PRACTICAL WORK BOOK

For Academic Session F-18

COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING DESIGN

For
BE (ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING)

Student Name : MUHAMMAD ATIF

Roll Number : F-18ES(21)

Year & Semester : FIRST & SECOND

Teacher Name : ENGR.MUHAMMAD TALHA

Department of Electronic Engineering

Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering Science &
Technology, Nawabshah
QUAID-E-AWAM UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING,
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY NAWABSHAH

Department of Electronic Engineering

CERTIFICATE

It is certified that Mr. / Miss________________

Student of _________bearing Roll Number _________________
has carried out necessary practical work as per course studies of
subject Circuit Analysis for the year _______ according to
practical schedule of his class.

Lab Engineer
Engr. Muhammad Saleh Memon
 QUAID-E-AWAM UNIVERISTY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY NAWABSHAH

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

Circuit Analysis (2nd Semester, 1st Year)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Lab Page No. Lab Experiment Date Remarks

No.
01 Familiarization to Basic Circuit Laboratory and
safety measures before working in the laboratory.
02 To verify Kirchhoff's voltage law for a series
resistive network.
03 To verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law for a parallel
resistive circuit.
04 To verify Kirchhoff’s laws (Kirchhoff’s current law
and Kirchhoff’s voltage law) for a complex resistive
network.
05 To verify Superposition Theorem for a linear
resistive circuit.
06 To verify Thevenin’s theorem for a series-parallel
circuit.
07 To verify Norton's Theorem for a complex resistive
network.
08 To verify Maximum Power Transfer Theorem.

09
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC WORKBENCH
 QUAID-E-AWAM UNIVERISTY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY, NAWABSHAH

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

Circuit analysis (2nd Semester, 1st year)

Name _______________________________________ Roll No. ___________________

Signature Of Lab Engr. _______________________________ Date ________________

LAB EXPERIMENT# 01

OBJECT Familiarization to Basic Circuit Laboratory and safety measures

before working in the laboratory.

THEORY

(A) MEASURING INSTRUMENTS:

MULTIMETER
A multimeter or a multi tester, also known as a VOM (Volt-Ohm meter), is an electronic
measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. A typical
multimeter would include basic features such as the ability to measure voltage, current,
and resistance. Mustimeters may use analog or digital circuits—analog mustimeters
(AMM) and digital mustimeters (often abbreviated DMM or DVOM.) Analog
instruments are usually based on a micro ammeter whose pointer moves over a scale
calibrated for all the different measurements that can be made. Digital instruments
usually display digits, but may display a bar of a length proportional to the quantity being
measured. Digital multimeter have all but replaced analog moving coil multimeter in
most situations. Analog multimeter are still manufactured but by few manufacturers.
 Digital Multimeter Analog Multimeter
AMMETER
An ammeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the electric current in a circuit.
Electric currents are measured in amperes (A), hence the name. Instruments used to
measure smaller currents, in the mille ampere or microampere range, are designated as
mille ammeters or micro ammeters. Early ammeters were laboratory instruments which
relied on the Earth's magnetic field for operation. By the late 19th century, improved
instruments were designed which could be mounted in any position and allowed accurate
measurements in electric power systems.

VOLTMETER
A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electrical potential difference between
two points in an electric circuit. Analog voltmeters move a pointer across a scale in
proportion to the voltage of the circuit; digital voltmeters give a numerical display of
voltage by use of an analog to digital converter

OHMMETER
An ohmmeter is an electrical instrument that measures electrical resistance, the
opposition to an electric current. Micro-ohmmeters (micro Ohmmeter or micro
ohmmeter) make low resistance measurements. Mega ohmmeters (aka mega ohmmeter or
in the case of a trademarked device Meager) measure large values of resistance. The unit
of measurement for resistance is ohms (Ω).

WATTMETER
The wattmeter is an instrument for measuring the electric power (or the supply rate of
electrical energy) in watts of any given circuit. Electromagnetic wattmeter are used for
measurement of utility frequency and audio frequency power; other types are required for
radio frequency measurements.

(A) DEVICES/ EQUIPMENTS:

RESISTOR
A resistor is a passive two-Semesterinal electrical component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and
electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be
made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-
resistivity alloy, such as nickel-chrome). Resistors are also implemented within integrated
circuits, particularly analog devices, and can also be integrated into hybrid and printed
circuits.
INDUCTOR

An inductor (also choke, coil, or reactor) is a passive two-Semesterinal electrical

component that stores energy in its magnetic field. For comparison, a capacitor stores
energy in an electric field, and a resistor does not store energy but rather dissipates
energy as heat

CAPACITOR
A capacitor (originally known as condenser) is a passive two-Semesterinal electrical
component used to store energy in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary
widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric
(insulator); for example, one common construction consists of metal foils separated by a
thin layer of insulating film. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in
many common electrical devices

TRANISISTOR
The transistor is a three-element semiconductor. The three elements are the emitter. The
base and the collector. The emitter supplies the current for transistor operation. The
collector collects the current for circuit operation. The base controls the emitter to
collector current flow.
DIODE
A diode is a semiconductor device that conducts current in one direction, it acts as a
switch. A diode has two electrodes called anode and cathode. Diode is use as a rectifier,
voltage regulated, switch and etc.

POWER SUPPLY UNIT

A power supply unit (PSU) converts mains AC to low-voltage regulated DC power for
the internal components of a computer. Modern personal computers universally use a
switched-mode power supply. Some power supplies have a manual selector for input
voltage, while others automatically adapt to the supply voltage.

(C) SAFETY RULES

The apparent reasons for Accidents arc ignorance, fatigue, mental pressure, faulty or
improper tools, wrong procedure, and carelessness.

Rules for safe practice and to avoid Electric Shock:

 Be sure of the conditions of the equipment and the dangers present BEFORE
working on the piece of the equipment. Many technicians are killed by supposedly
"dead" circuits.

 Never rely on safety devices such as fuses, relays and interlock systems to protect
you. They may not be working and may fail to protect when most needed.
 Never remove the ground wire of three wire-input plug. This eliminates the
grounding feature of the equipment making it a potential shock hazard.
 Do not work on cluttered bench. A disorganized mess of connecting leads,
components and tools only leads to careless thinking, short circuits, shocks and
accidents. Develop habits of systemized procedure of work.
 Do not work on wet floors. Your contact resistance to ground is substantially
reduced. Work on rubber mat or an insulated floor.
  Do not work alone. It is better to someone around to shut of the power to give
artificial respiration and to call a doctor.
 Work with one hand behind you or in your pocket. A current between two hands
crosses your heart and can be more fatal than a current from hand to foot. A wise
technician always works with one hand.
 Never talk to anyone while working. Do not divert your mind by talking to anyone.
Also do not talk to anyone, if he is working on dangerous equipment.
 Always move slowly when working around electrical circuits. Violent and rapid
movements lead to accidental shocks and short circuits.
 If you have to modify the circuit connections, first switch of the power, takeout
power plugs/wires and only then modify it.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Q#1 what is the difference between the digital multimeter and analog multimeter?
Ans. _________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Q#2 How voltmeter is connected in the circuit to measure the voltage?

Ans. ___________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Q#3 How an ammeter is connected in the circuit to measure the current?

Ans. ___________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Q.4 What is the need of power supply unit?

Ans. ___________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
 QUAID-E-AWAM UNIVERISTY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY NAWABSHAH

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

Circuit analysis (2nd Semester, 1st Year)

Name: _______________________________________ Roll No: __________________

Signature Of Lab Engr. _______________________________ Date: _______________

LAB EXPERIMENT# 02

OBJECT To verify Kirchhoff's voltage law for a series resistive network

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

 DC regulated power supply

 millimeters
 Bread board for connecting circuit
 resistors (various values)
 connecting wires

THEORY

In a series circuit, the same current flows across the components while the voltage divides
among the branches depending upon the resistance value.

Kirchhoff’s voltage law states that “In a closed path the algebraic sum of all voltages
around the circuit is zero”. In other words, the algebraic sum of all voltage drops and
emfs in any closed loop or mesh of a circuit is equal to zero.

Mathematically,
∑V=0 OR ∑IR+emf=0

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE:

 Connect the circuit according to given circuit diagram.

 Adjust the Multi-meter to zero position.
 Set power supply to desired DC voltage.
 Measure voltage across each resistor and record in observation table.
 Measure current by breaking the circuit and connect multi-meters in series
record its values in observation table.
 Adjust the power supply to +10V and +15V and repeat all steps and record in
the observation table.
 Verify mathematical conditions of Kirchoff’s voltage law.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.No. Supply
R1 R2 R3 V1 V2 V3 RT VT IT
Voltage
(Ω) (Ω) (Ω) (V) (V) (V) (Ω) (V) (mA)
(V)

REVIEW QUESTION:

Q.1 Define KVL?

Ans.____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Q.2 Define Node, Branch and network?

Ans.____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Q.3 Why we connect volt meter in parallel with resistor?

Ans.____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Q.4 What is the function of multi-meter in this experiment?

Ans.____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Q.5 How ammeter is connected in the circuit?

Ans.____________________________________________________________________
 QUAID-E-AWAM UNIVERISTY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY NAWABSHAH

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

Circuit analysis (2nd Semester, 1st Year)

Name _______________________________________ Roll No. ___________________

Signature Of Lab Engr. _______________________________ Date ________________

LAB EXPERIMENT# 03

OBJECT To verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law for a parallel resistive circuit

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

 DC variable power supply

 A- meter
 Bread board for connecting circuit
 resistors (various values)
 connecting wires
 voltmeter
 M-15 trainer

THEORY

In a parallel circuit, the same voltage drop occurs across the components while the current
divides among the branches depending upon the resistance value.

1. Kirchhoff’s Current Law States that “The algebraic sum of all currents at any
junction of a circuit is equal to zero”. In other words, the algebraic sum of
currents entering a junction of circuit is equal to algebraic sum of currents
entering that junction.
Mathematically,
∑ I=0 OR ∑ Iin = ∑Iout
Where Iin is the entering current and Iout is the leaving current

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE:
 Connect all equipment’s according to given circuit diagram.
 Now connect power supply unit to main supply. Don’t switch on yet.
 Set power supply to desired DC voltage.
 Measure the total & individual voltage drops across each resistor & record in the
observation table
 Calculate the amount of current that will flow in the circuit and adjust the
ammeter range according to the requirement
 Measure the individual currents and total current and record in the observation
table
 Adjust the power supply to +10V and +15V and repeat all steps and record in the
observation table.

OBSERVATION TABLE
S.No. Supply R1 R2 R3 I1 I2 I3 RT VT IT
Voltage (Ω) (Ω) (Ω) (mA) (mA) (mA) (Ω) (V) (mA)

REVIEW QUESTIONS:

Q.1: What is a parallel circuit?

Ans.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Q.2: Why we take separate multi-meters for three branches?

Ans.____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Q.3: What do you mean by variable DC supply?

Ans.____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Q.4 Define KCL

Ans.____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
 QUAID-E-AWAM UNIVERISTY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY NAWABSHAH

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

Circuit analysis (2nd Semester, 1st Year)

Name _______________________________________ Roll No. ___________________

Signature of Lab Engr. _______________________________ Date ________________

LAB EXPERIMENT# 04

OBJECT To verify Kirchhoff’s laws (Kirchhoff’s current law and Kirchhoff’s

voltage law) for a complex resistive network.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
 Regulated DC power supply unit (0 to 35V, 30A)
 Four multi meters
 Wire wound resistors of different values
 Connecting wires

THEORY:

1. Kirchhoff’s Current Law States that “The algebraic sum of all currents at any junction
of a circuit is equal to zero”. In other words the algebraic sum of currents entering a
junction of circuit is equal to algebraic sum of currents entering that junction.

Mathematically,
∑ I=0 OR ∑ Iin = ∑Iout
Where Iin is the entering current and Iout is the leaving current

2. Kirchhoff’s voltage law states that “In a closed path the algebraic sum of all voltages
around the circuit is zero”. In other words, the algebraic sum of all voltage drops and
emfs in any closed loop or mesh of a circuit is equal to zero.

Mathematically,
∑V=0 OR ∑IR+emf=0

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE:
 Connect all equipment’s according to given circuit diagram.
 Now connect power supply unit to main supply. Don’t switch on yet.
 Adjust multi meter position to zero.
 Set power supply to desired DC voltage.
 Using multi-meter measure the current in each branch and record in observation
table for KCL.
 Using multi-meter measure the voltage in each branch and record it in observation
table for KVL.
 Mathematically verify KCL and KVL according to given relations:

(a) For KCL

∑I = 0 OR ∑Iin = ∑Iout
I2 = I3+I5
I1 = I3+I4

(b) For KVL

∑V=0 OR ∑IR+emf=0
V = V1+V2+V3
V3 = V4+V5
V = V1+V2+V4+V5

OBSERVATION TABLES:

For KCL

S.No. Supply Current Current Current Current Current

Voltage inR1 inR2 inR3 inR4 inR5
(V) I1 (mA) I2 (mA) I3 (mA) I4 (mA) I5 (mA)

For KVL

S.No. Supply Voltage Voltage Voltage Voltage Voltage

Voltage Drop inR1 Drop R2 Drop R3 Drop R4 Drop R5
(V) V1 (mA) V 2 (mA) V 3 (mA) V 4 (mA) V 5 (mA)
REVIEW QUESTIONS:

Q.1: What is a complex network?

Ans:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Q.2: Why DC power supply is used in this experiment?

Ans:____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Q.3: What is the function of multi-meter in this experiment?

Ans:____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Q.4 Give mathematical relationship for KVL

Ans:____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Q.5 Give mathematical relationship for KCL

Ans:____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
 QUAID-E-AWAM UNIVERISTY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY NAWABSHAH

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

Circuit analysis (2nd Semester, 1st Year)

Name _______________________________________ Roll No. ___________________

Signature Of Lab Engr. _______________________________ Date ________________

LAB EXPERIMENT# 05

OBJECT To verify Superposition Theorem for a linear resistive circuit

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

 DC regulated power supply unit

 Multi-meters
 Resistors of different values
 Connecting wires

THEORY

The Superposition theorem states that “In any linear bilateral circuit containing more than
one source of emf, the resultant current in any branch is the algebraic sum of current that
would be produced by each emf acting alone, all the other sources of emf being replaced
by meanwhile their respective internal resistances.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

Circuit Diagram 1 Containing both sources of emf

Circuit Diagram 2 Containing one source of emf E1 Circuit Diagram 2 containing one source of emf E2

PROCEDURE:
 Connect all the equipments according to given circuit diagram 1.
 Connect the power supply unit to main supply line. Don’t switch ON yet.
 Turn on variable DC control knob to minimum. Select variable DC voltage range
from 0 to 20V.
 Switch ON first main supply and then power supply unit.
 Measure current in each branch of network.
 Now disconnect source voltage E2 and then measure the current with only one
voltage source E1 as shown in circuit diagram2.
 Again disconnect source voltage E1 and measure the current in each branch with
only one voltage source E2 as show in circuit diagram3.
 Mathematically verify superposition theorem by following relations:

I1 = I1’- I1’’
I = I’+I’’
I2 = I2’’-I2’

OBSERVATION TABLES:

For Circuit Diagram 1

S.No. Supply Supply Current in Current in Current in

Voltage Voltage R1 R2 R3
E1(V) E2(V) I1(mA) I(mA) I2(mA)

For Circuit Diagram 2

S.No. Supply Current in R1 Current in R2 Current in R3

Voltage E1(V) I1’(mA) I’(mA) I2’(mA)
For Circuit Diagram 3

S.No. Supply Current in R1 Current in R2 Current in R3

Voltage E2(V) I1’’(mA) I’’(mA) I2’’(mA)

REVIEW QUESTIONS:

Q.1: What is a linear resistive circuit?

Ans. ___________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

Q.2: What is emf?

Ans.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Q.5 What is bilateral circuit?

Ans.____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Q.4 Define superposition theorem

Ans.____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
 QUAID-E-AWAM UNIVERISTY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY NAWABSHAH

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

Circuit analysis (2nd Semester, 1st year)

Name _______________________________________ Roll No. ___________________

Signature Of Lab Engr. _______________________________ Date ________________

LAB EXPERIMENT# 06

OBJECT To verify Thevenin’s theorem for a series-parallel circuit.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

 DC regulated power supply

 millimeters
 Bread board for connecting circuit
 resistors(various values)
 connecting wires

THEORY

Thevenin’s theorem states that “Any network having Semesterinals A & B can be
replaced by a single source of emf ETh in series with a single resistance RTh.

The emf ETh is the voltage obtained across Semesterinals A & B with load, if any,
removed i.e it is the open circuited voltage between A & B.

The resistance RTh is the resistance of the network measured between A & B with load
removed and sources of emf replaced by their internal resistances.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

Circuit Digram 1
Circuit Diagram 2
 Circuit Diagram 3 Circuit Diagram 4

PROCEDURE:

Connect all equipments according to circuit diagram 1.

Calculate values VTh and RTh as follows:
(a) Leave the Semesterinals A & B open circuited. Don’t connect the leads to
power source yet.
(b) Set the multi-meter at DC voltmeter and measure the open circuited voltage
VTh across Semesterinals A & B as shown in circuit diagram 2.
(c) Connect the multi-meter between Semesterinals A & B and calculate the
resistance RTh across AB as shown in circuit diagram 3.
(d) Construct the new circuit diagram as shown in circuit diagram 4 called the
venin’s equivalent circuit.
 Also calculate VTh and RTh by using mathematical equations.
 Now connect the circuit according to circuit diagram 4 and turn ON power source.
 Measure the DC voltage and current through RL and turn OFF power source.
 Repeat procedure for different values of voltages.
OBSERVATION TABLE

S.No. Supply RL(Ω) Calculated Values Measured Values

Voltage (V) VTh RTh IRL VRL VTh RTh IRL VRL

Mathematically calculated values can be deSemesterined by following relations:

𝐸 × 𝑅2
𝑉𝑇ℎ =
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
𝑅1 × 𝑅2
𝑅𝑇ℎ = 𝑅3 +
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
𝑉𝑇ℎ
𝐼𝑅𝐿 =
𝑅𝑇ℎ + 𝑅𝐿

𝑉𝑅𝐿 = 𝐼𝑅𝐿 × 𝑅𝐿
REVIEW QUESTIONS:

Q.1 Define Thevenin’s theorem

Ans.____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Q.2: What is Thevenin’s voltage?

Ans.____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Q.3 Give mathematical relation for calculation of Thevenin’s resistance

Ans.____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Q.4 What is internal resistance?

Ans.____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
 QUAID-E-AWAM UNIVERISTY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY NAWABSHAH

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

Circuit analysis (2nd Semester, 1st Year)

Name _______________________________________ Roll No. ___________________

Signature Of Lab Engr. _______________________________ Date ________________

LAB EXPERIMENT# 07

OBJECT To verify Norton's Theorem for a complex resistive network.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

 DC regulated power supply

 Multi-meters
 Bread board for connecting circuit
 Resistors(various values)
 Connecting wires

THEORY

It states that “ Any network having two Semesterinals A & B can be replaced by a current
source of current output IN in parallel with a resistance RN.

The output IN of the current source is equal to the current that would flow through AB
when A & B are short circuited.

The resistance RN is the resistance of the network measured between A & B with the load
removed and the sources of emf replaced by their internal resistances.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

Circuit Diagram 2
Circuit Diagram 1
 Circuit Diagram 3 Circuit Diagram 4

PROCEDURE:

 Connect all equipment’s according to circuit diagram 1.

 Find the values of RN and IN as follows:
(a) Replace RL and make Semesterinals A & B short circuited and do not connect
leads to power source.
(b) Set the multi-meter as DC ammeter and measure the short circuit current IN
through Semesterinals A & B as shown in circuit diagram 2.
(c) Connect multi-meter as Ohm meter and measure resistance RN across
Semesterinals A & B as shown in circuit diagram 3.
(d) Construct the new circuit as shown in circuit diagram 4 which is called
Nortan’s equivalent circuit.
 Also calculate values of IN and RN by using mathematical relations.
 Turn ON the power source to measure the DC voltage and current through RL and
turn ON power supply.
 Repeat procedure for different values of voltages.

OBSERVATION TABLE

Supply RL Calculated Values Measured Values

S.No.
Voltage (V) (Ω) IN RN IRL VRL IN RN IRL VRL

Mathematically calculated values can be de Semesterined by following relations:

R2
IN = IT ×
R2 + R3

𝑅1 × 𝑅2
𝑅𝑁 = 𝑅3 +
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
𝑅𝑁
𝐼𝑅𝐿 = 𝐼𝑁 ×
𝑅𝑁 + 𝑅𝐿

𝑉𝑅𝐿 = 𝐼𝑅𝐿 × 𝑅𝐿
REVIEW QUESTIONS:

Q.1 What is Nortan’s Theorem?

Ans. ___________________________________________________________________

Q.2 What is the difference between measured values and calculated values?
Ans. ___________________________________________________________________

Q.3 What is Nortan’s current?

Ans. ___________________________________________________________________

Q.4 Give mathematical relationship for calculation of Nortan’s resistance.

Ans. ___________________________________________________________________

Q.5 Why load resistor is connected in the circuit?

Ans. ___________________________________________________________________
 QUAID-E-AWAM UNIVERISTY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY NAWABSHAH

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

Circuit analysis (2nd Semester, 1st Year)

Name _______________________________________ Roll No. ___________________

Signature Of Lab Engr. _______________________________ Date ________________

LAB EXPERIMENT# 08

OBJECT To verify Maximum Power Transfer Theorem.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

 DC regulated power supply

Multi-meters
 Resistors(various values)
 Connecting wires

THEORY

The maximum power transfer theorem can be defines as “A load will abstract maximum
power from linear bilateral DC circuit when it’s total resistance value equals to the
Thevenin’s resistance of the network as seen by the load. In other words maximum power
will be delivered to the load when RL = RTH.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

Circuit Diagram 1
 Circuit Diagram 2

Circuit Diagram 3

PROCEDURE:

 Connect all equipments as shown in circuit diagram 1.

 Find values of VTh, RTh & RL as follows:
(a) Leave Semesterinals A & B open as shown in circuit diagram 2 and don’t
connect power supply.
(b) Connect multi-meter as ohmmeter between Semesterinals A & B and
measure resistance which is called Thevenin’s resistance RTh.
(c) Set multi-meter as voltmeter and measure voltage between Semesterinals
A & B which is called Thevenin’s voltage VTh .
(d) Measure the value of RL connected across AB which is always equal to
RTh..
 Also calculate these values mathematically according to following
mathematical relations:
𝑅1 × 𝑅2
𝑅𝑇ℎ = 𝑅3 +
𝑅1 + 𝑅2

𝑅𝐿 = 𝑅𝑇ℎ

𝐸 × 𝑅2
𝑉𝑇ℎ =
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
𝑉𝑇ℎ
𝐼𝑅𝐿 =
𝑅𝑇ℎ + 𝑅𝐿

𝑉𝑇ℎ
𝑃 = 𝐼 2 𝑅𝐿 × 𝑅𝐿 =
4𝑅𝐿

 Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram 3 and turn ON the supply to
measure the DC current & DC power though RL.
OBSERVATION TABLE

S.No. Supply RL Calculated Values Measured Values

Voltage (Ω) VTh RTh IRL PRL VTh RTh IRL VRL
(V)

REVIEW QUESTIONS:

Q.1 What is linear bilateral circuit?

Ans. ___________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Q.2 What is condition for maximum power transfer from source to load?
Ans. ___________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Q.3 How will you calculate Thevenin’s resistance across a circuit?

Ans. ___________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Q.4 How voltmeter is connected to measure the Thevenin’s voltage?

Ans. ___________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
 QUAID-E-AWAM UNIVERISTY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY NAWABSHAH

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

Circuit analysis (2nd Semester, 1st Year)

Name _______________________________________ Roll No. ___________________

Signature Of Lab Engr. _______________________________ Date ________________

LAB EXPERIMENT# 09

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC WORLBENCH

OBJECTIVE:
1. To become familiar and understand the basic characteristics of Electronic
Workbench (EWB) Software
2. Steps to implement the simple DC circuit using EWB software

THEORY:

 Electronic Workbench (EWB) is a simulation package for electronic circuits. It

allows you to design and analyze circuits without using breadboards, real
components or actual instruments.
 EWB's click and drag operations make editing a circuit fast and easy. You can
change parameters and circuit components on the fly, which makes "what if"
analysis straight forward.
 Electronic Workbench (EWB) is a design tool that provides you with all the
components and instruments to create board-level designs on your PC.
 Through this software implementation and design the DC and AC electronic and
electrical circuits and their analysis becomes easy.

The circuit window is where you create your schematics. The components and
instruments that you need to construct a circuit are grouped into parts bins. Each parts bin
has a corresponding button on the Parts Bin toolbar. Clicking one of these buttons
displays another toolbar containing buttons representing the components and instruments
contained in that parts bin.

To place a component or instrument on the circuit window, click the desired part button
and drag the component or instrument to the circuit widow. Instruments toolbar includes
a digital meter, a word generator, a logic analyzer, and a logic converter. These
instruments may be dragged onto the circuit window and used to test the circuit that you
build just as you would use test instruments in a lab. The final item on the menu bar is a
power switch. You need to click on the power switch when you are ready to activate your
circuit.

It first leads you through the fundamental steps of putting a circuit together and analyzing
its function using the instruments. It also tries to encourage you to apply the "what if"
approach to circuit design. It will greatly help your understanding of electronics if you
use EWB in an interactive manner: Make change to the circuits you are working on,
observe the effects that these changes have, and try to understand them. The user
interface of EWB consists of the following shown in figure 01.

Figure 01: Electronic Workbench window with defined parameters

Steps to Implement the DC Analysis of an Electronic Circuit on EWB:

To open EWB click on its icon, initially you will see an empty circuit window and two
toolbars; the circuit toolbar with the common file management, editing and graphics
tools, and a Parts Bin toolbar from which you can select a wide range of circuit elements,
and instruments. The following figure 02 shows the series and parallel dc circuits with
result of simulation.

Figure 02: Implemented Series and Parallel DC circuits on EWB window

Step 1: Place the components on the circuit window

To build the circuit, you need a battery, two resistors and a ground connection. Assemble
the components for both series and parallel circuits.

1. Choose File/New to open a new circuit file.

2. Click on the Parts Bin toolbar. The basic toolbar should appear.
 3. Drag two resistors from the toolbar to the circuit window.

To keep the Basics toolbar open, drag it onto the circuit window otherwise, it will close
after you drag an item from it, and you will have to reopen it for every resistor.

4. Move to the Sources on the Parts Bin toolbar. Click on it and a toolbar containing
the battery and ground should appear. Drag them onto the circuit window.
Step 2: Arranging the circuit elements

You can change the orientation of the circuit elements either by rotating them or flipping
them over. To do this, select the circuit element and either click on the standard
rotate/flip icons on the toolbar, or select the desired operation under Circuit. In this case
you want to rotate both resistors.

1. Select both by either CTRL+click, and by dragging the mouse over them.
2. Choose your favorite way to rotate by 90 degrees.

Note that selected circuit elements are highlighted.

Step 3: Wires the components together

Most components have short lines pointing outwards, the terminals. To wire the
components together you have to create wires between the components.

1. Move the pointer to the terminal on the top of the battery. When you are at the
right position to make a connection, a black dot appears. Now drag the wire to the
top of the upper resistor. Again a black dot appears, and the wire snaps into
position.
2. Wire the rest of the components in a similar manner.

Initially you wiring may not look very pretty. However, after making the connections,
you can move wires and components around without breaking the connections.

Step 4: Set values for the components

Initially, each component comes up with a preset, default value, e.g. the battery voltage is
set to 12V. You can change all component values to suit your application.

1. Double click on the component.

2. Select VALUE.
3. Change its value as you wish.
4. Click OK.

Step 5: Save your Circuit

Save your work frequently which you have designed on the workbench window.
1. Select File/Save.
2. Proceed in the normal way for saving files.

Step 6: Attach the voltmeter and Ammeter

To measure voltages and currents in your circuits you can use one or more voltmeters and
ammeters or using multimeter using instrument tool bar. Only one parameter you can
observe. For each point you can drag it from indicator toolbar.

1. Drag a voltmeter and ammeter from the indicator toolbar to the circuit window.
2. Drag wires from the voltmeter and ammeter terminals to point in your circuit
between which you want to measure the voltage and current.
3. Activate the circuit by clicking the power switch at the top right corner of the
EWB window.

Note that the ground connection plays no particular role in this measurement. The
voltmeter is not connected to a reference point. It functions very much like the hand-held
multimeter in the lab. You can measure voltage or current differences between any pair
of points in the circuit.

Step 7: Make changes and additions

You have simple but functioning circuits. Take this opportunity to make some changes
and additions.
Add an ammeter in the series for both circuits to measure the current through the resistors
for both series and parallel. Change the values of the resistors, and observe the change in
the currents and voltages.

Using the main instruments:

EWB incorporates a number of instruments, such as multimeter, an oscilloscope and a

function generator. The following provides an introduction to these major instruments.
To briefly investigate the multimeter, build the circuits below.

The Multimeter

In the EWB multimeter is an instrument to measure the quantity of resistance, voltage

and current in both DC and AC circuits. Figure 03 shows the EWB multimeter.
 Figure 03: EWB multimeter

1. Drag the multimeter from instrument toolbar onto the EWB circuit window.
2. Double-click on the multimeter. You can now change its settings, such as voltage
and current in both ac and dc, also can change to measure resistance.
3. The multimeter has two terminals, "-", and "+".connect negative to a ground
terminal.
4. Get two red probes from the Indicators toolbar. Wire them to the "+" and "-"
terminals, and activate the circuit. To get a little bit more information we will
attach a second kind of indicator.

The Function Generator:

Figure 04 shows the function generator on EWB software to set amplitude and frequency
and through this we can generate square, sine wave and rectangle signal etc.

Figure 04: The function generator with bar graph displays on EWB
 1. Drag the function generator onto the circuit window of EWB.
2. Double-click on the function generator. You can now change its settings, such as
the wave form, the signal amplitude and the signal frequency.
3. The function generator has three terminals, "-", "common" and "+".Connect the
common to a ground terminal.
4. Get two red probes from the Indicators toolbar. Wire them to the "+" and "-"
terminals, and activate the circuit. You should now have two blinking red lights.
To get a little bit more information we will attach a second kind of indicator.
5. Get two decoded bar graph displays from the indicator toolbar.
6. Wire one terminal of each of the bar graph indicators to ground, and the other
terminals to the"+"and "-" terminals of the function generator.
7. Experiment with changing the wave form and frequency of the signal generator.

The Oscilloscope:

An oscilloscope is a far more powerful instrument than a bar graph indicator or even a
voltmeter. It can show you the time dependence of the signals in your circuit. The EWB
oscilloscope provides a fairly close approximation of a real one. It has two independent
input channels, A and B, an input for an external trigger and a ground connection. The
following figure 05 shows the oscilloscope on the workbench window to check the input
and output waveform using dual channels.

Figure 05: The EWB oscilloscope with terminals

To look at the output of your signal generator you can add an oscilloscope to the circuit
you just made.

1. Drag the oscilloscope onto the circuit window, and double-click on it.
2. The oscilloscope has four terminals, for two independent input channels, a trigger
input and a ground connection. The input channels sense voltages with respect to
ground. As long as there is at least one ground terminal attached to your circuit, it
is not necessary to connect the oscilloscope ground. We will discuss the issue of
how the oscilloscope is triggered in class. At this point, leave the triggering on
auto.
3. Connect channel A to the "+" output of the function generator, and activate the
circuit. You should now have a sine wave on your oscilloscope screen.
 4. Make drastic changes in the signal amplitude and frequency, and adjust the
sensitivity and time base settings such that you still maintain an easily
interpretable picture of the wave form on the oscilloscope screen. It may be
necessary to occasionally reactivate the simulation.
5. Change the offset on the function generator to a value of the order of the
amplitude. This adds a constant voltage to the signal. You will see the trace on the
oscilloscope move up (or down). You have two options to move it back to center
6. Change the "y position" such that the trace comes back on center. This can always
been done as long as the offset is not too large. (Most oscilloscopes cannot
produce an internal offset that is much larger than the full scale display range.).
7. Change the "y-position" back to zero, and select "AC" as input coupling mode. In
this mode the DC component of the signal is removed. The EWB oscilloscope is
very good at this, but real instruments have a difficulty distinguishing between
DC and very slowly oscillating signals. In practice, avoid the AC input mode for
signal frequencies less than 100 Hz

To get a larger image of the oscilloscope, try the expand button. On the expanded display
you will find two vertical line cursors. By moving these around you can measure time
and amplitude of points on the displayed traces.

Simulation:

The simulation is a mathematically way of modeling the behavior of a circuits. With

simulation one can be able to determine a circuit’s performance without physically
constructing the circuit or using actual test instruments.

VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:

1. What is Electronic Workbench?

2. What is the importance of EWB? Also enlist the various advantages of Electronic
Workbench Software.
3. What did you learn in this lab experiment? Write in your own words.

When you are finished performing the lab activity:

 Put away the wires, power supply, capacitors, multi-meter, and capacitance
meter
 Clean up your lab table
 Attach results/plots/answers with your handout with your roll number on
extra sheets (if any).