CCST9045

The Science and Lore of

Culinary Culture

Salt
By the end of these lectures, you will be able to:
• To explain the different • To describe the origin and
forms of commercial salts production of table salt
for food use
• To discuss the nutritional
and health value of salt
consumption
Food
Food
Technology
• To outline the history and • To recognize the cultural
economics of salt dimension of salt
production and

Goals and standards

consumption

Food Trade Food Culture

 People who do not have high blood pressure do not
need to eat less salt. (agree/not sure/disagree)

 Sea salt is healthier than table salt. (agree/not

sure/disagree)

 The more salt a food product contains, the saltier it is,

and vice versa. (agree/not sure/disagree)

 People doing more exercise should take in more salt.

(agree/not sure/disagree)
Introduction
 Used in foods and preservatives since pre‐historic 
time.
 Household necessity
 Scarce in most areas until recently 
 Important as a traded commodity – also used as 
currency. (nearly worth its weight in gold)
 Politically and economically important in human 
history due to rarity and importance
 Basic Tastes

 Taste: one of the traditional five senses;

 Tastes

 Five basic tastes: sweetness, sourness, bitterness,

saltiness, umami;
 Probe harmful and beneficial effects: appetitive or
aversive;
- Sweet  sugar (energy)
- Umami  amino acids (muscle)
- Salt  electrolytes (body fluid balance)
- Sour/Bitter  avoid potentially
noxious and/or poison chemicals

• Other factors that affect flavor:

smell, texture and temperature
 Gustation stimuli

 Chemical sense
Taste bud

 Stimuli dissolved in water,

oil or saliva, reach
the receptor cells though
taste bud pores .

 Taste perception affected

by: temperature, viscosity,
rate duration, area of
application, presence of
other tastes
 Bitter and sweet tastes can mutually suppress
each other. Common table salt is primarily
made of sodium chloride and sodium is a very
good bitterness inhibitor, meaning it can
reduce the bitter taste of foods it's added to. So
when salt is added to watermelon, the sodium

Critical intellectual inquiry

actually reduces its bitterness.
Old and Wrong New Finding
Perception

Taste bud with

different receptor cells
 Saltiness

 Taste of salt: an appetitive taste that drives salt

consumption

 Salt suppresses bitterness, and is commonly added

to chocolates, fruits, and desserts to intensify their
sweetness.

 Saltiness is a taste produced best by the presence of

cations such as Na+, K+ or Li+)
 Taste threshold

 Sensory Threshold (e.g. for taste, flavor)

 Traditional: All or nothing (a stimulus concentration above which the
stimulus could be detected, and below which it could not)
 In practice, it is believed it is a probabilistic/statistical concept, i.e. the
stimulus concentration for which the probability of detection is 50%
 Taste threshold

 Factors affecting the threshold

 For an individual, e.g.,
 Health (e.g. common cold/ fever)
 Emotion/mood (e.g. happy/anxious/ depressed)
 Environment (e.g. surrounding temperature/ humidity)
 Medium containing the stimulus (e.g. purified water, tap water, solid food)

 Among different individuals, e.g.

 Age
 Gender
 Genes (e.g. differences in biology/ pathways)
 Medication
 Eating habit (e.g. high salt diet, preference for spicy foods)
 Personal habit (e.g. smoking/ alcohol consumption)
 Taste threshold

 Evaluation of Taste Threshold

 Three-Alternative Forced-Choice (3-AFC) procedure Taste threshold for NaCl:
- The stimulus at a specified concentration (dissolved in purified 200–300 mg/L in water
water) is presented along with a pair of reference samples
to the assessor.
- The assessor is required to select one of the samples as
containing the stimulus, or having the stimulus at
a greater concentration.
- The assessor must make a selection.

Dilute by x Further dilute

times by x times Until could have
a 50% probability
of differentiating
(x = 2 - 5) the salty one
from others

blank blank [Salt] = 1 blank [Salt] = ଵ blank

௫
Draft ISO/DIS 13301: Sensory analysis - Methodology - General guidance for
measuring odour, flavour and taste detection thresholds by a 3-AFC procedure [Salt]: Salt concentration
 What is Salt ?

 Also known as common salt or table salt

 Primarily composed of sodium chloride

 Essential for animal life, but harmful when in excess

 Most common food seasoning

 Important for food preservation

 Sodium and health

 Sodium: function in maintaining fluid balance within

the body

 Body regulates the level of sodium in the blood

 Sodium is necessary in generating electrical impulses

in nerve and muscle; gradients across cells enable
the uptake of nutrients

 Low intake results in heath problems, such as muscle

cramps, dizziness .
 Chloride and health

 A type of electrolyte which works with Na and K found in

fluids surrounding cells to maintain electrolyte and osmotic
balance

 In stomach as HCl, it helps break food so it can be absorbed

by small intestines

 In liver, it helps in removing waste.

 Sodium appetite

 Sodium is essential for maintaining

 Membrane (electrical) potential of cells
 Osmotic potential in the extracellular space

 Sodium is inevitably lost from animal

 Sweat, urine, tear, other waste/secretions

 Animals must acquire sodium from external sources for restoring

homeostasis

 Collectively, the set of behaviors and the motivational state (i.e.,

drive) that mobilizes and directs animals to finding and consuming
substances containing sodium is most often referred to as sodium or
salt appetite.

Neurobiology of Body Fluid Homeostasis: Transduction and Integration.

De Luca LA Jr, Menani JV, Johnson AK, editors. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press/Taylor & Francis; 2014.
 Sodium appetite

 Many mammalian species, especially omnivores and herbivores, display

motivated behaviors of seeking and ingesting sodium-containing
substances when they are sodium deficient.

 In laboratory animal, they would increase the intake of unpalatable

saline solutions (usually 1.5% to 3% NaCl w/v) over a specified period in
response to a sodium deficit
 In laboratory, sodium appetite is triggered by sodium-deficient diet, and/or by drug which
increases sodium loss via increased urine production

 Patients suffering from Addison’s disease might have a symptom of

craving/desire for salt and salty foods.
 Addison’s disease is an endocrine disorder (the adrenal glands do not produce enough
steroid hormones), and might cause excessive loss of sodium via increased urination.
 Forms of Salt

1. Unrefined salt
 Fleur de sel, bamboo salt, raw sea salt

2. Refined salt
 Majorly sold for industrial uses

3. Table salt
 97 – 99% sodium chloride with anti-caking
and/ or desiccant

4. Salty condiments
 Soy sauce, fish sauce, oyster sauce, ketchup
 Processes to refine salt

 Salt feeding
 Salt washing & milling
 Centrifuging
 Dosing of additives &
coating
 Salt drying
 Sizing and conditioning
 Storing
 Packaging
 Varieties of Refined Salt

Components
Type of NaCl Mg Ca SO4 Insolubles
Salt
Pure Vacuum 99.95 0.0001 0.002 0.04 tr
Evaporated
Salt
Vacuum Salt 99.70 0.01 0.01 0.2 tr
Refined salt 99 0.06 0.05 0.2 0.02-0.3
Solar Salt 96-99 0.01-0.17 0.04-1.1 0.2-1.3 1-5
Rock Salt 90-99 0.01-0.17 0.04-1.1 0.2-1.3 0-5

Refined salt is high in purity (NaCl content 99.5%), dry, and white with uniform
grain size (0.3 mm). Depending on the application, it is sold with or without
additives such as: anti-caking, free flowing and iodizing agents.
 Table salt

 Designed to be used in cooking and at the table;

preferred for baking

 About 97 – 99% sodium chloride and usually contain

free-flowing and anti-caking agents

 Particle density of 2.165 g/cm3, and a bulk density of

about 1.154 g/cm3
 Fleur de sel

 “Flower of salt” (French)

 hand-harvested sea salt

collected by workers who
scrape only the top layer
of salt before it sinks to
the bottom of large salt
pans

 Coarse, less salty salt for

sprinkling on food
 Bamboo salt (Korea)

 Done by inserting salt in

a thick bamboo stub and
baking them together
with pine tree firewood.

 Ancient bamboo salt was

baked only twice or trice.

 They used the salt as

special medicine
treatments
Sources of salts
 Salt is found naturally 
 In seawater (around 3%)
 In natural bodies of water 
(lakes, streams as well as 
in springs; wells drilled 
in areas with high salt 
content)
 In mineral deposits 
(halite) Dead sea. It is one of the saltiest bodies of water
on the Earth, with 33.7% salinity
Salt water
 When rainwater flows on the 
ground, various ions in the 
soil/rock are dissolved and 
transported along with it
 Therefore, all water bodies that are 
formed by surface runoff contain 
salts
 The amount of dissolved salts in 
the water bodies increases when
 The rate of precipitation (rainfall) 
and water flow is decreased
 The rate of evaporation is 
increased
 The body is confined/isolated 
from other fresh water sources
 Salt can be obtained in water with 
high salt content
Salt Production
 Sea water (salt pans)
 Salty water is fed into 
large ponds in open 
areas, then the water is 
removed by evaporation
 Salt is left behind and is 
subsequently harvested
 Can be done in warm, 
dry places with intense 
sunlight Guerrero Negro Salt works, Mexico. It is one of 
the largest salt mine in the world (annual 
production: 7 mil. ton)
 Salt Production
 The evaporation process can be 
controlled to produce purer salt
 Among all ions in the sea water, only 
calcium sulfate is less soluble than 
sodium chloride (others are more soluble)
 The production take advantage of this fact
 Seawater is evaporated in concentration 
ponds in which CaSO4 crystallizes out of the 
solution
 Then the brine is passed to crystallization 
ponds, the evaporation continues until 
sodium chloride is deposited
 The pond may have a distinctive pink color as 
some green algae living in saline environment 
may produce a red pigment called 
haematochrome under intense light
Salt Production, old industry 
in Hong Kong (Tai O)

http://industrialhistoryhk.org/salt‐
production‐oldest‐industry‐hong‐
kong‐tai/
Nowadays ! 
Salt Production
 Water from salt wells/ 
springs
 In some places (like 
Sichuan, China), people 
draw salty water in deep 
wells, then boil them in 
large iron pans
 Energy input (e.g. wood, 
natural gas) is needed 
for high temperature, 
but the salt production is  Making salt by boiling water (Zigong, Sichuan)
faster
 Salt Production
 Vacuum evaporation
 A faster and more efficient 
method for salt production 
 The brine is boiled (at lower 
temperatures) under near‐
vacuum conditions
 Small salt seed crystals were 
added to promote 
crystallization
 The steam produced can be 
recycled for heating, which 
increase the efficiency of the 
process
 Nearly automatic operation
Rock Salt
 Rock Salt (Halite) is the 
mineral form of sodium 
chloride 
 It is usually colorless 
crystals, but it may be 
colored by the impurities 
 Found in sedimentary
evaporate deposits of 
dried lakes or seas
Rock Salt
 Salt can be mined 
from underground 
deposits
 Mining salt
 Similar to mining 
other raw materials, 
like coal
 Before the industrial 
revolution, mining 
salts was very labor‐
intensive and 
dangerous
Mining rock salts
 After the development of 
internal combustion 
engines and earth 
moving equipment, the 
mining process become 
much easier
 Salt are produced either by 
rock salt mining or 
solution mining (adding 
water into mines, pumping 
out the brine and followed 
by vacuum evaporation)
 The mines are usually 
operated by multi‐national 
companies. Modern rock salt mine near Mount 
Morris, New York
Salt Production
 Annual world salt production (2006) : 210,000,000 tonnes
 The top five salt producers are: USA, China, India, Canada 
and Australia
 Uses of salt
 Food‐grade salt constitute 
17.5% of global salt 
production in 2011
 Others uses
 Chemical industries : ‐
‐ Chloralkali process 
(electrolysis of 
production of NaOH
and Chlorine gas),  
‐ producing soda ash 
(sodium carbonate) Various uses of sodium chloride
 De‐icing in different areas
 Animal feedstuff
Salt: Global Industry Markets and Outlook, 13th edition 2011 ‐
http://www.roskill.com/reports/industrial‐minerals/salt
 Uses as electrolyte Na+ /K+  pumps 

 Salt is an essential element in 
the diet of most living things
 Sodium is one of the primary 
electrolyte in the body
 Various electrolytes (Na,K,Ca)
are used to maintain voltage 
across the cell membranes 
and carry electrical impulses
 They will be lost through 
sweating and urination and 
so have to replaced to keep 
the concentration constant
 Salt as electrolyte
• Too much or too little salt 
in diet can cause muscle 
cramps, dizziness or 
electrolytic disturbances
• Similarly, if one drink too 
much water without salt 
intake, they may got water 
intoxication, which is 
potentially fatal
• Therefore, saline solution 
(instead of pure water) is 
used in medical treatment
Uses as (Food) Preservatives

 Salt is used as a preservative 
since ancient times (and not 
limited in foods) 
 For example, ancient Egyptian 
people use a lot of salt in 
preserving mummies and 
their funeral offerings (salted 
fish, birds, etc.)
 via Osmosis
Uses of salt
 (Food) preservative
 Principle: 
 By creating a high salt 
concentration, water in 
the cells will be drawn 
out by osmosis
 Salt concentration 
around 20% is required 
to kill most bacteria 
(Using salt water for 
sterilizing (to kill 
bacteria) 
Uses of Salt
 Salt is added to bread 
dough to strengthen 
the gluten (the elastic 
protein‐water complex)

 It also act as a binder in 
sausages by forming a 
gel of meat, fat and 
moisture
Making Table Salt
Uses as Flavor Enhancer
 To give a unique saltiness 
taste
 The taste is produced primarily 
by the interaction of Sodium 
ions and the ion channels in 
the tongue
 Other alkali metal ions (like 
K+) give a less salty taste, 
while the alkali earth metal 
ions (like Ca2+) have a bitter 
taste
Making table Salt
 Unrefined salt
 Raw sea salts are 
often bitter in taste 
(contains Magnesium 
or Calcium 
compounds)
 not good for eating
 Usually used in 
bathing additives 
(bath salts) and  Typical mass of different substances in 
cosmetic products 1kg(~1L) of sea water
Making table Salt
 Refined salt
 Produced by more 
carefully controlled 
evaporation/ 
crystallization 
processes
 Contains 97‐99% NaCl
 Particle size varies 
depending on uses
 Various additives
 Various additives of table salt
 Iodine
 Iodine (actually in the form 
of iodide ions) is essential
to human health
 Mainly come from  marine 
T3
foods
 Human with iodine 
deficiency will have thyroid  T4
gland problems (e.g. swelling 
of thyroid gland) or cause 
stunted mental and physical 
growth in children.
Various additives of table salt
 From 1924, iodine‐containing 
compounds were added to 
table salts to help reducing 
iodine deficiency in humans. 
 Potassium iodide (KI)
 Sodium iodide (NaI)
 Sodium iodate (NaIO3)
 The amount of iodine 
compound added is minute,
 In US, iodized salt contains 
46‐77ppm of iodine
 In UK the value is 10‐22ppm Sample of potassium iodide
 Various additives of table salt
 Fluoride Enamel of teeth is 
 In places which have not  mainly composed of 
benefited from  calcium phosphate 
fluoridated toothpastes  which can be 
or water, fluorides are  dissolved by acids
added to salt to protect 
people’s teeth.  Ca3(PO4)2
 For example, in France, 
35% of salts contains 
sodium fluoride. F F F F F F F F
Protective layer of 

F F F

F F F
fluoride on the surface 
of teeth against corrosion 
Ca3(PO4)2
by acids 
 Various additives of table salt
 Iron
 For some developing countries, 
both iron and iodide salts 
are added to table salt since 
the last decade.
 They are called double 
fortified salt
 This can prevent iron 
deficiency anemia, which 
interferes mental 
development of infants.
 It is previously impossible 
to add iron as it will react 
with iodide in the mixture, 
but now new technology is 
developed to avoid that 
 Various additives of table salt
 Anti‐caking agents
 To make table salt move more 
freely (and don’t clump into 
large pieces), various anti‐
caking agents may be added to 
the salt.
 Sodium ferrocyanide
 Calcium/Magnesium 
carbonate
 Tricalcium phosphate
 Fatty acid salts
 Magnesium oxide
 Silicon dioxide
 Calcium silicate
 Sodium/Calcium 
aluminosilicate
Various additives of table salt
 Others
 Folic acid (Vitamin B9)
may be added to the salt 
which helps prevent 
some infant defects of 
young mothers in 
developing countries
 The presence of folic 
acid will give the salt a 
slightly yellow color
Salt, Culture and Society
 Salt in ancient China
 Chinese character for “salt 鹽“ also implicate the 
origin and supervision of salt making

Ancient Modern
Chinese character for salt

Two  possible meanings A man (working in salt 
(i) Eyes (under watch) evaporation pond)
(ii) Government Officials

Salt evaporation pond 

A pan (for holding the salty 
water during evaporation)
Salt in history
 Politically and 
economically important 
since ancient times
 Many stories, legend and 
tales are related to it
 Many traditions in various 
culture are related to salt
 Served as money in 
various time and places
 Causes of numerous riots, 
oppositions and warfare Salt evaporation ponds in ancient China
 Salt in ancient times
 Salt making can be traced 
to pre‐historic times
 Evidence indicates that 
Neolithic people in 
Romania boiled the salt 
spring water to extract salt 
(as far back in 6500BC) and 
the salt extracted may be 
related to the rapid growth 
of the population
 The salt extracted in Xiechi
near Yuncheng, China was 
dated back to 6000BC,  Xiechi(解池), the largest lake in Shanxi province. 
which is one of the oldest  It was known to produce salt for at least 4000 
verifiable salt works years
 Natron: Mixture of sodium carbonate, sodium 
Salt in ancient Egypt bicarbonate, along with small quantities of sodium 
chloride and sodium sulfate.

 Salt making can be traced to 
pre‐historic times
 Due to its durability and 
immunity to decay, salt was a 
symbol of immortality
 Egyptians discovered a type of 
salt in a dry riverbed, which 
they called Natron, and they 
used it in the mummification 
process
 From 2800BC, the  Egyptians 
began exporting salted fish 
to Phoenicians for Lebanon 
cedar (a kind of wood for 
construction), glass and dyes
Salt in ancient culture
 Salt has also been referenced in religious books and arts
 Bible
 Old Testament, Leviticus 2:13
 Season all your grain offerings with salt. Do not leave the salt of the
covenant of your God out of your grain offerings; add salt to all your
offerings.
 New Testament, Matthew 5:13
 You are the salt of the earth. But if the salt loses its saltiness, how
can it be made salty again? It is no longer good for anything, except
to be thrown out and trampled underfoot.
 Salt in ancient culture
 Salt has also been referenced in religious books and
arts
 Painting
The Last Supper (Leonardo da Vinci), restored 

Salt is a symbol of sanctity and protection
Spilling salt represents a bad omen

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spilling_salt
Origins of words that are related to salt
 Many words are derived (or 
suspected to be derived) by parts 
of the word salt
 Salad (14th century)  Salade
(French) Salata (Latin, 
feminine form of salted/salty)
 Sauce  Sauce (French) 
Salsus (Latin, masculine 
form of salty/salted,)
 Salsa  Salsa (Spanish) 
Salsa (Latin, feminine form of 
salty)
 Sausage Saussiche (Old 
French) Salsus
 Soldier – “Sal dare” (Latin, “to 
give salt”)
Origin of the word ‘salary’
 Salary – Salarium
 An allowance for the 
purchase of salt in 
ancient Rome—Salt 
money 
 In another version, it 
was the price paid to 
soldiers conquering 
the salt supplies and 
guarding the salt roads 
that lead to Rome Naturalis Historia (Natural History), ca. 77‐79 by 
Pliny the Elder. It explained that salary was ‘derived 
from salt, as it was originally the soldier’s pay.’
Salt tax
 How much do you need to pay for salt nowadays?

Free?
Salt tax
 Throughout history, salt 
have been subjected to 
taxes and governmental 
monopolies
 The salt tax revenues 
were so high that it can 
support a country like 
France, Britain and even 
China
Oppositions to salt tax
 As the salt tax were often high (and related to a large 
part of the governments revenues), numerous 
riots/protests occurred in different countries was 
related to it
 Also, illegal salt production and salt smuggling were 
common as it was highly profitable to sell salts without 
paying the tax
Salt tax in china
 There are three types of 
policies regarding the salt 
trade in ancient china: 
 No control (and no 
taxation)
 Imposition of salt taxes 
(and controlling the 
production)
 Monopolizing salt 
production and trades. 
 There were much 
discussion on different salt  Machine for drilling salt wells, 17th century
tax implementations
Arguments of tax policies
 No control
 Salt is one of the commodities which can’t be replaced by 
other things. People should not be taxed for survival
 Salt tax
 The need of salt (per person) is small compared to other 
commodities (e.g. food). 
 Also, it is easy to implement salt tax than other taxes (e.g. just 
collect them at production site) 
 The amount of revenue generated by such tax would be great.
 Monopoly
 The salt mining business was too profitable, and it should be 
controlled (or even done) by governments instead. 
 Salt smugglers in China
 Salt smuggling was endemic and 
widespread in China
 The higher the tax/stricter the 
rules, the more serious was the 
problem
 The problem exists since the tax was 
levied, but it became more serious 
after late Yuan dynasty (14th century)
 The cost of making salt was 
decreasing, while the price of salt 
remained high (due to the tax)
 The need for salt increases as the 
population is rising rapidly
 The traffic was advanced enough to  Salt smugglers 
smuggle large amount of salt (a few 
tons at a time)
Salt smugglers in China
 The salt smuggling business were highly 
organized, often operated by bandits 
and influential people
 Traders carry illegal salts in addition to 
the legal ones
 Armed bandits produced and traded 
illegal salts, they might also rob salt 
from salt traders and sold them for 
profit
 Their actions were not prosecuted as 
there were much corruptions among 
the government officials
 Poor people also took part in producing 
illegal salt, especially when the economy 
is tumbling
 It is estimated in Qing dynasty, more 
than half of the salt produced were illegal  Salt smugglers 
in origin
Salt smuggling in British India
 To avoid salt smuggling, a thorn 
fence and custom check points 
were erected along the Bengal in 
1803

 Later, the line was extended 
throughout India, forming a 
continuous barrier of more than 
4000 km

 Laws were set up to ban 
unlawful production and 
procession of salts, and salt can 
only be handled at official 
government salt depots after 
paying the tax
Salt tax in British India
 Britain abolished its own 
salt tax in 1825, when the 
material becomes 
important in the 
manufacturing processes 
emerging from Industrial 
revolution
 However, the tax was 
levied in British India
 In 1858, it contributed to 
10% of revenues of 
British India
 In 1880, the income from 
salt is 7 million pounds
Protests of salt tax in British India
 At one time, the price of salt in 
Britain was 1.5 pounds per ton. 
But in India, the same amount 
cost 20 pounds

 In 1900 and 1905, India was one 
of the largest salt producers in 
the world, with a yield of 
1,021,426 and 1,212,600 tonnes
respectively

 However, the high price of salt 
made it unaffordable to people 
in India, resulting a number of 
diseases due to iodine deficiency
Protests of salt tax in British India
 There were much 
criticism of salt tax since 
the introduction, both in 
Britain and in India
 However, the tax was 
still in force and even 
doubled in 1923
 In 1930s, people in salt‐
production provinces 
were close to open 
rebellion

Map of India (1930)
Protests of salt tax in British India
 Dandi March(1930)
 Salt March
 They aimed to produce salt 
without paying the tax, 
defying the laws of salt 
production by British 
rulers
 Their production of illegal 
salt sparked a nation‐wide 
protest against salt tax 
which last for a year
 The tax was finally 
abolished in 1946
French gabelle
 The high tax was one of the 
contributing factors of 
French Revolution
 Abolished in 1790 (French 
Revolution)
 Reinstated in 1806 (by 
Napoleon for financing war 
campaigns) 
 Briefly abolished again in 
1848‐1852 (during Second 
Republic)
 Finally abolished 
permanently in 1945 (after 
the WWII)
Salt riot in Russia (1648)
 The state treasury of Russia was 
drained in the Time of Troubles 
(1598‐1613)
 To replenish the treasury, the 
government replaced the old tax 
system with a universal salt tax 
 The new tax drove up the price 
of salt
 Workers and serfs were the most 
affected by the increased price, 
as salted fish was a staple of the 
Russian diet at the 17th century
 Meanwhile, townsmen and 
nobles had ways to evade the tax
Salt riot in Russia (1648)
 The angry population 
blamed the Tsar’s advisors 
who placed a higher 
burden on them
 They tried to complain to 
the Tsar about the officials, 
but was dispersed by the 
royal bodyguards
 This caused a major 
outbreak of anger
 The rebels burst into 
Kremlin and set fires in the 
city, laying half of the 
Moscow in ruin
 Researchers have suggested that taxes on food

Tackling novel situations and ill-defined problems


products containing salt can help to cut cardiovascular
deaths in developed countries.

Do you agree with the implementation of salt tax in

combating cardiovascular deaths in developed
countries? Why?
 Dry Salt Mining
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XBhY347jmgI&li
st=PLwRji61dmJenC5HbNiUOUqQu9AZo_D4_B
 The Making of Road Salt
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_e37kapO2Rw&li
st=PLwRji61dmJenC5HbNiUOUqQu9AZo_D4_B
 Harvesting Salt from the Ocean
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KEq6LVeQGSY&
list=PLwRji61dmJenC5HbNiUOUqQu9AZo_D4_B
 Salt, the White Wonder
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rUGTWPrcnbE&
list=PLwRji61dmJenC5HbNiUOUqQu9AZo_D4_B