The Contractor shall notify the Company of any conflict between this specification,
the Codes and Standards and any other specification included as part of the Project
documen-tation.
This specification and the guidelines set forth do not relieve the Contractor, its
Sub- Con-tractors and Vendors of the responsibility to provide a finished product
capable of perform-ing its intended service.
Any exception to this specification and referenced documentation shall be raised by
the Contractor and approved by the Company in writing, following the applicable
procedure for concession requests as defined in the Quality Management Procedures
of the Project.
During further stages of the project (detailed design) Contractor is obliged to
verify calcula-tions, the design and dimensions of all equipment using its own
calculations based on pro-cess, design, safety and warranty data given in the
tender documentation. The detailed de-sign must be agreed upon with the Company.
HDD crossings are often undertaken to minimize the adverse environmental
effects at watercourse crossings. Nevertheless, an HDD does not guarantee that all
adverse environmental effects will be prevented. Common adverse effects are the
result of:
• inadvertent returns of drilling fluids into the aquatic, terrestrial or
social/cultural environments; and, to a lesser extent,
• disturbance of soils, vegetation, wildlife and social/cultural elements arising
from either construction of drill sites, exit areas, access roads and temporary
vehicle crossings, or the HDD activity.
Further details on the environmental effects of inadvertent releases can be found
in many documents, including:
• Horizontal Directional Drilling Best Management Practices Manual, Topical
Report. Gas Research Institute. May, 2002; and
• Quantifying the Effects of Sediment Release on Fish and Fish Habitats,
Anderson, P.G., B.R. Taylor and G. Balch. 1995. Prepared for the Department
of Fisheries and Oceans.
7.1 Aquatic
Tension
Tension on the pull section results from three primary sources: (1) frictional
drag between the pipe and the wall of the hole, (2) fl uidic drag from
viscous drilling fl uid surrounding the pipe, and (3) the effective (submerged)
weight of the pipe as it is pulled through the hole. In addition
to these forces that act within the drilled hole, frictional drag from the
portion of the pull section remaining on the surface (typically supported
on rollers) also contributes to the tensile load on the pipe.
Additional loads that the horizontal drilling rig must overcome during
pull back result from the length of the drill string in the hole and the
reaming assembly that precedes the pull section. These loads don ’ t act on
the pull section and therefore have no effect on pipe stresses. Nonetheless,
if a direct correlation with the overall rig force is desired, loads resulting
from the reaming assembly and drill string must be estimated and added
to the tensile force acting on the pull section.
Calculation of the tensile load required to install a pipeline by HDD
is complicated due to the fact that the geometry of the drilled path must
be considered along with properties of the pipe being installed, subsurface
materials, and drilling fl uid. Assumptions and simplifi cations
are typically required. A theoretical pulling load may be calculated by
hand or with the aid of one of several commercially available software
packages.
Regardless of the method used to calculate an HDD pulling load, the
design engineer should be aware that numerous variables affect pulling
loads, many of which depend upon site-specifi c conditions and individual
contractor practices. These include prereaming diameter, hole stability,
removal of cuttings, soil and rock properties, drilling fl uid properties,
drilled path geometry, and the effectiveness of buoyancy control measures.
Such variables cannot easily be accounted for in a theoretical
calculation method designed for use over a broad range of applications.
For this reason, theoretical calculations are of limited benefi t unless
combined with engineering judgment derived from experience in HDD
construction.
The fi rst step in calculating a pulling load is to analyze the drilled path.
This analysis can be based on the designed drilled path, a “worst-case”
drilled path, or “as-built” pilot-hole data, if available. Bearing in mind
that most pilot holes are drilled longer, deeper, and to tighter radii than
designed, a conservative approach in the absence of as-built pilot-hole
data is to evaluate a worst-case drilled path that accounts for potential
deviations from the design. This worst-case path should be determined
based on allowable tolerances for pilot-hole length, elevation, and curve
radius as defi ned in the contract documents. The design engineer should
be aware that deviations in these parameters are typical and are often due
At least one (1) reading per drill rod is required during the drilling of the pilot
hole, registering inclination, heading, length, depth and the orientation of the
bent sub. This information shall be recorded on the steering log and be available
for inspection of the superintendent as and when required.
7.7.2.3 The Contractor shall ensure proper calibration of all equipment before
commencing directional drilling operation and provide proof of calibration
documentation to the Superintendent’s Representative
For steel piping operating above –20F, alloy steel studs ASTM
A193 Grade B7, with ASTM A194 Class 2H semi-finished heavy
hex nuts shall be used except for sulphide stress cracking service
where stud bolts shall be ASTM A193 Grade B7M. For steel piping
operating below –20F, ie: blowdown service, ASTM A320, Gr L7
studs, with ASTM A194, Gr 7 semi-finished hex nuts shall be used,
except for sulfide stress cracking services where stud bolts shall be
ASTM A320, Gr L7M.
For steel piping operating above –20F, alloy steel studs ASTM
A193 Grade B7, with ASTM A194 Class 2H semi-finished heavy
hex nuts shall be used except for sulphide stress cracking service
where stud bolts shall be ASTM A193 Grade B7M. For steel piping
operating below –20F, ie: blowdown service, ASTM A320, Gr L7
studs, with ASTM A194, Gr 7 semi-finished hex nuts shall be used,
except for sulfide stress cracking services where stud bolts shall be
ASTM A320, Gr L7M.
(2) Bolting threads and lengths shall conform to the dimensions listed
in the appropriate national or industry flange standard. Headed
bolts (rather than stud bolts) shall not be used without prior PTT
approval.
(3) All bolts and nuts shall be coated with PTFE, or equivalent
material.
(4) For Austenitic bolting materials shall be in accordance with piping
material classification data sheets.
1.4.6 Proprietary Connectors
Proprietary connectors shall be used as required by project Specifications.
1.5 Design Considerations for Particular Piping Systems
1.5.1 General
This
(2) Bolting threads and lengths shall conform to the dimensions listed
in the appropriate national or industry flange standard. Headed
bolts (rather than stud bolts) shall not be used without prior PTT
approval.
(3) All bolts and nuts shall be coated with PTFE, or equivalent
material.
(4) For Austenitic bolting materials shall be in accordance with piping
material classification data sheets.
1.4.6 Proprietary Connectors
Proprietary connectors shall be used as required by project Specifications.
1.5 Design Considerations for Particular Piping Systems
1.5.1 General
This
abandonment options.
Of particular concern with respect to land use management are areas sensitive to
land disturbance, such as native prairie, parks and ecological reserves, unstable
or highly erodible slopes, areas susceptible to severe wind erosion, and irrigated
land, particularly flood irrigation systems. Additionally, land improvement
activities such as the installation of drainage tile or other drainage systems,
landscaping, and permanent structure installations could be affected by a
proponent's decision to abandon a line.
Future land use should be considered because a pipeline abandoned in place could
become a physical obstruction to development, such as excavation for foundations,
pilings, or ongoing management practices such as deep ploughing or the installation
of sub-drains. It is critical that input be gathered from appropriate sources such
as landowners, land managers, lessees, and municipal agencies to support the
decision to abandon in place. In addition, sufficient documentation must be kept to
allow for detailed location information for future developers or owners.
As noted in Section 2, the decision to abandon in place or through removal should
be made on the basis of a comprehensive site-specific assessment. In this context,
the land management characteristics that may be better suited to pipeline
abandonment-in-place include, but are not limited to:
# parks and natural areas; # unstable or highly erodible surfaces; # water
crossings; # flood irrigated fields; # road and railway crossings;3 # foreign
pipeline crossings; # extra depth burial of pipe (i.e. depth well in excess of one
metre); # native prairie and native parkland; # forest cut blocks; # designated
waterfowl and wildlife habitat; and # areas exhibiting poor and/or limited access.
____________________ 3 (as detailed in Section 3.8, consideration should be given
to filling pipeline sections abandoned in place underneath roadways and railways
with a solid material such as concrete in light of potential ground subsidence
impacts.)
The key environmental protection measures to be considered when a pipeline is to be
abandoned in place are as follows:
# minimal disruption to ongoing or future land management activities; # a complete
and documented pipeline cleaning procedure; # the clean-up of any spills or
contaminated sites to prevailing regulatory requirements; # a revegetation
strategy to achieve pre-abandonment conditions, keeping erosion control and soil
stability as a priority; # topsoil conservation for all areas disturbed during the
abandonment process; # reclamation of all site access roads, including those which
had been developed for the operational phase of the pipeline and any opened or
developed for abandonment activity; # documented as-built information for future
reference; # application of sight blocks where appropriate (e.g. recreational
areas and wildlife habitat); and # a monitoring program acceptable to all affected
parties to ensure a
Topsoil The organo-mineral suface "A", organic surface "O" horizon, or dark
coloured surface soil materials, used synonymously with first lift. First lift
materials are usually removed to the depth of the first easily identified colour
change, or to specified depth where colour change is poor, and contain the soil Ah,
Ap, O, or Ahe horizon. Other horizons may be included in the first lift if
necessary.
Water All water on or under the surface of the ground.
Water Conduit
A channel for conveying water. In the context of pipeline abandonment, refers to a
pipeline that has become corroded and perforated and transports ground or surface
water to a different location.
Watercourse (i) The bed and shore of a river, stream, lake, creek, lagoon, swamp,
marsh, or other natural body of water; or (ii) a canal, ditch, reservoir, or other
man-made surface feature, whether it contains or conveys water continuously or
intermittently.
Section 1
Introduction
The finish required by B16.5 for steel raised-face flanges is also to
be used for non-steel metallic flanges, for steel male and female
flanges, that is 125 to 250 micro inches. For steel tongue and
grove flanges gasket face finish shall be 32-63 micro inches.
(5) For NPS 26” and larger, ASME B16.47 SERIES A flanges shall be
used. Use SERIES B flanges only when needed to mate with
equipment flanges. When attached to pipe with a yield strength
greater than 248.4 MPa (36000 psi), the hub thickness requires
prior PTT approval.
(6) Except for galvanized piping threaded flanges shall not be used
without prior PTT approval and then only in steel NPS 2 and
smaller.
(7) The bore of weld neck flanges to be used in severe cyclic
conditions, ie: reciprocating pumps and compressors, or in services
with high corrosion rates shall have the same ID as the attached
piping. If the ID is not the same, the flange shall be taper bored
conditions may bear on the abandonment decision-making process.
The development and implementation of an abandonment plan consists of at least the
following seven steps:
(1) review prevailing regulatory requirements applicable to the abandonment
project; (2) compile all relevant information on the pipeline system, including
easement agreements; (3) analyze by segment taking into account the factors
addressed in Section 3 of this paper, including present and future land use; (4)
develop the abandonment plan in consultation with stakeholders (such as landowners,
government authorities, and other directly affected parties), incorporating the
information compiled in the above steps; (5) secure regulatory and landowner
approvals as required for the pipeline abandonment and site reclamation; (6)
implement the abandonment plan, the scope of which should include post-abandonment
responsibilities (addressed in Section 4); and (7) secure final regulatory release.
A proponent undertaking an abandonment plan should follow these six steps,
recognizing that site-specific conditions may require additional steps in the
development of the plan.
Please refer to the next page for a flowchart of the abandonment planning process
and to Appendix B for a detailed abandonment checklist.
Page
the removal of equipment or buildings or other structures or appurtenances; # the
conducting of investigations to determine the presence of substances; # the
decontamination of buildings or other structures or other appurtenances, or land or
water; # the stabilization, contouring, maintenance conditioning, or
reconstruction of the land surface; or # any other procedure, operation, or
requirement specified in the regulations
(as defined in the Alberta Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act)
Removal The pipeline is completely removed from the rightof-way.
Roach Excess soil placed over the ditch line to compensate for soil settlement.
Road or Railway Crossing
The crossing by a pipeline of a highway, road, street, or railway.
Sight Block
A mechanism to restrict the visual impact of a pipeline right-of-way.
Soil The naturally occurring, unconsolidated mineral or organic material at least
10 centimetres thick that occurs at the earth's surface and is capable of
supporting plants. It includes disturbance of the surface by human activities such
as cultivation and logging but not displaced materials such as mine spoils.
Spoil Soil materials other than topsoil excavated from the trench. In most cases,
the excavated soil is suitable for return to the pipeline trench, and allows for
recontouring of the right-of-way.
Subsoil Although a common term it cannot be defined accurately. It may be the B
horizon of a soil with a distinct profile. It can also be defined as the zone below
the plowed soil in which roots normally grow.
Surface Water
Water in a watercourse and water at a depth of not more than 15 metres beneath the
surface of the ground.
Suspension The cessation of normal operation of a pipeline pursuant to its licensed
use. The pipeline need not be rendered permanently incapable of its licensed use,
but must be left in a safe and stable state during this period of suspension, as
prescribed by the applicable regulations and guidelines. See also "deactivation".
The SDV valve will be provided at the station inlet and outlet. In case of an
emergency event the SDV valves will cut off the gas supply from the suppliers and
to the pipelines.
The compressor station will be designed for locally manned, fully automatic,
permanent operation from Station Control Room with remote monitoring of the station
from the Central Control Room.
9.2 Pig Receiver
Pig Receivers will be provided at all pipelines entering the compressor station.
The pig receiver is described in section 10.8.
9.3 Filter Separator Skid
The filter separators, as described in section 10.1, shall be provided at Obigbo
Compressor Station at each gas supply source.
The filter separator design and operating conditions are: Parameter Value QIT
Source Obigbo Node Source Cawthorne and Alakiri Source Okono/Okpoho
Design Pressure
98.0 barg
98.0 barg
98.0 barg
98.0 barg
Design Temperature
1.1 Background
Approximately 540,000 km of operating oil and gas pipelines currently exist in
Canada, about 50 percent of which are located in Alberta. Ultimately, all oil and
gas pipelines will reach the end of their useful lives, and will be abandoned. The
issue of pipeline abandonment should therefore be reviewed by all stakeholders.
The Alberta Energy and Utilities Board (EUB) estimates that about 17,000 km of
pipeline were abandoned or discontinued in Alberta as of April 1994. This number
includes an estimated 3 600 km of orphaned abandoned pipelines. The majority of
abandoned pipelines in Alberta are gathering lines 168.3 mm or less in outside
diameter.
Regulatory requirements for pipeline abandonment vary across jurisdictions in
Canada, and in many cases do not completely address associated longterm issues.
1.2 Review Initiatives
In 1984, several parties at a National Energy Board (NEB) hearing into the tolls of
a major natural gas transmission pipeline company showed an interest in addressing
the issue of negative salvage as it related to pipeline abandonment. As a result,
the NEB issued a background paper in September 1985 addressing the negative salvage
impacts of pipeline
QIT MS–Ukanafun MS 36”
Ukanafun MS–Obigbo
Compressor Station
36”
Obigbo Compressor Station–
Ob/Ob MS
40”
Cawthorne
Channel–Obigbo
Gas Pipeline
Cawthorne Channel MS–Alakiri
MS
20”
Alakiri MS–Obigbo Compressor
Station
20”
Interconnecting
Lines
Interconnecting Pipeline from
14” Obigbo CS Tie-in Station to
Obigbo CS
14”
Phase 1
Obigbo–Umuahia–
Ajaokuta Gas
Pipeline
Obigbo Compressor Station–
Umuahia TGS
36”
Umuahia TGS–Enugu TGS 36”
Enugu TGS–Ajaokuta TGS 36”
Ajaokuta–Kaduna–
Kano Gas Pipeline
Ajaokuta TGS – Abuja PS 40”
Abuja PS–Kaduna TGS 40”
Kaduna TGS–Zaria PS and
future tie-in for TGS
40”
Zaria PS–Kano TGS 40”
Interconnecting
Lines
Interconnection form existing 36”
Oben Ajaokuta pipeline to
Ajaokuta MS/TGS
(bi-directional)
36”
Abuja PS–Abuja TGS Spur
Line
20”
Interlocking System
The necessity for the interlocking system and its type for quick opening closure
shall be
confirmed during detailed design.
4.3.5 Pig Trap Isolation
The use of a double block and bleed system for flow, isolation and kicker by-pass
lines,
consisting of two separate valves in series with a bleed point in between, is
required.
The design of this system shall be in accordance with the Isolation Philosophy [Ref
3].
4.3.6 Pig Signallers
4.3.6.1 Pig Launcher
At pig launchers, a pig signaller shall be located on pig launcher minor barrel to
show
that the pig has left the pig trap. A second pig signaller shall be located
downstream
of the barred tee at a distance of at least the length of longest intelligent pigs.
This pig
signaller indicates that the barred tee has been cleared by the pig and the valves
may be
closed as required to isolate the trap.
4.3.6.2 Pig Receiver
At pig receiver, a pig signaller shall be located downstream of the barred tee
at a minimum distance. A second pig signaller shall be located on the pig receiver
minor
barrel at a distance from the inlet to the minor barrel of at least the length of a
longest
intelligent pig. This pig signaller indicates that the barred tee and isolation
valves have all
been cleared by the pig and that the pig has entered the pig trap. Valves may be
then
closed as required to isolate the pig trap from the pipeline system.
4.4 Pig Trap Inclination
Proposed arrangement of the pig launcher and receiver together with recommended
dimensions are shown in Appendix 2.
For the considered pipelines, the permanent pig launcher and receiver shall be
installed
on above ground reinforced concrete foundations and supports to induce a slope
(normally 1:100). At the pig launcher, the slope shall be away from a launcher door
to facilitate installation of pigs. At the pig receiver, the slope of the trap
shall be towards
the receiver door to assist the entry of the pig into the barrel and drain any
liquids
from the pipeline system to the drainage facilities.
COMPRESSOR STATION
This section covers the engineering approach to facilities required at Compressor
Stations. The facilities at Obigbo Compressor Station will include:
Pig Launchers and Pig Receivers;
Filter Separator Skids;
Gas Metering Packages;
Turbo Compressors Packages in a common Compressor Shed;
Air Coolers;
Utility Systems including: Flare System, Instrument Air System, Utility Air
System, Fuel Gas System, Diesel Fuel System, Nitrogen System, Potable and Service
Water System, Waste Water Treatment System;
Fire Fighting Tank and Pumping Station;
Facility control and ESD Systems;
SDV and BDV valves;
Site F&G Detection Systems;
Power and UPS Systems;
Telecommunication Systems;
Security and Intrusion Detection Systems
