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Solar Cell

The document discusses solar cells, including their basic working mechanism of converting sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. It describes the different types of solar cell technologies, such as silicon crystalline and thin film, and explains the classifications of mono-crystalline, multi-crystalline, amorphous silicon, and polycrystalline cells. It also covers solar cell efficiency, uses of solar cells in devices and systems, and concludes with a bibliography of sources consulted.

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rishabh
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13K views

Solar Cell

The document discusses solar cells, including their basic working mechanism of converting sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. It describes the different types of solar cell technologies, such as silicon crystalline and thin film, and explains the classifications of mono-crystalline, multi-crystalline, amorphous silicon, and polycrystalline cells. It also covers solar cell efficiency, uses of solar cells in devices and systems, and concludes with a bibliography of sources consulted.

Uploaded by

rishabh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CONTENTS

 What is Solar Cell


 Working Mechanism
 Why we use Solar Cell
 P-V System
 Describe different types of Solar Cell
 Efficiency
 Uses Of Solar Cell
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AIM: A project on description of Solar Cell and their


mechanism.

What is a Solar Cell: A solar cell or photovoltaic cell,


is an electrical device that
converts the energy of light
directly into electricity by
photovoltaic effect, which is a
physical and chemical
phenomenon. It is form of
photoelectric cell, defined as
a device whose electrical
characteristics, such as
current, voltage or resistance vary when exposed to light.
Individual solar cell devices can be combined to form
modules, otherwise known as solar panels. In basic term a
solar junction silicon solar cell can produce a maximum
open-circuit voltage of approximately 0.5volts to 0.6 volts.
Solar cells are being described as being photovoltaic,
irrespective of whether the source is sunlight or an artificial
light. They are used as a photo-detector (for example
infrared-detectors), detecting light or other electromagnetic
radiation near the visible range or measuring light
intensity.
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The operation of a photovoltaic (PV)


cell requires here basic attributes:
1. The absorption of light,
generating either electron-hole pairs
or excitons.
2. The separation of charge
carriers of opposite types.
3. The separate extraction of those
carriers to an external circuit.
In contrast, a solar thermal collector
supplies hear by absorbing sunlight, for the purpose either
directing heating or indirect electrical power generation
from heat. A “Photo-electrolytic cell” (photo-
electrochemical cell) on the other hand, refers either to a
type of photovoltaic cell (like that developed by Edmond
Becquerel and modern dye-sensitized solar cells), or to a
device that splits water directly into hydrogen and oxygen
using only solar illumination.

What is Solar Panel or Solar Array or Solar


Module: The solar panel or
solar array is an interconnection of
solar module to get efficient
power. A solar module consists of
number of interconnected solar
cells. These inter connected cells
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embedded between two glass plates to protect from the


bad.

ADVANTAGES SOLAR CELL:


1. Low maintenance, long-lasting source of energy.
2. Non-polluting and silent source of electricity.
3. Convenient and flexible source of small amount of
power.
4. Renewable and sustainable power
5. Reduces global warming

HOW SOLAR WORKS ON SYSTEM:


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WORKING MECHANISM:

WHEN LIGHT HIT THE CELLS:


1. Light energy (photons) ionizes the atoms in the silicon
and the internal field produced by the junction separates
some of the positive charges (holes) from the negative
charges (electrons).
2. The holes are swept into the p-layer and the electrons
are swept into the n-layer.
3. The charges can only recombine by passing through
an external circuit outside the material.
4. Power is produced since the free electron have to
pass through the load to recombine with the positive
holes.
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WHAT IS A P-V SYSTEM?

CLASSIFICATION OF P-V SYSTEM:

P-V
Technology

Silicon
Crystalline
Tech. Thin Film
Tech

1. Amorphus
Mono- Multi- Silicon
Crystalline Crystalline 2. Polycrystalline
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DESCRIPTION OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF


CLASSIFICATION: There are two types of
technologies:
1. Silicon Crystalline Technology
2. Thin Film Technology

 SILICON CRYSTALLINE TECHNOLOGY:


It is very stable with module efficiencies 10% to 20%

There are another two parts of Silicon Crystalline


Technology:
1. Mono-Crystalline
2. Multi-Crystalline
The parts are explained below:
1. MONO-CRYSTALINE:
1

a. It is formed by single cylinder if Si.


b. Operating efficiency up to 15%

2. MULTI-CRYSTALLINE P-V CELLS:


a. It is formed
by caste ingot
of melted and
recrystallised
silicon.
b. Cell
efficiency is
12%

 THIN FILM TECHNOLOGY:


 Silicon deposited in continuous on a base
material such as glass polymer etc.
 It consists of layer about 10 micro metre.
Now there are another two parts of Thin Film Technology:
1. Amorphous Silicon P-V Cells
2. Ploy-crystalline P-V cells
The descriptions are given below:-

1. Amorphous Silicon P-V Cells:


1

a. Mot advance of thin film


technologies.
b. Operating efficiency is
6%
c. Mature manufacturing
technologies are available.
d. Initial 20%-40% loss in efficiency.

2. POLY-CRYSTALLINE P-V CELLS:


a. It is non-silicon based technology.
b. This cell consists of cadmium-telluride
(CdTe).
c. 6%-9% module efficiency.
d. 16% laboratory efficiency.

EFFICIENCY:
 The amount of power available from a P-V device
is determined by :
a. Type and area of the material.
b. The intensity of the sunlight.
c. The wavelength of the sunlight.
 Single crystalline cell – 25% efficiency.
 Poly-crystalline solar cell – less than 20%
efficiency.
 Amorphous crystalline solar cell – less than 10%
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DESCRIPTION OF THE CURVE:


The Shockley-Queisser limit for the theoretical maximum
efficiency of a solar cell. Semi-
conductors with band gap
between 1eV and 1.5eV or non-
infrared light, have the greatest
potential to form an efficient
single-junction cell.

MANUFACTURER OF SOLAR CELL:


Due to heavy government investment, China has become
the dominant force in solar cell manufacturing. Chinese
companies producing solar cells/modules with a capacity
of ~23 GW in 2013 (60% of global production).

USES OF SOLAR CELLS:


1. Toys, watches, calculators
2. Electric Fences
3. Remote Lightening System
4. Water Pumping
5. Water Treatment
6. Emergency Power
7. Satellites
8. Railway Signaling
9. Solar Lanterns
10. Power pack
1

BIBLIOGRAPHY: The following information has


been taken from the following sources:

1. Search engine used:

 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.quora.com
 www.labs.google.com
 www.reader.google.com

2. Physics NCERT Vol. 2 of class 12

3. Family encyclopedia by Dorling Kindersley

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