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0.01 Resolution of Board of

Commissioners
BOARD RESOLUTION NO. 813

Series of 2007

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APPROVING THE CLUP GIS GUIDEBOOK,

A GUIDE TO COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE
DATA MANAGEMENT
Signed Board Resolution in PDF will be available for download soon.
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0.02 Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Read Me First

1.01 About the Cookbook

1.02 The GIS Cookbook Framework

1.03 Scope and Limitations

1.04 The Target Group

1.05 Relationship of the GIS Cookbook to CLUP Guidebook Volume 1

1.06 Use of GIS as an Analysis or Presentation Tool in the CLUP
Preparation

1.07 The Role of the Cookbook in Relation to the HLURB Previous
Mapping Guidelines (Volume 7)

1.08 GIS on a Shoestring Budget: Maximizing the use of GIS within the
municipal government organization

1.09 Map Appreciation

Chapter 2: Introduction to GIS

2.01 What is GIS?

2.02 ‘Digital Mapping’ and ‘Manual Mapping’ Compared

2.03 GIS for Presentation

2.04 GIS for Decision Makers

2.05 GIS for Beneficiaries/Stakeholders

2.06 GIS for Coordination and Cooperation in the LGU

2.07 GIS for Coordination and Cooperation between
Cities/Municipalities and the Province

2.08 GIS for Coordination and Cooperation between LGUs and the

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National Government Agencies (NGAs)

2.09 GIS for Coordination and Cooperation between LGUs and Private
Sector

Chapter 3: The Cornerstones of a Functioning

GIS

3.01 Introduction

3.02 People (GIS Advocacy and Skills Development)

3.03 Methodology

3.04 Data

3.05 Software

3.06 Hardware (and Network Set Up)

Chapter 4: Methods - Procedures - Case Studies

4.01 LGU Case Studies

4.02 Strategies and Policies

4.03 GIS CLUP Start Package

4.04 External Technical Assistance in the CLUP Preparation

4.05 Information Product Descriptions - Basic Information

4.06 Information Product Descriptions - Socio-economic

4.07 Information Product Descriptions - Infrastructure

4.08 Information Product Descriptions - Environmental

4.09 Information Product Descriptions - Land Management

4.10 Needs Assessment

4.11 Risk & Suitability Analysis

4.12 Development Scenarios

4.13 Public Hearing Display

4.14 CLUP

4.15 Zoning Ordinance

4.16 CLUP Projects

4.17 An Overview of Central Institutions with Data for CLUP
Preparation

4.18 Sample Municipal GIS Application Cum CLUP Dataset

4.19 Methods for Field Survey

4.20 Attribute Data Preparation

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4.21 Spatial Data Preparation

Chapter 5: CLUP (Meta) Data

5.01 Quick Look, Table Index and Table Coding

5.02 Metadata for Basic Information

5.03 Metadata for Socio-economic

5.04 Metadata for Infrastructures

5.05 Metadata for Environment

5.06 Metadata Land Management

5.07 Metadata for Needs Analysis

5.08 Metadata for Project Monitoring

5.09 Metadata for Local Government Units

5.10 Metadata for Spatial Data

Chapter 6: Templates (Downloables)

6.01 LGU GIS Literacy Survey Form

6.02 LGU CLUP GIS Appraisal Form

6.03 GIS CLUP Start Package

6.04 GPS Survey Form

6.05 Data Request for the CLUP Preparation

6.06 Matrix with a Comparative Analysis of GIS Software Used and for
Sale in the Philippines

6.07 Aerial Photo Project Formulation

6.08 Public Display in PowerPoint

Chapter 7: Training

7.01 GIS Training Agenda and Course Documentation

7.02 Training and Degree Programs on GIS in the Philippines

7.03 Tutorials on Some GIS Operations

7.04 CLUP Basemap Template Tutorial

7.05 Socio-economic Sector Tutorial

7.06.01 Infrastructure Sector Tutorial

7.07 Environment Sector Tutorial

7.08 Land Management Tutorial

7.09 How to Create the Needs Analysis Layer

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7.10 Risk and Suitability Analysis Tutorial

7.11 Tutorial on How to Apply Recommended Color-Coding to a Draft
CLUP

Chapter 8: Software

8.01 Mozilla Firefox

8.02 Adobe Reader

8.03 Enforma

Chapter 9: Mapping

Chapter 10: Glossary/List of Abbreviations

Abbrevations

Glossary

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0.03 Introduction
Land-use planning is a dynamic, evolving field that emerged out of the
convergence of two concerns:

The provision of urban infrastructure; and

Social reform through land-use planning.

Today land-use planning has expanded to include the development,

implementation and evaluation of a wide range of policies, while at the same
time continuing its underlying focus on community well-being. Urban and
regional planners, in both developing and developed countries, are specifically
concerned with:

Land use planning and management, especially between rural and urban
uses, in coastal zones, among contemporary urban functions, and with

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regard to urban form;

Environmental management and risk management in hazard prone areas;

The design of the municipality/city and harmonization of conflicts with
the surrounding region;

Regional planning, with particular interest in global-local interaction,
uneven land-use development, industrial location and regional economic
growth;

The identification of social needs and the design and provision of
services and facilities to meet these needs;

The distribution of benefits and costs of resource allocation and use
among people;

Citizen participation in planning; and

Decision making processes, policy and program evaluation.

The field of land-use planning is experiencing such fundamental changes that

are having a profound impact on the use of computer-based models in
planning practice and education. One of these key changes is the dramatically
increased availability of powerful and easy-to-use Geographic Information
System(s) (GIS) software and hardware.
An appropriately designed, funded and staffed GIS is able to present complex
relationships in a simple and easily understood scenario. The information
products of a GIS are invaluable to the expert and layman alike. With an ever
increasing need to automate and streamline information flows within the
organization, the role of computers, computer networks and the necessary
support to maintain a digital infrastructure is essential.

However, there is a casually quoted statistic that roughly half of all GIS
implementations fail. Most failures are related to institutional issues,
resistance to change, lack of political support, insufficient funding, and the
fact that GIS innovation results in a radical change in information flow within
an organization. Most assessments of GIS implementation success have
focused on developed countries, where user support for hardware and
software, availability of trained GIS professionals, and access to a reliable
power supply are not problems. The considerations relevant for any GIS
implementation are compounded by additional circumstances and constraints
in developing countries.

Even when a GIS can be well executed from a technical point of view, project

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design strongly influences the effectiveness of the use of the information

products that are generated. The timing of the user needs assessment, training,
data collection, pilot phasing, and full project implementation, are critical to
gaining institutional support and to ultimate project success. An awareness of
land-use data products and analysis capabilities typically needs to be
engendered in end-users at the outset so that the use of these products can be
maximized fully.

The user needs assessment is a vital component of GIS implementation within

a municipality. Thoroughly exploring potential data sources, integrating the
GIS with more traditional information management within the municipality,
and promoting an understanding of land use information and analysis
capabilities early-on are critical to project success.

It is also important to have sufficient political support within the host

institution to make the GIS installation a welcome change from the existing
system of information management.

In battling with these issues, the GlS Cookbook endeavors to assist

municipalities/cities that are determined to use GlS as a tool in CLUP
preparation. GIS-based land-use planning tools can be used to more
thoughtfully design everything from specific plans to zoning ordinances. They
are also useful for eliciting and enjoining public participation not only in land
use planning but also in land use decisions and visioning projects. The basic
analytical methods of GIS tools include:

Establishing a benchmark measurement of existing conditions to allow
decision makers to see where the problems lie. They can then determine
whether a new project will help correct these problems or just make them
worse;

Forecasting what will happen if a municipality continues to grow in the
same way, then measuring the impacts – whether positive or negative –
of alternative land-use scenarios;

Comparing several alternative land-use scenarios in order to help select a
preferred alternative for adoption and implementation;

Evaluating policy decisions after they are implemented to ensure that
they are meeting the original objectives.

By applying the guidelines found in the GIS Cookbook, the LGU will be able

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to avoid the major uncertainties usually encountered in setting up the system.

The guidelines will also make the CLUP preparation process more transparent
and interesting for all stakeholders.

The Guidelines are presented in a web based format on the Internet:

www.hlurb.gov.ph. This electronic format will facilitate accessibility of the
GIS Cookbook and will give HLURB the opportunity to keep the Guidelines
most updated.
The GIS Cookbook is Volume 3 in the revised HLURB CLUP Guidelines
portfolio and is accordingly synchronized with Volumes 1 and 2. It succeeds
the Mapping Guidelines, found in the previous set of Guidelines, for a
municipality that is interested to test GIS as a land-use planning instrument.

The GIS Cookbook is the product of the various series of consultations and
workshops held nationwide involving a multidisciplinary cross-section of
potential users of the book, ranging from the LGUs, the national government
agencies involved in planning, the academe, to those private individuals and
institutions involved in the planning profession. The various drafts have gone
through these participative sessions after which comments and
recommendations have been incorporated wherever applicable and feasible. A
condensed write-up of the comments made during these consultative
workshops is available for cross-reference.

For the user’s convenience, the pages of the document provide appropriate
footers on the lower left of the page so they can be referenced with the List of
Contents.
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0.04 Foreword

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The publication of the CLUP GIS Guidebook

is a landmark in local planning and development, a field that has gone a long
way since the early 70s when land use planning was first placed mainstream
into local development. Since then, Philippine municipalities and cities have
gone through various stages of development, guided by their comprehensive
land use plans (CLUPs) that were prepared in accordance with their mandates
and in partnership with national government agencies, particularly the
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB), and the local
government units. Through the years, CLUPs have undergone several
amendments and revisions. It would be safe to say that most CLUPs at this
stage are now in their third or fourth generation of iterations.
Throughout the planning exercises undertaken by the LGUs, preparation of
the CLUPs have been facilitated by the use of the various planning guidelines
formulated by the HLURB. These guidelines, presented in the form of
serialized thematic manuals, have also been updated as lessons from the field
were integrated in the planning process.

To date, HLURB has revised some of these manuals and consolidated them
into one volume, with a ground-breaking new volume is off the press.

With the introduction of the CLUP GIS Guidebook, it is hoped that the local
planning process is further enhanced, leading to more informed decisions of
the LGU executives and stakeholders, thus enabling towns and cities
nationwide to contribute to the country’s sustainable development.

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Hon. Vice-President NOLI L. DE CASTRO

Chairman, Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC)
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0.05 Acknowledgement
HLURB would like to acknowledge the assistance of the following in the
preparation of this Guidebook for their active participation in the various
consultation workshops conducted nationwide:

Local Government Units (LGUs), particularly the City Planning and

Development Coordinators (CPDCs), Municipal Planning and
Development Coordinators (MPDCs), and Provincial Planning and
Development Coordinators (PPDCs). For the active participation of the
Municipalities of Ormoc and Laurel.

National Government Agencies such as: Bureau of Soils and Water

Management (BSWM), Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR),
Department of Agriculture (DA), Department of Energy (DOE),
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Department
of Interior and Local Government (DILG), Department of Public Works
and Highways (DPWH), Department of Tourism (DOT), Environmental
Management Bureau (EMB), Forest Management Bureau (FMB),
Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC), Land
Management Bureau (LMB), League of Cities of the Philippines, Local
Government Academy (LGA), Metro Manila Development Authority
(MMDA), Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MBG), National Economic
and Development Authority (NEDA), National Historical Institute (NHI),
National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA),
National Statistics Office (NSO), National Telecommunication
Commission (NTC), National Transmission Corporation (Transco),
Philippine National Police (PNP), Philippine, Atmospheric, Geophysical
and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), Population
Commission (PopCom), Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau (PAWB).

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Special thanks to Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology

(PHIVOLCS) for providing us with the aerial photos and digital data.

Other Stakeholders from the Academe, Private Sector, Non-

Governmental Organizations, Consultancy Firms, Professional
Organizations, namely: DARUMA Technologies, Inc., DRIM
Consultancy Services, Far Eastern University - Center for Studies on the
Urban Environment (FEU-SURE), FF Cruz & Co., Inc., GEODATA
System Tech. Inc. (GSTI), Geodetic Engineers of the Philippines (GEP),
Geo-Surveys & Mapping, Inc. (GSMI), GeoiDex, International Labour
Organization (ASIST-AP), Manila Observatory, MAPUA Institute of
Technology, Miriam College Foundation, National Center for
Transportation Studies (NCTS), National College of Public
Administration and Governance (NCPAG), NIKA Tech., Norconsult
Management Services Phils., Inc., Palafox Associates, Philippine Institute
of Environmental Planners (PIEP), Planning Resources Operations
System (PROS Inc.), The UP School of Urban and Regional Planning
(SURP), Sentro para sa Ikauunlad ng Katutubong Agham at Teknolohiya,
Inc. (SIKAT), TAM Planners, Training Center for Applied Geodesy and
Photogrammetry (TCAGP), UP Diliman - College of Architecture, UP
Diliman - College of Geography, U.P. Planning and Development
Research Foundation, Inc. (UP PLANADES), URBIS, World Wide Fund
(WWF).

Special thanks to both Central and Regional Staffs of the Board for their kind
cooperation in the provision of necessary inputs, comments and suggestions
during the seemingly endless discussions.

Finally, we also would like to convey our sincere appreciation to those whose
names may not appear in the list but have greatly contributed in the
completion of this Guidebook.
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1.0 Read Me First

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1.01 About the Cookbook

The GIS Cookbook is a part of the Comprehensive Land Use Planning
(CLUP) Guidelines issued by the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
(HLURB) to assist local government units (LGUs) in the preparation of their
Comprehensive Land Use Plans. The guidelines consist of:

“CLUP Guidebook: A Guide to Comprehensive Land Use Plan

Preparation”
This volume provides the stepwise process of formulating the CLUP. It opens
the door to a flexible planning process and documentation in relation to the
municipal profile, that enables those predominantly rural municipalities to
gather only those information applicable and necessary for the formulation of
their respective CLUPs, without having to undergo the same in-depth analysis
and sophistication in the planning documentation and process as those highly
urbanized cities and municipalities, which are more likely to face competing
and conflicting land uses that will also generate more sophisticated geographic
information products.

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“CLUP GIS Guidebook: A Guide to Comprehensive Land Use Data

Management”
Often referred to as the GIS Cookbook, this volume introduces new
approaches and methods in the preparation, documentation and presentation of
CLUP information. It also describes an approach to GIS implementation that
would make it not only a tool for the LGU Planning Office but also an LGU
asset, which can be useful to other functions. This guidebook is made in
compliance to the proposed flow and changes in the CLUP sector studies.

The GIS Cookbook describes the fundamentals for a Geographic Information

System (GIS) and other information systems needed in the CLUP formulation
process. It guides the user in the application of GIS as a planning and
information management tool, and provides geographic information products
to enable the planners and stakeholders to formulate the CLUP in a
participatory manner, resulting in a plan that serves its function of regulating
and catalyzing development in the given municipality/city.

The use of the GIS Cookbook as companion guide to the other volumes in the
CLUP Guide Series may be as follows:

1. For a municipality/city that has decided to use GIS as a tool in the CLUP
preparation, the following will be applied:

CLUP GIS CLUP

Guidebook Guidebooks
In addition to the
guide:

2. For a municipality/city that will apply a traditional approach and not use
GIS as a tool the following Guidelines will be used:

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CLUP CLUP Sector Volume 7 CLUP GIS Guidebook

Guidebook Studies (Previous
Series)
Only recommendations
for conventional database
management & other
templates

The Cookbook is found on HLURB Homepage, www.hlurb.gov.ph and can be

downloaded for free. A digital version can be provided on a CD at cost price.

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1.02 The GIS Cookbook Framework

The GIS Cookbook consists of two parts:
Part One is the Textbook which is the narrative component that describes
what needs to be known in starting up a functioning GIS to be used as a tool
in the CLUP preparation.

Part Two is the Toolbox which is a compendium of detailed instructions,

templates, forms and dummies that will be of help in the actual work.

The Textbook is made up of the following chapters:

Chapter 1: Read Me First

This is a general introduction to the GIS Cookbook and its role in the HLURB
CLUP Guide Series.

Chapter 2: Introduction to GIS

This provides a general idea of what GIS is and its various applications. It
shows the advantages of using GIS in local governance specifically in the city
and municipal levels, and particularly in the CLUP preparation process.

Chapter 3: The Cornerstones of a Functioning GIS

This outlines what are necessary in terms of skilled people, proper
methodology, accurate data, sufficient software and hardware, to put into
operation a GIS that is customized for the specific municipality/city. It also
describes the various information products using GIS that are of help in the
preparation of the CLUP.

The Toolbox consists of the following chapters:

Chapter 4: Methodology, Procedures and Case Studies

This provides the more elaborate descriptions for the detailed components of a
GIS system for CLUP.

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Chapter 5: CLUP ( Meta)Data

This gives information on how to organize the data and the recommended
standards that need to be applied.

Chapter 6: Templates
This contains the various masters and templates to be used in the CLUP
preparation.

Chapter 7: Training
This includes useful materials and tutorials to be used for skills development
training.

Chapter 8: Software
This provides a selection of software that will be useful to access the
Guidelines.

Chapter 9: Mapping (Volume 7)

This contains the scanned version of relevant portions of the Mapping
Guidelines in Adobe Portable Document Format (pdf).

Chapter 10: Glossary and List of Abbreviations

This contains the technical terms and acronyms used in Volume 3.
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1.02.01 GIS Activities with reference

to the Content of the Cookbook
The following matrix shows how the GIS Cookbook can be used in relation to
the CLUP preparation:

SITUATION COURSE OF ACTION

(WHAT TO DO) (HOW TO DO IT)

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Course Description and

Training Program of the
training modules are found in
If you are a beginner in GIS it is the Toolbox, Chapter 7.01.
recommended that you attend the
Contact HLURB (Regional
Basic GIS and the Applied GIS Offices or Information
1
Training Courses conducted by Technology Group, through
HLURB prior to using GIS in telephone +632 927 2698 and
preparing the CLUP. email address:
[email protected] for
information on scheduled
trainings.
If you have previous training and experience in GIS you start here:
SITUATION COURSE OF ACTION
(WHAT TO DO) (HOW TO DO IT)
There are 12 steps in the process of
2
Refer to Volume 1
formulating the CLUP
For each Step, one or several CLUP

For more information about
Information Products (IPs) are
IPs, refer to Chapter 3.03.04.
specified. IPs are defined as the

Examples of IPs are found in
instructive components that are
3 Chapter 3.03.07.
needed to present a CLUP Step in a

A complete set of IP
comprehensive way. It consists of
descriptions are included in the
tables, graphs and maps in both
Toolbox, Chapters 4.05 – 4.09.
digital and paper-based formats.

Examples of stakeholders are
To prepare an IP, data needs to be shown in page 22 of Volume 1.
gathered, stored and presented in a
The data that needs to be
4
way that is easy to comprehend by the captured is outlined in the
CLUP stakeholders. Toolbox, Chapter 5.01.01 and
in each IP respectively.
The CLUP attribute data is compiled
in a number of tables. Some of the
A list of tables with prioritized
5 tables (called the Key tables) are (Key) and extensive (Optional)
required for all types of data is included in the
municipalities/ cities in order to do Toolbox, Chapter 5.01.01.
the analysis. There are also some
The LGU should consult

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tables (known as the Optional tables) HLURB Regional Office (RO)

that might be useful based on the to find out what attribute
specific profile, size, etc. of the datasets are required in the
respective LGUs being planned. CLUP preparation.

The IP describes how the data
should be gathered.

Case studies on how to
The data is collected from the
implement primary fields
different sources, either from
surveys are found in the
6 secondary sources or through primary
Toolbox, Chapter 4.19.01.
field surveys conducted by the

A list of CLUP data sources
respective LGUs.
and what data is available from
them is included in the
Toolbox, Chapter 4.17.01.

Templates can be
The attribute data should be inserted
7 copied/downloaded from the
in the above-mentioned (Excel) tables
Toolbox, Chapter 5.
Some tables will be used in the GIS,
A list of GIS tables and non-
8 while some will be used in the GIS tables is found in the
narrative text of the CLUP. Toolbox, Chapter 5.01.01.

Templates can be
The non-GIS tables should have a
9 copied/downloaded from the
clear and concise layout.
Toolbox, Chapter 5.

The respective IPs provide the
recommended Symbology and
Legend to be used.

The Palettes for the CLUP
The spatial data is stored in GIS-
feature objects can be
format. It is recommended that
10 downloaded from the Toolbox,
standardized symbology, legend and
Chapter 4.21.02.
(map) layout formats are used.

Recommendations on layout
and dimensions for printed
maps are found in Chapter
5.10.01.

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1.03 Scope and Limitations

The GIS Cookbook is a guide on the application of GIS as a tool for CLUP
preparation. It is generally intended for municipalities with minimal incomes,
and whose CLUP formulation will involve only a minimum of data
requirements and basic analysis. It will however, be useful for other LGUs,
Highly Urbanized Cities (HUCs) and Independent Component Cities (ICCs),
that have the resources to set up sophisticated GIS systems and acquire the
necessary expertise.

The GIS Cookbook will not provide guidelines on the setting up of a

corporate GIS for the entire municipality such as GIS applications for
cadastral and tax mapping and the like. However, the GIS for CLUP could
serve as a stepping stone towards the LGU’s acquisition of GIS Technology,
once it appreciates how GIS proves to be useful not only in planning, but in
various decision-making purposes as well. The minimal GIS on a “shoestring
budget” outlined here, constitutes a platform that can be developed into a
more sophisticated system when the LGU’s income status and financial
resources improve.

Practical GIS knowledge is most valuable; however it is just one of the several
requisite tools that the planner needs in performing his job. In addition, the
planner should have the capability to manage and monitor the activities in the
preparation of the CLUP, the skills to advocate for and present the Plan to
officials and the public, and the proficiency to negotiate and synthesize
opposing interests in the planning process. These are all requisites to a CLUP
process that will contribute to rational land use decision-making.
Formulating the CLUP, and making the best use of the GIS Cookbook plus
the other volumes in the CLUP Guide Series, requires a full-time LGU
planner in charge of the CLUP preparation. These planning guidelines are
meant to provide the municipal/city planner with the knowledge, the tools,
and the confidence, to manage the preparation of the CLUP.
The aim of the GIS Cookbook (with its Toolbox) is to assist the
municipal/city planner with minimal or no experience in GIS, given the
support of the HLURB staff in the Regional Offices who have been trained in

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GIS.
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1.04 The Target Group

The ability to use computer-based applications or ‘GIS literacy’ in the
country, based on a recent survey of municipalities and cities of their levels of
expertise and familiarity with computers, is currently very low (NAMRIA,
2004). The survey results showed that less than 30 out of 1,650 surveyed
LGUs, have functional GIS systems, and these are predominantly high income
cities (see Map below).
The GIS Cookbook therefore has been designed to serve the needs of LGUs,
particularly low-income municipalities/cities, or those in the ‘development
stage,’ i.e. those LGUs still in the initial phases of establishing databases and
developing appropriate skills.

The establishment of an optimal GIS system for a specific LGU is contingent

on the capacity of the said LGU in terms of budget, manpower and other
resources. Based on the IRA grant classification rules for LGUs, the GIS
Cookbook classifies municipalities and cities into three groups as shown in
the matrix below.

CLUP Group Municipalities Recommendations for GIS

Covered
A LGUs that shall Municipalities/cities of These municipalities/cities are
comply with IRA Class 4-6 without estimated to have financial and
minimum any other special staffing resources to build a
requirements for classifications. basic GIS.
the CLUP This covers about 956
preparation LGUs. For final classification, the
HLURB Regional Office
should prepare a list of the
LGUs according to the above-
shown recommended
groupings, based on its
experiences with concerned

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LGUs.

This group includes majority of

the LGUs, and is the main
target user of the HLURB GIS
Cookbook.
B LGUs that shall Cities of IRA Class 4-6 These cities and municipalities
comply with and are estimated to have financial
modest Municipalities/cities of and staffing resources to build
requirements for IRA Class 1-3, a modest GIS, and will find the
the CLUP HLURB GIS Cookbook very
preparation This covers about 544 useful.
LGUs.
C LGUs that shall Cities of IRA Class 1-3 These cities are estimated to
comply with have financial and staffing
advanced This covers about 117 resources to build a
requirements for LGUs. sophisticated GIS without the
the CLUP need of the HLURB GIS
preparation Cookbook.

For final classification, the HLURB Regional Office should prepare a list of
the LGUs according to the above-shown recommended groupings, based on
its experiences with concerned LGUs.

Detailed information on the IRA Classification is found in the Toolbox,

Chapter 5.09.

Help Us to Update

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A GIS literacy questionnaire is available to update us with correct

information. It can be found in the Toolbox, Chapter 6.01. Please send filled
up questionnaires to Information Technology Group - Housing and Land Use
Regulatory Board, Kalayaan Ave., Diliman, Quezon City. [email protected],
Fax +632 927 2731.

Map Showing the GIS Literacy Levels in the Country

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1.04.01 The LGU Planner in Focus

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1.05 Relationship of the GIS

Cookbook to CLUP Guidebook
Volume 1
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1.05.01 Volume 1 in Brief

This volume provides the stepwise process of

formulating the CLUP. It opens the door to a flexible planning
process and documentation in relation to the municipal profile, that
enables those predominantly rural municipalities to gather only
those information applicable and necessary for the formulation of
their respective CLUPs, without having to undergo the same in-
depth analysis and sophistication in the planning documentation and
process as those highly urbanized cities and municipalities, which
are more likely to face competing and conflicting land uses that will
also generate more sophisticated geographic information products.

Volume 1 summarizes the rationale for land use planning and the need for the
CLUP. It also identifies and describes the steps in the process of CLUP
preparation.

The GIS Cookbook provides the tools for GIS in the form of Information
Products that are reflective of a planning process that is participatory, and a
CLUP that is both regulatory and catalytic.

The step-wise process given in Volume 1 is shown as follows:

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The GIS Cookbook elaborates on those Information Products (maps,

graphs, tables, etc.) that are necessary to fully equip the Planner with the
knowledge and understanding of the specific Step in the Planning Process.

It should be noted that some of the steps in the process shown in the above
CLUP Process illustration, need not be sequential but can be done
simultaneously, such as Steps 2, 3, and 4. And since some of these Steps will
need more graphic displays of data than the others, it is important to exercise
wider flexibility in order to maximize the time needed in the whole process.
For example, if there is no available digital base map or baseline data yet, Step
4 can proceed simultaneously with Steps 2 and 3 as this requires a lengthier
period to prepare. This is shown in the illustration below.

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1.05.02 GIS Information Products

for the Steps in the Planning Process

Information Products are the instructional components

needed to present a CLUP Step in a comprehensive way. They
consist of tables, graphs and maps in both digital and paper-based
formats.

Information Products for Step 1 – Getting Organized (to Work with the
CLUP)
It is equally important to “plan for the planning process” in order to anticipate
and prepare the resources necessary for the planning exercise, thus enabling a
smooth implementation and timely accomplishment of the planning outputs.

Making use of GIS as a tool in CLUP preparation will require the

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mobilization of the ‘GIS Start Package’ (consisting of five components) to

ensure that the needed resources for the GIS activities are readily available.

The GIS Cookbook provides the guidelines for the procurement of sustainable
hardware, software, development of human resources and possible consultant
involvement. In Step 1, it is recommended that the LGU consult with HLURB
to find out the scope of data capture that would be applicable for the
respective municipality/city based on class, size, economic resources and
profile, and so that the budget can also be assessed properly. For more
information, see Chapter 3 (The Cornerstones of a Functioning GIS) and
referred subjects in the Toolbox.

Information Products for Step 2 – Identifying Stakeholders (of the

CLUP)
No special GIS requirement has been identified for this Step in the CLUP
process.

Information Products for Step 3 – Setting the Vision (for the CLUP)
No special GIS requirement has been identified for this Step in the CLUP
process. However, if the city/municipality already has an existing Vision
statement, it should be revisited in this Step for further refinement if
necessary.

Information Products for Step 4 – Analyzing the Situation

Step 4 of the planning process - Situation Analysis - basically answers the
question: Where are we now? It is both analytical and diagnostic, geared
towards identifying issues, potentials and future development

needs and the spatial requirements of the

city/municipality. Assessment consists of technical and participatory methods.
Technical assessment is based on factual data derived from surveys, official
publications and records of the city/municipality, concerned national agencies
and other entities. It involves the use of indicators such as proportions, rates,
frequencies, qualities/conditions (e.g. severity, critical, etc.), standards and
other parameters that are vital in characterizing the current situation. On the

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other hand, participatory assessment is based on the results of

barangay/community consultations, focus group discussions (FGDs),
meetings with key informants, multi-sectoral meetings, etc. These activities
facilitate the generation of the community’s felt needs, desires, and perceived
issues and opportunities. Suggestions to address issues and concerns can also
be derived from this exercise.

It is important to prepare the digital CLUP Base Map at the outset because this
takes time to accomplish (see the IP on Basemap preparation found in the
Toolbox, Chapter 4.05.01). It is essential to have the Base Map readily
available as soon as possible to facilitate sectoral data gathering and analysis.
It is also necessary to prepare the demographic data upon which the baseline
studies and sectoral analyses for education, health, transport, agriculture, etc.
will be based. It is recommended that only one population projection be used
for all the sectoral studies.
In general there is a lack of accurate current data for municipal land use
planning, and much time is needed to acquire data for the CLUP planning.
Data acquisition makes up about 80% of the total cost of establishing a CLUP
GIS.

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With regard to data, see the distinction between Key and Optional indicators
in Chapter 3.03.02. As mentioned previously, it is important to consult with
HLURB at the outset of Step 1 in order to determine the level of data capture
applicable to the municipality / city being planned, in accordance with its
municipality class, size, economic resources and profile. This should result in
a more focused specification of data tailored to the particular requirements of
the specific LGU’s CLUP. Once the scope of data requirements has been
determined, the data gathering activities should proceed per specifications,
and the primary surveys and secondary data acquisition (from the respective
entities) should be conducted in a timely manner. A template (Data Request
for CLUP Preparation, found in the Toolbox, Chapter 6.05) in combination
with the Information Products described in Chapter 4 should be used in this
process.

Some of the basic data about demography is presented for the entire LGU,
hence no GIS is used. In this case, demographic information is presented in
Excel format as tables and graphs (see tables in Chapter 5.02).

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Other basic demographic data are broken down to Barangays, and this may be
elaborated in GIS format (see table in Chapter 5.02.04 as an example).
Furthermore, the data extracted from these layers can be used as components
of the baseline studies in this step and in Step 5. For example, when analyzing
the provision of health services, the current and projected population data will
be matched with the planning standards and the current availability of basic
health facilities.

Under Step 4, thematic spatial layers -Baseline Studies- need to be prepared

for all sectors and sub-sectors included in the CLUP. The locations of service
facilities such as schools, health clinics, etc.; infrastructure such as roads,
power transmission lines, etc.; and those areas under protection such as
ancestral domains etc.; need to be defined with an accuracy that is acceptable
for CLUP planning and analysis.

There may be two ways to find out the location of the sector’s features:
1. Organize a field survey to capture the locations. For example, go to the
locations of the health clinics and track the positional coordinates using a
GPS.
2. Get secondary source data and customize it to fit the specific criteria or
the specific sector feature. For instance, to identify the distribution of
various soil types, get a printed map from the Bureau of Soils and
Management (BSWM), and this can be cropped and overlaid on the base
map to constitute the soil sector component.

It is also recommended that a proper File and Folder system should be

introduced in the computer(s) that will manipulate and store the CLUP GIS
data (see Chapter 3.04.03, ‘Guidelines for File and Folder Management’).

In the Toolbox, instructions are given on how to carry out the following:

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How to conduct a field survey to get/retrieve spatial data (Chapter 4.19)

How to convert secondary source data into spatial data layers (Chapter
4.21)

Chapter 4.19.02 also provides an example on how to conduct a comprehensive

and integrated primary survey at the Barangay level. The survey will identify
basic data as well as issues and concerns needed for baseline studies that may
encourage participatory planning activities.
The Needs Assessment Information Products will be a comprehensive
combination of maps which will reveal weaknesses or gaps in the
municipality/city’s distribution of goods and services as well as the LGU’s
basic needs based on population projections. GIS will prove useful for this
and Chapter 1.06 shows how it can be used to make it transparent to the
general public.

The Risk & Suitability Analysis Information Products will focus on the
constraints and potentials originating from the natural environment and man-
made/enforced restrictions/ rules and regulations. These will provide the bases
for some examples for the formulation of a sustainable development plan for
the municipality/city.

Information Products for Step 5 – Setting the Goals and Objectives (for
the CLUP)
The next step after the data gathering and analysis is the formulation of goals
and objectives that will help the municipality/city to achieve its vision. It is
important that the goals and objectives reflect the “common good” and
consensus of the broader community so that implementation of the plan
effectively engages all sectors, and ownership is shared community-wide. A
good way to achieve this is to conduct participatory goal-setting processes in
public settings where the Needs Assessment and Risk & Suitability Analysis
Information Products can be presented. The presentation should be adjusted to
the audience’s assimilative levels (see Chapters 1.09 and 4.21.02).

Information Products for Step 6 – Establishing the Development Thrust

and Spatial Strategies
This step is critical in determining the future overall spatial development of

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the municipality/city. It involves the understanding of what is appropriate,

feasible and possible through an exploration of different land use alternatives
or scenarios. After exploring at least three alternatives, the municipality/city
will prepare a draft structure/concept plan based on a preferred alternative.
Depending on the planners’ levels of knowledge, the use of GIS at this stage
will be limited to actual presentation and display work (for beginners), or
advance to a more sophisticated spatial analysis (for those with more
advanced skills).

The information products in this step are the three alternative Spatial
Development Forms and the preferred structure/ concept plan (see Chapter
4.12 in the Toolbox).

Information Products for Step 7 – Preparing the Draft CLUP

It is at this stage that the location and details of the Land Use
Plan components are put into final draft form. GIS will be useful in furnishing
the templates which are based on map standards in terms of format and
symbology (see Chapter 4.21.02). Thematic maps can also be extracted from
the GIS and be included in the narrative text of the CLUP. The information
product in this step is the Draft Land Use Plan Map.

Information Products for Step 8 – Preparing the Draft ZO

The drafting of the Zoning Ordinance (ZO) basically entails

translating the Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) into a legal document /
tool. In general, Zoning has the same features or land use classifications as the
CLUP, except that it provides for more detailed information on zone

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boundaries and use regulations / controls, among others. In the same way as
the draft CLUP, there is a GIS application for the Zoning Ordinance that will
facilitate the preparation thereof. The information product in this step is the
Draft Zoning Map (see Chapter 4.15 in the Toolbox for details).

Information Products for Step 9 – Conducting Public Hearing on

CLUP/ZO

This involves a 3-stage process namely: public display and information

dissemination; conduct of public hearing/consultation, and the Land Use
Committee Hearings. The process aims to inform the general public and
ensure an objective and participatory review of the draft CLUP / ZO and to
encourage ownership of the plan and gain support for its implementation.

GIS will be a useful instrument in translating the plan into a format that will
be understood by the stakeholders. The information products in the previous
step can be printed out and displayed and / or be included in a PowerPoint
presentation. The information products in this step are the refined Land Use
and Zoning Maps.
Information Products for Step 10 – Reviewing, Adopting and Approving
the CLUP and ZO

Step 10 involves the mandatory and comprehensive review of the

CLUP and ZO, after which adoption of the CLUP and enactment of the ZO by
the Sangguniang Bayan/ Panlungsod and approval by either the Sangguniang
Panlalawigan or HLURB will take place.
This step will benefit from GIS in the form of excellent digital maps
compared to the tedious process of reviewing analog maps.

Information Products for Step 11 – Implementing the CLUP and ZO

ProjectImplementation of the CLUP will require resources,

institutional structures and procedures, among others. The local government
code allows flexibility for the LGU to design and implement its own
organizational structure and staffing pattern, taking into consideration its

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vision, mission, goals and objectives as contained in the CLUP, and its
accountability to the community.
GIS enables the planner to readily extract data from the database and CLUP
project profile, making it easier for the LGU’s to manage / implement projects
as well as share project information with stakeholders / project implementors.

Information Products for Step 12 – Monitoring & Evaluating the

CLUP/ZO

With the CLUP and its implementation program established,

assessment procedures for its effectiveness must be instituted. Monitoring and
evaluation are performed to assess how fully and how effectively a plan is
being carried out.
The combination of attribute and spatial data, which is a unique advantage of
GIS, greatly facilitates the measurement of development outcomes and trends.
For example, the tables and maps for development, clearances and permits
will be excellent monitoring tools, that will provide useful inputs in analyzing
land use changes, project implementation, and the attainment of the LGU’s
vision, goals and objectives.

As the GIS software is developing strongly into more user-friendly interface it

will also be easier to meet a growing demand for ‘political transparency’ and
participatory planning.

The information products in this step are the decision maps, charts and figures
reflecting status of projects.

Summary
The following graph summarizes the interaction between the Planning Steps
and the Information Products:

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Ver 1.0

1.05.03 Preparing a CLUP Work

Plan
A Project Management Software is useful in preparing the CLUP Work Plan
in Step 1. A useful software of this kind is Microsoft’s MS Project, which
helps the planner to align the planning activities with the available resources,
and set milestones and deadlines for better management and results. By using

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its flexible reporting and analysis capabilities, the planner is assured of

operational information to optimize resources, prioritize work, and align the
CLUP planning with overall objectives. The following is a sample outline of
Steps 1 to 4 in a Gantt chart using MS Project:

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1.06 Use of GIS as an Analysis or

Presentation Tool in the CLUP
Preparation

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Please note that not all the ‘graphic’ information found in the CLUP can be
defined in a GIS. There are, for example, graphs based on tables that will
simply facilitate the reading of the report which are listed in the GIS
Cookbook’s CLUP Metadatabase Specification. These examples of
conventional databases (and the corresponding templates in Chapter 5 in the
Toolbox) can be used by LGUs who have no access to GIS but have some
knowledge of MS Excel.

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1.07 The Role of the Cookbook in

Relation to the HLURB Previous
Mapping Guidelines (Volume 7)

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Although it is advantageous to use GIS in the preparation

of the CLUP (and many other related activities of the LGU), some
municipalities/cities may not be able to acquire a GIS system in the immediate
future. In this case, the previous CLUP Guidelines Volume 7 (’Mapping’) is
still available for use to guide users in manual mapping activities. However
the GIS Cookbook’s recommendations for conventional data management and
the appropriate templates will still be useful.

Relevant parts of Volume 7 are found in the Toolbox, Chapter 9.

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1.08 GIS on a Shoestring Budget:

Maximizing the use of GIS within
the municipal government
organization.

The word ‘shoestring’ is used because the current structure of

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the GIS presented in the Cookbook is based on lower end technology

solutions. It is necessary to emphasize that if the LGU does not have a
sophisticated computer environment, i.e. existing departmental and/or cross-
departmental networks, modern computers, computer-literate employees or
the expertise to maintain the system, then it will not be advisable to proceed to
higher end technology solutions.

As GIS technology flourishes, the opportunities for establishing GIS in lower-

income municipalities/cities will increase. To take advantage of these
opportunities, these municipalities/cities need to identify existing data sources
within the larger organization. The data can then be accessed and/or
exchanged, made possible by data sharing agreements that allow free access to
GIS data. Furthermore, instead of hiring additional staff, work loads can be
distributed among existing staff, thereby maximizing the use of in-house
personnel to do additional GIS work. Training the in-house staff can also be
made possible without additional expenses.

Finally, financing GIS hardware and software can be done through upgrading
of existing systems or by including it as part of a larger project that requires
GIS services. (See chapter 2.06.01 for more information on municipal
integrated database management.)
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1.09 Map Appreciation

The general public and most stakeholders of the CLUP may not be familiar
with maps. It is therefore a very important task for the planner to prepare
mapped information that is easy to understand.
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1.09.01 (Geo)graphic Information

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Maps are used to answer questions such as:

"Where can I find…?", "How do I get to…?", "What feature can be found
at…?", or "Where else do I find that feature?" or "What feature can be found
to reveal attribute information about, for example schools, which can be
compared and analyzed?”, and so forth.
Maps have to be well designed to be able to answer questions such as these. If
the translation from data to graphics is successful, the resulting maps are the
most efficient and effective means of communicating geospatial information.
The map user is able to locate geographic objects, and he is informed of the
characteristics of these geographic objects by means of the shape and color of
the signs and symbols that represent them. The map reveals spatial relations
and patterns, and gives the user the insight and overview of the distribution of
particular phenomena.

Before maps can be designed, the planner should get a feel for the nature of
the information, since this determines the graphic options. This is done
through cartographic information analysis. Based on this knowledge, the
planner can choose the correct symbols to represent the information in the
map. The planner has a whole toolbox of visual variables available to match
symbols to the nature of the data, which are applied according to cartographic
rules and guidelines.

However, maps constructed using these basic cartographic guidelines may not
necessarily be appealing. Although well-constructed, they could still look

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sterile. The design aspects required to create appealing maps also have to be
included in the visualization process. “Appealing” in a communicative sense
does not only mean having nice colors. One of the keywords here is contrast.
Contrast will increase the communicative role of the map since it will create a
kind of hierarchy in the map contents, assuming that not all information is of
equal importance.

Google Earth on the

Internet is a breakthrough for using spatial data. Formerly known as Earth
Viewer. it maps the earth by the superimposition of images obtained from
satellite imagery, aerial photography and GIS 3D globe. Depending on the
currentness and resolution of the data, it will show houses, the color of cars,
and even the shadows of people and street signs for some selected areas. The
screen dump above shows the Municipality of Laurel.
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1.09.02 Participatory GIS

Participatory GIS implies making GIS available to all CLUP stakeholders,
especially those marginalized groups in the municipality/city, in order to
enhance their ability in generating, managing, analyzing and communicating
information in the following contexts:

Self-determination (for example, in protecting ancestral land and resource

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rights and entitlements);

Management of conflicts among local community groups, and between
communities and local authorities with regard to access, use, control and
allocation of natural resources;

Collaborative research and resource use planning and management;

Good governance in terms of transparency and consensus decision-
making with respect to land use;

Raising awareness and assisting with education and social learning for
the younger generation;

Promotion of equity with reference to ethnicity, culture, gender,
environmental justice and hazard mitigation.
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1.09.03 Visual Variables

Planners and cartographers convey spatial geographic information through a
visual language consisting of a combination of the following:

symbols (points, polylines, and polygons),

variables (hue, orientation, value, shape, size and texture), and

interpretation keys.

The effectiveness of a map in communicating its intended purpose depends on

the selection of features, the way these features are depicted, and the ability of
the users to objectively understand and relate these features to their life
situation.

For instance, when a map is used to support active interaction among parties
during the planning exercise, such as in the formulation of the CLUP
Scenarios, it is important that the graphic vocabulary of the maps that have
been prepared is fully understood by all parties and each feature is provided
with a commonly defined key for interpretation (see Chapter 4.21.02 in the
Toolbox).
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2.0 Introduction to GIS

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2.01 What is GIS?

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A Geographic Information System

(GIS) – is a computerized system for dealing with information about
geographically located features.

Geographic information is embedded in over 80% of all the goods and

services a municipality provides.

In a GIS one deals with geographic features, usually presented on top of some
type of backdrop map (a Base Map). Also included are the descriptive
properties of these features.

In a GIS, the features are indicated as points, lines, and polygons or as small
squares in a grid. Attribute information regarding these features may also be
attached. For example, features representing schools may have attribute
information attached to them such as enrolment and teacher/pupil ratio.

With GIS, a number of operations and analytical processes can be performed

both on the geographic data and on the tabular / attribute data.

In its simplest form, GIS can be used to create a map for the user on demand;
in its more complex form, it becomes a database with millions of pieces of
data that are geographically related, and can be displayed in a format that the
user may select to make complex interrelationships visually understandable.

GIS is not only a software but is a system that includes the hardware, data,
including the users and the organization needed to manage the data.

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GIS Can Be Utilized in Many Situations such as

Needs Analyses and Risk and Suitability
Analyses

Among the various uses of GIS relative to CLUP are:

Management, analysis and presentation of information, in map form;

Show location, distribution, and qualitative information on services,

facilities, infrastructure, and other sectoral aspects that are useful in
sectoral studies, needs determination, and planning for provision of
services. For example, it can show the distribution of public health
centers, the types and capability of roads in the municipality/city, and
other objects with a defined location;

To identify hazardous areas in a municipality/city and overlay with the

population density map in order to determine the risk factor as well as the
suitability of the area for urban development vis-à-vis land management
policies.

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Geographic information is information about all those features that are

possible to locate to a position. In other words, GIS is a tool to link features
with geographic location, mostly presented on a map, together with other
types of information such as tables and templates, texts, images, drawings or
video sequences.

map
attribute

GIS as Everybody’s Tool

Computer-assisted systems to capture, store, analyze and present geographic

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information have been available since the mid-80’s. However, even if many
groups were interested in the technology, it has not been predominantly used
due to the high cost of these systems, and the high technical skills required. In
recent years, this situation has changed as GIS systems have become more
user-friendly and affordable, thus opening up the technology for wider use.
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2.02 ‘Digital Mapping’ and ‘Manual

Mapping’ Compared
The use of GIS enables:

better work flow;

higher quality information for decision-making;

better integration among different offices / departments;

quicker access to information;

more efficient information dissemination.

All these lead to possible cost reduction and cost effectiveness.

The following matrix is a comparison of digital and manual mapping with

respect to key activities:

ACTIVITIES: DIGITAL MAPPING PAPER MAPPING

PREPARATION Initial version tedious to Start from scratch every
prepare but quick and efficient time
to monitor
STORAGE Digital Database Standardized Different scales on
and integrated, compact different standards,
memory capacity voluminous and bulky
RETRIEVAL Quick retrieval Paper maps and tables
UPDATING Automatic search and replace Manual check and
by computer revision
OVERLAY Systematically done Expensive and time
Faster integration of complex, consuming

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multiple spatial and non

spatial data sets
SPATIAL Faster Time and energy
ANALYSIS consuming, slow
DISPLAY Easier and faster to prepare Tedious and time-
Better quality Slow consuming

The computer has revolutionized the ways of communicating and analyzing

information about the world, including decision-making. Geographic
Information Technology (GIT) is now widely used for computer-assisted
management and analysis of data concerning geographically related features.
GIS transforms data into timely information. It is capable of sorting out
information and separating them into different layers, as well as combining
them with other layers of information, according to the needs of the specific
user. The information is stored in the computer in such a way that geographic
data can be combined according to the needs of the specific user.

Integration Benefits
One remarkable facility of GIS is that it enables the coordinated use of data
from many sources. This integrative ability is made possible by the
geographic link through the defined coordinates in the geodetic reference
system. The coordinated and integrated information exchange between a
number of systems where the same basic data are used by many users for staff
work, planning, decision making, information dissemination etc. is very cost-
effective.

Information Availability
Using GIS requires a completely different and more systematic way of
information management in order to make the information available.
Disseminating information through GIS, makes it accessible to users, and
enables transparency in governance for the municipality/city. GIS makes it
possible to publish geographic and other data and distribute this data digitally
in an instructive, easy and interactive manner.
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2.03 GIS for Presentation

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The municipal/city CLUP, as a tool for local governance should be accessible

and understood not only by the planners and implementers but by the general
public.
The requisite information contained in the maps, tables, diagrams, and the
plan itself should be easy to read and interpret in order to encourage an open
exchange of information, and dialogue among planners, elected
representatives and the general public. Public participation in planning and
implementation of the CLUP is an integral part of the process, and the voice
of the local constituents should always be heard in decisions concerning land
use.
In order to make the Comprehensive Land Use Plan truly comprehensive, the
GIS Cookbook will provide guidelines on how to address some of the
following gaps in many of the current CLUPs that have been identified:

Distinguish the difference between a ‘plan’ and a ‘map’

Consistencies in scale and the use of the scale bar

Use of the Legend and consistency of the symbols used in both the
Legend and the Map itself.

Appropriate use of point symbols and polygon symbols.

Distinguish between thematic information and base information which
are often mixed together or displayed without having a base map as a
backdrop for easy reference.

Appropriate use of hatching and raster using proper color-coding and / or
line thickness, to make the thematic information clearer to the map
reader.

Use of informative charts, graphs, and other illustrative graphics in the
narrative text instead of hard to read tables and matrices.

Translating information into more understandable maps for easier
comparison and analysis.

The capabilities of GIS for planning and analysis are often overlooked by
planners who oftentimes use it mainly for mapping. The GIS Cookbook will
introduce examples of how to use the analytical capabilities GIS to enable
planners to make more efficient use of the technology.
An example is shown below to demonstrate how GIS can improve one aspect
of the CLUP, which is the CLUP Base Map, through an integrated use of
symbols and color codes, and how these can be used for making thematic
maps that will facilitate analysis.

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2.04 GIS for Decision Makers

The decision-makers in the CLUP planning process include the municipal
local executives such as the Mayor, the Vice Mayor, the Barangay Captains
and the members of the Sangguniang Bayan, and all the other stakeholders
who have a stake in setting the municipality’s/city’s future directions and the
planned layout of land uses.

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GIS plays an
important role in decision making for sustainable development, given its
ability to provide useful information for analysis and assessment.

The development process framework shown herein illustrates how GIS can
track the results of the decision making process (which includes policy
making, planning and management) and how it influences the driving forces
of development (such as population, health and wealth, technology, politics
and economics). GIS can be used to monitor the results (human impacts) of
development, and what its impacts are, on the physical, social, and economic
environment (environmental change).

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The ensuing changes in these processes can be monitored through GIS (with
the use of appropriate methods such as remote sensing, for example), and the
resulting information can be processed and analyzed with the help of GIS, in
order to provide timely, accurate, and concise information that can be
provided to the decision makers, and the planners when they plan for the
appropriate interventions for the driving forces to achieve sustainable
development., thus completing the loop.

Sustainability of the whole cycle of development will be enabled by the

availability of the information as gathered through GIS and its wider
dissemination among the various stakeholders and the general public. This in
turn raises public awareness of the issues regarding the impacts of
development, and triggers the demand for public consensus and transparency
in decision making.
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2.05 GIS for Beneficiaries /

Stakeholders
The process of preparing the CLUP requires transparency and public
participation.
Stakeholders’ participation is important in the planning process since this
gives them the opportunity to play an active role in the decision-making and
in the subsequent activities whose impacts and outcomes will affect them.
Encouraging public participation however is a daunting task, and an important
step for enjoining the public to participate in the CLUP planning and
implementation process is to raise the levels of their awareness of the value of
their involvement in local governance.

To make the CLUP better understood by any local citizen, it is important to

have a CLUP document that is simple, concise, and makes use of graphics that
are easy to understand and are devoid of technical terms. In this way, the
CLUP document becomes more comprehensible to the layman, and the
proposals that will affect the ordinary citizen will be better understood by
them.

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In order for the CLUP to be

appreciated by and useful for the various stakeholders, it will be necessary to
prepare a CLUP version wherein the highlights of the plan are condensed for
the layman. It could be
printed in a leaflet or primer that can be distributed to all the stakeholders.

In the planning process there will be a good number of presentations,

meetings and hearings where stakeholders will be present. (For more details,
see Volume 1: ‘A Guide to Comprehensive Land Use Plan Preparation’).
There are now tools available to facilitate presentations that are readily
available to LGUs such as PowerPoint presentations, which can be used to
present the highlights of the CLUP to the stakeholders during consultative
meetings and other forums.

There is also a template that can be used by the planner where applicable, see
the Toolbox, Chapter 4.13.

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Furthermore, there are guidelines on how a PowerPoint presentation can be

enlarged so they can be and be used as a display.

For both the CLUP documentation and for display purposes during meetings,
the end products of the GIS will provide opportunities to reach out to the
stakeholders and communicate the CLUP document in a manner that they will
appreciate.
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2.06 GIS for Coordination and

Cooperation in the LGU

The LGUs are usually burdened by the various

plans that are required of them by various national government
agencies, in addition to those plans that are required in accordance
with their own mandates. The information requirements for these
plans can be simple or complex, and quite often will involve
duplications, contradictions, inconsistencies, and incomplete
information from among the different data custodians, resulting in
plans that are in themselves difficult to apprehend by the LGU, much
less the uninvolved stakeholders. The preparation of these plans can
be facilitated by an integrated information management system that
will enable the sharing and integration of all the information from
the different data custodians in the municipal government resulting
in a more coordinated and integrative planning and development for
the municipality/city.
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2.06.01 Municipal Integrated

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Database Management
The contemporary demands of local governance in the face of the wide-
ranging and various complexities of modern development, call for a more
flexible local government structure that is truly responsive of the needs of a
given municipality/city.

In order to hurdle the management requirements for these complex tasks, it is

important to promote and strengthen the development of a cross-sectoral and
intra-or inter-institutional connectivity that will greatly improve the planning
and monitoring of the multiplicity of plans, programs, projects and activities,
required in local governance. In the order of things in the municipal
administration, the Planning and Development Office is given the task of
coordinating most of these tasks.

In addition, the Municipal Planning and Development Office (MPDO) is in

charge of collecting and analyzing data for the CLUP as well as for the Local
Development Investment Plan (LDIP), which is an important tool for the
annual budget preparation and ‘hands-on’ decision-making at local level. The
MPDO is likewise responsible for land use-planning, environmental
monitoring, and for issuing permits and clearances based on the zoning
ordinances. These are activities wherein geographic information plays a
crucial role.

However, the other offices such as the Engineering, Assessor’s, and

Agriculture Offices are also custodians of data and are implementers of plans
and projects that have spatial and environmental implications. Therefore, in
the initial stage wherein only the MPDO is in possession of the necessary GIS
equipment and software licenses, the MPDO should coordinate with the said
offices and set the terms of reference for responsibilities in data gathering,
processing, and exchange of information among the relevant LGU office
users. This should be done in order to promote sustainability and
transparency.

The challenge for the municipal planner and the MPDO is to promote the need
for, and the importance of GIS among the various stakeholders in the
municipal government structure (politicians, heads of departments, etc.). This
should also ensure that data is acquired and maintained by all the relevant

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offices in such a way that this data can be easily imported to the GIS system.
A feasible approach is to develop, within the municipal/city government
organization’s computer environment, a common computer file directory
structure for all the different offices (and their corresponding computer
environments) involved in CLUP and other planning activities.
If the municipality/city has a network then this computer file directory
structure is only necessary on the server. If it is a stand-alone computer or
series of stand-alone computers, then the computer file directory structure is
necessary on the stand-alone computer(s). The common computer file
directory structure allows a stable environment to update information, develop
meta-data structures and develop user-friendly applications.
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2.06.02 Municipal Integrated

Development Planning

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The
various national government agencies (NGAs) formulate policies, guidelines,
plans, programs and projects, governing their sectors, and these are handed
down to the LGU level for local government guidance, implementation, and
compliance. Given the numerous NGAs and the corresponding policies, plans,
programs and projects, that the LGUs have to contend with, it is usually left to
them to integrate all of these within the local government context, and arrive
at a set of plans, programs and projects that are aligned to the policies, and
compliant to the guidelines. The LGU therefore plays a vital integrative role at
the local level
In order to facilitate the tasks of the LGU, the GIS Cookbook identifies
possible data sharing ‘shortcuts’ between information products needed for the
CLUP and information prepared in other municipal plans and programs such
as the examples found below.
The following are some of the kinds of plans that the LGU is expected to
prepare, in coordination with the appropriate national government agencies:

1. Agriculture and Fisheries Management Plan, including the Strategic

Agriculture and Fisheries Development Zone (SAFDZ)

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2. Forest Management Plan or Forest Land Use Plan (FLUP)

3. Sustainable Integrated Area Development Plan or Local Agenda 21
(SIADP)
4. Coastal Resources Management Plan (CRMP)
5. Solid Waste management Plan
6. Agrarian Reform Community Development Plan

Examples of plans that require inter-sectoral functional committees are:

a. Local Poverty Reduction Action Plan
b. Disaster Management Plan
c. Sustainable Development Plan
d. Gender and Development Plan
e. Food Security Plan
f. Integrated Area Community Peace and Order and Public Safety Plan
g. Local Development Plan / Local Investment Plan for Children
h. Ecological Solid Waste Management Plan
i. Human Resource Management Plan
j. Revenue Enhancement Plan
Plans that fall within the concern of individual sectors:

a. Action Plan for the Council for the Protection of Children

b. Annual Culture and Arts Plan
c. Agriculture and Fisheries Management Plan
d. Local Tourism Plan
e. Small and Medium Enterprise Development Plan Body
f. Local Health & Nutrition Plan
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2.06.03 Examples on Coordination

and Cooperation in an LGU
The use of digital data and the application of GIS open the door to
improved coordination and cooperation among the different offices /
departments in the municipal/city government. For example, the
same digital road database that has been used and presented in the

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CLUP can also be used by the engineering department. Information

regarding schools can be used and maintained by the education
department and be analyzed in the CLUP, etc. Extracts from some
case studies done in the GIS Cookbook Pilot LGUs are presented
below. The full case studies are found in Chapter 4.01 in the
Toolbox.

Example1: A Synchronized Building Permit Application cum CLUP Data

Set

Once the CLUP and the Zoning

Ordinance have been approved, they constitute the basis for the issuance of a
number of different permits, such as Locational Clearances, Subdivision
Development Permits, Plan Approvals, Building Permits and Business
Permits. These permits when consolidated will form part of a considerable
database that will provide the important inputs such as land use changes in the
municipality/city and other development indicators, when the CLUP is
updated.

Proposed design for digital format

 Existing Log Book

The proposed digital format for the Permits Logbook (or registry) was a
simple system that was suited to the current ‘computer appreciation level’ of
the Ormoc City Government.

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In future,
the system can be developed into a more sophisticated one such as a network
corporate solution. The Building Permit Logbook is translated into a digital
format, using MS Excel, with the adjustments needed for consistency and
digital processing.

A similar GIS application can be made for the Locational Clearances issued
by the Zoning Officer.
The Case Study is found in Chapter 4.18.01.

Example 2: A Synchronized Business Permit Application cum CLUP

Data Set

The Zoning and the CLUP is used as a basis for issuing the Business Permits.
In the period before a revision of the CLUP, these permits can also be used as
an indicator of commercial development in the municipality/city.

The proposed system presented a method of consolidating and building up of

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a Business GIS for the LGU that can be used for the issuance of Business
Permits, update or revision of the CLUP, preparing statistical maps on
developments in the LGU, and providing tourist information. The proposed
tables to keep digital records of the Business Permits can be the start up level
for those LGUs without current digital records. The system allows the LGUs
to get started in MS Excel where a spread sheet containing the attributes, are
stored and then linked to a GIS layer holding the surveyed locations of the
business establishments that have been given the permits. In the case of LGUs
with current digital systems, the suggestion is to instead keep the attribute
database they are now using, and extend it with a link to the GIS.

Sample
Map showing Business Permits and their classification in Barangay
District 7 Ormoc City
The Case Study is found in Chapter 4.18.02.

Example 3: Preparation of an ‘LGU Urban Poor’ GIS

While evaluating the prepared CLUPs in the pilot municipalities/cities, it was
found that the housing sector of the Plans do not fully recognize the need to
focus on the situation for the urban poor, and the corresponding actions
needed to improve the situation of the informal settlers. The CLUPs merely
describe the policies and whatever pilot projects are existing, and fail to

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provide comprehensive information and analysis of the housing situation,

particularly on informal settlements.

The proposed system presented a simple method again based on the current
‘computer appreciation level’ in Ormoc City, and this system can be
developed into a more sophisticated one such as a network corporate solution
in the future. Two Excel spreadsheets have been designed to start with. One
which shows the distribution of informal settlers’ families by Barangays with
the indicators as shown in the matrix below.

The Case Study is found in Chapter 4.18.03.

Example 4: A Barangay Map Survey and Information Product

In Chapter 4.19.02 there is a description of how an integrated survey can be
conducted for a given Barangay. The survey is part of the data gathering
activities in the beginning of the CLUP preparation process (Steps 1 and 4).
The objective of the surveys is to gather useful data needed for the preparation
of the CLUP and the preparation of the Barangay Map that will be distributed
to the Barangay Council members, and to be displayed in the Barangay Hall.

The purpose of the survey is to:

 Compare the Zoning with the actual land use;

 Identify major changes in land use (e.g. newly built-up areas, etc.);
 Identify relevant “issues” in the Barangay;
 Consolidate the results of the survey to be used as inputs in updating of
the CLUP and Land Use Map
 Locate the facilities within the Barangay

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Current Zoning/Land
Use Map Covering the Barangay Linao

Updated Land Use

based on barangay survey and aerial photo
With the data gathered in the survey, and the use of the aerial photos, the
current barangay land use map can be updated accordingly. This newly-
updated Barangay Land Use Map will be a good basis for updating the CLUP,
and for a more accurate zoning for the barangay.

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Barangay Map of
Linao
The Barangay Map for Linao (shown above) is printed in an A2 format which
can be laminated so that it can be used in consultative discussions, and so that
the local officials can draw on the map using whiteboard markers, and still re-
use the map for other different projects.
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2.07 GIS for Coordination and

Cooperation between
Cities/Municipalities and the
Province

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The province exercises general supervision over component cities and

municipalities to ensure that the acts of these LGUs are within the scope of
their prescribed powers and functions.

Alongside this function, the province is also mandated to prepare the

Provincial Physical Framework Plan (PPFP) that will delineate the desired
general physical development of the province, showing where the protected
areas and preserved lands are, and the development and growth areas such as
the settlement areas are identified or established.

The PPFP likewise provides the development plan for the physical
infrastructures and shows the prospective locations for these, in support of the
preferred development strategy of the framework plan.
The province sees to it that the municipalities and cities within its jurisdiction
have their own integrated social, economic, physical and environmental plans,
and are implementing these plans accordingly. The province also monitors
and evaluates the implementation of the programs and projects as formulated
in their plans.
In formulating the CLUP, the LGUs should be guided by the PPFP and the
significant provisions that will have direct influence on the LGUs’ respective
development thrusts. These provisions include the LGU’s designated role in

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the province, the projected degree or level of development, the proposed

programs and projects to be implemented in the LGU and the proposed
general land uses.

The Sangguniang Panlalawigan (SP) of the province is tasked to review and

approve the CLUPs of their respective municipalities/cities. During the
review, the Provincial Land Use Committee (as the SP’s technical arm) will
determine if the province’s various relevant sectoral and physical
development plans pertaining to the concerned LGUs have been taken into
consideration and integrated in their CLUPs.

The institutional linkages among the

LGUs are well in place. However, there is room for improvement in the
“information links” among them that allow prompt and uncomplicated access
not only to the plans and programs of the Provincial Governments, but also to
sectoral plans and programs of the national government agencies in the
province.

The use of GIS within the LGUs is a vital factor in terms of data sharing in the
preparation of the PPFPs and CLUPs, as well as in the review of the CLUPs

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by the Provincial Government. With the province coordinating with the

LGUs, they can share the available digital data acquired by the province for
thematic mapping purposes. It not only enhances the presentation of the maps
but increases the accuracy of the information, as well.

Having a CLUP with GIS maps is beneficial because it would be easy for the
planners in the province to review and compare the CLUPs of
cities/municipalities within their jurisdiction and check if it is consistent
within the thrust of the PPFP. Further, with the use of GIS, digital CLUPs can
be easily incorporated to see and check if the adjacent land uses between and
among municipalities are synchronized.

So far, only a few provinces have adopted GIS, but there has been no standard
symbology adopted or proposed. The GIS Cookbook provides the
recommended guidelines which can also be used as reference for the
preparation of the PPFP.
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2.08 GIS for Coordination and

Cooperation between LGUs and the
National Government Agencies
(NGAs)

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Devolution under the Local Government Code is defined as the transfer of

power and authority from the National Government to the LGUs to enable
them to perform specific functions and responsibilities. The overarching
objective here is to enable the LGUs to increase government efficiency, meet
the demands of the community, and to serve as instrument of growth. This
strategy allows tor the sharing and realignment of powers and resources of the
central government with the LGUs.
However, despite devolution, many NGAs have still retained functions that
are essential in the development of cities and municipalities. Alongside this,
even the associated information, knowledge or data in relation to the said
functions, are still lodged with these agencies.

Furthermore, the NGAs prepare their respective agency plans and programs
that cover a given period of time. These plans, are accessed and used by the
LGUs in the preparation of their own plans and programs. However, LGUs
gain access by directly coordinating with the agency concerned.

The acquisition of information can be facilitated by NGAs by assisting LGUs

in getting essential data for their CLUPs. For example, there is an ongoing
harmonization project among Phivolcs, MGB, and PAGASA under the
direction of the NDCC that is aimed at harmonizing their data sets in digitial
format which they will make available to the LGUs in the immediate future.

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A GIS can provide better presentation maps for CLUP purposes for LGUs. It
would also be advantageous for both LGUs and HLURB in reviewing the
plans and for decision making purposes. If digital zoning maps of LGUs are
shared with HLURB this would facilitate the monitoring of the residential
subdivision and condominium projects that are requesting for licenses. It will
also reduce the redundancy of data conversion for HLURB.
GIS is useful in enhancing public service delivery. For instance, proponents
who wish to secure permits can easily check if their projects conform with the
zoning ordinance, if there is a GIS map. In this case, it will also enable the
LGU to decide quickly.

Not all cities/municipalities can afford a GIS and more so, they might not
have the technical expertise to operate the GIS. A recommended approach to
solve this would be as follows:

A province that has the GIS and technical expertise can provide
assistance to its respective municipalities by means of a shared GIS. They
can give hands-on training on the use of GIS in cooperation with
HLURB.

A province without GIS could establish one, with financial counterpart
from component cities and municipalities. This way, the provinces/
LGUs can share technical expertise as well as information between and
among them.
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2.09 GIS for Coordination and

Cooperation between LGUs and
Private Sector
The LGU plays a dominant role in the capture and use of geographic
information for all stages of development related planning. The use
of GIS supports more open, collaborative planning processes, and
improves public access to geographic information in urban and
rural planning issues. The private sector is also mobilized in local
governance and planning, for example, privatization affects the

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capture and distribution of what were formerly public domain

spatial data. A more accessible public database enables investors to
analyze the impact of development projects in relation to municipal
objectives for land uses.

A GIS system that allows mutual access to and interaction among public and
private sectors provides the following benefits:

Savings from elimination of redundancy;

More resources available to improve data;

Better understanding of user needs;

Users gain better understanding of proper uses for the data sets;

Conclusions/analysis have more credibility and chance of accuracy the
more current and standardized the data is; Better accuracy of data and
reports;

Ability to identify source and credibility of data including liability;

Ease of access which encourages more, and possibly new, uses;

Standardization helps to compare data sets to clean out errors;

Reduces data cost which serves as a barrier to entry for GIS
learners /beginners & small businesses;

New uses based on ability to combine data from different sources;

Cycle time improvements make it easier and quicker to generate reports
while also reducing the overall costs to generate a report. In addition, by
using GIS it can help make private sector input more timely;

Reduces distribution costs for transacting/exchanging data;

Private sector may eventually provide additional funding sources if there
is a central repository where they could gain access;

Development of best practices;

Increased expertise in the municipality;

Increased chance of government access to private data as private data
sources can use the cooperative

GIS to market/showcase their GIS data.

Below are some examples of valuable cooperation between the Public and
Private Sector:

Creation of a model for GIS Data sharing. This might be a form of a
Private Sector venture to provide access to data for a fee;

Provide access to municipal data;

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Provide access to catalogued commercial data sets centralized in one

single location or site;

Sample data sets for educational purposes;

Provide emergency response tools and data sets to both public and private
sectors. This would enhance current operations by having data readily
available 24 hours a day and 7 days a week instead of just when an
extreme emergency strikes, although generally, emergency responses
may be transboundary which makes data access and sharing difficult.

3.0 The Cornerstones of a

Functioning GIS

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3.01 Introduction
3.01.01 Think Big, Start Small
3.01.02 The Cornerstones of a Functioning GIS

3.01.01 Think Big, Start Small

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The most significant limitations and obstacles to the operational use of GIS
are not of a technical nature. They are rather institutional, organizational,
procedural, and information quality issues. To improve the situation, there is a
need for a GIS management policy dealing with institutional mandates and
linkages, technology strategies, human skills development and financial
management. An organization’s GIS capacity can be built up step-by-step
while responding to the pressing needs for information on the environment.
The first step is to define the information needs and priorities, and relate this
to the state of existing information and capabilities of data producers and
users.

3.01.02 The Cornerstones of a Functioning GIS

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A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer-based tool for

mapping and analyzing things that exist and events that happen in a given
municipality / city. GIS technology integrates common database operations
such as query and statistical analysis with the unique visualisation and
geographic analysis benefits offered by maps. These abilities distinguish GIS
from other information systems and make it valuable to a wide range of public
and private enterprises for explaining events, predicting outcomes, and
planning strategies.
The cornerstones of a functioning GIS are the following:

People who are skilled and have been trained

Spatial and attribute or descriptive data

Analytical methods

Computer Software

Computer Hardware

A functioning GIS is the combination of all these which are all organized to
automate, manage, and deliver information through geographic information.

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It is a common mistake among GIS clients that after having seen GIS being
presented by a salesperson and becoming impressed by the technique, they
buy the GIS software and then think that the matter is solved.
Applying a strategy in which all five components are dealt with will result in a
successful introduction to GIS. In the following chapters are the
recommendations made for all the cornerstones of a functioning GIS in
connection with the CLUP.

3.02 People (GIS Advocacy and

Skills Development)
3.02.01 Advocacy for a Municipal GIS with Elected Officials and LGU
Management
3.02.02 Management, Institutional and Organizational Issues in the
Development of a Municipal GIS (Action) Plan for the Introduction of an
LGU GIS
3.02.03 Preparation of a (CLUP) GIS Training Program for LGU Staff
3.02.04 Recommendations for Training
3.02.05 Training for Using GIS as a Tool in CLUP Preparation
3.02.06 GIS Training Opportunities
3.02.07 Some Recommendations for External Technical Assistance in CLUP
Preparation

When a municipality is getting started in GIS, the initiative should

come from within the organization. The LGU management should
know its own organization well enough to be able to make it more
efficient in delivering the services that the local constituents expect
of it. And in order to maintain its organizational efficiency, the
LGU’s GIS staff should initially consist of people who are already in
the organization. If a new employee can be hired, he/she should
bring technical knowledge and experience. Otherwise, those existing
employees, such as a draftsman for example, can be trained. The
LGU management can encourage them into the shift by giving a
supportive and positive attitude. In a municipality, the GIS staff may

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have primary job responsibilities in other areas of concern. Since

GIS is an add-on to the employees’ existing duties, the LGU
management must be sure there is enough time to give each activity
its due.

To give proper attention to the GIS, some other work responsibilities

of the staff must be lessened or altogether cleared, especially if the
employee managing the GIS operation has other responsibilities.
Some of the current employees may apply for GIS positions and they
should be considered based on their existing knowledge and ability
to be trained for the position. The key is to have a team of people
who have knowledge of both the organization and GIS.
Training for existing staff that will be part of the GIS Team can
focus on technical matters while training for newly-hired staff
should also include, aside from the technical matters, training on
how the organization operates. It is important for the GIS staff to
understand the existing operation of the organization in order to
enhance the use of the GIS to its fullest.

3.02.01 Advocacy for a Municipal GIS with

Elected Officials and LGU Management
Phases
To ensure success of the GIS, the commitment of the LGU management must
be total. It should be demonstrated by putting this commitment into concrete
actions that will have to be sustained throughout the operation of the GIS.

To get GIS as a tool for everybody within the organization is a process that
can take place in a span of at least five to ten years. The whole process can be
viewed as a project with four phases.

Phase One can be called ‘the convincing phase,’ whose purpose is to the get
politicians and the top management convinced about the benefits of
implementing a GIS for the municipal (spatial) planning activities such as the
revision of the CLUP.

Phase Two is ‘the inventory phase,’ with the objective of finding out the

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capacity of the LGU (or the internal ‘state of the art’), what’s going on in the
surrounding world, where to utilize lessons learned, and who are the
prospective members in the project team.

Phase Three is ‘the design phase,’ where the project team is established, the
important initial data sets (both available within the LGU organization and
outside it) have been identified and acquired, and a viewer GIS is being
installed within the organization. In this phase a requirement specification for
‘corporate’ GIS (how the data can be shared by the stakeholders) and for a
metadata base are completed.

Phase Four is ‘the implementation phase,’ wherein the development of the

corporate GIS is made and the GIS applications implemented. The provision
of data to users is on-going, the knowledge enhancement plan is implemented
and the GIS network is up and running. In this phase additional data sets for
installation on the GIS server are decided and new requirements on GIS
functionality are recorded for a future development project.

In order to succeed with the fourth phase of implementing GIS it is absolutely

necessary to get through, and achieve good results from, the first three phases.

Below are some issues that have to be considered during the process:

Analyze and Discuss the Benefits of GIS

The core questions in discussing the benefits of GIS are:

How can the use of GIS contribute to the LGU management?

What are the prerequisites for increasing the internal efficiency within the
organization?

How can decision-making be supported by GIS?

Chapter 2 includes plenty of justifications which can feed these discussions.

Incorporate GIS into the IT strategy

The introduction of GIS requires a clear commitment and the active
involvement of the entire LGU organization in order to succeed. The initial
step is to establish the GIS strategy and incorporate it in the Information
System Strategic Plan of the LGU.

Training Needs Assessment and Skills Enhancement

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An important component of the action plan is to find out the needs for
education and training. Based on the training needs assessment, a GIS
Knowledge Enhancement Plan (KEP) should be formulated. It is important to
determine the training needs of the staff that will comprise the GIS core team.
The HLURB Regional Offices will assist in the building of the basic capacity
of LGUs, and the intention is to develop a training facility at HLURB that will
provide applied GIS CLUP training.

Create a GIS Network

The team leader – a ‘Geographic Information Officer’ (GIO) needs to be
appointed, who will network with other colleagues in the different offices
within the LGU organization. It would be advantageous if these colleagues
have the same skill as the GIO in order to have a strong internal GIS
organization.

A separate training program is normally necessary for the members of the GIS
network. A low-income municipality with low computer proficiency may not
be able to appoint a GIO, in which case the MPDC, or a knowledgeable
person from the LGU organization may be assigned the task of GIO.

Accomplish Activity and Information Need Analysis Processes

Another initial activity in the GIS implementation is the analysis of the
processes concerning the needs for and current uses of geographic data, and
the requirement for GIS software. This should enable the LGU management to
make the right decision for data management, the procurement of a suitable
GIS software, and efficient access to needed data.

Information within the Organization

At the outset, it is important to establish what internal information is available,
the quality of such information, and to analyze the information needs of
identified target groups within the organization.

Ensure Immediate Access to Software and Data

GIS software and local basic data sets must be available for use prior to
training of staff. It is also important to give the trainees the opportunity to start
working with GIS directly after training.

3.02.02 Management, Institutional and

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Organizational Issues in the Development of a

Municipal GIS (Action) Plan for the
Introduction of an LGU GIS
Implementation of GIS should be the result of a strategic decision by the LGU
management, and emanating from the IT or GIS Strategy (if such is
available). Development of the GIS system should proceed on the basis of the
organization’s information needs and the availability of geographic data. A
step by step process should be followed, beginning with the use of simple
applications which are needed by the various users in their daily work, and
progressing to more advanced and complex user applications. Using GIS for
CLUP preparation is one application that starts from simple tasks and can
grow into a more sophisticated use of the tool.

The Geographic Information Officer Has a Key Role

The GIO must be a good project manager and negotiator; he must be
diplomatic; and, he must be very familiar with the business. It is not enough
that he is highly proficient with GIS. And the GIS team that supports the GIO
should operate as a cohesive GIS human network, with skills corresponding to
that of the GIO. This is the way of establishing a robust GIS organization.

Plan Carefully for the GIS Implementation

The first task is the formulation of an implementation plan based on the
results of a survey of information needs for the different business activities.
Chapter 4.02.01 in the Toolbox presents an example of an implementation
strategy for using GIS in CLUP preparation.

Availability of Data – A True Success Factor

An important factor in GIS implementation is the availability of relevant data.
It is therefore necessary to evaluate existing data sources prior to formulating
the implementation plan. Chapter 6.02 includes a form that outlines the steps
in finding out the current status of available attribute and spatial data needed
for the CLUP preparation. Likewise, Chapter 5 of the Toolbox gives more
details on the attribute tables that need to be compiled.

The implementation of GIS is facilitated if the staff already has knowledge

about how non-spatial databases are designed and how to work with the
attribute datasets in Excel. Implementing GIS and training the staff (including

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the end users) must be done in parallel to ensure success.

It is important to have the trained end users work with GIS soon after the
training in order to keep the momentum of work and the knowledge fresh, and
the enthusiasm to work with the new tools is still high.

Common Functionality and Activity-Specific Applications

“Common GIS functionality” refers to a centrally implemented GIS that is
simultaneously available and or accessible to all users.
“Activity-specific applications” however, are developed for a specific branch
or service or group of users. Development of such applications should be the
responsibility of the specific office concerned. These applications have to be
compliant with standards and structures that are applicable for the entire
organization.

The CLUP GIS can perform these operations of common GIS functionality
and activity-specific applications, and this versatility will enable users within
the organization to freely use and exchange data for use in other applications.
Chapter 4.18 gives examples on the multi usage quality of a versatile
geographic information system.

3.02.03 Preparation of a (CLUP) GIS Training

Program for LGU Staff

One of the causes of poor and unproductive use of

GIS is the lack of training for the people who are supposed to
operate the tools related to the system. If users don't know how to
address spatial problems and use the computer to find the
geographical answers, they won't be able to know how to apply GIS.
It is important, therefore, to assess training needs and options.

One of the most important factors for successful GIS implementation is the
availability of trained staff. Efficient staffing and appropriate training must be
part of the GIS implementation strategy. Some of the conditions that can help

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retain staff are:

interesting and challenging tasks

supportive management environment

continuing opportunities for staff development (attendance to GIS-related
seminars, contact with other GIS professionals, etc.)
There are two main staff groups who are expected to work directly with the
GIS system:

GIS primary users consisting of the planners and / or the planning team
involved in the CLUP preparation

GIS end users consisting of staff that will use the results of the CLUP
preparation process such as the sector data, land-use plan, ZO; etc. in
their daily work

Geographic Information Officer

The ‘Geographic Information Officer’ (GIO) who will manage

the CLUP GIS application will have to be appointed at the outset and be given
sufficient training. He should be competent in general management as well as
GIS. The GIO’s proficiency in managing people, information, priorities, and
time will contribute to the success of GIS implementation. Management
seminars provide opportunities for enhancing such proficiency, by listening to
experts and by interacting with others in similar positions. Courses designed
to help in specific subjects such as general management skills, project
management, strategic management, and total quality management, will all be
helpful to the GIO.

For low-income municipalities, the MPDC will most likely fit the role of GIO.
However, if there are opportunities or other projects for strengthening the
LGU’s IT capacity, and there is an available full time competent staff person
with knowledge in implementation of computerization strategies, then that
person can be designated as GIO.

For a low-income municipality where the CLUP GIS is one of the first
computerized applications, there is a training program included in the

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Toolbox, Chapter 7.01.

Introductory trainings for advocacy purposes should also be conducted for the
LGU officials and the LGU top and middle level management.

GIS Primary Users

The primary users comprise the staff that is responsible for creating,
maintaining, and operating both the data and the system infrastructure.
Defining the common ground for information, such as agreeing on a uniform
metadata base and entry of data into databases plus capacity building and
training, are important matters that need to be dealt with at the start. The
primary users will require regular refresher courses to keep them updated on
current and new techniques and methods.

In addition to the GIS staff, training for system administration staff (network
administrator, database administrator, and hardware technicians) must be
considered by those larger cities / municipalities that can afford to mobilize
these positions.
In the CLUP GIS preparation it is recommended that the respective sectoral
offices are made responsible for sector data capture and maintenance. These
sectoral offices will need custodians who will monitor the maintenance of the
sector database and give support to the end users regarding CLUP project
studies, data maintenance, and map production.

GIS End Users The prospective user of a GIS must be confident with
analyzing and manipulating attribute data in order to be receptive to learning
about GIS. GIS end users need training in the software and applications with
which they will be working. GIS is inherently a multi-disciplinary science and
attention should also be given to training in other areas where the technology
will complement the work that users do every day.

Introductory trainings for advocacy purposes should also be conducted

for the LGU officials and the LGU top and middle level management.

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Organizational Chart for Laurel

Example of an Organizational Chart for a City

3.02.04 Recommendations for Training

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Database management in LGUs varies from the traditional analogue (paper

based) system to secured digital operations. Generally, a minority of the
workforce involved in database management has achieved a computer
awareness level where only MS Office Word and Excel software are being
mastered. One objective in general training for the LGU should be the
elimination of disparities among the various LGU offices and reach a level
where everyone ‘speaks the same language.’ The training program should
consist of a step-by-step process allowing all the prospective trainees to be
given a general introductory training in GIS, while providing opportunities for
specific trainings to produce local expertise in attribute and spatial database
management. During the learning process it is very important that the trainees
have data from their own offices to practice with.
In the preparation of the GIS Cookbook, two training modules (Basic GIS
training and Applied GIS training) have been prepared to give support to
‘non-computer literate’ staff that will be involved in the CLUP preparation
using GIS.

GIS Staff Computer Literacy and GIS Training Needs Assessment

When the GIS team has been organized and mobilized, a training needs
assessment should be conducted which will be presented in a KEP
(Knowledge Enhancement Program).

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The number of GIS users that

will browse geographic information on a daily basis should be determined.
The number of GIS primary users who will give support to the respective
offices regarding GIS project studies, data maintenance, and map production
should also be determined.
After the training needs assessment has been conducted, the number of staff
that need GIS training can be established. However, at least two persons in
each office must have sufficient skills to manage the sector (attribute)
databases. During the implementation phase, more work staff will be needed
to populate the datasets.

3.02.05 Training for Using GIS as a Tool in

CLUP Preparation
HLURB has prepared a training package for municipal planners who are
literate in MS Office but have no previous experience of GIS software:

Module 1, (one week) Basic Computer Training and Introduction to

Digital Database Management
The new application is presented and the rationales for a digital database are
given. There is also a beginner or review component for word-processing and
data entry into spreadsheet and prepared forms. The participants will bring
information about their job activities and there will be practical exercises on
how to fill the forms, etc. It will also give an introduction to GIS, which will
give the participants an understanding of what a GIS is, what it is intended for

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and how it is structured. The module also includes basic knowledge about
hardware and trouble-shooting.

Module 2, (one week) Applied CLUP Database Management Training

This module is intended for GIS primary users who will be managing a sector
database. It should enable the trainees to be competent with database building
and management. The participants will use real data from their own sector and
the outcome of the training will be a set of databases included in the CLUP
sector database. It also includes an introduction to GIS, which will give the
participants an understanding of what a GIS is, how it can be used and how it
is structured. At the end of the course participants will have a working
knowledge of the concepts, terminology and tools used to create and manage
integrated mapping data in a local government environment with special
reference to the CLUP.

The CLUP GIS training modules and programs are found in the
Toolbox, Chapter 7.01.

Specialist Training
For special trainings that may be required by the more specialized GIS staff
such as the GIS Software Expert and GIS Database Analyst, as well as the
system administrators such as the Computer System Manager, Network
Administrator, Database Administrator and Hardware Technicians, the best
option is to find suitable advanced training opportunities in the private market.
Such special trainings however will not be applicable to the GIS Cookbook’s
target group of municipalities.

Advocacy and Applied Training

This module is intended for Municipal/City Councilors, LGU top and middle
management officers, who will not directly work with the GIS system, but
need to know how GIS can assist in decision-making, and the requirements
for a sustained GIS. The GIS Cookbook provides guidelines (see for example
Chapter 2) for advocacy which can be used for raising awareness among the
local officials and LGU senior management, about the advantages of a GIS

3.02.06 GIS Training Opportunities

Current training opportunities for learning GIS in the country may be
available at the following:

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University of Philippines which offers undergraduate and postgraduate

courses in Geodesy. These courses are primarily intended for students
who want to specialize in GIS and Remote Sensing.

Geodata which is the country’s authorized distributor of ESRI software
(such as ArcView, ArcGIS, etc.) offers basic and advanced short-term
trainings on how to manage the software. However, their exercises are
based on refined and very accurate data from the USA, which is not
reflective of the situation in the Philippines.

NAMRIA has a computer laboratory and offers short-term trainings
customized to the Philippine environment. The agency has conducted on-
demand courses targeted for national agencies and LGUs

HLURB, as mentioned above, will provide on-demand training on how to
use GIS as a tool in CLUP preparation. It will be conducted for
municipalities that are in the pipeline to update their CLUPs.

For more information, please refer to Toolbox, Chapter 7.

3.02.07 Some Recommendations for External

Technical Assistance in CLUP Preparation
The HLURB Regional Offices extend technical assistance in the
preparation of the CLUP. Nowadays however, LGUs also engage
the services of consultants in the preparation of their CLUPs. The
HLURB CLUP Guidelines are meant to encourage LGUs to take the
lead in the planning activities, with technical assistance from
technical experts as needed. The GIS Cookbook provides guidelines
for preparing the Terms of Reference for the hiring of technical
experts in CLUP preparation using GIS.

General Recommendations
The following recommendations are given for the procurement of technical
expertise to assist in the GIS development activities of the LGU. They can be
included in the Terms of Reference for the technical expert’s activities, and
incorporated in the MoA between the LGU and HLURB or in the contract
between the LGU and the private consultant for the CLUP preparation:

The technical expert shall use the same software environment as the LGU
(in HLURB’s case, it is Arc View 9). All end products of the technical

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expert’s work should be delivered in shape files in a digital format;

Upon completion of the technical expert’s work, all attribute and spatial
data, micros, applications, etc., are turned over to, and become property
of the LGU, and can be freely manipulated by the LGU. All outputs of
the consultancy work such as, but not limited to, digital data, survey data,
statistical data, etc. shall be turned over to the LGU;

The LGU shall be the primary distributor of all data produced under the
consultancy;

The end products, such as data, micros, applications, etc., cannot be sold
by the technical expert to a third party without the consent of the LGU;

On the job training should always be provided, with the objective that the
assigned LGU staff will acquire or enhance their capability to manage,
make revisions and updates of the CLUP after completion of the
technical expert’s contract.

Please refer to Chapter 4.04 in the Toolbox for more details

regarding what should be considered in a ToR and included in a
MoA for CLUP preparation using GIS.

3.03 Methodology
3.03.01 The Flow from Data to Information to CLUP Application
3.03.02 What are (KEY) Indicators?
3.03.03 An Example on How to Apply the Methodology to Increase the
Information Value
3.03.04 Information Product Description – What do you want to get out of the
GIS?
3.03.05 Objectives of Information Products Preparation
3.03.06 Basic Steps for the Preparation of Information Products
3.03.07 Information Products for CLUP
3.03.08 Land Cover Mapping Using Remote Sensing Data

3.03.01 The Flow from Data to Information to

CLUP Application

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Definition

Knowledge which is the basis of competence is by itself not sufficient. There

must be an understanding of the meaning of what is known, but again, this is
not enough either to complete competence. Wisdom must be applied as well
in order to achieve the desired outcome. Knowledge and understanding can
often be taught, but wisdom is usually acquired through experience.
Information is qualified data. It is “processed data.” Data is only useful if it is
interpreted and transformed into information. This transformation from data to
information requires knowledge and understanding. One needs wisdom to be
able to grasp the information and apply it usefully.
Data and information need to be structured and stored in a way that makes
them readily accessible to those who are to use them. Some applications of
information are often repetitive and can therefore be automated. These
automated processes are themselves often called applications.
An information management system such as GIS must be combined with the
competence levels within the organization. These levels of competence should
also be developed to improve the quality of the applications of information at
a higher rate to improve overall productivity.

3.03.02 What are (KEY) Indicators?

Definition
Indicators are intended to be part of an enabling process, measuring sector-
wide progress of all activities (and actors) towards achieving goals. The
indicators of municipal activity emphasize sustainability and efficiency goals
rather than simple production goals.

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The major emphasis is in developing capacity

for establishing indicators that will help in policy review and implementation,
and which can be monitored regularly. The aim is to engender commitment,
develop the expertise, and to set the routine for collecting data for all sectors
included in the CLUP.
Important characteristics of indicators are that they should be:

easily understood by all stakeholders;

related to the interests of one or more groups of stakeholders;

measurable using immediately available data at the municipal level;

clearly related to municipal policy goals and capable of being changed by
the use of policy instruments;

linked where possible to the three themes of economic, social and
environmental sustainability.

Sectoral data when overlaid together will be used to determine the overall
status of the provision of the basic utilities/facilities/services for the
municipality.
Indicators should be based on two levels of priority:
First priority or 'key' indicators require only immediately available data and
present the facts that are of interest to a broader audience rather than only to
specialists in the field.
Second priority or ‘extensive’ indicators contain indicators of lower policy
relevance but of much interest for the sector specialist or which are more
difficult to collect or define.
The indicators should be readily available, easily collected or estimated, and
should not require special surveys or studies. Indicators are not data; they are

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‘models’ simplifying a complex subject to a few numbers, which can be easily

grasped and understood by policy makers and the general public.
Indicators are statistics directed specifically towards policy concerns and
which point towards successful outcomes and conclusions for policy. They
should be user driven, and are generally highly aggregated and have easily
recognizable purposes. Classic examples of indicators include unemployment
rates or GDP growth rates, which are statistics that are authoritative and
recognizable indicators of the performance of the economy.
Example on Key Indicators for Basic Needs/Life Quality Targets
The following list exemplifies the most basic needs, and linked to the need
specification is an indicator which makes it possible to measure increased (or
decreased) need fulfillment over time:
Basic Needs /
Key Indicator
Targets
Percentage of
Provide a Job Unemployment per
Barangay
Percentage of
Provide
Households per Barangay
Adequate
who live in an Informal
Housing
Settlements
Percentage of
Provide
Households per Barangay
Access to
with Access to Drinking
Safe Water
Water within ----meters.
Provide
Percentage of
Access to
Households per Barangay
Decent
with a sanitary toilet.
Sanitation
Provide Percentage of
Connection to Households per Barangay
Electricity with Electricity
Services Connection
Percentage of
Households per Barangay
Provide with a Primary School

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Primary with Sufficient

Education Classrooms and Teachers
within ------ meters.
Percentage of
Households per Barangay
Provide
with a Health Clinic with
Primary
Sufficient Staff and
Health Care
Medicine within ------
meters.

The CLUP
should reflect the basic needs of the less privileged people

3.03.03 An Example on How to Apply the

Methodology to Increase the Information Value

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A Table with no GIS Implication

Let’s look at one example of a table which has no GIS implication. The table
below presents the secondary school enrolment by males and females in
government and private secondary schools and is taken from a CLUP. This is
an extract from the old Education Sector Guidelines of HLURB. (A revision is
under way and will be included in Volume 2) An improved table version is
likewise presented to show the increased information value.

Information Product Observation Made

Checklist
Is the table defined as a No. Then why is it here? There is no clarification in
CLUP data the text as to why the table is included in the report.
requirement in the
(old) Guidelines?
Does the table have an Yes
index number?
Does the table have a Yes. However, is providing the proportion between
title that corresponds to Government and Private schools the most important
the table content? indicator? If the gender disrowibution is more

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important, then the table should have been titled

accordingly.
Is there a date of data Yes. This makes it easy to access if the data is of
in the table? immediate interest or obsolete
Is there a Yes. However, the acronym should be known to
comprehensive everybody. There should be a list of acronyms
‘Source’ for the table? included in the report.
Is the table referred to No. However, the text is adjacent to the table.
in the text?
Is the wording There is no explanation distinguishing the difference
consistent? between ‘secondary’ and ‘high school.” It also does
not clarify the difference between a ‘public’ and a
‘government’ school.
In order to avoid confusion, there should be
consistency in the use of terms. Use only one term
instead of two terms that mean the same.
It would also be useful to add explanatory graphs to
the text to increase the availability and
understanding of definitions and standards, as shown
below.

Does the table add Not really, since it simply duplicates what is
something to the explained in the text. The only difference is that the
narrative text? text provides the percentage indicators.
Does the table data No. The data in the table does not contain anything
qualify as to compare with. The table presents a disrowibution
‘information’? of enrolment between private and public, and
nothing more. It also presents a gender
disrowibution, which again is not exrowaordinary.
In other words, the table does not present

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comparative information that can be noted, showing

for example some compliance to or deviation from
standards, or some deficit in targets. The table does
not warrant action on the part of the decision maker
or user.
Is the table easy to No. It is done in MS Word and not in Excel, hence it
work with? cannot be manipulated easily.
Does the table have a Yes. However, there should be a row at the bottom
rational layout? showing the totals.
Does the table have a It is possible to enhance the table design as shown in
good design that the example below.
facilitates reading?

This is the result of the analysis, which can be used in the CLUP narrative
part.
For assistance, a template is found in the tool box that can be copied into
CLUP.

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A Table with GIS Implication

As pointed out previously, most of the services and utilities that a
municipality provides have a geographic reference – a location on a map.
Using mapped information in a GIS will increase the information value and
make it easier for the stakeholders particularly LGU officials, planners and the
general public to analyze the situation and make informed decisions.
Information ‘hidden’ in a table will become transparent and more visual in the
process of deciding what actions are needed to improve the situation.

For example the status of the road system in the municipality is presented in
the following way in a CLUP:

Based on this table it is possible to calculate for a total road improvement.

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However, it is not easy for a decision maker/planner to prioritize, given

limited funds available which is normally the case in a low-income LGU. By
translating the results of the survey done to get the data compiled in above the
table above into a map layer in a GIS, and combining the attribute information
from the survey, it will be much easier to prioritize projects so as to optimize
funds. The example shows an extract of such a road layer on top of a simple
CLUP Base Map.

By combining the road layer information with population data (how many
people are using the road?) and traffic counts (what types of vehicles and how
many are using the road?) it is possible to assess how important the road is, in
the context of the overall road network in the municipality/city.

By using unit cost for repair/upgrading of a road in “critical” condition, the

GIS can provide the costs that can be incurred for the repair/upgrade of the
said road, which can be compared with the available budget for infrastructure
improvements.

The map is also useful in determining the existing road system vis-à-vis
current land-uses and other socio-economic activities. The map presents a
bird’s eye view of accessibility from one destination point to another.

3.03.04 Information Product Description – What

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do you want to get out of the GIS?

The key to preparing a GIS is knowing what you want to get out of
it. If you know what information you want to produce, then you can
determine what data you have to put in. One should also know what
functions have to be performed on that data in order to get the
required information results you want to produce. If you do not know
what you want to produce, you can have no real idea of what to put
in or what functionality you want in your system.

Information Product Descriptions are the building blocks for the

information needed in the CLUP planning process.
The establishment of Information Product Descriptions (IPD) entails
specifying and describing what one expects the GIS to create. The IPD
contains the requirements to come up with the final product. When the IPD is
made, specification on what the GIS must be able to master is prepared for the
first time. Once done, the rest of the planning activities follow what are
outlined in the descriptions. Defining each product that the GIS must create

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will help provide adequate justification for obtaining GIS hardware and
software.

At this stage in the preparation process it is important for the planner to

consult with the representatives of the concerned office or sector together with
other concerned stakeholders to:

clarify the information products that need to be produced by the system;

establish what data is needed to create the information products;

identify the system functions that will be used to create the information
products.

While it may require some hard work, once solid information product
descriptions have been generated, the rest of the GIS planning is ‘easy’.

The following list will serve as a useful guide for the planning team in
preparing the IPD for the first time, or if there are additional information
product requirements for the CLUP as a result of the consultation. A useful
information product description includes a title, the name of the department
and person who needs the information product, and the following
components:

Summary of the information product – a narrative text providing an

overview of the information product, who requested it, and what it is used for.
When writing the IPD, before getting into the details of it, there should be a
summary of the information product needed and its purpose.

Map requirements — details of maps needed for an information product,

including a sketch of sample maps. The first step in creating an IPD is to
describe each map that has to be an output. It is important to include a sketch
of the map with the IPD. The sketch can be simple, but should show at least
one of every feature type that the final product is expected to display.

List and report requirements — details of the information that will be in

any reports, lists, or tables for an information product, including headings and
typical data entries. An information product is not always a map. It could be a
list of figures, a table, or a report. Or, there may be a map product that needs a
list, table, or report as a supplement. The information product description
should identify each of these lists, tables, or reports. Each list, table, or report

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should have a title, appropriate column headings, typical entries, and details of
the data file that contains the source information.

Document and image requirements — details of documents and images that

have to be retrieved to create an information product. An information product
may be a document or image or include a document or image as a supplement.
In the IPD, each image or document that the user needs to retrieve from the
GIS should be identified.

Steps to make the product — details of the data and GIS functions needed to
create the information product. The second, third, and fourth components of
the information product description (map, list, and document requirements)
clarify details of the information product that is required. Once something is
known about the information product, the steps needed to create it can be
outlined.

Logical linkages — details of any linkages that need to be established

between data elements in the database to create the product. The next step in
describing an information product is to determine the relationships that are
required between data elements. These relationships are called "logical
linkages," and they must be in place in order to be able to build the database
later on. In the IPD, one needs to establish how data from the same or
different datasets must be combined to create the information product.

There are three types of logical linkages:

Relationships between tables and graphic entities — these are
relationships between characteristics (attributes) of features and the
features themselves (points, lines, polygons);

Relationships between maps — these are relationships between different
maps (or data layers);

Relationships between attributes — these are relationships between
characteristics.

3.03.05 Objectives of Information Products

Preparation
With GIS support it is possible to create better source material for

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analysis and decision-maiking.

Tailored GIS applications, and integration with other IT support,
can
make it easier to search for data, data processing and presentation.
The weak components in the system are data reliability, data quality,
data completeness and data relevance together with the skills of the
staff
to interpret the results correctly.

Production of Source Material for Decision with GIS Support

Information produced by using GIS often is presented as maps together with
tabular data and/or additional text. The presentation may also include images,
diagrams or video sequences. The GIS software will be tailored or expanded
in accordance with the tasks which are to be performed, and the skills of the
staff. Therefore it must not be difficult to get a requested decision source
material by using a well-designed GIS. The decisive factor is to define the
needs based on relevant business activities before creating this tailored GIS

To Select Relevant Data

It can be difficult to decide which data is to be used and how to analyze the
data in order to create a source material for decisions by using a GIS
application. The needs for data are a result of the way of performing the
business activities and the shape of the specific issue.

To Interpret the Source Material for a Decision

The second major challenge might be to interpret the information produced
with GIS support. What conclusions can be drawn from the results of an
analysis operation? What are the uncertainties? In which parts of the
interpretation are there uncertainties?
There are a number of critical issues affecting the possibility of giving good
answers to these rather difficult questions. Such issues are:

What does the geographic information that I used, stand for? And what
does it not stand for?

How complete are the business activities described therein, prior to the
development of the GIS application? Was there a proper activity
modeling process as a bottom line for the application development?

Is it possible, and realistic, to use this specific GIS application for the

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analysis operations or data processing operations necessary for the

specific issue?

3.03.06 Basic Steps for the Preparation of

Information Products
In a typical GIS analysis activity like the CLUP preparation, the
objectives of the activity are identified, the database containing the
data needed to solve the problem is created, and the results of the
analysis are presented. Below are the steps that should be
considered when the information product for a subject is prepared:

1. Background and Objective of the GIS Analysis

The first step is to give a short overview of the particular information product
and the objective of the GIS analysis. The following questions should be
considered in identifying the objectives:

What is the problem to solve? How is it solved now? Are there

alternative ways to solve it using a GlS?

What step of the planning process are we in?

Who is the intended audience of these products i.e., the public, LGU
staff, LGU officials?

What are included in the final products of the activity – reports, working
maps, presentation-quality maps?

Will the Information Product be one of the baseline studies? Will it be
needed for ‘Needs Analysis” or for ”Suitability Analysis”? Will the data
be used for other purposes? What are the requirements for these?

In this step it is important to determine the answers to the questions
above, determine the scope of the activity as well as how to proceed.

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2. Identify the Indicators to Evaluate Objective Achievement/to Evaluate

Performance/Evaluate Suitability

Define the planning standards and common practices that are

applicable for the sector. (For example, for the education sector there are
planning standards for accessibility, student/teacher ratios, student/classroom
ratios, student/school yard ratios, student/schoolbook ratios; physical
condition of buildings and plots, etc.). Regarding information about what
planning methods that can be used, please refer to guidelines on sector studies.
In the absence of a national standard, the local planner may opt for an
acceptable/reasonable value based on the specific municipal objective for the
planning issue at hand.

The Information Products are grouped into the following:

Base Line Studies- When sector studies are prepared, most of the data
can be translated into spatial data which will be further used in Needs
Assessment.

For Needs Assessment, indicators are important for measuring the quality
of service being provided or for determining the physical condition of a
facility for a particular service.

For Suitability Analysis, this refers to identifying what areas in the
municipality are considered suitable for future urban expansion.
However, there has to be criteria for determining those areas which are
considered as suitable (suitability criteria).

Scenario-building. This visualizes three different options that show
alternative courses of action based on identified needs and existing
constraints.

CLUP/ZONING -The comprehensive results of the discussions over
scenarios and spatial strategies will result in the draft CLUP. Zoning
further subdivides the community into zones or districts.

Projects – this establishes a basic GIS application about the status of
various projects resulting in a Basic Project Monitoring GIS in
coordination with other offices within the LGU.

3. Create a Database

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The third step is to create a database, which consists of the

following: designing the database, automating data for the database, and
managing the database.

Designing the database includes identifying the attribute and spatial data
requirements for analysis, determining the required feature attributes, setting
the study area boundary, and choosing the coordinate system to use. The GIS
Cookbook provides the digital templates for tables ready to be used for
encoding the data. The Metadata table has also been prepared containing the
list of tables that have to be accomplished, showing both the optional and key
tables.

Automating of the data involves digitizing or converting data from other

systems and formats into a useable format, as well as verifying the data, and
correcting errors. Attribute data, however, should be encoded using the tables
that have been prepared.

Managing the database involves verifying coordinate systems and joining

adjacent layers.

Creating the database is a critical and time-consuming part of the activity. The
completeness and accuracy of the data for use in the analyses determines the
accuracy of the results.

4. Analyze the Data

The fourth step is to analyze the data, which consists of a range of

tasks from simple mapping to creating complex spatial models. A model is a
representation of reality used to simulate a process, predict an outcome, or
analyze a problem.

A spatial model involves applying one to three categories of GlS functionality

to some spatial data. These functions are:

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Geometric modeling functions – calculating distances, generating buffers,

and calculating areas and perimeters;

Coincidence modeling functions – overlaying data sets to find places
where values coincide;

Adjacency modeling functions – allocating, path finding, and restricting.

The result of this step may be a simple process to evaluate for example, the
service that is being provided for a barangay, which will be an input for
assessing the needs of the said barangay. Or it may be to determine the actual
physical conditions in terms of the environment, and the hazards within the
municipality.
The GIS can quickly perform such analysis that would be impossible or very
time-consuming if done manually. Alternative scenarios can be created by
changing the methods or parameters and running the analysis again.

5. Present the Results

The fifth step is to present the results of the analysis. The final
products should effectively communicate the findings to the target audience
(stakeholders). In most cases, the results of the GIS analysis can best be
shown on a map, or they may also be presented in charts and reports of
selected data. These charts and reports can be printed separately, or be
embedded in documents created by other applications, or placed in the maps.

In the following, examples on CLUP Information Products from the

various planning sectors are compiled and presented. A complete
representation of the Information Products for the planning sector
subject is found in the Toolbox, Chapter 4.05 – 4.12.

3.03.07 Information Products for CLUP

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Below are some examples of the Information Products that may be needed for
CLUP Preparation.

Information Products for CLUP NEEDS ASSESSMENT

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Information Products for Identifying Suitable Areas for Urban

Expansion

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3.03.08 Land Cover Mapping Using Remote

Sensing Data
Remote Sensing (RS) is a means of acquiring information about an
object without contacting it physically using airborne equipment and
techniques to determine the characteristics of an area. Aerial
photographs and satellite images are the most common forms of
remote sensing data.

Introduction
Land cover mapping is one of the most important and typical applications of
RS data. Land cover corresponds to the physical condition of the ground
surface, for example, forest, grassland, concrete pavement etc., while land use
reflects human activities such as the use of the land, for example, industrial
zones, residential zones, agricultural fields etc. Generally land cover does not

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coincide with land use. A land use class is composed of several land covers.
RS data can provide land cover information rather than land use information.
Initially the land cover classification system should be established, which is
usually defined as levels and classes. The level and class should be designed
in consideration of the purpose of use (national, regional or local), the spatial
and spectral resolution of the RS data, user's request and so on.

For beginners in GIS, most probably it will take some time to start with digital
RS techniques. Instead, most of the time will be used for setting up the GIS,
getting the data organized and preparing the information for the CLUP, using
GIS as a support.
RS will require that learning more about a new ‘data environment’, involving
how to extract information from pixel/raster data which is different from the
vector data analyses in the GIS. Likewise, an RS software or RS module
addition to the GIS software will be needed, and these might be costly
additions for a low-income municipality to set up.

Methods
Digital Classification
When RS data is available in digital format, digital processing and analysis
may be performed using a computer. Digital image classification is performed
to automatically identify targets and extract information. Techniques such as
unsupervised classification are largely automated while others such as
supervised classification require considerable human input in the classification
process. However, rarely is digital processing and analysis carried out as a
complete replacement for manual interpretation.

For the users of RS, it is not sufficient to display only the results obtained
from image processing. For example, detecting land cover change in an area is
not enough, because the final goal should be to analyze the causes of change
or to evaluate the impacts of these changes. Therefore the result should be
overlaid on maps of land use zoning. In addition, the classification of RS

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imagery will become more accurate if the auxiliary data contained in maps are
combined with the image data.

Manual visual interpretation of paper or on-the- screen data of

aerial photo/and satellite imagery is still today a good way for
extracting features, especially line features.

Change Detection
Change detection via satellite data is probably the most promising application
from remote sensing. It can be done often without too high data costs and can
deliver reliable results. Often it is not possible to get data with very high
resolution covering the same area because of the costs, instead, satellite data
can be used. The best way of using remote sensing for change detection is to
point out areas where changes occurred. One of the most important
advantages is that you get a date for the change. Not the exact date, but a time
interval when the changes appeared. For changes in vegetation most often a
spatial resolution of 15-30 meter is enough, but for detailed change detection
one might need a 5- 10 meter spatial resolution. For more detailed urban
mapping a 10-meter spatial resolution data such as SPOT Pan will be most
suitable.

Aerial photos can be used for land use change mapping, but it should be noted
that changes shown in a very high resolution photo often is caused by other
things such as the movement of vehicles, or the different shadows of
vegetation, etc. There will be lots of changes that are of no interest. One
should also be aware of shadow effects in the flight direction. Aerial photos
are not taken during the same solar conditions.

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What’s in the Toolbox of Remote Sensing?

The following case studies will give some ideas on what issues could emerge
when remote sensing is being applied in the field of spatial planning.

Study on remote sensing and change detection in Bangladesh, see

Chapter 4.18.04.

Overview of Satellite Data currently on the market, see Chapter 5.10.03.

A Remote Sensing tool, Enforma, that can be downloaded, including a
tutorial with some exercises from the Philippines, see Chapter 8.03.

3.04 Data
3.04.01 Types of Data Used in a GIS
3.04.02 Data Preparation
3.04.03 Data Management
3.04.04 Legal Implications on Data Capturing and Storing

3.04.01 Types of Data Used in a GIS

Although the two terms, data and information, are often used
interchangeably, they mean two different things. Data can be described as
different observations which are collected and stored. Information is

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processed data which is useful in answering queries or solving a problem.

“Analogue data,” “paper version” or “hard copy” are terms often used to
denote any document or dataset produced on paper while “digital data” or
“soft copy” refer to files processed by GIS software in the computer. The
result of the computer manipulated data can be transformed into a paper
format such as the printout of a map.

Geographic data are inherently a form of spatial data organized in a

geographic database. This database can be considered as a collection of
spatially referenced data that acts as a model of reality. There are two
important components of this geographic database: its geographic position
and its attributes or properties. In other words, spatial data (where is it?) and
attribute data (what is it?)

Spatial Data
Spatial data pertains to the location and spatial dimensions of geographical
entities, and data that can be linked to locations in geographic space, usually
via features on a map.

Attribute Data
Attribute data refer to the properties of a specific, precisely defined location.
The data are often statistical but may be in text, images or multi-media. These
are linked in the GIS to spatial data that define the location. They are often
referred to as non-spatial data since they do not in themselves represent
location information.

Spatial data can be represented into two fundamental approaches:

1. Vector data wherein objects or conditions in the real world are

represented by points and lines and polygons that define their
boundaries, much as if they were being drawn on a map. The position of
each object is defined by its placement in a map space that is organized
by a coordinate reference system, as shown below.
2. Raster data wherein the space is regularly subdivided into cells (usually
square in shape), as shown in the figure below. The location of
geographic objects or conditions is defined by the row and column
positions of the cells they occupy. The area that each cell represents
defines the spatial resolution available. The value stored for each cell

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indicates the type of object or condition that is found at that location in

the raster model, and the homogeneous units are the cells.

[size=14]Comparison of the Raster and Vector Models. The landscape in 1 is

shown in a raster representation (2) and in a vector representation (3). The pine
forest stand (P) and spruce forest stand (S) are features. The river is a line
feature, and the house (H) is a point feature.

Some basic properties of raster and vector data are as follows:

Each entity in a vector file appears as an individual data object. It is easy
to record information about an object or to compute characteristics such
as its exact length or surface area. It is difficult to derive this kind of
information from a raster file because raster files contain little (and
sometimes no) geometric information.

Some applications can be handled much more easily with raster
techniques than with vector techniques. Raster works best for
applications where individual features are not important.

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Comparison of Raster and Vector Data

Raster Vector
Good for complex analysis Compact data structure
Efficient for overlays Efficient for encoding
Advantages
Data structure common for topology
imagery True representation of shape
Complex structure
Large datasets
Overlay operations difficult
Disadvantages Topology hard to represent
Might imply false sense of
Maps less "realistic"
accuracy

3.04.02 Data Preparation

Search for Data
Possibly the most important component of a GIS is the data. Geographic data
and related attribute data can be collected in-house or acquired from a public
agency or a commercial data provider. For the database building, standards
for data acquisition and data entry, data maintenance and storage, data
analysis and processing, data display and reporting have to be defined. By
formulating and agreeing on a metadata base, specifications can be developed
that facilitate the system integration.

The process of putting data into a GIS takes time. The process can be slow
and laborious; and time equals money. Every year someone promises that
next year there is going to be a faster, more intelligent scanning system that is
going to get data into the system much easier. Things are indeed getting
better and more and more data is becoming available in digital form, but the
process of building a database still typically represents 80% of the first five-
year costs of establishing a GIS. This is real money expenditure and that is
where much of GIS time is going to be spent.

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In this context one has to remember that the LGU is primarily an

institution for data users, not data producers. Consequently, if
customized GIS data is available on the market, it is better to
purchase the data, instead of starting an in-house ‘production line’
to transfer data to a GIS format. The GIS Cookbook presents a
collection of CLUP Data custodians to facilitate the data searching
by LGUs in their CLUP preparation. There is an inventory of
available or accessible attribute and spatial data that are needed in
preparing the CLUP. (Chapter 4.17.01 in the Toolbox.)

Data Capture
In the data capturing process the data are taken from the real-world
[/b](primary source), or from a secondary source such as a paper
map, and entered into GIS software.

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The Preparation of Primary (Attribute) CLUP Data

When the ‘Search-for-Data’ process starts, in some cases attribute
data will not be stored in a digital format. In ArcGIS and most other
GIS software have a tool to manipulate attribute data. However, for
beginners in GIS it is recommended to use MS Excel for two
reasons:

1. The custodian of the attribute data will (hopefully) be a

representative from the specific sector (education, engineering,
etc.) and the staff will most probably be familiar with the
Microsoft Software package, which includes Excel.
2. The custodian of the spatial data will be the MPDO, and since
the software is an expensive part of the GIS start package, it
should be the unit that holds the GIS software license. As a
consequence, it will be the MPDO who will assist the attribute
data custodians in including the attribute datasets into the GIS.
Furthermore, the MPDO will have to extend services by
providing GIS browsers and producing print outs for the other
GIS stakeholders so that they will be able to use the
information in their tasks.

Eventually, the stakeholders will have the confidence to work with

the attribute data in the GIS software and the methodology
recommended during the ‘introductory phase’ mentioned above will
cease to be a problem.

Aside from using Excel, it is also recommended that files to be used

in the GIS should be stored in dBase file formats DBF4 (dBase IV).
This is because in many instances, the dBase format can be used in
the older version of the GIS software, for example ArcView 3.x.
However, since the dBase IV format saves only the text and values
as they are displayed in cells of the active worksheet, special
attention is needed, as described in Chapter 4.20.01. How this is
practiced is shown in Chapter 7.03.03.

The Preparation of Spatial CLUP Data

In the ‘Search-for-Data’ process, there will be instances wherein
primary data gathering of spatial features will be done. It is
recommended that a GPS be used in this activity. Chapter 4.19 in

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the Toolbox will show what to do in this case. There will also be
analogue spatial data (paper drawn maps) that must be transformed
into digital format. The process of capturing, processing and
converting analogue spatial data into digital format is the same
whether it is for basemap purposes or other maps for the CLUP.
Chapter 4.21 will discuss these matters.
Map Accuracy and Level of Acceptance
GIS technology has broadened our view of a map. Instead of a
static entity, a map is now a dynamic presentation of geographic
data. The advantages are outstanding but there are also risks
involved. In this case study, the importance of observing positional
accuracy between the input data and the end product in the form of
a CLUP map is shown.

Six accuracy issues can be identified in a GIS:

1. Positional accuracy by which the location has been determined;
2. Attribute accuracy for the information describing a geometric element;
3. Logical consistency which means that lines are connected, polygons
closed, etc.;
4. Completeness, which describes if the data is valid for the whole area or
for parts of it;
5. Currentness that describes the time for data collection;
6. Lineage that describes all operations and manipulations that were used
to produce the data (air photo interpretation, digitizing, etc.)
In the preparation of the CLUPs using GI Technology, secondary source
data will be used. The LGU planner must rely on data captured by a national
agency (e.g. geologic map, soil map, erosion map, flooding map, etc.). The
source data will most likely be in a paper format, the data has been produced
using manual methods, scales may vary, and little is known about the
accuracy (few metadata is attached).

Chapter 4 in the Toolbox provides some metadata specifications for some of

the data, but a lot more needs to be done to assist the planner. The source
maps, in order to be useful in a CLUP GIS database, must be transformed
into a digital layer. However, data from paper format will only be converted
into digital format.

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Scanning and georeferencing are discussed in Chapter 4.21 where acceptance

and accuracy should be observed in these processes. It is likely that errors
inherent in the paper source will be also be transferred to the digital form
including any errors that might have been incurred during scanning and
georeferencing processes. The accuracy of the digital data will depend on the
accuracy of the secondary source, and comparison would only be between
secondary data sources. The way how to treat errors between primary and
secondary sources will be discussed in the Toolbox.

How much error (errors from source and from scanning and georeferencing)
is acceptable? The answer depends on how much accuracy the secondary
source can provide. If the accuracy of a secondary source is not known, the
data could be compared with other secondary sources which have similar
features that are comparable.

However, one must be cautious in comparing data. Most secondary source

data done manually would contain a lot of errors. It is also possible that there
are secondary sources which were produced digitally like orthophotos and
GPS surveys. These sources would have greater accuracy than all other
secondary sources, and these secondary source data will have to be evaluated
differently.

Lessons Learned The spatial data, especially the data for the Base Map:

must be captured with agreed and acceptable (positional) accuracy;

must be properly georeferenced;

must be defined in the right projection;

must have enough information about how it was prepared (metadata)

It should not be expected of a planner to be able to assess whether

‘technicalities regarding the cartography’ are properly set from the beginning.
There should be enough guaranties for the planner that the data has a
workable standard so he can focus on his professional task, which is the
actual planning and the preparation of the CLUP.

Metadata
Metadata is the term used to describe the summary information or
characteristics of a set of data or "data about data".

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Metadata can be defined as geospatial data

describing its characteristics in terms of content, quality, processing history,
format etc, into a common set of terms and definitions. In simple words,
metadata is “data about data”. A map legend on a paper map is a type of
metadata that describes the different map elements, publishing date,
projection and coordinate system, etc.

A common perception of GIS data is that it consists of two parts: spatial data
(coordinates and topology), and attribute data (descriptive information).
However, without proper documentation, GIS data will remain incomplete. It
is thus equally important that GIS data also includes a metadata component.
Metadata creation is typically considered to be an obligation of the data
producer. The data user needs metadata to determine whether or not a
particular data set exists, and to decide whether or not the data is appropriate
for use. Proper metadata should describe the who, what, when, where, why
and how regarding all aspects of a GIS data set.

The use or creation of Metadata is often ignored or avoided. However, with

the rise in use of digital data, the advantage of including metadata for datasets
is increasingly recognized. Whereas cartographers rigidly provided metadata
within a paper map’s legend, the evolution of computers and GIS has seen a
decline in this practice. As organizations start to recognize the value of this
ancillary information, they often begin to look at incorporating metadata
collection within the data management process.
Metadata helps people who use geo spatial data find the data they need and
determine the best way to use it. Metadata benefits the data-producing
organization as well. As personnel change in an organization, undocumented
data may lose their value. Incoming and newcomer staff may have little
understanding of the contents and uses for a digital database and may find
they can't trust results generated from these data. Lack of knowledge about
other organizations' data can lead to duplication of effort. It may seem
burdensome to add the cost of generating metadata to the cost of data

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collection, but in the long run the value of the data depends on its
documentation.

In the GIS Cookbook there are Metadata Specifications and Standards for the
attributes as well as the spatial datasets.

What Are Standards and Why Use Them?

The benefits of using GIS will be truly achieved once data is shared
and exchanged between and among producers and users of
geographic data. A prerequisite for such cooperation should be the
capability of reading and interpreting the data among the
exchanging entities. One basic condition is to standardize data,
technically and conceptually

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Paper Maps Means Conceptual Standards As Well The printed map, in

itself, represents a standardized way of describing geographic information.
With our knowledge, experience and intuition we understand a meaning, an
image and properties of that road which is described with a certain symbol. It
works pretty well as long as we deal with a certain map category. The
problem is that the important aspects can easily draw in all information on the
maps when performing analysis procedures by using a number of different
thematic maps.

Computer Assistance Will Increase the Demands for Systematic

Management of Data When changing to the digital world, there is a need to
describe the tasks in a logical manner to get the computer to do what we
want.

A Corporate Language GIS, as well as our own language, is created to

transfer and disseminate information. A corporate language consists of a
corporate vocabulary and a corporate grammar. In the computer world we
talk about corporate feature names, feature definitions, attribute lists and
uniformly defined data format and data base design. This is standardization.

Use of Geographic Data Many organizations use many types of geographic

data from numerous data vendors or producers. These data should be used
together. Standardization concerning geographic data such as using the same
projection is an absolute prerequisite.

As we use many data types from different producers it is also necessary with
information about who is producing what, about data quality, about data

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capture methods etc. This is metadata. A uniform metadata structure also

requires standardization, in order to easily understand the meaning of
metadata.

Use of Geographic Data A standard is agreed upon by a group of users who

have cooperated in order to standardize a certain thing. The work is approved
by the standardization organization and appointed official standard. In
addition to the official standards for geographic data, a certain group can
decide to apply a standardized data description for a certain purpose. In this
case the result will occur as a de facto- standard. This needs no approval by a
standardization organization since it is just for the use of the internal
organization that agreed on this standard. Today there are a number of
official standards concerning geographic data. Those are developed within
the International Standard Organization (ISO), for example ISO TC 211

(Global level).
There are also a lot of other unofficial standards. One example is the product
de facto- standard established by Microsoft as this company is dominating the
software market for computers. Another strong player is Environmental
Systems Research Institute (ESRI), the world leading vendor of GIS
software.

In the Philippines, the Inter Agency Task Force on Geographic Information

(IATFGI) has made serious effort to come up with technical standards for
geodata.
The preparation of the GIS Cookbook has been coordinated with their
recommendation and applicable metadata specifications have been adopted.

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However, the metadata specifications have been improved focusing not only
on national government institutions but the local government data
environment as well.

3.04.03 Data Management

In a GIS it is very important that data is named and stored in a
logical way otherwise it will be difficult to find, which version that
should be used, and to maintain the information property.

If there are no previous file and folder management standards in the

municipality, the following guidelines should be followed. In case
there is a recognized file and folder system in the municipality then
that system’s standards should be used. The guidelines are meant for
a stand alone computer environment, with the files stored locally in
one computer. In the case of networks, standards for data sharing
should be applied.

Guidelines for File and Folder Management

The goal is to minimize duplication of datasets and to have the

data well organized and easily accessible. This will help avoid confusion
during the CLUP preparation, and in future revisions of the CLUP.

To facilitate an overview of the folders, the subfolders should be organized in

a specific order. They are automatically placed first in numerical and then
alphabetical order. If you start with digits you can decide the appropriate
order. It might not be necessary to use figures for all folders, but this is
preferable for the most used or important folders. It is important to name the
folders and files in a coherent way, so that will be easier to view the content
of the drive. Using meaningful names and abbreviations can help see at a
glance what each dataset is.

The folder structure described below is a proposed setup that can be used in

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the preparation of the CLUP. It is recommended for better organization and

management of files in case no previous standard has been used by the
municipality.

All the files such as written reports and other documents, graphs and photos
used in the narrative part of the CLUP and the geodata needed to build up the
CLUP GIS, are organized into 4 folders, which then are divided into
subfolders and sub-sub folders accordingly: 01_CLUPGIS; 02_CLUPdoc;
03_CLUPpic; 04_CLUPmix.

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01_CLUPGIS – contains the data, mostly tables/spreadsheets that is needed

for the GIS. The building stones of the GIS consist basically of spatial data
(which configures the features on the map), and attribute data (which
describes the specific map feature). For example, a school is represented as a
point on the map (spatial data) and when you click on it one will find
information on how many teachers, classrooms, etc. (attribute data) the
school holds.
Aside from the geodata there are also (Excel) table data that have no GIS
representation, and can be used in the narrative part of the CLUP report as
tables or graphs originating from the spreadsheets.
The components of the CLUP GIS data are divided into sector folders which
follow IATFGl recommendations on metadata as shown below.
Name of
Code Content of sector folder
folder
Fundamental data sets that can
be used to make the sector data
described above more
Basic meaningful. Displaying or
BM
Information analyzing the base data with the
sector data assists the user in
making more effective and well-
informed decisions.
The ‘software issues’ which in a
GIS context are combined due to
Socio- international GIS standards and
SE
economic technical rationales. Data related
to public services and economic
development.
The ‘valid to’ tag, which
identifies data that can be used
EN Environment to protect and develop
environmental sustainability,
conditions in the municipality.

Infrastructure is the ‘man made

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features’ ‘with layers, which

depict the location, distribution,
IS Infrastructure volume, standards and type of
infrastructure utilities within the
municipality.
Land-use Management’
symbolizes the ‘price tag’ with
layers which provide basis for
Land (use)
LM zoning, land ownership, taxation
Management
and assessment of land values,
which can be inputted to fiscal
resources of the municipality.
Monitoring development
Project activities in projects that have
PR
Management been initiated by the CLUP or
have impact on the land use.

Each of the sector folders is divided by planning component subjects

(Housing, Education, etc.) in order to differentiate between table files being
used for preparatory activities (both for the GIS and to be inserted in the
CLUP narrative text), and files that are being used in the GIS. Each planning
component subject folder is further subdivided into two subfolders, namely
‘Tables’ and ‘GIS.’
A ‘Quick-look’ file placed together with the sector subfolders in the
CLUPGIS folder describes important information about the data, which could
be of good use and facilitate understanding by a new user/custodian. Refer to
Chapter 5.01.01 for more information about the ‘Quick-look’ file.

The GIS Cookbook does not give any recommendation how the data used in
the CLUP Report should be organized. However, below are some general
suggestions:

02_CLUPdoc – contains drafts of the CLUP document eventually divided

into subfolders for drafts and final version. Each subfolder is recommended
to have numbered subfolders corresponding to the division of chapter in the
document, such as, 01_Introduction; 02_Baseline Studies; etc.

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03_CLUPpic – contains all types of imagery, such as photos, satellite

imagery, aerial photos, graphic illustrations, etc. For easy reference it is
recommended that all imagery used in the final version should be placed in a
separate subfolder and if there are several images, these may be subdivided
into chapters such as 02_CLUPdoc.

04_CLUPmix – contains miscellaneous files, preferably organized into

subfolders according to the steps in Volume 1 prepared, such as minutes from
meetings and consultations; correspondence, etc.

A preset directory that can be copied and inserted in the computer

is also found in the Toolbox.

Guidelines for Naming of Files It is important to name the folders and files
in a coherent way, so that it will be easier to view the content of the drive.
Using meaningful names and abbreviations can help see at a glance what
each dataset is.

The following guidelines are recommended, where the name of the folder or
file should be:

Clear and comprehensive;

Not too long, not more than 40 characters (including space between
words);

Written following the sentence rule (start with capital letter);

Acronyms with capital letters;

No dots, slashes and backslashes. Only underscore can be used.

The following table sets out the characters that may NOT be used in file or
folder names, as they are generally reserved by the operating system and will
cause file retrieval problems if used:

Character Description

Slashes (“/” or “\”) – these are used

/ Or \
by the operating systems to denote directories.

: Or; Colons (“:”) or semi-colons (“;”)

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* Asterisks – used in search criteria as wildcards

% Percent symbol

() or [] or
Brackets
{}

. Period – used to denote the file extension

? Questions marks – bad form

= Equals sign

“ or ‘ Quotation marks

< or > Greater than or less than signs

Dollar sign – this has a special usage for security

$
permissions.

Tilde – used by the operating system to truncate files names

~
that are too long.

! Exclamation marks – bad form.

It is recommended that the geodata files be named as follows:

Product/ feature name + year (2 digits) + eventual more detailed

description about the feature + property, version or other property
information. file extension

For example: Admin96b_pline.shp. where:
1. ‘Admin’ is the code for an administrative feature;[/li]
2. ‘96’ indicates the year the data was captured/revised (for example
when the CLUP was prepared);[/li]
3. ‘b’ defines the type of administrative feature, namely a barangay (b
is the coding for a barangay);[/li]
4. ‘_pline’ is the polyline version (as there is also a polygon version of
the same feature needed for the base map)

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The shape file format defines the geometry and attributes of

geographically referenced features in as many as five files with
specific file extensions that should be stored in the same project
workspace. They are:
. shp - the file that stores the feature geometry. Geographic features
in a shapefile can be represented by points, (poly) lines, or polygons
(areas).
.shx - the file that stores the index of the feature geometry.
.dbf - the dBASE file that stores the attribute information of features.
When a shapefile is added as a theme to a view, this file is displayed
as a feature table.
.sbn and .sbx - the files that store the spatial index of the features.
These two files may not exist until you perform theme on theme
selection, spatial join, or create an index on a theme's Shape field. If
you have write access to the source data directory, the index files
will be persistent and remain after your ArcGIS session is complete.
If you do not have write access to the source data directory, they will
be removed when you close the project or exit ArcGIS.
.ain and .aih - the files that store the attribute index of the active
fields in a table or a theme's attribute table. These two files may not
exist until you perform link or join on the tables. If you have write
access to the source data directory, the index files will be persistent
and remain after your ArcGIS session is complete. If you do not
have write access to the source data directory, they will be removed
when you close the project or exit ArcGIS
.apr is a project file in ArcView3
.mxd is a map document in ArcGIS.

Data Sharing GIS and supporting technologies will lead to the development
of decision support systems that facilitate the municipal planning process. By
using indicators and alternative development scenarios it is possible to
measure the performance of the LGU and future land-use.

Planning support systems like the CLUP GIS can measure and compare
performances of different planning scenarios according to planner- or citizen-
defined indicators for land use, transportation, education, natural resources,
and employment, to name a few.

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However, the ultimate goal is to bring together all potential players to work
collaboratively on a common vision for their community. GIS-based planning
support systems allow planners to quickly and efficiently create and test
alternative development scenarios and determine their likely impacts on
future land use patterns and associated population and employment trends,
thus allowing public officials to make informed planning decisions. With a
basic understanding and implementation of data sharing one can provide
more information to local residents and the municipality without increasing
capital or personnel costs. Employing these techniques will actually reduce
the amount of time spent updating municipal management and planning data
and increase accuracy and timeliness.
The idea that is advocated for in the GIS Cookbook is that much of the data
presented in the CLUP tables (see Chapter 5 in the Toolbox) can be
designed/formatted so they can be used both in the CLUP preparation and in
the day-to-day work of the respective sector office (health, education, social
welfare, building and business permits, etc.) that is responsible for providing
the specific municipal service.
Once municipal offices (and other government agencies interacting with the
LGUs) agree to share or replicate the data, they face the challenge of
maintaining up-to-date datasets. Both attribute and spatial data are changing
continuously as new social services, infrastructure, etc. are provided, or more
accurate data is collected. To maintain up-to-date databases the various data
“owners” (custodians) must exchange their most current datasets with those
they share their data with.

This can be done in two ways:

1. Complete data load. This is the most straightforward approach. The

current dataset is removed and completely replaced with the new dataset.
However, this approach is sometimes impractical due to the volume of
data, which may be difficult to distribute and take a prohibitively long
time to reload, resulting in the database being inaccessible to the users
for extended periods of time;
2. Change only updates. This approach requires smaller data volumes to be
distributed as only the records that have changed (modifiications,
deletions and additions) are exchanged. Change only updates also reduce
the time for the data load because of the smaller data volume. The update

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process is more complex than the complete data load approach.

Corporate datasets and working databases may also have different data
models (or schemas). Posting scripts are used to control the transfer of the
data between the different databases, and these scripts must be capable of
handling these different configuration issues and formats, as shown in the
figure below.

Unique Feature Identifiers: To simplify the update process, unique ID’s are
used to keep track of joining tables, which features have changed, etc.
Consequently all CLUP GIS tables, (see Chapter 5) have been given a field
for a unique ID. For example, a school unit will always be identified with a
unique alphanumeric ID which is referred to by all users and used when
joining tables in a GIS. A good example on unique ID is to start from the
coding of municipalities (and barangays) that is used by NSO (see Chapter
5.09.01 for more detailed information).

Data Ownership: It is important to clarify data ownership to eliminate

potential conflicts.

For example, who ‘owns’ the table data for education? Which department is

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responsible for maintaining the school unit locations and attribute data about
enrolment? Data ownership may also have to be shared. For example in a
low-income municipality it might be the best solution that the planning unit
takes responsibility for the data management of the spatial data, and see to it
that the locations of schools are properly identified, while the school unit
keeps records on the attributes such as number of classrooms and teachers,
etc.

However, aside from agreeing about unique IDs and Data Custodianship, for
municipal offices that share data with external users (those outside their
administrative sphere of influence), “change only updates” result in a number
of potential challenges that may include versioning, data transactions, data
validation, coordinate systems and accuracy. Sometimes the CLUP/corporate
datasets (shape files, Excel) are a different format to the external databases
(ESRI Geodatabase, Oracle Spatial, MapInfo TAB, GeoMedia, AutoCAD,
etc.). To cope with these issues there is a need for special GIS and IT
knowledge.

In the Toolbox (Chapter 4.18), some examples illustrate the benefit of data
sharing.

Data Security
Whatever the current value of the database, if it is properly maintained, this
will increase considerably over the years. A successful GIS will be an
integral part of daily operations. Over time, the value of information derived
from the GIS database grows beyond a monetary cost to one measured by the
functionality it provides to the work. Consequently, considerations for the
protection of the GIS from damage will be necessary at some stage.

The possibility of the system and data being destroyed or severely damaged is
real and deserves attention. The system is vulnerable to both deliberate and
accidental damages. A disgruntled employee might purposely corrupt data,
hackers may steal information, or a computer virus could find its way into the
server. Natural disasters also pose a threat. Earthquakes, floods, fires,
hurricanes, tornadoes, and lightning are all examples of natural hazards that
could disrupt a GIS.

While deviant behavior and natural disasters are intriguing subjects, threats
more common are found in day-to-day operations. Examples include coffee

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being spilt in the wrong place, a well-intentioned employee who accidentally

deletes or corrupts a database, or a power disruption with no automatic
battery backup.

When conducting a security review, the physical, logical, and archival

security of the databases are examined.

Physical security measures protect and control access to the computer

equipment containing the databases. Protection of database storage includes
guarding against human intrusions (such as unauthorized personnel) and
environmental factors (such as fire, flood, or earthquake).

Logical security measures protect and control access to the data itself. For
example, users may be restricted to certain types of terminals, particular
datasets, and particular functions. One common security measure is to ensure
that only database management staff have editing and update rights to
particular datasets.

Archival security is essential for many applications. Metadata, information

about past coding and updating practices, the location of data, and the type of
media on which data is stored, must be kept track of to allow for data
recovery.
The table below illustrates the sections and subsections that might be
included in a document that describes the security recommendations of
systems and databases for a municipality. Recommendations are made that
affect the current and future operations. This document will also help set
priorities for actions and costs involved. Further, the security
recommendations should be approved and a budget allocated to put the
measures into effect.
Archival
Physical Security Logical Security
Security

Prevent access to main data Establish an audit

Develop a policy
storage from unauthorized trail for copies of
for terminal access
entrances. data

Review the construction plans Create an access Establish an

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for the office buildings to matrix by offsite backup

ensure appropriate document types facility
errand climate control

Create and
Review protection
Upgrade fire protection organize
of storage media
metadata

Implement virus
Initiate document sign out and Purchase storage
protection
follow up procedures media
standards

Backup BasicsThere are many ways one can unintentionally lose

information on a computer; a power surge, lightning, floods, for instance.
Sometimes the equipment just fails. Backup copies of files kept in a separate
place is a good practice to ensure that the information is still there when
something happens to the original files in the computer.
Before making backup copies, a checklist of files for backup should be made.
This will help determine what files to back up, and also provide a reference
list which will be useful in retrieving backed-up files.

Backup copies should be stored in external storage media, such as an external

hard disk drive or flash drive, CDs, DVDs, or some other storage formats.

The size of the files needed for the CLUP database will be relatively modest
providing not so much raster data is included. Consequently, the
recommendation is that the CLUP folder should be written to a DVD/CD on
a regular interval (like once a month) and the backup be kept in a safe
environment outside the office.

3.04.04 Legal Implications on Data Capturing

and Storing
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
IPR is currently governed by Republic Act No. 8293, known as the
Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (IPC), which was enacted

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and signed into law in 1997, and took effect on January 1, 1998.

It consists of Copyright and Related Rights, Trademarks and Service Marks,

Geographical Indications, Industrial Designs, Patents, Lay-out Designs
(Topographies) integrated circuits and Protection of undisclosed information.

Copyright and Related Rights

Copyright – is the protection extended to expressions and not to ideas,
procedures, and methods of operation or mathematical concepts as such.
These expressions may be in the forms of literary, scholarly, scientific and
artistic works.

Related Rights – is the protection extended to derivative works, to include

among others, dramatizations, translations, adaptations, abridgements,
arrangements, and other alterations of literary or artistic works.

Programs / Software
Computer programs are protected by the IPC. The Code expressly protects
computer programs as literary works. It also protects copyright in the
manuals and packaging, which accompany the software.
Some notable points about the IPC law are:

It protects databases and tables;

It grants an exclusive rental right to the copyright owner;

It recognizes and expands the protection of an author’s moral rights, i.e.,
the right of an author to preserve the integrity of his work and name;

It penalizes the possession of infringing software for the purpose of sale.

IPC allows reproduction of backup copies or adaptation of a computer

programs without authorization of the author / copyright owner provided that
the copy is necessary for:

a. the use of the computer program in conjunction with

a computer for the purpose, and to the extent, for which the computer
program
has been obtained;
b. archival purposes, and, for the replacement of the lawfully
owned copy of the program in the event that the lawfully obtained copy
of

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the computer program is lost, destroyed or rendered unusable.

Such copy must be destroyed in the event that continued possession of the
copy of the computer program ceases to be lawful.

Enforcement
The Intellectual Property Rights Code protects the owner’s copyright, giving
him the exclusive right to do certain things with the work, which in this case
consists of the computer program, the manuals, and the packaging. These
“exclusive rights” include:

The right to copy the whole program or a substantial part of it.

The right to adapt or translate the program.

The right to rent the program to another person.

This means that one may only copy, adapt or rent a computer program if the
copyright owner gives the permission to do this. This permission is given in
the form of license. Every purchase of a legitimate copy of a computer
program entitles one to receive a license agreement.

3.05 Software
3.05.01 Overview
3.05.02 Open Source GIS
3.05.03 Recommendations on GIS Software Setup for CLUP Preparation
(Based on Best Practices)
3.05.04 Maintenance and Licensing

GIS and image processing software are still not very user-friendly
and are not up to par with other software, such as MS Office.
Software vendors are beginning to address this, largely due to
market and user demands, but there is still a long way to go.
Although GIS software is becoming less expensive, it still constitutes
a major share of the initial costs in setting up a GIS for CLUP
preparation.

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3.05.01 Overview
In most organizations GIS can be used for a number of different staff tasks
with various requirements on analysis operations and presentations. Instead of
focusing on selection of software, the basic questions are:

In which staff work is GIS supposed to be used in order to get good

enough support?

How is GIS planned to store data and make data available?

How is the data planned for use in different applications and staff tasks?

Thus, selection of software should be a result of considerations and decisions

about which business activities should be supported by use of GIS and the
kind of data that should be used.

In the case of the formulation of the CLUP, there is a number of GIS software
available on the market that can be used for land-use preparation. Some of
them can be described as common GIS software that includes all basic
functionality for data capture, data production, data storing, data processing,
analysis operations and presentations. Some of them are commercial software,
but there are also freeware and shareware programs available. A few are using
open source.
As an alternative, applications can be developed within the organization.
However, this is not recommended, as the life cycle costs of such applications
tend to be high. Instead it is recommended to purchase commercial software
and then make necessary modifications /updates.

The planned use for the software, and the categories of users are very decisive
factors for the selection of GIS software. The range of GIS use is very wide –
from browsing pre-drawn maps to advanced analysis operations. This means
that it might be necessary to select different software solutions with due
consideration of the types of users. However, as a start for a low-income
municipality, it would be enough to procure one software license to be used
by the planner(s) and use a freeware GIS browser for the CLUP stakeholders.

3.05.02 Open Source GIS

Open Source programs are applications in which you can access the source

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code. In recent years, the GIS industry has witnessed a dramatic growth in the
development and adoption of open source technologies and there is a number
of Open Source GIS Software available on the market for free or at a low
price. The technical GIS community has adopted open source technology and
it now mainstreams GIS. Broader IT industries have come on board as open
source products have matured. The availability of GIS open source software
provides researchers and solution developers access to a wider range of tools
than what is currently offered by the commercial companies. However, for the
target group of the GIS Cookbook, the low-income municipalities with limited
experience of computer technology, it is not recommended to use Open
Source GIS as it is still complicated for the beginner to work with. It might be
an alternative later when the staff is more confident with the computer
environment.

3.05.03 Recommendations on GIS Software

Setup for CLUP Preparation (Based on Best
Practices)
The graph below shows the brands of GIS software that are commonly used
by the LGUs in the Philippines some years ago. The findings originate from
the NAMRIA nation-wide survey and if the trend is the same as with the rest
of the world, the situation today will give an even bigger dominant position to
ESRI which is the provider of ArcView, ArcGIS, ArcInfo, etc. As Microsoft
Word drove Word Perfect out of the market some ten years ago it is also
likely that ESRI will outmaneuver most of its competitors in the long run,
simply because much resources are needed to keep software apace with users’
preferences and needs.

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A geographic model is an abstraction of the real world that employs a set of

data objects that supports map display, query, editing and analysis. To date
there have been three generations of software in use, separately or integrated
together and different GIS software make it possible to a greater or lesser
extent to represent natural behaviors and relationships of features. These
models are as follows:

The CAD Data Model is the very first computerized mapping system
that draws vector layers. However the representation of the attribute data
is very limited. In this era, maps were created with CAD software;

The Coverage Data Model introduced better options to combine spatial
data with attribute data. The major advantage of the coverage data model
is the user’s ability to customize feature tables. Not only could fields be
added, but the database relationship could be set up to external database
tables. The Coverage Data Model is still the dominant model in GIS. An
example of the software that handles this data model is ArcView 3 using
shapefiles.

ArcGIS/ArcView 8 introduces a new object-oriented data model called
the Geodatabase Data Model, which makes the features in the GIS
datasets more proficient by endowing them with more natural features.
The GIS Cookbook recommends that data be prepared in a
Coverage Data Model (Shape files, Excel/dBase attributes).

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However, as ESRI has terminated the development of the ArcView 3

environment, it is recommended that GIS software that also can
manage Geodatabase Data Model such as ArcGIS be procured by a
low-income municipality.

The reasons are briefly as follows:

More flexibility for future improvements and upgrading of the GIS is
possible;

The amount of data required for the CLUP is not voluminous so it
requires a Geodatabase Data Model;

The queries and analysis used for the CLUP are relatively simple and do
not require a Geodatabase Data Model;

The amount of data sharing does not initially need a network solution.

However, it is more advantageous to use a Geodatabase GIS Software when it

comes to displaying and visualizing the information products of the CLUP

A checklist with items and costs is enclosed in the Toolbox, Chapter

4.03.01.

3.05.04 Maintenance and Licensing

Most commercial software manufacturers are offering (often quite
expensively) annual maintenance agreements that provide general support and
troubleshooting. For the CLUP GIS however, it is not recommended for a
low-income municipality to sign up for such an agreement as the problems
that will occur will mostly not be related to the actual software but to
inconsistencies among the other GIS elements, namely: training, data,
hardware and the actual application - the CLUP GIS. In this case, the main
provider of useful advice will be HLURB.

Licensed software comes normally with a password and a dongle which only
allows the software to be used in one computer at a time. In the Philippines
like the rest of the world, there are cracked versions that enable the use of the
software without any restrictions. Although the price of the software is a hefty
investment for a low-income municipality, it is not advisable to use pirated
software, which is illegal.

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3.06 Hardware (and Network Set

Up)
3.06.01 Computer
3.06.02 Peripherals
3.06.03 Network

Developments in the PC market have led to faster and cheaper

machines that support multiple operating systems. Peripherals
remain costly and difficult to repair. Maintenance and technical
support continue to be problems, although the development of local
markets has begun to help. PC-technology is most often the
appropriate choice for municipal-scale projects in developing
countries. As with any project, it is important to evaluate the user
needs, and pick hardware appropriate to the project, the long-term
goals of the installation, and which can be realistically supported.

3.06.01 Computer
Today, GIS software runs on a wide range of hardware types, from centralized
computer servers to desktop computers used in stand-alone or networked
configurations.

Consequently, all new PC hardware will function well with GIS software
today. As the GIS processes files that might be quite voluminous in size, it is
recommended that special attention is given to boost internal memory (RAM)
to 1024 MB.
A laptop is more expensive than a PC with the same performance but might
be more practical to use for surveys and consultations (connected with a
projector).

3.06.02 Peripherals

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Aside from a functioning computer the following peripherals are useful:

An A3 (ink cartridge) color printer. The A3 format

(or the somewhat smaller portfolio size) has been proven to be a most suitable
format to present maps on a municipal ‘scale’ to be included in reports, etc.,
and can also be used for other graphs aiming to visualize the work of the
Planning Office (posters, brochures, banners, etc.) in an attractive way.

There should be extra sets of ink cartridges in stock and must be always
replenished. They are however ‘perishables’ and have an expiration date, and
the ink eventually runs dry.

In most cases, for quality prints, the ‘fast-print/economy-print’ mode will save
a lot of ink and money as many prints might contain maps and illustrations.

Laser printers, which have become much cheaper

lately, are a cost saving alternative for large quantity printing of
monochromatic documents compared to using an ink cartridge printer.

Although prices have come down from the previous years, a low-income
municipality will not frequently need a plotter that can print in larger formats
than A3. Instead, try to make friends with a nearby private or public
institution with such plotter that can help with the reproduction during the few
times it is needed.

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Digital cameras have become very cost-effective and

easy-to-use instruments for monitoring and maintenance activities. It is
recommended that the Municipal Planning Office procure one for its use. A
camera with 3 MB picture resolution is more than enough for photo
documentation in a CLUP.

A handheld GPS is affordable nowadays and is most

useful in capturing spatial locations of objects in the CLUP. It is advantageous
(but not extremely necessary) to bring a laptop and data cable to transfer
positions. A car lighter plug for the GPS is also necessary because the battery

is often at risk of running low in the middle of a field work. Nowadays,

GPS is already being integrated into PDAs and cellphones. Software installed
in these PDA GPS allows user-made datasets like their base map which allows
them to view the positions being observed in real time without the need of a
laptop. Other units also have Bluetooth or WLAN which allows wireless
connection to a laptop or PDA with a GIS software via Bluetooth or WLAN,
and allows real time readings.

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An A4 scanner has an affordable price tag and is

extremely useful once one has got the right touch. In combination with
Optical Character Reading (OCR) software it will save a lot of time when
large amounts of paper data need to be put into digital format.

External USB hard disks are becoming inexpensive, and are very useful as a
back up for a small planning office.

The flash disk memory (USB flash drive)

has replaced the floppy disk and is very handy in data sharing. A USB flash
drive is like a small hard drive, about 2-3 inches long, that plugs into the
computer through a USB port. Data can be downloaded into it for storage. It is
portable and files can be saved, modified, or deleted as often as needed.
However, because of their size, USB flash drives are easy to misplace. The
flash disk is normally a sufficient solution for data sharing (but not data
storing) in a low-income municipality. (But might need a driver if you are
using old computers)

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A computer projector is slowly going down in price

and can be useful at large meetings. Lumen (ANSI) and resolution (dpi) are
the quality indicators and keep in mind that the lamp is very expensive to
replace.
Access to a reliable power supply is still a major problem in many developing
countries, though this is improving in some urban areas. The use of voltage
regulators and Universal Power Supply (UPS) units is critical to
safeguarding hardware and mitigating work loss and stoppages. In
environments where adequate office space may be scarce and heating and
cooling systems may be less than adequate, working conditions can be
troublesome.

3.06.03 Network

In the CLUP GIS Guidelines, not

much attention will be paid to networked GIS solutions as such models miss
the mark in the situation when a low-income LGU is starting up a GIS for
CLUP preparation.

However, for information purposes there are four kinds of networks, namely:

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Local Area Network (LAN), which connects computers in limited numbers

in, for example, an office, using a server,

Wide Area Network (WAN) is a more complex system in which a number of

LANs are linked together. It is suitable for a large LGU with a corporate GIS
with several office buildings spread over an area.

Network Attached Storage (NAS) is a network designed to attach computer

storage devices such as disk array controllers and tape libraries to servers.

Storage Area Network (SAN) is a network designed to attach computer

storage devices such as disk array controllers and tape libraries to servers.
The relatively small amount of data that is needed to prepare a CLUP and the
frequency of sharing the data kept within reasonable bounds do not justify a
network solution. Instead, data sharing using flash disks or read and writable
CD-ROMs is a cheaper and sufficient solution. And in due time when the
amount of data becomes unmanageable in a stand alone computer
environment, and the pace of data sharing requires a more sophisticated
solution, the municipality/city will be motivated to step up connectivity by
introducing a network. It is then recommended to install a wireless solution,
which in a few years time will be both cheaper and more reliable than a line
network.

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