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Unit 1

The document discusses several key principles of architecture including axis, symmetry, repetition, hierarchy, scale, harmony, and proportion. It provides definitions and examples of different types of architectural organization such as axis, symmetry (bilateral and radial), asymmetry, datum, linear arrangement, radial arrangement, and concentric arrangement. Key points covered include how these principles and organizations can be used to structure forms and spaces, provide visual guidance, and relate elements to their context.

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Nisha Gopinath
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79 views

Unit 1

The document discusses several key principles of architecture including axis, symmetry, repetition, hierarchy, scale, harmony, and proportion. It provides definitions and examples of different types of architectural organization such as axis, symmetry (bilateral and radial), asymmetry, datum, linear arrangement, radial arrangement, and concentric arrangement. Key points covered include how these principles and organizations can be used to structure forms and spaces, provide visual guidance, and relate elements to their context.

Uploaded by

Nisha Gopinath
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Principles Of Architecture……..

That come together to create a unique


architectural language or pattern
• Axis
• Symmetry
• Repetition
• Hierarchy
• Scale
• Harmony
• Proportion
AXIS
• The axis is perhaps the most elementary means of organizing forms and
spaces in architecture.
• It is a line established by two points in space, about which forms and spaces
can be arranged in a regular or irregular manner.
• Although imaginary and not visible except to the mind’s eye, an axis can be a
powerful, dominating, regulating device.
• Although it implies symmetry, it demands balance.
• The specific disposition of elements about an axis will determine whether
the visual force of an axial organization is subtle or overpowering, loosely
structured or formal, picturesque or monotonous.
AXIS
Directs movement
Can be infinite

Unless the ends are defined

Can be reinforced by defining


edges along the axis

Or by symmetrical of forms on
either side
VISUAL ENHANCEMENT THROUGH
TERMINATION
The terminating elements of an axis
serve to both send and receive its visual
thrust. These culminating elements can
be any of the following:
• points in space established by vertical,
linear elements or centralized building
forms

• vertical planes, such as symmetrical


building facades or fronts, preceded by
a forecourt or similar open space

• well-defined spaces, generally


centralized or regular in form

• gateways that open outward toward a


view or vista beyond
MSRIT COURTYARD

• Physical Access
• Visual Access

-Analyze the axis based on the geometry/ form


-Look for visual markers that direct movement

The analytical drawing should be represented through the following


code
SYMMETRY
SYMMETRY
Balanced distribution and arrangement of equivalent forms
on either side of a dividing line or plane
While an axial condition can exist without a symmetrical condition being
simultaneously present, a symmetrical condition cannot exist without implying
the existence of an axis or center about which it is structured.
An axis is established by two points; a symmetrical condition requires the
balanced arrangement of equivalent patterns of form and space on opposite
sides of a dividing line or plane, or about a center or axis.
There are two fundamental types of symmetry:
1. Bilateral symmetry refers to the balanced arrangement of similar or
equivalent elements on opposite sides of a median axis so that only one plane
can divide the whole into essentially identical halves.
2. Radial symmetry refers to the balanced arrangement of similar, radiating
elements such that the composition can be divided into similar halves by
passing a plane at any angle around a centerpoint or along a central axis.
Villa Rotunda- Andrea Palladio
Villa Rotunda- Andrea Palladio
Villa Rotunda- Andrea Palladio
Kanchenjunga Apartments- Charles Correa
Kanchenjunga Apartments- Charles Correa
Kanchenjunga Apartments- Charles Correa
Bilateral- equal arrangement on either side of an axis
Bilateral

Ritual Complex at Fengchu


Radial- equal arrangement around the same axes that have
a common centrepoint
Radial

Sanchi Stupa
Multiple Axes of Symmetry- creating complexity and hierarchy

Unity Temple- F.L. Wright


Effect?

-Stability
-Balance
Vanna Venturi House- Robert Venturi
ASYMMETRY
Sydney Opera House- Jorn Utzon
Sydney Opera House- Jorn Utzon
Effect?

-Variety
-Liveliness
-still Balanced/ Harmoious
DATUM
A line, plane or volume of reference to which other
elements in a composition can relate
To be an effective ordering device, a linear datum must have
sufficient visual continuity to cut through or bypass all of the
elements being organized.
If planar or volumetric in form, a datum must have sufficient
size, closure, and regularity to be seen as a figure that can
embrace or gather together the elements being organized
within its field.
Durbar Square, Patan, Nepal
DeVore House,Pennsylvania- Louis Kahn
LINEAR ARRANGEMENT
•Arrangement of forms or solids along the axis
•The shapes may have a relationship or be linked to
each other
Pearson House- Robert Venturi
•Consists of repetitive spaces which are alike in size,
form, and function.
•It may also consist of a single linear space that
organizes along its length a series of spaces that differ
in size, form, or function.
•In both cases, each space along the sequence has an
exterior exposure.
Linear sequence of spaces- similar in size, form and function

Unite Habitation- Corbusier


Dis-similar in size, form and function
c) a)

b) c)

•Spaces that are functionally or symbolically important


to the organization can occur anywhere along the
linear sequence and have their importance articulated
by their size and form. Their significance can also be
emphasized by their location:
a) at the end of the linear sequence
b) offset from the linear organization
c) at pivotal points of a segmented linear form
•Because of their characteristic length, linear
organizations express a direction and signify
movement, extension, and growth. To limit their
growth, linear organizations can be terminated by a
dominant space or form, by an elaborate or articulated
entrance, or by merging with another building form or
the topography of its site.
•The form of a linear organization is inherently flexible
and can respond readily to various conditions of its site.
•It can adapt to changes in topography, maneuver
around a body of water or a stand of trees, or turn to
orient spaces to capture sunlight and views.
• It can be straight, segmented, or curvilinear.
• It can run horizontally across its site, diagonally up a
slope, or stand vertically as a tower.
The form of a linear organization can relate to other
forms in its context by:
• linking and organizing them along its length
• serving as a wall or barrier to separate them
into different fields
• surrounding and enclosing them within a field
of space
•Curved and segmented forms of linear organizations
enclose a field of exterior space on their concave sides
and orient their spaces toward the center of the field.
•On their concave sides, these forms appear to front
space and exclude it from their fields.
Shaping exterior space

Typical Floor plan-Baker House,MIT- Alvar Aalto


Shaping exterior space

Plan of the Circus & Royal Crescent, Bath


RADIAL ARRANGEMENT
A central space from which linear organizations of
space extend in a radial manner
• A radial organization of space combines elements of
both centralized and linear organizations.
• It consists of a dominant central space from which a
number of linear organizations extend in a radial
manner.
• A radial organization is an extroverted plan that
reaches out to its context.
• With its linear arms, it can extend and attach itself
to specific elements or features of its site.
• As with centralized organizations, the central space
of a radial organization is generally regular in form.
• The linear arms, for which the central space is the
hub, may be similar to one another in form and
length and maintain the regularity of the
organization’s overall form.
The radiating arms may also differ from one another in
order to respond to individual requirements of function
and context.
Moabit Prison, Berlin
Hotel Dieu
Herbet F. Johnson House, Wisconsin- F.L. Wright
CONCENTRIC ARRANGEMENT
• Spaces are arranged in repetitive rings around a
central core.
• All the elements will have a common axial
points.

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