves lines (represented by broken lines)
9. roof structure as shown by broken diagonal lines to represent
hips and valleys
Roorplan

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Elevation

An elevation is a scale drawing of the front, rear, or side of a


building. It includes dimensions that cannot be shown on a floor
plan such as the height dimensions.

North elevation Wes1 elevation

South elevation North elevation

Elevation Plan

Details

As most working drawings are drawn to the scale of 1:100,


which is rather small, it is not always possible to show important
shapes, positions for assembly, and dimensions of specific parts
of a building. Thus, a separate drawing is made of any special
areas using the larger scales of 1:5 or 1:10. This is called detailed
drawing.

12
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15
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Center Une Wall

The method of circling a plan view of some area of consvvction and enlarging that area to
show its details is what is shown in a detailed drawing.

Specifications

A specification is a written document prepared by an architect.


It serves as a set of instructions or guidelines that accompanies a
working drawing. It describes how certain aspects of building
construction are to be done and which materials are to be used. It
also describes their desired quality and the expected standard of
work.

Self-check

Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.


1. Explain the use of a working plan.
2. Enumerate the components of a working drawing or plan.
3. List down the other components of a working plan for a special
type construction.

13
4. What does the site plan show?
5. Examine the floor plan below and then answer the questions
that follow.

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a. What are the names of the nine rooms in the floor plan?
b. What is the thickness of the external wall?
c. What is the size (area) of bedroom no. 2?
d. How long is the building?
e. How wide is the building?
f. What is the floor area of the building?

14
6. What does the elevation plan show?
7. What particular dimension is found in an elevation plan?
8. What is the importance of a detailed drawing?
9. What is the vital aspect of specification?

Lesson 3 Types of Construction Work

Constructing a building or a house requires the involvement


and concerted efforts of a number of skilled laborers and profes-
sionals. These include electrical engineers, plumbers, carpenters,
masons, painters, and steel fixers. Their work is essential in the
completion of a construction project, because all of them perform
special functions such as the following:

Masonry

This area largely deals with concrete works such as brick


laying, plastering, tilting, and marble setting.

Rebar Works

These deal with the design and assembling of reinforcing


material such as steel for concrete construction.

Electrical Works

These include alllightings, ventilation, and other phases of


work which require electrical control.

Sanitary Plumbing

Waterlines, drainage, sewage, and sewerage installations are


the concerns of this area.

15
General Framing

Forms and scaffoldings are necessary in erecting the frame-


work of a building or a house. Together, they make up the general
framing of a house or a building. The general framing of any
structure is essential to laying the foundation of the roof, floor,
and walls.
· . : : - - - - - - - - . - - Timber or Metal or Cleat

Hanging Beam

Eaves Trimmer

Top Wall Plate

Y t - - - - Nagging

1~+--- Stud

Floor Joist
-Bearer

1-f+------- Ant Cap


-+~~-------Stump
II : II
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ol I
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ol
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: :,!,} !- - - - - 1 1 + - - - - - - Concrete Pad
:'- ____ J~
Timber Sole Plate .......t~~~~

Foundation Works
Laying the foundation of a house or a building involves soil
preparation, excavation, and the designing of footings. All these
are undertaken by carpenters.

16
House Finishing

Making the final touches is usually the most satisfying part of


building or house construction. This consists of the application of
paint and other finishes and the installation of wall covering.

Self-check

Fill in the blanks with the correct answers. Write your


answers on another piece of paper.
1. Masonry deals with----·
2. Rebar works deal with the design and assembly of _ __
reinforcing materials.
3. Lightings, ventilations, and controls which are electrical in
nature, are classified under works.
4. Installations of waterlines, drainage, and sewerage for a
building or a house are vital concerns of _ _ _ _.
5-6. General house framings generally consist of and

7. are essential in erecting the framework of a


building or a house to be constructed.
8-9. Foundation works include soil preparation, , and

10. House finishing is the process o f - - - - interior and


exterior surfaces.

lhl POSTTEST
From the four options under each item, choose one which will
complete or answer best each statement below. Write the letter of
each correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. A working dravdng for building construction should include


the site plan, floor plan, elevations, details, and
a. ceiling plan c. specifications
b. legend d. subfloor plan
2. A principal supporting structural part of a building or a house
which is used between posts, columns, or walls is called
a. beam c. soil
b. foundation d. subfloor

17
3. The site plan shows the real property
a. clearance c. eaves lines
b. description d. sectioning
4. A major part of a building or a house is the
a. beam c. scaffold
b. form d. staging
5. The spreading courses at the base of a column and foundation
wall is called
a. bridging c. footing
b. girder d. flooring
6. Which dimension is found only in the elevation plan?
a. width of the building c. height of the building
b. length of the building d. area of the building
7. The floor plan is taken at a level plane through doors and.
windows approximately
a. 1 m up from the floor c. 3 m up from the floor
b. 2 m up from the floor d. 4 m up from the floor
8. Which of the following is a vertical structural part that serves
as a support to a building or a house?
a. beam c. joist
b. column d. slab
9. Detailed drawings are usually executed in the scale of
a. 1:1 or 1:2 c. 1:5 or 1:10
b. 1:3 or 1:4 d. 1:15 or 1:20
10. The name of the street or road which serves as the building
site is found in the
a. elevation plan c. floor plan
b. detail plan d. site plan
11. The horizontal plane structure extending to one or more levels
of a house or a building is called
a. column c. footing
b. flooring d. wall
12. An elevation plan must show at least
a. one elevation c. five elevations
b. four elevations d. six elevations
13. Most working drawings are rendered in the scale of
a. 1:100 c. 1:150
b. 1:125 d. 1:200
14. A building plan is a requirement in securing a
a. bill of materials
b. building permit
c. municipallicense
d. real property clearance

18
15. A specification should clearly describe the
a. carpenter's instructions
b. names of the builders or designers
c. desired quality and standard of work
d. working drawings
16. Suppose a bungalow has two bedrooms measuring 3.0 m x
5.0 m each, living and dining rooms and a kitchen with a
combined area of 3.0 m x 10.0 m, and 2.0 m x 4.0 m comfort
room. The total floor area of the bungalow is
a. 53.0 m 2 c. 73.0 m2
b. 68.0 m 2 d. 78.0 m 2
17. Among the workers involved in building construction, the most
capable of overseeing or supervising all the works is the
a. carpenter c. mason
b. plumber d. steel fixer
18. The diagonal lines found in a floor plan represent the
a. corner braces c. gable roof
b. eaves lines d. hips and valleys
19. The usual distance of the eaves from the gutter to the external
wall is at least
a. 0.50 m c. 0.60 m
b. 0.55 m d. 0.90 m
20. The floor plan shows the
a. actual size of the site
b. height of the building
c. internal room sizes
d. lot number

~ CKey to Correction )
Check your answer against the following:
Pretest
1. a 11. c
2. c 12. d
3. b 13. b
4. b 14. a
5. a 15. b
6. b 16. c
7. c 17. a
8. b 18. c
9. d 19. c
10. a 20. a

19
Posttest
1. c 11. b
2. a 12. b
3. b 13. a
4. 'a 14. b
5. ,c 15. c
6. c 16. b
7. a 17. a
8. b 18. d
9. c 19. a
io. d 20. c
Self-check
Lesson 1
1. Eaves 11. footing
2. Gutter 12. flooring
3. Truss 13. girder
4. purlin 14. stair
5. stud 15. casing
6. beam 16. header
7. joist 17. corner braces
8. column 18. roof
9. wall 19. rafter
10. foundation 20. ceiling

Lesson 2
1. Working plans are needed when obtaining a building permit.
They are vital in site preparation, building construction, and
finishing.
2. a. site plan e. specifications
b. floor plan f. sections
c. elevations g. symbols and abbreviations
d. details h. drainage plan
3. a. lighting and wiring plans
b. subfloor plan
c. ceiling plan .
d. roofplan
e. legend
4. A site plan shows the real property description, which includes
the following:
a. location of site
b. lot number
c. distance of the building from site boundaries

20
d. name of street where the site is located
e. size of the site
f. compass direction
g. position or size of the casements
h. contour lines showing the rise and fall of the site
i. scale of the drawing
5. a. 1 bedroom 1 6 living room
2 bedroom2 7 dining room
3 bedroom 3 8 kitchen
4 dressing room 9 laundry room
5 shower room
b. 250mm
c. 2 900 mm x 3 625 mm
d. 13050mm
e. 9850mm
f. 115.95 m 2
6. The elevation plan shows the views of the sides of the build-
ing, namely, north, south, east, and west elevations.
7. The height of the building
8. A detailed drawing shows the enlarged part of important
shapes and positions of assembly including the dimensions.
9. The specification describes how certain aspects of building
construction are to be done, the materials to be used and their
desired quality, and the expected standard ofwork.

Lesson 3

1. concrete works
2. steel
3. electrical
4. sanitary plumbers
5. forms and scaffolds
6. form works
7. Scaffolding works
8. excavation
9. design of footings
10. painting

21
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ROUGH CARPENTRY

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22
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Bough carpentry deals with the construction of forms and
rough structures. Mainly involved in this area of building or house . ... . ..
construction is the carpenter, who builds, assembles, and sets in
position timber forms and structures in preparation for concrete ........ ... .. .. .
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work. He also constructs temporary as well as permanent struc- .
.............. ......
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tural timber framework.


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This module provides relevant information about form con- ... ... ..........·•........
structions for concrete footing, columns, walls, and beams. ,

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OBJECTIVES
After studying this module, you are expected to:

1. Discuss the nature and types of forms


2. Explain the methods of constructing forms for walls,
columns, and beams
3. Discuss how a scaffolding or staging is made
4. Estimate the cost of materials needed in form con-
struction

23
ltlil PRETEST

Select the best answer for each item. Write only the letter of
the correct answer on another piece of paper.
1. A temporary boarding or sheathing used to produce the
desired size and shape of concrete is known as
a. covering c. staging
b. form d. scaffold
2. This type of sheathing is widely used because of its low cost. It
is called
a. chip c. pressed wood
b. plywood d. tongue and groove
3. Metal forms are used in constructing
a. beams c. circular columns
b. column walls d. girders
4. Square columns, beams, slab and wall forms are classified as
a. arch forms c. culvert forms
b. circular forms d. straight forms
5. The type of form used in mass production of pre-stressed
structures is
a. circular c. straight
b. metal d. timber
6. The weight of concrete per cubic metre is
a. 1 000 - 1 500 psi c. 3 000- 3 500 psi
b. 2 000 - 2 500 psi d. 4 000 - 4 500 psi
7. A form failure brings about
a. bulging c. destruction
b. deformation d. sagging
8. Small structures require sheathing and framing made out of
a. 3 mm plywood and 25 mm x 50 mm stock
b. 6 mm plywood and 50 mm x 50 mm solid stock
c. 12 mm plywood and 50 mm x 75 mm lumber
d. 19 mm plywood and 50 mm x 100 mm stock
9. A two- or three-storey building requires forms with a sheath-
ing measuring
a. 3 mm thick c. 12 mm thick
b. 6 mm thick d. 19 mm thick
10. A type of form framing which uses short pieces of stock is
called
a. diagonal c. perpendicular
b. longitudinal d. tangential rib

24
11. A form framing belonging to the longitudinal rib type is
a. economical c. practical
b. expensive d. not widely used
12. In laying and constructing footing forms, the first structure
that must be built is the
a. brace c. outside form
b. inside form d. stake
13. A pair of column forms is wider by at least
a. 50 mm c. 100 mm
b. 75 mm d. 200 mm
14. The components of square or rectangular column forms must
be
a. butted to each other
b. mitered to another pair
c. rabetted
d. clamped to each other
15. Beam forms consist of one bottom and
a. two pairs of top structures
b. two pairs of side structures
c. two sides
d. two tops
16. Walls must be strong enough to
a. carry their own load
b. avoid sagging
c. resist wind load
d. resist concrete lateral pressure
17. Scaffolding refers to a temporary structure made up of poles
and
a. lumber c. slab
b. plank d. stock
18. A scaffolding must have a high degree of
a. accuracy c. durability
b. necessity d. safety
19. A more substantial framework that progressively builds up as
the building rises is called a
a. ladder c. scaffolding
b. platform d. staging
20. The primary consideration in the purchase and selection of
forms is
a. cost c. profit
b. labor d. quality

25
Lesson4 Constructing Forms

An essential part of construction work is the erection of forms.


A form is a temporary structure ofboards or metals used to produce
the desired shape and size of concrete. It serves as the working
molds for concrete construction. It is used in building foundations
and columns, walls, stairs, beams and girders, slabs, and pave-
ments.
Forms must be strong enough to carry a specific weight of
concrete and thus avoid bulging and sagging during concrete
pouring. Form failure may cause cracks and eventually lead to de-
formation of the structure.
Concrete structures one- to two-storeys high and which consist
of small footings, columns, beams, and walls, require 6 mm thick
plywood and 50 mm x 50 mm solid wood framing. Medium-
size structures, which are generally two- to three-storeys high,
need forms made out of 6 or 12 mm thick plywood and 50 mm x
50 mm solid framing.
Massive structures require forms at varying thickness
ranging from 6 to 19 mm. They are supported by 50 mm x 50 mm
to 50 mm x 75 mm solid framing.
Following are the two types of forms according to the material
of which they are made:
1. Wood forms. These are the most widely used forms. Of the
various types of wood used in building forms, plywood is the
most commonly used, because it is often cheaper than the
rest.
2. Metal forms. These are made out of GI or black iron sheets
supported by flat-end angle bars and fastened by means of
clamps, bolts, or roots.
Forms are available in one of two shapes, namely:
1. Straight. This is used for rectangular column walls, beams,
and floor slabs.
2. Circular. This is used for circular columns, arches, and cul-
verts.
Framing used in form construction is of two types. These are
as follows:
1. Longitudinal. This is regarded as more economical and is
often preferred by carpenters because it does not require too
much cutting oflumber and the use of short pieces of wood.

26
Plywood Forms

2. Perpendicular. This uses short pieces of ribs that become


wastes once the forms are removed.

2x2Frame

Forms are secured by means of cleats, braces, twisted wires,


bolts, clamps, and nails. Forms for small structures are erected
and fixed in place with the use of common wire nails, which must
not be totally driven down to leave a protruding head that will
facilitate pulling off of the nails when the forms are removed.
For massive structures, the use of cleats, braces, and other
similar tools is not necessary. Even without these fastening tools,
bulging and sagging of the forms can still be avoided.
Tied wire is twisted to tighten the forms. Its projecting part is
cut when forms have to be taken down, leaving the remaining part
of the wire embedded within the concrete.
Bolts must be greased before concreting the structure so that
they can be driven out easily when the forms have to be removed.

Forms of typical concrete foundation. These are used for above-grade footing wall
27
The following are the different types of forms:
1. Footing forms. The size of a footing depends on the load-
carrying capacity of the soil and the weight of the building as
well as its contour.

Spreader nailed to form sides

Two methods of supporting the sideboard of a footing form. The illustration at


the left shows self-supporting sideboards. The vertical pegs or stakes hold
the sideboards in place. The figure at the right shows nonse/f-supporting
sideboards.

2. Column forms. Square and rectangular column forms consist


oftwo pieces ofwood with the same width as that of one side
of the column. The other two sides ofthe column are of a width
usually wider by 100 mm than the first pair. These are butted
to form a rectangular vertical structure.
A circular column has only two pieces of semi-circular
forms made out of GI sheets and supported by a timber frame.
See illustrations below.

Opposite form fixed in right position


followed by the cover

Square Circular Rec~angular

28
3. Beam forms. These consist of one bottom form having a width
of 100 mm to 150 mm wider than that of the beam. These
also consist of a pair of side forms with a width equal to the
depth of the beam. See illustratio~ ~elow.

(a) Bottom form. The size is the


same as the width of beam
plus 4 in or 10 em.

(b) Sid9 cover. Installed after I


I
setting rhe reinforcement. Its J
width is equal to the depth of Horizontal Braces
rhebeam. -"'"'-Joist

4. Wall forms. Forms of this type located above the ground or


floor level usually come in pairs to resist the lateral pressure
of concrete.
Low wall forms at least 900 mm high can be assembled
from 19 mm thick plywood supported by a 50 mm x 100 mm
stud, paced at 600 mm apart.

Self-check

A. Fill in the blanks with the correct answers. Use another piece
of paper for your answers.
1. A temporary structure used to produce the desired shape
and size of concrete is called _ __
2. The most widely used type of form material in any kind of
construction work is _ __
3. Metal forms are made out of _ _ _ sheets.
4. Arches and culverts require forms.
5. Of the different kinds of wood, is the most com-
monly used in form construction.

29
B. Identify what is being described in each of the statements
below. Write your answers on another piece of paper.
1. This is the normal weight of concrete per cubic
metre.
2. This structure requires 6 mm to 12 mm plywood
and 50 mm x 50 mm or 50 mm x 75 mm solid
framing.
3. A one- or two-storey building falls under this
type of structure.
4. This type of framing requires short pieces of
lumber.
5. This type of framing is more economical to use
and is preferred by carpenters.

C. Write True if the statement is correct, and False if it is not.


Write your answers on a piece ofpaper.
1. The flrst step in laying footing forms is to build the exter-
nal portion.
2. A circular column form may be made of a metal sheet
supported by a timber frame.
3. Beam forms consist of one bottom and two side forms.
4. Low wall forms are assembled using 6 mm sheathing
supported by 50 mm x 100 mm stud.
5. Forms are secured by means of braces and clamps.

Lesson 5 Constructing Scaffolding


and Staging

A scaffolding is a temporary structure of wooden poles and


planks providing platforms for workers to stand on while doing
construction work. It is therefore used to reach those work areas
which otherwise are too high for the carpenter. It is made up of
rigid elevated platforms which ensure safety for the workers and
serve as support for tools and materials.
There are two types of scaffolding, namely, single-pole and
double-pole. A single-pole scaffolding is secured by being made to
stand against the wall. This is mainly used by painters and other
construction workers who use only light equipment.

30
A double-pole scaffolding can stand alone. This is used when
heavy equipment and materials are needed for construction.

Building Building

Full length solid 2 x 4


-........
2 x 10 or larger 1

Use ribbon or 2 x 4---~.r-----------~·


block ·


under ledger for heavy loads

2 X 6 notched block
securely nailed to
building frame

1 x6or2x6

Typical designs of a single and a double-pole scaHolding.

Staging is a more complex framework that progressively


builds up as a building increases in height. The term staging is
applied because it is built up in stages one storey at a time.
A staging consists of different parts. These are as follows:
1. Vertical supports. These are upright solid pieces of timber
which are equally spaced and provide support for the plat-
forms or horizontal braces.
2. Footing base. This is a solid timber nailed at lower ends of the
vertical supports so it will not stick in the ground.
3. Horizontal braces. These are solid pieces of timber reinforcing
the vertical supports.
4. Blocks and wedge support. These are used as a footing base
and anchorage.

31
5. Nails. These are used to fasten the staging and scaffolding.
Their sizes range from 3 to 4 inches.

Self-check

List down the required information for each item. Write your
answers on another piece of paper.

A. Cite two importance of scaffolding.

1.
2.
B. List down the two typical types of scaffolding.

s.
4.
C. Enumerate the parts of staging.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

32
Lesson 6 Estimating the Cost of Materials
for Form Construction

Cost is the primary consideration in selecting the kind of


materials to be used in form construction. It refers to the initial
investment in purchasing construction materials.

Estimating the quantity of form materials speeds up the


construction process and prevents losses.
Here is a sample estimate:

A residential house has 6 posts resthlg on a concrete footing.


Prepare a comparative bill of materials using tongue and groove
and plywood forms.

A. Preparing a bill of materials for 1" x 4" tongue and groove

1. Solve for the lateral width (L,) of one footing on the


projecting base under a column, wall, or any similar struc-
ture for support. Suppose the footing has a width of 0.30 m
and a length of 0.40 m.

L, = a+ b + c + d

= 0.30 m + 0.40m + 0.30m + 0.40 m

= 1.40 m

b d = .40m

a= .30m

33
Refer to the table below for the quantity of tongue and groove
per metre run. ·

Quantity of Tongue and Groove Board per Metre Run

Size of Board Size of Board Direct Counting No. of Board


(inches) (mm) Method Additional per Metre Run
% for Tongue and
Shrinkage

1x3 20 X 75 1.250 16.66


1x4 20 X 100 1.222 12.20
lx5 20 X 125 1.167 9.34
1x6 20 X 150 1.153 7.70

2. Find the number of pieces of tongue and groove needed to


construct a post with a lateral width of 1.40 m. For every
metre run, 12.20 pieces of 1" x 4" tongue and groove are
needed. Multiply the lateral width by the number ofboard
per metre run of 1" x 4".
No. of pieces = 1.40 m x 12.20 pes. of 1" x 4"
= 17.08
= 18 pes. ofl" x 4" tongue and groove
3. Construct 6 posts by preparing 3 sets of forms only. Each
set will require 18 pieces of 1" x 4" tongue and groove.
Therefore,
3 x 18 = 54 pes. of tongue and groove

Note that the required length of tongue and groove is


still unknown.

4. For the actual height of each post, express the standard


measurement (1.20 m) in feet.

post
1.20 m

Footing

34
Thus,
1m = 3.3 ft
1.2 m = 3.96 ft
= 4ft
Your bill of materials for tongue and groove should
have the following specification:
54 pes. of 1" x 4" x 4' tongue and groove
Since the shortest available length of 1" x 4" tongue
and groove is 8 ft ('), you will need less than 54 pieces of
board. To find the actual quantity to be purchased, halve
the initial quantity obtained. Thus,
54 + 2 =27 pes. of 1" x 4" x 8' tongue and groov!
5. Find the required number of form ribs or 2" x 2" solid
framing. For purposes of preparing a comparative bill of
materials, make your computations for two types of form
ribs, namely, A and B. The latter has greater thickness
than the former. The distance between ribs of both types
is 2.40m.
Form A has a width of 0.30 m and a height of 1.20 m.
2" x 2" Frame

0.30m l
..,.TAG

[!Jo.40m o.som

T 0.30m

Foolng

6. To find the required height of solid wood for the perpen-


dicular and longitudinal ribs (see illustration above), apply
the following equation:
0.30 m x 8 ribs = 2.4 m or 8 ft
1.20 m x 4 ribs = 4.8 m or 16 ft
For three sets of form A ribs you will need 3 pieces of
2" x 2" x 8' solid wood.

35
Form B has a width of
0.60 m and a height of 1.20 i.

I
m.

1.20m

L
7. To find the height of solid wood needed to construct perpen·
dicular and longitudinal ribs, apply the following equation:
0.60 m x 8 ribs = 4.80 m or 16 ft
1.20 m x 4 ribs = 4.80 m or 16 ft
To construct 3 sets of form B ribs, you will need 3 pieces
of2" x 2" x 16' solid wood. For 3 footings, you will need the.
following:
27 pes. 1" x 4" x 8' tongue and groove
13 pes. 2" x 2" x 8' solid wood
12 pes. 2"' x 2" x 16' solid wood
Convert the above quantities into board feet. Board
foot (BF) is the unit of measure used in the computation
of lumber. One board foot is equivalent to 144 cubic
inches or one square foot of lumber one inch thick. The
thickness and width of commercial lumber are in inches
while the length is in feet of even number. Board foot is
computed using the following formula:
BF = no. of~s. 12
xTxWxL
where
T = thickness ( ")
w = width(")
L = length(')
Thus,
27 ~S X 1" X 4" X 8'
12 = 72 BF
13 ~S X 2" X 2" X 8'
12 = 35 BF
12 pes X 2" X 2" X 16'
= 64 BF
12
Total 171 BF
36
B. Preparing a bill of materials for plywood with a lateral width
of 1.40 m and a height of 1.20 m

1. Compute the area of one plywood form thus:

1.40 m x 1.20 m = 1.68 m2


2. Determine the total area of 3 plywood forms thus:

3 x 1.68 m 2 = 5.04 m 2

Refer to the table below for the effective covering of a given


area of a plywood form. Note that a 1.20 m x 2.40 m plywood
has a 2.88 m2covering.

Quantity of Ceiling Board per Square Metre

Size Effective Covering Number of Pieces


(m) (sq. m) (per m2)

0.30 X 0.30 0.09 11.111


0.40 X 0.40 0.16 6.250
0.40 X 0.60 0.24 4.167
0.60 X 0.60 0.36 2.778
0.60 X 1.20 0.72 1.389
- 0.90 X 1.80 1.62 0.617
1.20 X 2.40 2.88 0.347

3. Calculate the number of plywood forms as follows:

5.04 m 2
2.88 m2 = 1. 75 pes.

= 2 pes. plywood forms

4. For form A ribs you will need the following:


6 pes. 2" x 2" x 4' long ribs
4 pes. 2" x 2" x 1' short ribs

5. To construct 3 forms you will need:


18 pes. 2" x 2" x 4' long ribs (or 9 pes. 2" x 2" x 8')
12 pes. 2" x 2" x 1' short ribs (or 1 pe. 2" x 2" x 12')

37
6. Determine how many pieces of form B ribs are needed.
If you need to prepare 3 sets of ribs, you need 6 pieces of
2" x 2" x 4', or 4 pieces of2" x 2" x 16', solid wood.

7. To determine the number of pieces of solid wood you will


need in order to prepare 3 forms, simply multiply the above
quantities by 3. Thus,

3x6pcs.of2"x2"x8' = 18pcs.
3 x 4 pes. of 2" x 2" x 8' = 12 pes.

Total 30 pes.

or

9 pes. of2" x 2" x 8'


+ 2 pes. of 2" x 2" x 8'

Total 11 pes. of 2" x 2" x 8'

8. For brace holders and stakes, you will need 4 pieces of


2" x 2" x 8' plywood.
Below is a summary of the amount of wood you will
need:

2 pes. 6 mm x 120 mm x 2.30 mm plywood


24 pes. 2" x 2" x 8' solid lumber
1 pc. 2" x 2" x 12' solid lumber

In board feet, the second and third quantities above


are equivalent to 64 and 4 BF, respectively. These are
computed as follows:

24 pes. X 2" X 2" X 8'


12 = 64BF

1 pc. X 2" X 2" X 12'


12 = 4BF

38
/6/ POSTTEST

Select the best answer to each item. Write only the letter of the
correct answer on another piece of paper.

1. In mass production of pre-stressed structure, the type ofform


used is
a. circular c. straight
b. metal d. timber
2. Metal forms are used in constructing
a. beams c. rectangular columns
b. circular columns d. girders
3. A temporary boarding or sheathing used to produce the desired
size and shape of concrete is known as
a. covering c. staging
b. form d. scaffold
4. A type of sheathing widely used because of its low cost is
a. chip c. pressed wood
b. plywood d. tongue and groove
5. The weight of concrete per cubic metre is
a. 1 000 - 1 500 psi c. 3 000 - 3 500 psi
b. 2 000 - 2 500 psi d. 4 000 - 4 500 psi
6. Square columns, beams, slab and wall forms are classified as
a. arch forms c. culvert forms
b. circular forms d. straight forms
7. Form framing of the longitudinal rib type is
a. economical c. practical to use
b. expensive d. not widely used
8. A two- or three-storey building requires forms whose sheathing
has a thickness of
a. 3mm c. 12 mm
b. 6mm d. 19 mm
9. Form failure brings about
a. bulging c. destruction
b. deformation d. sagging
10. Small structures require sheathing and framing made out of
a. 3 mm plywood and 25 mm x 50 mm stock
b. 6 mm plywood and 50 mm x 50 mm solid stock
c. 12 mm plywood and 50 mm x 75 mm lumber
d. 19 mm plywood and 50 mm x 100 mm stock

39
11. In laying and constructing footing form, the first structure to
build is the
a. brace c. outside form
b. inside form d. stake
12. A type of form framing which uses short pieces of stock is
called
a. diagonal c. perpendicular
b. longitudinal d. tangential rib
13. Beam forms consist of one bottom and
a. two top pairs c. two sides
b. two side pairs d. two tops
14. A more substantial framework that progressively builds up
as the building increases in height is called
a. ladder c. scaffolding
b. platform d. staging
15. A pair of column forms is wider by at least
a. 50 mm c. 100 mm
b. 75 mm d. 200 mm
16. Scaffolding is a temporary structure made up of poles and
a. lumber c. slab
b. plank d. stock
17. The components of square or rectangular column forms are
usually
a. butted to each other
b. mitered to another pair
c. rabetted
d. clamped to each other
18. Wall forms must be strong enough to
a. carry their own load
b. avoid sagging
c. resist wind load
d. resist concrete lateral pressure
19. The primary consideration in the purchase and selection of
forms is
a. cost c. profit
b. labor d. quality
20. A scaffolding must have a high degree of
a. accuracy c. durability
b. necessity d. safety

40
~ CKey to Correction)
Check your answers against the following:
Pretest
1. b 11. a
2. b 12. c
3. c 13. c
4. d 14. b
5. b 15. c
6. b 16. d
7. b 17. b
8. b 18. d
9. c 19. d
10. c 20. a
Posttest
1. b 11. c
2. c 12. c
3. b 13. c
4. d 14. d
5. b 15. c
6. d 16. b
7. a 17. a
8. c 18. a
9. b 19. a
10. b 20. d

Self-check
Lesson 4
A.l. form
2. wood or timber
3. GI
4. circular
5. plywood

B.l. 2 000 to 2 500 kg/cm 3


2. medium
3. small
4. perpendicular rib
5. longitudinal

41
C.l. True
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. True
Lesson 5
1. It ensures safety for workers.
2. It provides support for building materials and tools.
3. single-pole scaffold
4. double-pole scaffold
5. vertical support
6. footing base
7. horizontal braces
8. block and wedge support
9. rails
Lesson 6
A. Bill of materials for plywood forms
1. Total actual area of one form
2 (0.30) + 2 (0.40 m) = 1.40 m
2. Height of 1 form -1.0 m
3. Area of 1 form- 1.40 m x 1.0 m = 1.40 m2
4. Total area of 4 forms -1.40 m x 4.0 m = 5.60 m 2
5. Effective covering of plywood -1.20 m x 2.40 m = 2.88 m 2
6. Required pieces of plywood
2
5.60 m = 1.94 or 2 pes. of plywood
2.88 m 2
B. Bill of materials for ribs
1. Form A ribs
a. By direct counting
6 pes. 2" x 2" x 4'
4 pes. 2" x2" x 1'
b. Ribs needed for 4 forms
24 pes. 2" x 2" x 4'
16 pes. 2" x 2" x 1'
c. No. of pieces of ribs needed
12 pes. 2" x 2" x 8'
1 pc. 2" X 2" X 16'

42
2. Form B ribs
a. By direct counting
6 pes. 2" x 2" x 1.0 m
4 pes. 2" x 2" x 0.40 m

b. Ribs needed for four forms


24 pes. 2" x 2" x 1.0 m
16 pes. 2" x 2" x 0.40 m
c. No. of pieces of ribs to order
12 pes. 2" X 2" X 8'
1 pe. 2" x2" x 10'
1 pe. 2" X 2" X 12'

C. Brace holders and stakes needed

By direct counting- 4 pes. 2" x 2" x 8'

Four footing forms will require the following:

2 pes. 6 mm x 1.20 m x 2.40 m plywood

36pcs. 2" x 2" x 8' = 288 lineal feet (Ln ft)

1 pc. 2" x 2" x 10' = 10 Ln ft


1 pe. 2" x 2" x 12' = 12 Ln ft
4 pes. 2" x 2" x 8' = 32 Ln ft

Total 54 Ln ft

43
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FINISHING CARPENTRY

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Wtis module discusses the materials and methods of covering


a framed structure inside a building. There are three interior
framed areas that need to be covered, namely, ceiling, walls, and
flooring. Of the numerous materials used in covering a framed .........
.......... .. . ... .
structure, only the one which is widely used in our country is • • .. • • • ,It

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discussed in this module.


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OBJECTIVES
After studying this module, you are expected to:

l . Identify the materials commonly used for ceiling


boards and flooring installations
2. Explain the methods of installing ceiling boards,
panels for walls and partitions, and timber flooring
3. Demonstrate the correct procedure of applying
finishing materials

45
/Jlnl PRETEST
Select the best answer from the choices listed under each
number. Write only the letter of the correct answer. Write your
answers on another piece of paper.
1. The interior and exterior covering of a house or a building is
called
a. ceiling tile c. panel
b. hardboard d. plywood
2. The type of material suitable for ceiling board and wall
panels is
a. plyboard c. pressed wood
b. plywood d. tongue and groove
3. The material used for wall and ceiling boards in the kitchen
and bathroom is called
a. hardboard c. siding
b. plywood d. tongue and groove
4. In establishing the center line for the ceiling board, the tool
used is called
a. T-bevel c. spirit level
b. chalkline d. try square
5. In installing ceiling boards using plywood panels, one of the
following should be minimized.
a. cutting c. measuring
b. marking d. planing
6. Once the center line is located or marked, the next step to
take is to
a. cut c. install panel
b. establish right angle d. provide expansion joint
7. For a quick railing of panels, use a
a. ballpeen hammer c. nail gun
b. claw hammer d. stapler
8. All panels should be installed with their edges
a. offsetting the center line
b. overlapping the center line
c. parallel to the center line
d. parallel to the center point
9. The stud to which solid sidings or panels are nailed must
be free from
a. cracks c. holes
b. decays d. knots
10. Wall panels should be installed with all their edges
a. planed c. supported
b. rounded d. unsupported

46
11. A popular timber material used for flooring is
a. drop siding c. tongue and groove
b. plywood d. marine plywood
12. In modern construction, the commonly used subflooring
material is the
a. hardboard c. rustic panel
b. plywood d. tongue and groove
13. A popular way of finishing a house or a building is by
a. lacquering c. plastering
b. painting d. varnishing
14 Cracks, holes, and openings can be sealed with
a. paint c. shellac
b. prima d. wood filler
15. The bristles of the brush are dipped in the paint at least
a. 1/4 of the length of the brush
b. 1/2 of the length of the brush
c. 113 of the length of the brush
d. 3/4 of the length of the brush

Lesson 7 Materials for Ceiling Boards,


Wall Panels, Partitions,
and Flooring
In building any concrete structure it is important that one
1

knows how to select the right materials for ceiling boards, wall
panels, partitions, and flooring.
This activity describes each of these materials.

Solid Timber

Solid timber is used for panels or sidings. Panels are the


exterior and interior coverings of a house or a building. The thick-
ness of the timber panels varies from 18 mm x 7 mm to 18 mm x
150 mm. Other sizes for special uses are also available.
2 ? §
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Samplss of solid timbsr pansls or sidings
47
Plywood

Plywood is a construction material made of thin layers of


wood stuck together, with their grains at right angles to one
another. It has different varieties, any of which can be used for
ceilings, partitions, and wall sheathings. The commercially avail-
able sizes of plywood range from 3 mm to 19 mm in thickness, but
the common thickness of sheathing is 6 mm. Standard width and
length is usually 1.20 m x 2.40 m.
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Hardboard

This is a type of manufactured board used for walls and ceil-


ing panels of kitchens and bathrooms. It is a boardlike material
manufactured by subjecting wood chips to pressure and heat.
Common hardboard panels are usually 6 mm in thickness.

Hardboard patterns

48
Ceiling Tiles

Ceiling .tiles can be installed using nailing strips, or on any


smooth contmuous surface. The standard size of a ceiling tile is
300 mm x 600 mm.

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Perforated ceiling tiles

Self-check

Identify what is being described in each of the following


statements. Write your answers on another piece of paper.

1. This is a durable and attractive interior and exterior


covering.
2. This is a widely used material for timber flooring.
3. This material is appropriate for ceiling and wall cover-
ings.
4. This boardlike material is produced from wood chips by
being subjected to pressure and heat.
5. These are suitable for old and new constructions.

49
Lesson 8 Installing Ceiling Boards
The first step in installing ceiling board is to measure the two
short opposite walls and locate the midpoint of each using a
chalkline. At the middle of the center line, make a right angle using
a chalkline.
All sheathings must be installed with their edges parallel to
the lines.

Layout procedure for the installation of ceiling boards

If the ceiling joists are level, perpendicular to each other, and


meet the size of sheathing on its center, then they are ready for
installation. The installation must start from the center line and
end on each wall. For a quick fastening of ceiling boards, use a nail
gun or any heavy-duty stapling equipment other than a hammer.
There are varied panel arrangements which may be applied.
The size of a ceiling board made of plywood normally depends on
the width and length of this wood. A 1.20 m x 2.40 m sheet for a
ceiling board can be halved or quartered.
A typical metal framework is used to install suspended
ceilings, one of the types of ceiling boards. The metal frame is
especially designed to suit a given type or size of a panel.
Measure the height of the ceiling. Then indicate the height
obtained around the perimeter of the ceiling using a chalkline in
order to check evenness.

50
Install the main runners by resting them on the molding and
hanging them on the wires attached to screw eyes. Use a chalk-
line stretched between walls to achieve levelness. Splice the run-
ners and remove the irregular lengths with a hacksaw.

Installing main runners

Once all the main runners are in place, attach cross tees.
Check the size of the panels before fixing the cross tees in place.

Obtaining the pole layout

Once the suspended metal framework is complete, install the


panels.

Suspending a metal framework


before installing panels

51
Self-check

Write T if the statement is correct. If it is false, change the


italicized word or words to make the statement correct. Write
your answers on another piece of paper.

1. The first step in installing ceiling boards is to measure the two


short opposite walls.
2. Chalk is used to establish the center line.
3. A right angle is established at the center line.
4. All panelings are installed with their edges vertical to the
center line and right angles.
5. For quick nailing of panels or ceiling boards, a claw hammer
is used.

Lesson 9 Installing Partition


and Wall Panels
Installing partition or wall panels is nearly identical to cover-
ing a ceiling framework.
For exterior walls, sidings are applied directly to the studs.
The figure below shows various types of sidings.

Clap Bevel Rabbeted Rustic Drop


boards Siding Bevel Siding Siding Siding

Following is the procedure in installing solid wood sidings:

1. Lay out a storey pole from the soffit to about 25 mm below


the top of the foundation.

52
2. Obtain the pole layout. To do this, halve the distance of the
pole according to the combined width of the single sidings
excluding the lap. Mark the position of the top of each siding
on the storey pole.

"
/
.
Obtaining the pole layout

3. Transfer the layout of the pole to the wall. Set nails to this
mark so strings can be attach~d to align the sidings.

Traf'lsferring layout from pole to wall

4. Once the layout has been made, start fastening the sidings
by nailing a spacer strip having the same thickness as the
siding alon& the foundation as shown in the figure below.
5. Form inside corners using square pieces of wood or metal
corners. Then install outside corners.
Inside corners are pieces of wood or metal with angular
shapes. These are installed to cover the external corners of
adjacent sidings.
Outside corners are similarly shaped wood or metal
installed under each adjoining siding.

I
Outside Comer Metal Inside Comer
Corners for sidings
6. Nail the sidings to the surface of each stud. The nail must
be placed about 12 mm above the butt edge. If the material
is likely to split when nailed, drill holes before nailing. The
figure below shows patterns for nailing sidings.

Bevel Siding Tongue and Groove Boards

Nailing pattern for solid sidings

Board and Batten


54
Plywood Paneling

Plywood can be attached directly to the wall studs. But first,


the layout plan should be made carefully to minimize cuttings
and the use ofjoints.
When studs are poorly aligned, it is advisable to use nailing
strips. For horizontal and vertical strips, use 25 mm x 50 mm solid
stock spaced at 800 mm on center. The vertical strips must support
each panel edge.
Start installing panels at the corners. Trim the edge of the
first panel to make it plumb. Secure it in place using a nail gun or
a claw hammer. Then fit the next panel in place. The clearance or
opening is covered with a molding. Provide baseboard finish at
the floor line. For joint treatment for edges, see figure below.

25 I 2£J E?:F
~ Ef2j= EJ
8 L!J §
L3 LJ
Various joint treatment for plywood panels

Ser-check

Write 0 ifthe statement is true of carpentry. Ifnot, write X.

Lito de Asis passed the second class trade test in finishing


carpentry. What factors contributed to his success? Write your
answers on a piece of paper.

I. Lito executed the practical test with ease.


2. Lito installed the exterior wall sidings horizontally.
3. The sidings when nailed showed splits and cracks.
4. He installed wall panels without using studs to support
their edges.
5. He used nailing strips after noticing that the wall studs
were poorly aligned.

55
Lesson 10 I Installing Timber Floorings

Wood is a commonly used material for flooring. Because of


its strength and durability, it can withstand wear. It can also
provide a highly attractive appearance if properly finished.

Subfloor

Joist

Timber strip flooring


To install timber strip flooring, first check the subfloor to make
certain it is clear and the nailing patterns are complete. Strip
flooring should be laid at right angle to the floor joist (see the
illustration below). In modern construction the commonly used ma-
terial for subfloor is plywood.
n
·~Wall

The installation starts along either side wall. The groove of


the first strip faces the wall. The expansion joint of 12 mm
oetween the wall and strip must be provided. See the figure above.
Succeeding timber strips are blindnailed at an angle of 50°
penetrating the flooring where the tongue joins the shoulder.
Each strip should fit tightly against the preceding strip. Use a
scrap block in dividing the strip in position.

56
Blind nai/ing succeeding timber
strips at an angle of 50 degrees

Try to arrange the pieces so the joists are well-distributed


for proper blending of color and grain pattern.

Self-check

Arrange the following sentences in chronological order. Write


your answers on a piece of paper.

1. Check floor joist.


2. Nail timber strip.
3. Lay initial strips with a 12 mm clearance wall.
4. Lay building paper.
5. Check subflooring.
6. Drive the next strip using a piece of scrap block.

Lesson 11 Applying Paint

Painting is the most popular way of preserving and beautify-


ing the timber parts of any concrete structure. To produce quality
painting, choose the most appropriate painting implement such as
a brush, a roller, or a spray. The first two are the most commonly
used because of their versatility.
Painting brushes come in various widths such as 12 mm,
25 mm, 38 mm, 50 mm, 62 mm, 75 mm, and 100 mm. Their bristles
are tapered so that when they are loaded, the brush gives a sharp
cutting edge.
When using a roller, choose one with short piled sleeves,
which is easy to use and thus produces a better finish.

57
Painting equipment must be used with care so they will
last long. This means cleaning them after use and storing them
properly.
These are the steps you must take before painting any
surface:

1. Fill all cracks, openings, and holes with wood filler. Let them
dry.
2. Sand the filled areas using 4#100 floor sanding paper.
3. Apply wood primer or a preliminary coat of paint.
4. Sand the primered surface using #120 or #180 sanding paper.
5. Apply undercoat and let dry before applying the top or final
coat.

These are the steps in preparing paint:

1. Open the paint can using the edge of a knife as a lever.


2. Stir the paint using a piece of scrap solid wood.
3. Pour the amout of paint to be used into another clean con-
tainer.
4. Load the brush with paint by dipping the bristles into the
paint at least one-third of the length of the brush. Then wipe
off excess paint on a string tied across the container.

Observe the following procedure in applying paint:

1. Apply paint along the grain.


3. Reload the brush and apply
strokes back and forth across
the grain over the area which
has just been painted.

4. Lay off the paint with very


light strokes along the grain.

5. Paint the adjoining area the


same way to blend the two
sections of the surface to-
gether.

6. Brush towards, not parallel


to, the edges to avoid~crap­
ingthe paint on the adjacent
surface.

59
Self-check

Fill in each blank with the correct term or phrase to make


the statement complete. Write your answers on a separate sheet.
1-2. Painting is the most popular way of and _ __
parts of the house or building.
3. For a well-executed painting job, choose the right _ __
4. The widest available brush measures _ __
5. In using a roller, choose _ __
6. Cracks, holes, and openings can be filled or sealed with

7. The suitable grade or grit for sanding a filled surface is

8. The bristles of a brush are dipped _ _ _ of the length of the


brush.
9. The direction of brushing should be _ __
10. Laying off the paint means applying _ __

l#nl POSTTEST
Select the best answer from the choices listed under each
number. Write only the letter of the correct answer. Write your
answers on another piece of paper.
1. In installing ceiling boards using plywood panels, one of the
following should be minimized.
a. cutting c. measuring
b. marking d. planing
2. In establishing the center line for the ceiling board, the tool
used is called
a. T-bevel c. spirit level
b. chalkline d. try square
3. The interior and exterior covering of a house or a building
is called
a. ceiling tile c. panel
b. hardboard d. plywood
4. The type of material suitable for ceiling board and wall panels
is
a. plyboard c. pressed wood
b. plywood d. tongue and groove

60
5. For a quick railing of panels, use a
a. ballpeen hammer c. nail gun
b. claw hammer d. stapler
6. The material used for wall and ceiling boards in the kitchen
and bathroom is called
a. hardboard c. siding
b. plywood d. tongue and groove
7. The stud to which solid sidings or panels are nailed must be
free from
a. cracks c. holes
b. decays d. knots
8. Wall panels should be installed with all their edges
a. planed c. supported
b. rounded d. unsupported
9. Once the center line is lc.:ated or marked, the next step to
take is to
a. cut c. install panel
b. establish right angle d. provide expansion joint
10. In modern construction, the commonly used subflooring
material is the
a. hardboard c. rustic panel
b. plywood d. tongue and groove
11. All panels should be installed with their edges
a. offsetting the center line
b. overlapping the center line
c. parallel to the center line
d. parallel to the center point
12. The bristles of the brush are dipped in the paint at least
a. 1/4 ofthe length ofthe brush
b. 1/2 of the len,gth of the brush
c. 1/3 of the len~h of the brush
d. 3/4 of the length of the brush
13. Cracks, holes, and openings can be sealed with
a. paint c. shellac
b. prima d. wood filler
14. A popular way of finishing a house or a building is by
a. lacquering c. plastering
b. painting d. varnishing
15. A popular timber material used for flooring is
a. drop siding c. tongue and groove
b. plywood d. marine plywood

61
~(Key to Correction)
Check your answers against the following:

Pretest

1. c 9. a
2. b 10. c
3. a 11. c
4. b 12. b
5. a 13. b
6. b 14. d
7. c 15. c
8. c

Posttest

1. a 9. b
2. b 10. b
3. a 11. c
4. b 12. c
5. c 13. b
6. a 14. b
7. a 15. c
8. c

Self-check

Lesson 7

1. solid timber panels or sidings


2. tongue and groove
3. plywood
4. hardboard
5. ceiling tiles

Lesson 8

1. T
2. chalkline
3. T
4. pal'allel
5. nail gun

62
Lesson 9

1. 0
2. 0
3. X
4. X
5. 0

Lesson 10

1. 1
2. 6
3. 4
4. 3
5. 2
6. 5
Lesson 11

1. preserving
2. beautifying
3. quality of work
4. 100 mm wide
5. short-piled sleeve
6. wood filler
7. #100
8. one-third
9. along the grain
10. a very light stroke

63
--"~
'4.
MASONRY FINISHING
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64
..................................................................
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OVERVIEW
.... . ... .. ........ ... ..
..

... . .. .... . ... ..


..

.asonry is the art of combining stone blocks, bricks, tiles,


marbles, and other materials using mortar to form shapes either .. .. .. . . . . .
of walls, slabs, and other parts of a house or a building. ....... ... .... . ... .. ... . ... .
.. . .. . . .. . .
General masonry involves the processes of stone or block
laying, brick laying, plastering, and tile laying or setting.
...... ... .. .. .. . ..
. . .. . . .
.... • .......
This module deals with the fundamental processes involved . .. . . .

in plastering and tile setting. .. ..... ............ ..... .. ... ....


...
...

.. . .. .. ........... ..................... ............... ..... ... ......... ....... ... .... ..


....... .. . . .
. . ..... ................. ................................
. ....... . ...

OBJECTIVES
After studying this module, you are expected to:

1. Demonstrate skills in the use and care of finishing ma-


sonry tools
2. Cite measures to obseNe economy in the use of
finishing masonry materials
3. Explain the procedure in plastering walls with mortar
4. Demonstrate how tiles are set on walls
5. Show the correct procedure of laying concrete
hollow blocks

65
I#Til PRETEST
Select the best answer from the choices listed below each
number. Write only the letter of the correct answer on another
piece ofpaper.

1. The tool used for checking and obtaining horizontal and


vertical surfaces or lines is called
a. plumb rod c. sliding T-bevel
b. pull-push rule d. spirit level
2. The most accurate tool for obtaining horizontal surface is
a. mason's square c. T-bevel
b. plastic hose with water d. zigzag rule
3. A type of surface finishing tool is the
a. brush c. guide strip
b. float d. spade
4. The most extensively used type of cement is
a. iceland c. portland
b. island d. pozzoland
5. Cement hardens because of
a. condensation c. duration
b. dehydration d. hydration
6. Sand used in plastering must be sharp, clean, and
a. well balanced c. well quarried
b. well graded d. well purchased
7. Lime is introduced into plastering mixture as a
a. catalyzing agent c. patching agent
b. plasticizing agent d. retarding agent
8. Water used for mixing mortar must be
a. acidic c. rich in minerals
b. fresh d. salty
9. A mixture of cement, fine sand, lime, and water is called
a. admixture c. concrete
b. aggregate d. mortar
10. Mortar plaster may be held in a
a. mixing board c. timber float
b. pointing trowel d. wooden hawk
11. Before plastering, the surface of a wall must be
a. flat c. sufficiently rough
b. painted d. sufficiently smooth

66
12. Guide strips are used for
a. leveling c. rendering
b. plastering d. screeding
13. The part of the wall where rendering of plaster should start
is at the
a. base c. either side
b. middle d. top
14 Plastering is done by
a. placing the mortar lightly on the wall
b. vending the mortar gently on the surface
c. squeezing the mortar to the surface
d. trowelling the mortar by slashing
15. The tool used for paving excess mortar on plastered wall is
the
a. spirit level c. steel float
b. string d. straight edge
16. Tiling on straight walls is relatively
a. difficult c. easy
b. complicated d. expensive
17. The standard sizes ofwall tiles range from
a. 20 mm x 20 mm to 30 mm x 60 mm
b. 25 mm x 25 mm to 50 mm x 50 mm
c. 50 mm x 50 mm to 100 mm x 200 mm
d. 75 mm x 75 mm to 114 mm x 216 mm
18. The wall surface to be filled must be clean, dry, firm, and
a. crooked c. hollow
b. flat d. square
19. The succeeding tiles are set in
a. angular pattern c. rectangular pattern
b. pyramid pattern d. trapezoidal pattern
20. The process of filling or sealing the spaces between files is
called
a. gauging c. grouting
b. grooving d. routing
21. CHB is made up of cement and
a. coarse aggregates c. mortar
b. fine aggregates d. plaster
22. Inert granular materials such as sand and gravel are called
a. aggregates c. mortar
b. concrete d. plaster

67
23. The smallest size of commercially available CHB is
a. 75 mmx200mmx400mm
b. 100 mm x 200 mm x 400 mm
c. 150 mm x 200 mm x 400 mm
d. 2000 mm x 200 mm x 400 mm
24. The tool used in maintaining the grade of levelness of soil for
CHB laying is called
a. pole c. spirit level
b. string d. tamper or compactor
25. CHB dowels are spaced at a maximum distance of
a. 150 mm c. 300 mm
b. 200 mm d. 450 mm
26. The final layer applied to masonry surface is called
a. concrete finish c. paint finsh
b. curing materials d. water proofing
27. Plain cement finish is done by
a. brushing cement or surface
b. chipping the surface
c. plastering mortar on a structural sufrace
d. screeding concrete
28. If a finished concrete surface has designs of varying forms and
shapes, then the type of finish applied is called
a. fancy c. overlay
b. patterned d. plastered
29. A tooled surface resembles that of
a. a brick c. an adobe stone
b. a CHB d. a wood surface
30. A type of finish which has a combination of smooth and uneven
patterns of a hollow surface is called
a. anay c. synthetic adobe
b. fancy d. plain

Lesson 12! Masonry Finishing Tools

Masonry finishing tools are designed to produce various


types of surface finishes. They are classified as follows:

68
Measuring 1oo\s
1. PuU-push rule. This is used for long· or short-distanCe
measuring.

2. Zigzag rule- This is a folding rule used to measure distances


not exceeding 1.8 metres.

1esting 1oo\s
1. Spirit level. This is used to test or to obtain horizontal and
vertical surfaces.

69
2. Plastic hose with water. This is used to test and obtain
horizontal surfaces. It is regarded as the most accurate tool
for establishing a horizontal level.

Roughing-up Tools

These tools are used to prepare surfaces for finishing. They


are also called striking tools.

1. Cold chisel. This is a common tool for dressing or cutting


blocks and chipping concrete.

2. Crosspeen hammer. This is a cross-head hammer where one


is shaped like a wedge used for various striking needed in
surface preparation.

3. Star drill. This is a puncher-type tool which produces star-


shaped surfaces with the aid of a hammer.

70
4. Hatchet. This is a small axe with a small handle. It is used for
chipping surfaces.

Surface Finishing Tools


There are two kinds of tools for surface finishing. These are
the following:

1. Floats are flat tools used for smoothing textured surfaces or


plaster. They are made of timber or steel.
Floats are classified as follows:

a. Common floats. These are used for general smoothing


purposes.

b. Bull floats. These are used in paving and smoothing


freshly laid concrete.

71
2. Trowels are also flat tools used for applying, spreading, and
shaping plaster or mortar. They are made of steel.
Trowels are further classified into two:

a. Pointing trowel. This is used in laying and removing


mortar in masonry joints.

b. Finishing trowel. This is used in producing a smooth


concrete or a plastered surface.

Other tools used for masonry finishing are as follows:

1. Spade. This is used for handling and mixing mortar or


plaster.
2. G I pail. This is used for holding and carrying mortar. It is
so called because it is made of galvanized iron.
3. Mixing board. This is used for mixing low volume of mortar.
This is usually made of wood or steel.
4. Hawk. This is used for holding mortar. It is made up of a
12 mm thick plywood with a cylindrical timber handle and
is used with the aid of a float or a trowel.
5. Measuring box. This is used for measuring sand and cement.
It is made of wood.
6. Rubber foam. This is used to obtain a fine-grained texture in
measuring.
7. Painter's brush. This is used for splashing water and smooth-
ing surfaces before plastering.

72
8. Nylon string. This is used for guiding the course of tiles to
ensure alignment.
9. Screed. This is used for paving flat plastered surfaces. It
is made up of rectangular timber or aluminum with long
straight edge at least 30 mm x 75 mm x 200 mm.

Self-check

Identify the masonry finishing tool being described in each of


the following sentences. Use another sheet for your answers.

1. This is a tool for testing and obtaining vertical and hori-


zontal surfaces.
2. This is an accurate tool for establishing horizon-
tal level.
3. This is a tool used for measuring long and short dis-
tances.
4. This tool can produce star-like designs on surfaces with
the aid of a hammer.
5. These tools ar8 used for applying, spreading, and
shaping mortar or plaster.
6. These are flat tools used for smoothing textured surfaces
or plaster.
7. This is a basic tool used for hauling and mixing mortar.
8. This tool is commonly used for holding and carrying
mortar.
9. This tool is used for carrying mortar with the aid of a
float or a trowel.
___ 10. This is an indispensable tool for paving flat plastered
surfaces.

Lesson 13 Finishing Materials Used


in Masonry

The quality of any concrete structure depends in part on


the quality of its finish. Thus, obtaining the right kind of mate-
rials for finishing is indispensable to producing the right finish.
Here are some of the common types of finishing materials used in
masonry:

73
Cement

Cement is a combination of calcium silicate and aluminates.


Of its various types, the most extensively used for common mason-
ry finishing is the portland cement, which hardens under water. It
is composed of limestone and clay or similar materials, which are
mixed and then burned to proCluce this kind of cement. It is highly
recommended because of the workability of the mixture when
added to other admixtures or ingredients including water. It
hardens when water is added to the materials that compose it.

Lime

Cement provides strength to mortar. If cement without lime


is used, the mixture would be stiff and unworkable. Thus, lime is
introduced into the mixture as a plasticizing agent. Plasticity
means the degree of smoothness and workability ofthe mixture.
Lime also increases the water retentivity (water holding
capacity) of the mixture. This decreases the tendency of the mortar
to lose water (bleeding), and reduces separation or segregation of
the sand.

Sand

Sand refers to loose particles of disintegrated rock usually


deposited along the shores ofbodies of water like rivers. To be used
effectively in construction, it must be clean, sharp, well graded,
and free from loam, clay, salt, vegetable matters, and other
impurities. If at least 95% of all its particles can pass through a
no. 7 sieve, which has approximately 2 mm mesh openings, then it
is considered first class.

Water

This is an essential ingredient for preparing mortar. Use only


clean and fresh water for this purpose.

Plaster

This is a heavy white powder manufactured from a mineral


called gypsum. It is mixed with water to form a thick paste that

74
sets quickly. It is available in various fonns for specific uses. These
are the different types ofplaster:

1. Casting plastic. This is used to speed up the setting time of


Hardwall Plastic. Setting time is 25 to 30 minutes, 5 to 6
minutes when mixed with lime.
2. Hard-finish plaster. This is used for large walls and ceiling
areas. Its normal setting time is 3 to 4 hours, and 1 to 1 1/2
hours when mixed with lime.
3. Retarding plaster. This is used for spray work. Setting time
is 3 to 4 hours, or 1 to 11/2 hours when mixed with lime.
4. Stopping plaster. This is used for running mouldings and
patching. Setting time is 20 to 30 minutes.

Self-check

Complete the following sentences. Write your answers on


another piece of paper.

1. The most extensively used type of cement is _ _ __


2. hardens the materials composing cement.
3. Sand used in masonry finishing must be sharp, clean,
and _ _ __
4. Water used in preparing mortar must be
and _ _ __
5. Lime is introduced into the mixture as a _ _ _ _ agent.

Lesson 14 Plastering Walls with Mortar

Here are the steps in plastering walls with mortar:

1. Make the surface of the wall rough enough for the mortar to
adhere. Do this by chipping it using a hammer or a hatchet.
Another way to do it is by slashing, which means rendering

75
the wall with a thin mixture of cement and water using the
square end of a pointing trowel.

Surface preparation

2. Render the wall with mortar using a float and a trowel. Start
at the base of the wall towards the top.

Rendering plaster at thB


wall base

3. Spread the mortar on the entire surface of the wall if the


area can be worked fast enough within the setting time of
the mixture. See to it that the mortar is thicker than the
guide strips.

Rendering the whole area


of the wall

76
4. When the mortar starts to set and becomes hard enough,
screed the mortar until the guide strips appear.

5. Remove the guide strips when the mortar has hardened.

Rsmoving strips

6. Fill in the spaces made by the guide strip and lumps using
a timber float.

Timber floating

77
7. When the mortar has hardened a bit, sprinkle water onto
the surface using sponge or a paint brush. Then rub the
surface using the steel float until the surface has smooth-
ened. Repeat this procedure.
~~~-----------

Steel floating

Self-check

Arrange the following in their logical order. Indicate 1 for the


first step, 2 for the next, and so on. Write your answers on another
piece of paper.

1. Fill up the spaces left. by the guide strips and lumps.


2. Spread the mortar on the entire wall surface.
3. Remove the guide strips.
4. Finish the plastered wall by sprinkling water on it
and rubbing it with a steel float.
5. Prepare the surface.
6. Render the wall with mortar starting at the base of
the wall.
7. Set guide strips.
8. Remove the excess mortar by screeding.

Lesson 151 Setting Wall Tiles

Decorating a straight wall with ceramic tiles is relatively


easy. If the wall has openings, however, tiling is somewhat diffi-
cult. In this activity you will learn how to install tiles on straight
walls.

78
Wall tiles are glazed and offer a great variety of colors and
designs. They are appropriate primarily for use on interior sur-
faces: walls, counter tops, and ceilings. Their bodies are fairly
light, which facilitates vertical installation. Though the bodies
are porous, the glazing process makes the surface water-resistant.
Standard sizes of wall tiles range from 75 mm x 75 mm to
114 mm x 216 mm, with thickness of from 7 mm to 24 mm.
The commonly used adhesives for setting wall tiles is
mortar. Pure cement is also used at times, which can also fill the
chinks or spaces between tiles.
The tools needed for wall tiling are the pointing trowel, tile
cutter, spirit level, squeezes, and sponge.
These are the steps in setting wall tiles:

1. Prepare the wall surface by making sure it is firm, dry, clean,


and flat. Clean greasy, and roughen shiny areas. If the
surface is painted, wall tiles may still be plastered on it for
as long as the paint is not flaking.
2. Mark the working lines at the lowest point of the base of the
wall using a level and batter with straight edge. After mark-
ing the horizontal line, secure the batter to the wall.
3. Locate the midpoint of the wall and mark it on the horizon-
tal line. Use a spirit level in marking the vertical center
line.
4. Set the first tile with one edge aligned with the vertical line
and the bottom edge resting on the batter. Use a slight twist
as you place the tile against the wall.
I
I
I Wall

Wall First Tile Wall

Wooden Batten -----


Floor

Setting the first wall tile

5. Set the succeeding tiles in the same manner maintaining a


2 to 3 mm clearance for each adjoining tile, following the

79
sequence illustrated below. Use spacing lugs or match sticks
as spacers.

I Wall
I

6. Continue setting the tiles upward to maintain a pyramid


pattern.

7. Carefully remove the batter once the mortar adhesives have


set or hardened. Cut the tiles to fit. Spread the adhesives
and then set the tiles in place.

n1e to be cut
80
8. After the mortar has dried, grout the joint. See the following
illustrations
Steps In grouting

a. Spread grout over tiles b. Remove excess grout working


forcing it into joints. diagonally across the tiles
using a squeeze.

c. Wipe off remaining grout d. When haze forms on the tile,


with a piece of barely polish with a soft cotton cloth.
damp sponge.

Self-check

Write Tifthe statement is correct. If the statement is wrong,


change the italicized word or words to make the statement
correct. Write your answers on another piece of paper.

1. Decorating a straight wall is relatively difficult.


2. Wall tiles are primarily used for interior surfaces.
3. The standard sizes of wall tiles range from 75 mm x 75 mm
to 114 mm x 216 mm.
4. The commonly used adhesive for wall tile is casting plaster.
5. A waU surface must be clean, dry, firm, and flat.
6. A level must be secured horizontally on the wall with the use
of mortar or nails.
7. Locate the midpoint ofthe wall after securing the batter to the
wall.
8. After setting the first tile, fix the succeeding tiles on the wall
in a pyramid pattern.

81
9. Continue setting the tiles downward.
10. Grouting is done once the mortar bed of the laid tiles has
dried.

Lesson 16 Laying Concrete Hollow Blocks

A concrete hollow block (CHB) is a construction material


made up of cast concrete composed of cement and fine aggregates.
It is mainly used for building walls and partitions.
Aggregates are inert granular materials such as sand, gravel,
crushed stone, and pebbles. They are either fine or coarse. Fine
aggregates are smaller than 9 mm in diameter, while coarse
aggregates are over 9 mm in diameter.
The common sizes of CHB are as follows:

1. 100 mm x 200 mm x 499 mm


2. 150 mm x 200 mm x 400 mm
3. 200 mm x 200 mm x 400 mm
These are the steps to follow in laying concrete hollow blocks:

1. Lay out the foundation lines and excavate the desired width
and depth of the foundation wall.

2.
3.

4.

5. Pour mixed concrete at level with the form. Consolidate the


concrete to harden.

6. Set wooden 1" x 2" poles vertically at both ends of wall.


Poles 1" X 2"
7. Lay out a set of blocks at the base of the footing to determine
if cutting of blocks is necessary and to measure the thickness
of mortar joints.

8. Remove the concrete blocks and set strings as guide. Use a


spirit level to check the levelness of the string.

9. Place the full mortar bed for the first course of the blocks
using a pointing trowel.

84
10. Lay out the blocks for the first course. The outside comer or
the block should touch the string guide. Maintain a 10 mm
spacing between the sides of blocks.

11. Fill in the cells of concrete hollow blocks with mortar.

12. Set the guide string for the second course of CHB. Place at
least 12 mm to 18 mm thick mortar on top of the edges of
the first course.
13. Lay the second course of CHB maintaining a 10 mm joint
between each course. Full length of CHB should be laid first
at the center of underneath joints.

14. Place the end blocks to complete the second course and then
repeat the procedure of leveling the blocks using a spirit
level.

15. Remove excess mortar along the joint using a pointing


trowel.
·•t~'·(' .
., .~.,/.
~1::~ : ..
,h •
y, •
'• . .,' .. ·-~

~ .. '..!!. \

...

86
16. Proceed to laying the remaining course following the same
procedure. Place 12 mm horizontal bars for every third
course of blocks.

Self-check

A. After reading and understanding the activity, fill in the


blanks with the correct answer.
1. CHB stands for _ _ __
2. CHB is composed of cement and _ _ __
3. CHB is commonly used for walls and _ _ __
4. The thickness of CHB varies from 100 mm to 150 mm
and _ _ __
B. Apply the procedure discussed in this activity on laying
CHB.
C. Check your work using the following checklist. Put a check
mark in the appropriate column.

Performance Checklist Acceptability


Yes No
1. Correct setting of string guides
2. Levelness of string guides
3. Proper amount of mortar bed
4. Correct alignment of CHB
5. Proper amount of mortar cells
6. Proper removal of excess mortar
7. Acceptability of the fmishedjob

87
Lesson 17 Applying Decorative Masonry
Finishes

Concrete or masonry finishes are the final layers applied to


any structural surface made of blocks, bricks, or natural and
synthetic stone.
There are various types of masonry finishes of which only
the common ones are discussed here such as the following:

1. Plain cement finish. This type of finish is simply the result of


plastering mortar on a structural surface.
2. Fancy finish. This is a result of creating varied and patterned
designs on a concrete or plastered surface. The designs may be
in any shape or form.
Following are the steps in fancy fmishing.

a. Pave or apply plaster to the concrete surface. Allow the


plastered or concrete surface to set for an hour.

b. Make the necessary design while the concrete is still soft.


To produce circle designs, you may use round cans of
varying diameters.

88
c. Press the cans about 6 mm deep on the concrete surface.

·~.;. ~9..
C)

d. Lift the can slowly with a slight twist.

e. Remove the displaced concrete on the circle marks using


a paint brush.

89
3. Tooled finish. This type of concrete finish is also known
as hammered synthetic adobe finish, for it resembles the
adobe stone. It is achieved by chipping the cured plastered
concrete surface with an axe. Follow these steps in tooled
finishing:

a. Wash the concrete surface.

b. Mix mortar at a proportion of 1 part cement to 3 parts


sand.

c. Plaster the mortar mixture on the concrete surface until


a minimum thickness of 18 mm is achieved. Let the
plastered surface dry for 2 or 3 days.
d. After curing (drying) the plaster, mark the necessary
guide lines using a straightedge and a pencil.

e. Chip the plastered surface using a sharp axe. Follow the


marks while chipping to obtain a straight-tooled surface.

f. Apply very light and even blows with the axe while chip-
ping to obtain an even depth of tooled surface.
4. Anay finish. This type of finish is so called because its
surface resembles that of wood where termites dwell. The
surface has a combination of smooth and uneven patterns of
a hollow surface.
The steps in anay finish are as follows:

a. Apply mortar plaster to the concrete surface. Let the


plastered surface dry for one whole day.

b. Wasli the plastered surface with water using a water


hose, a sponge, or a wide paint brush.
c. Cut a 35 mm diameter broom stick to about 250 mm
long. You will use this in applying cement on the wall
surface.

-1 E
E
0
U')
C\J

1'\ti
_l
35 mm

d. Dilute a pure cement with water in a pail.

e. Apply the cement mixtures on the wall surface using the


broom stick's bound end.

f
~
~~
~
93
f. Remove the broom stick slowly. ,....,. ~ ~
(M}~ ~4
"'~... ~

fl'
~
¥·/#
/9/(/A .
._/' /~

g. Repeat step e until the whole surface is covered. Let the


cement marks set for 30 minutes.

g)~
t90
~e,
• $j; ~
, ~ ~ .·, ~ ®~ ~~@
~®®~~@~@.®'
~~~@8®(IDi~-

h. Flatten the cement marks using a finishing trowel. Move


the tool in a circular motion.

94
i. Repeat step h until all cement marks have flattened to at
least 4 mm thick.

Self-check

A. Fill in the blanks with the correct answers. Write your


answers on a piece of paper.

1. The final layer applied on structural surfaces is called

2. Plain cement finish is the result of _ _ __


3. The type of masonry finish which is performed by using a
pattern on a concrete or plastered surface is called

4. A tooled finish resembles the surface of an _ _ __


5. The tool used in chipping a concrete surface to produce a
tooled finish is the _ _ __
6. The type of finish which resembles a wood structure that
has been eaten up by termites is called _ _ __

B. Upon mastery of the steps in decorative masonry finishing,


perform the three types of finishing in the presence of your
teacher. Then check if you followed the procedure system-
atically and produced the desired quality. Mark the appro-
priate column with a check mark(~).

95
Performance Checklist Acceptability
Yes No
1. Masonry surface preparation
(cleaning and washing)
2. Workability of mixture
3. Correct use of tools
4. Observance of safety precautions
5. Economy in the use of masonry
finishing materials

lbl POSTTEST
Select the best answer from the choices listed below each
number. Write only the letter of the correct answer. Write your
answers on another piece of paper.

1. A type of surface finishing tool is the


a. brush c. guide strip
b. float d. spade
2. Water used in mixing mortar must be
a. acidic c. rich in minerals
b. fresh d. salty
3. The most accurate tool for obtaining horizontal surface is
a. mason's square c. T-bevel
b. plastic hose with water d. zigzag rule
4. Mortar plaster may be held in a
a. mixing board c. timber float
b. pointing trowel d. wooden hawk
5. The tool used for checking and obtaining horizontal and
vertical surfaces or lines is called
a. plumb rod c. sliding T-bevel
b. pull-push rule d. spirit level
6. The most extensively used type of cement is
a. iceland c. portland
b. island d. pozzoland
7. Cement hardens because of
a. condensation c. duration
b. dehydration d. hydration
8. A mixture of cement, fine sand, lime, and water is called
a. admixture c. concrete
b. aggregate d. mortar

96
9. Sand used in plastering must be sharp, clean, and
a. well balanced c. well quarried
b. well graded d. well purchased
10. Lime is introduced into plastering mixture as a
a. catalyzing agent c. patching agent
b. plasticizing agent d. retarding agent
11. Rendering of plaster should start
a. at the base of the wall
b. at the middle of the wall
c. at either side of the wall
d. at the top ofthe wall
12. Tiling on straight walls is relatively
a. difficult c. easy
b. complicated d. expensive
13. The standard sizes of wall tiles range from
a. 20mm x20mm to30mm x 60mm
b. 25 mm x 25 mm to 50 mm x 50 mm
c. 50 mm x 50 mm to 100 mm x 200 mm
d. 75 mm x 75 mm to 114 mm x 216 mm
14. The tool used for paving excess mortar on plastered wall is
the
a. spirit level c. steel float
b. string d. straightedge
15. Before plastering, the surface of a wall must be
a. flat c. sufficiently rough
b. painted d. sufficiently smooth
16. Plastering is done by
a. placing the mortar lightly on the wall
b. vending the mortar gently on the surface
c. squeezing the mortar to the surface
d. trowelling the mortar by slashing
17. Guide strips are used for
a. leveling c. rendering
b. plastering d. screeding
18. The tool used in maintaining the grade of levelness of soil
bed for CHB laying is called
a. pole c. spirit level
b. string d. tamper or compactor
19. Inert granular materials such as sand and gravel are
called
a. aggregates c. mortar
b. concrete d. plaster

97
20. The wall surface to be filled must be clean, dry, firm, and
a. crooked c. hollow
b. flat d. square
21. After setting the first tile, the succeeding tiles are secured
in a pattern that is
a. angular c. rectangular
b. pyramid d. trapezoidal
22. The type of finish which has a combination of smooth and
uneven patterns of a hollow surface is called
a. anay c. synthetic adobe
b. fancy d. plain
23. CHB dowels are spaced at a maximum distance of
a. 150 mm c. 300 mm
b. 200 mm d. 450 .mm
24. Plain cement finish is done by
a. brushing cement on surface
b. chipping the surface
c. plastering mortar on a structural surface
d. screeding concrete
25. The process of filling or sealing the spaces between tiles is
called
a. gauging c. grouting
b. grooving d. routing
26. A tooled surface resembles that of
a. a brick c. an adobe stone
b. a CHB d. a wood surface
27. If a finished concrete surface has designs of varying forms
and shapes, then the type offinish applied is called
a. fancy c. overlay
b. patterned d. plastered
28. CHB is made up of cement and
a. coarse aggregates c. mortar
b. fine aggregates d. plaster
29. The smallest size of commercially available CHB is
a. 75 mm x 200 mm x 400 mm
b. 100 mm x 200 mm x 400 mm
c. 150 mm x 200 mm x 400 mm
d. 200 mm x 200 mm x 400 mm
30. The final layer applied to masonry surface is called
a. concrete finish
b. curing materials
c. paint brush
d. water proofing

98
~(Key to Correction)
Check your answers against the following:

Pretest

1. d 16. c
2. b 17. d
3. b 18. b
4. d 19. b
5. b 20. c
6. b 21. b
7. b 22 a
8. b 23. b
9. d 24. d
10. d 25. d
11. c 26. a
12. d 27. c
13. a 28. a
14. c 29. c
15. d 30. a

Posttest

1. b 16. c
2. b 17. d
3. b 18. d
4. d 19. a
5. d 20. b
6. d 21. b
7. b 22. a
8. d 23. d
9. b 24. c
10. b 25. c
11. a 26. a
12. c 27. a
13. d 28. b
14. d 29. b
15. c 30. a

99
Self-check
Lesson 12

1. spirit level
2. plastic hose with water
3. pull-push rule
4. star drill
5. trowels
6. floats
7. spade
8. pail
9. hawk
10. screed

Lesson 13

1. portland
2. Water
3. well graded
4. clean and fresh
5. plasticizing

Lesson 14

1. 7 5. 1
2. 4 6. 3
3. 6 7. 2
4. 8 8. 5

Lesson 15

1. easy
2. T
3. T
4. mortar
5. T
6. batter
7. T
8. along the vertical line and with the bottom edges resting on
the batter
9. upward
10. T

100
Lesson 16

A. 1. concrete hollow block


2. fine aggregates
3. partitions
4. 200mm

Lesson 17

A. 1. concrete or masonry finish


2. plastering mortar on a structural surface
3. fancy finish
4. adobe stone
5. axe
6. anay finish

101
References

Audel, T. Complete Building Construction. New York: MacMillan


Publishing Company, 1986.

Bureau ofTechnical and Vocational Education. Learning Elements


in Formworks.

Construction Manpower Development Foundation. Learning


Elements in Masonry.

Corkhill, Thomas. The Complete Dictionary of Wood. New York:


Dorset Press, 1979.

Fajardo, Max Jr. B. Simplified Methods of Building Construction.


Manila: MFB Publishing Company, 1983.

- - - . Simplified Construction Estimate. Manila; M.F.B. Publish-


ing Company, 1984.

Technical and Further Education. Learning Elements in Tile


Laying.

- - - . Learning Elements in On-Site Skills.

- - -.. Learning Elements in Concrete Formworks.

Wagner, Willis H. Modern Carpentry. Illinois: The Goodheart-


Willcox Co., Inc., 1979.

Woodhouse, Ursula. A Practical Guide to Paving Pools Paths and


Patios. Sydney: Murdock Books, 1990.

102

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