BATTERY

Introduction

A battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections provided
to power electrical devices such as flashlights ,mobile phones, and electric cars. When a battery is
supplying electric power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode. The
terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that will flow through an external electric circuit to
the positive terminal. When a battery e is connected to an external electric load, a redox reaction
converts high-energy reactants to lower-energy products, and free – energy difference delivered to the
external circuit as electrical energy. Historically the term “battery “specifically reference to a device
composed of multiple cells, however the usage has evolved to include devices composed of a single cell.

Primary batteries are used once and discarded; the electrode materials are irreversibly changed during
discharge. Common examples are the alkaline battery used for flashlight and a multitude of portable
electronic devices. Secondary batteries can be discharged and recharged multiple times using an applied
electric current; the original composition of the electrodes can be restored by reverse current. Examples
include the lead acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium – ion batteries used for portable electronics
such as laptops and mobile phones.

Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells user to power hearing aids and
wristwatches to small, thin cells used in smartphones, to large lead acid batteries or light – ion batteries
in vehicles and at the largest extreme, huge battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby or
emergency power for telephone exchanges and computer data centers.

According to a 2005 estimate, the worldwide battery industry generates US 💲48 billion in sales each
year, with 6 percentage annual growth.
TYPES OF BATTERIES

Batteries are groups of electrochemical cells connected in series or in parallel.

They are three types of batteries; they are:

1. Lead Acid battery.

LEAD ACID BATTERY

These are the most common type of batteries used in automobiles and to store solar energy because
they can provide high current and their cost is relatively low. They store only about 25 watt- hour per
kg. Each cell consists of lead electrodes in a sulfuric acid solution. One lead electrode is coated with lead
oxide. Connecting 6 of these cells in series gives a 12v battery.

Deep cycle batteries have thicker electrodes than the standard starter batteries. Gel batteries and
sealed lead acid batteries are commonly used to store solar electric energy for off grid applications.

LITHIUM ION BATTERY

Lithium ion batteries are used in and consumer electronics. Work is underway to adapt these for other
applications because of their greater power density. They store about 150 watt – hour per The
electrodes are lithium cobalt oxide and graphite with a solid lithium electrolyte. The cell voltage is high,
up to about 4v, for the transfer of Li+ from partially reduced graphite to partially oxidized lithium cobalt
oxide.
The batteries can explode at high temperature. Current research in the area concerns new electrode
materials and electrolytes for better thermal stability in large battery applications.

Nickel Metal Hydride (NIMH)

The metal of a nickel metal hydride battery is an intermetallic, AB2, where A is a rare earth mixture of
lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, praseodymium and B is nickel, cobalt, manganese, and/or aluminum.
They store about 100 watt – hours per kg and are much more thermally stable than the lithium ion
batteries. Some have been developed for hydride vehicles.
FUNCTION OF LEAD ACID BATTERY

Working of lead acid battery is all about chemistry and it is very interesting to know about it. There are
huge chemical process is involved in Lead acid battery's charging and discharging condition.

The diluted sulfuric acid H2 SO4 molecules break into two parts when the acid dissolves. It will create
positive ions 2H+ and negative ions SO 4-.As we told before, two electrodes are connected as plates,
Anode and Cathode. Anode catches the negative ions and cathode attracts the positive ions. This
bonding in Anode and cathode with 2H+ interchange electrons and which is further react with the H2O
or with the water.

LEAD ACID BATTERY CHARGING

When the battery is connected with the charger, the sulfuric acid molecules break into two ions, positive
ions 2H+ and negative ions SO 4- . The hydrogen exchange electrons with the cathode and become
hydrogen, this hydrogen reacts with the PbSO4 in cathode and form sulfuric acid and lead. On the other
hand, SO 4- exchange electrons with anode and become radical SO 4 . This SO4 reacts with PbO2 and
sulfuric acid. The energy gets stored by increasing the cell potential voltage.

At cathode
LEAD ACID BATTERY DISCHARGING

The sulfuric acid form with typically 3:1 ratio with water and sulfuric acid. When the loads are connected
across the plates , the sulfuric acid again breaks into positive ions 2H+ and negative ions SO4 . The
hydrogen ions react with the PbO2 and make pbO and water. PbO start reacting with the sulfuric acid
and creates PbSO4 reacting with the Pb
Due to the electron exchange across anode and cathode, electron balance across the plates is affected.
The electros then flow through the load and the battery gets discharged.

During this discharge, the diluted sulfuric acid gravity decrease. Also, at the same time, the potential
difference of the cell decrease.

DESCRIPTION OF LEAD ACID BATTERY

SPECIFICATIONS:

 Voltage/capacity : 12v/7A
 Weight : 2.54kg
 Max. Charge current :2.1A
 Lifespan: Long life
 Operating Environment : 300c to 500

ADVANTAGES OF LEAD ACID BATTERY who hey

 Reliable performance and good applicability.

DISADVANTAGES OF LEAD ACID BATTERY

 Low energy density.