Programme Code- PTS 4

Course Code- BTS(Bachelors in tourism studies)

Enrollment No.-
1 6 8 3 8 6 3 5 0
Study Center Code-
2 7 3 9
Regional Center – Noida 39

Indian Culture : Perspective for tourism

in Uttar Pradesh
Project Report submitted to the Indira Gandhi National open University in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Bachelor’s Degree in
Tourism studies. I hereby declare that this is my original work and has not
been submitted elsewhere.

Signature of the Candidate

Candidate Name- SHUBHAM KUMAR

Institutional Address- PG Degree College
Noida, G.B Nagar, Uttar Pradesh

1
Year- 2016-19(session)

CERTIFICATE
Certify that the Project Report entitled- INDIAN CULTURE :
PERSPECTIVE FOR TOURISM IN UTTAR PRADESH Submitted by
SHUBHAM KUMAR in her own work and has been done under my
supervision. It is recommended that this Project be placed before the
examiner for evaluation.

(Signature of the supervisor)

NAME-

ADDRESS-

STUDY CENTER- PG Degree College Noida

REGIONAL CENTER- Noida 39

2
 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project work entitled (Indian Culture :
Perspective of Tourism in Uttar Pradesh) submitted to the INDIRA
GANDHI NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY is a record of an original work
done by me under the supervisory of Mrs. Smriti Sharma mam (Faculty
of tourism studies) in Government PG College, Noida study center, and
this project is submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of Bachelor of Tourism studies(School of Tourism and
Hospitality Services Management).The result embodied in this thesis
have not been submitted to any other university or institute for the
award of any degree or diploma.

3
 SHUBHAM KUMAR 168386350

PREFACE
This Project Report has been prepared in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the subject:

PTS – 4 of the programme BTS (Bachelor in Tourism studies) in second year in the academic

year 2016 – 2020.

The Project Report starts with intro of the famous tourist attaraction of state, history behind the

tourist attraction of Uttar Pradesh. The information presented in this Project Report is obtained

from sources like personal visit, Government personnel, Government Website, Other Websites,

Company Reports, and Other Literature.

4
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher Mrs.

Smiriti Sharma mam as well as IGNOU who gave me the golden

opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic Indian Culture :

Perspective for Tourism in Uttar Pradesh which also helped me in

doing a lot of Research and I came to know about so many new things I

am really thankful to them. Secondly I would also like to thank my parents

who visited with me and friends who helped me a lot in finishing this

project within the limited time. I am making this project not only for

marks but to also increase my knowledge regarding the unknown tourist

potential of state and to make awareness regarding the negative view

towards the Uttar Pradesh.

5
 INDEX
SR DESCRIPTION PAGE NO
NO
1 INTRODUCTION 7
2 UTTAR PRADESH CULTURE 10
3 ORIGIN AND ETHINICITY 11
4 CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS 13
5 SOCIO RELIGIOUS PRACTICES 14
6 COSTUMES 16
7 CUISINES 17
8 OCCUPATION 18
9 FAIRS AND FESTIVALS 21
10 FINE ARTS AND CRAFT 23
11 PAINTING AND ROCK PAINTING 23
12 CRAFT 24
13 CLASSICAL SINGING/PLAYBACK 25
14 CLASSICAL DANCE 26
15 FOLK DANCE 27
16 FOLK SONG 27
17 FOLK LANGUAGE 28
18 FOLK DRAMA 29
19 ARCHITECTURE OF UTTAR PRADESH 30
20 ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE 31
21 STUDY OF MONUMENTS TAJ MAHAL 32
22 HOW ACID RAIN AFFECTS TAJ MAHAL 36
23 ECONOMIC DATA 37
24 MUSEUMS IN UTTAR PRADESH 41
25 TOURISM IN UTTAR PRADESH 44
26 DATA ANALYSIS 47
27 CONCLUSION 49
28 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY 52
29 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 53
30 BIBLOGRAPHY 54

6
 INTRODUCTION

Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand ( formerly one state but now separated ) make

the heartland of Indian culture and tradition. Why? Because they are the lands

where Hinduism flourished. The rivers Ganges and Yamuna are the two most

important rivers of India from historical and cultural perspective as well as

economical perspective. The ancient Indian civilizations developed in this region

and it is continuously inhabited since 3000 BC with Iron Age cities rubbing

shoulders with the modern world. These are the most visited states of India

attracting 182 million tourists every year.

 Since ancient times the region has played a leading role in shaping Indian
culture and ethos.

 The cuisine, the attire, the language, the culture and the religion on this
region is not only identifiable with the culture of India as a whole but also in

the form of Buddhism has had a profound impact on the world.

 The Golden age of Indian history - The Gupta Age flourished here.
 The region is the most important region in the context of Hinduism and
Buddhism. Sarnath - the place where Buddha first gave his knowledge to his

first disciples and Badrinath - the most important shrine of Hinduism are

7
 located here. India's oldest continuously inhabited city - Varanasi is located

here as well , including Agra the seat of power Mughal Empire famous for

India's most famous monument Taj Mahal

 Visit to India is incomplete if you don't visit Uttar Pradesh - the most
traditional and the most historical of Indian states.

Uttar Pradesh (The Northern Province) is India's largest province of India with

about 200 million people. It is equal to the country Brazil in population.

 Capital - Lucknow (U.P.)

 Largest city - Kanpur ( 4.5 million )
 Other Major cities : Agra , Varanasi , Roorkee , Moradabad , Allahabad ,
Bareily , Nainital , Gorakhpur , Jhansi , Kannauj , Mathura , Fatehpur Sikri ,

Noida , Gazhiabad , Rampur , Ayodhya , Faizabad , Basti , Meerut.

 Languages : Hindi , Urdu , Kumaoni , Gharwali , English , Bhojpuri

 Religions : Hinduism , Islam , Sikhism , Buddhism , Christianity

The culture of Uttar Pradesh swears by its rich historical past. It is believed to

be the land of the Nawabs, of Rama and Buddha, of Taj Mahal. It boasts of a

mélange of vivid culture and architectural finesse. It is synonymous with

vibrant hues, delectable cuisine, timeless traditions, monumental heritage and

astounding music. Uttar Pradesh is like a canvas painted in different colors.

8
From the ancient ruins of Sarnath and Ayodhya, the holy waters of Allahabad,

the architecture of Agra and Lucknow, the commercial hub of Kanpur and

Moradabad, the royal Nawabs of Lucknow and the fantastic realms of Varanasi;

Uttar Pradesh is the heart of incredible India.

The culture of Uttar Pradesh is painted in the form of folk dances, conventional

cuisines, long imparted values and traditions. It draws a large number of

tourists worldwide because of the historic cities, rustic ancient forts, bustling

markets and vibrant culture. Other than the folk music, dance, art and craft,

people of Uttar Pradesh are known to adhere to their rich cultural heritage and

traditional norms. They also take pride to be the first to introduce the two great

epics- Ramayan and Mahabharat to the world. The state also has a plethora of

fairs and festivals that adds to the charm and charisma of the state.

Other than the national festivals like Holi, Diwali and Makar Sankranti- a few

other cities have a few other festivals celebrated with a whole lot of zeal and

fervor. Bharat Milap or Chhath Pooja is supposed to be a big affair in Varanasi

and it attracts tourists from all over the country. This festival is dedicated to the

worship of the Sun, God of Energy and is believed to cure incurable diseases

like leprosy etc.

9
 CHAPTER - 1

UTTAR PRADESH - CULTURE

The people belonging to the state of Uttar Pradesh fall under a wide category of

religious, racial and tribal groups and origins. The majority of the population living

here are Hindus followed by the Muslim community. These two religions

predominantly occupy the state of Uttar Pradesh. Apart from these two major

religions there are a number of native tribal origins that constitute the demographic

distribution of the people of Uttar Pradesh. Being dominated by Hindus, a large

number of people living here follow the religion of Hinduism and thus the state has

been the center for the growth of the religion from early ancient times. The people

strictly adhere to the caste system. The Muslim people in the state who basically

belong to the upper economy class have their ethnicity to that of the Kings and

Nawabs and they occupy the western part of the state. The culture of Uttar Pradesh

can be best expressed as comprising the following:

10
 A) ORIGIN AND ETHNICITY

Many poor Muslims, along with a large number of the lower castes of the Hindus

and the tribal groups form the economically backward class within Uttar Pradesh

people. The government of Uttar Pradesh has been working on the upliftment of

the scheduled tribes and the minority communities of people.

The five major tribal communities living in the state are :-

 Tharus

 Bhoksas

 Bhotias

 Jaunswaris

 Rajis termed as scheduled tribes.

But however generally the people are noted for their hospitality and culture for

they very much stick on to their tradition irrespective of their communities. The

people of Uttar Pradesh are known for their social and political involvement right

from ancient period and their contribution to the Indian Politics is always noted.

The majority of the population of Uttar Pradesh belongs to the Indo-Aryan origins

and their sub sects. However most of the people fall under the chain of the Aryan

race who have split from those separated from Iran. There are people belonging to

11
the traces of Mongoloid also who are in minority and they occupy the area in hills

and foothills of the state, where most of them have confined themselves to the

districts bordering Nepal. The ethnicity of the Uttar Pradesh people also shows a

blend of Indo-Aryan and Indo-Scythian tribes namely, the Jaats and the Gujjars

who live in the Western Uttar Pradesh. But however these people belonging to the

mix of Indo-Aryan and Indo-Scythian tribes have physical features very much

similar to that of the people settled in Oudh and Eastern Uttar Pradesh. Rohila

Pathan is a group of tribes who claim that they have their lineage to the tribes of

central Asia such as Mongols and occupy the Rohilkhand region of central UP.

12
 B) CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS

The people of Uttar Pradesh follow the ritual or more than that they make it

compulsion in one's life time of taking a dip in the holy water of river Ganga and

Yamuna. They believe that by having a bath in this holy water they get purified from

all the sins they have committed in their life time. Aarti is another important ritual

which is followed in the Ganga ghats. The deities are offered with light from the

wicks soaked in purified butter in a very grand manner. Havan is a ritual performed

by the people of Hindu community. It involves lightning of holy fire or the Yagna

and the belief is that by doing this all evils and ill -wills are thrown apart. It is

considered very auspicious among the Hindus to perform a Havan for the prosperity

and the good luck before starting of any new work. This puja is conducted by the

chief priest and during which lots of mantras are recited. There is also a traditional

belief of frog marriages to usher rains in case of delayed monsoons. According to

Hindu rituals when the marriage is performed, the Gods are pleased and rainfall takes

place within days. They also believe in rolling of children on the grounds so that

Indra, God of Rains is pleased and blesses the people with a good shower.

13
 C) SOCIO-RELIGIOUS PRACTICES:-

CULTURE FROM CITIES

 Varanasi is widely considered to be one of the oldest cities in the world. It is

famous for its ghats (bathing steps along the river), full of pilgrims year round

who come to bathe in the sacred Ganges River. Mathura is world-famous for

its colorful celebrations of the Holi festival, which attracts many tourists

also – thanks partly to the hype, which the Indian film industry has given to

this highly entertaining socio-religious festival.

 Thousands gather at Allahabad (Prayagraj) to take part in the Magh

Mela festival, which is held on the banks of the Ganges. This festival is

organized on a larger scale every 12th year and is called the Kumbha Mela,

where over 10 million Hindu pilgrims congregate – proclaimed as one of the

largest gathering of human beings in the world. Budaun is a religiously

important city with many historical monuments and tombs of famous people

which attracts thousands of tourists annually.

 The historically important towns of Sarnath and Kushinagar are located not

far from Varanasi. Gautama Buddha gave his first sermon at Sarnath after his

enlightenment and died at Kushinagar; both are important pilgrimage sites for

Buddhists. Also at Sarnath are the Pillars of Ashoka and the Lion Capital of

14
Ashoka, both important archaeological artefacts with national significance. At

a distance of 80 km from Varanasi, Ghazipur is famous not only for its

Ganges Ghats but also for the Tomb of British potentate Lord Cornwallis,

maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India.

15
 D) COSTUMES

The traditional costume of the people of Uttar Pradesh includes sari with a blouse

for women or salwar kameez and men opt for dhoti or Kurta and pyjama. Men also

prefer a topi or pagri on their head. Sherwani is a more formal male dress and is

frequently worn along with chooridar on festive occasions. Sometimes in case of

formal occasions the men adorn themselves with a long coat. The women also wear

lehengas, which is a long skirt and a long scarf known as orhni and this is used to

cover their head and the torso. The ghagra choli is a unique costume of most of the

states in North India which also includes Uttar Pradesh. This is a long skirt with a

narrow waist that looks like an umbrella at the base. These skirts along with the top

are called as Ghaghara choli which comes in vibrant colours and decorated with

glittering mirrors. Usually the length of the skirt stops much before the ankle so that

the accessory worn in the leg is visible. The women folk of Uttar Pradesh prefer

accessories like gold chains, necklaces, bracelets, bangles, rings, earrings, anklets

and tiaras, made of diamonds, platinum or other precious stones.

16
 E) CUISINE

The people of Uttar Pradesh are

highly influenced by the Nawabi

cuisines. The most highlighting

feature of the food of Uttar Pradesh

is its 'Dum Pukht' process of

preparing food where the food is

sealed in large pots and placed on a

slow fire and cooked. Once the lid is opened an aroma emanates. 'Dastarkhwan', the

ceremonial tradition of laying food on the table and a celebrated tradition of nawabs

transcends the traditional cuisine into a fine-art. The people of Uttar Pradesh prefer

more of vegetarian food and some of the items which is a part of their daily food are

dal, roti, sabzi and rice. On festive occasions, Pooris and kachoris form a part of their

menu. Tahri cooked with rice and lentils and Nargishi kofta made with cheese,

Khoya and saffron are very famous among vegetarians. The Muslims of this area are

known for their Kebabs, Biryani and Nihari. Rampuri Rohu and Zamindoz items

made of fish are also a favourite of the people. Pethas are popular sweet item of the

people.Among the drinks Lassi and Ruh-afza are the most favored one in Uttar

Pradesh.

17
 F) OCCUPATION

Agriculture is the main occupation of the people of Uttar Pradesh and some of the

major crops grown here include wheat, rice, maize, sugarcane, oilseeds, potatoes,

cotton, tobacco, jute and pulses. They also manufacture woolen clothes, leather,

cotton and flour. Cottage and village-based industries like weaving, leather,

woodwork, ceramics, silk weaving and perfumery are the other important industries

of the state.

The economics of Uttar Pradesh is based mainly on Agriculture and round 65 % of

the total population is dependent on Agriculture. Contribution of agriculture sector

is significant in Economic development of the state. According to the survey of

2014-15, approximately 165.98 lac hectare (68.7%) land is used for cultivation.

According to Agriculture survey 2011-12, there are 233.25 lac farmer in the state.

It is the result of hard work and efforts of the farmers that the state has become self

sufficient in the field of food safety and progressing towards more than the

requirement.

In the year 2015-16, food green production was 439.47 lac metric tonnes against

the target of 626.6 lac metric tonnes out of which production in Kharif was 159.12

lac metric tonnes and Rabi 280.35 lac metric tonnes. Production of oil seed crops

was 8.47 lacs metric tonnes (net) against the target of 13.03 lacs metric tonnes.

18
To maintain the annual growth rate of 5.1% in the financial year 2016-17, the

department of agriculture has fixed the target of 659.49 lac metric tones production

of total food grains against which expected production is 539.14 lac metric tonnes

out of which food grain production was 180.25 lacs metric tone in Kharif. In Rabi,

expected production of food grains is 355.90 lac metric tonnes. Expected

production of oil seed crops is 10.37 lacs metric tonnes against the target of 14.13

lacs metric tonnes.

In the year 2015-16, 45.53 lacs quintal seed was distributed against the total target

of 52.26 lacs. In the year 2016-17, 51.06 lacs quintal seed was distributed against

the total target of 55.63 lacs out of which 10.87 lacs quintal seed was distributed in

Kharif and 40.53 lacs quintal seed was distributed in Rabi season.

19
In the year 2015-16, 73.64 lac metric tones fertilizer was distributed against the

target of 88.67 lac metric tones by ensuring availability of 108.39 lac metric tones.

In the year 2016-17, 66.85 lac metric tones fertilizer was distributed against the

target of 89.50 lac metric tones by ensuring availability of 103.64 lac metric tones.

To get the desired production and maintain the soil health, special efforts were

made to use Phosphorous and Potash with Nitrogen. This has promoted the

balanced used of fertilizers.

In the year 2015-16, Rs. 66478.89 crores crop loan was distributed against the

target of Rs. 84021.09 crores. In the year2016-17, Rs.73271.74 crores crop loan

was distributed against the target of Rs. 93212.60 crores out of which Rs. 30051.07

crores in Kharif and Rs. 43220.67 crores crop loan was distributed.

In the year 2015-16, 34.18 lac Kisan Credit Card was distributed against the target

of 32 lac Kisan credit Card. In the year 2016-17, 34.79 lac Kisan Credit Card was

distributed against the target of 35 lac Kisan Credit Card.

20
 G) Fairs & Festivals

Religious practices are as much an integral

part of everyday life, and a very public

affair, as they are in the rest of India.

Therefore, not surprisingly, many festivals

are religious in origin, although several of

them are celebrated irrespective of caste and

creed.

Among the most important Hindu festivals are Diwali, Holi and Dussehra, which

are also observed with equal fervor by Jains. Ten days of Ramlila takes place during

the period of navratri and on the 10th day, epithet of Raavan is burnt with great

fervor. Durga puja is also observed in many parts of the state during navratri. Bārah

Wafāṭ, Eid, Bakreed and Birthdate of Imam Ali ibn Abitalib are recognised official

Muslim religious festivals. Moharram, though the day of Ashura is official holiday

but Shiites consider it as a day of mourning and not a festival as some people

believe. Mahavir Jayanti is celebrated by Jains, Buddha Jayanti by Buddhists, Guru

Nanak Jayanti by Sikhs and Christmas by the Christians. Other festivals

include Ram navami, Chhath puja, Krishna-janmashtami, Mahashivratri, etc

21
Important Fairs & Festivals

 Taj Mahotsav is organized in Agra.

 "Salahakul Utsav ', a symbol of Hindu-Muslim unity, is organized in Agra.

 In Uttar Pradesh, on the occasion of the Holi festival, 'Lattathmar Holi' is

organized in the barasana.

 In Uttar Pradesh, the world's largest fair (Kumbh Mela) is organized in

Allahabad.

 'Kumbh Mela ' is organized every 12 years and Ardha Kumbh Mela is

organized in the intervals of every 6 years.

 Dadri's Animal Fair is organized on Kartik Purnima, in Ballia.

 Magh Mela is organized every year in Allahabad.

 Haridas Jayanti Festival and Dhrupad Mela are held annually in Bhadrapad

Shukla paksha in Mathura, in which the best musicians participate.

22
 CHAPTER - 2

FINE ARTS AND CRAFT

The major art forms popular and practiced in Uttar Pradesh since immemorial time

are painting, sculpturing, hand-crafting of designs on metal, wood, ivory,

stone and clay.

A) Painting & Rock Painting

The tradition of painting in Uttar Pradesh has been going on since pre-historic

times. The cave paintings of Sonbhadra and Chitrakoot depict scenes of hunting,

war, festivals, dances, romantic life and animals. The golden period of painting in

UP was the Mughal Era. The art of painting attained its peak during the reign of

Jahangir. The Mughal style of painting remains one of the greatest achievements of

Asian culture and is unique in its concept, presentation and style.

The art of painting reached the epitome of perfection in the area of Bundelkhand

when the King of Orchha reconstructed the temple of Keshav Dev in Mathura. The

paintings of Mathura, Gokul, Vrindavan and Govardhan depict the scenes from the

life of Lord Krishna. Another major pre-modern painting tradition of UP is known

as the Garhwal School which was patronized by the Kings of Garhwal.

23
 B) CRAFT
 One of the important crafts of Uttar Pradesh is Chikankari, which entails delicate

and traditional hand embroidery. This form of handicrafts is mainly practiced in

Lucknow. It is done on fabrics like chiffon, muslin, organza,

organdie and silk. Chikan saris and Kurtas which are the perfect summer wear.

 Zardozi embroidery is another unique art where the embroidery is done in three

dimensions. Zari works of Varanasi are famous around the world.

 Pottery and exquisite metal ware products are also created on a large scale in

Uttar Pradesh.

 Carpet weaving is also an important cultural expression of Uttar Pradesh. The

state caters to 90 percent of the country's carpets. The carpet weaving

centers primarily located in the state are around Mirzapur,

Khamaria and Bhadohi.

24
 C) CLASSICAL SINGING/PLAYING
 “भारत मुनि का िाट्य शास्त्र” composed in the ancient period is the 'Bible

of the musicians' of North India.

 Mahaprabhu Vallabhacharya established a पुष्ठी संप्रदाय in Mathura-

Vrindavan. • Vitthal Nath established Krishnaleela Gaan Panth

 In Ashtachhap poets were - Surdas, Nand Das, Parmanand das,

Kumbhnandas, Chaturbuja das, Chhit Swami, Govind Swami, and

Krishnadas.

 Swami Haridas, the propagater of the Sakhi Panth, composed 'Shrikalimal'

and 'Ashtashash'.

 Swami Haridas had trained Tansen on Deepak Raag, Baiju Bawra on Megh

Raag, and Gopal Nayak on Maalakauns Raag.

 Amir Khusro had mixed famous Iranian music raags in Indian Raag.

 Modu Khan and Bakshur Khan propagated the Lucknow Gharana of Tabla.

 Modu Khan's disciple Pt. Ramsahay propagated the Banaras Val Gharana.

 The Agra Gharana is also called the Kawwal bachcha Gharana.

 Singer Ustad Fayaz Khan belongs to Agra Gharana.

D) CLASSICAL DANCE
25
 Sitara Devi and Alkhananda Devi of Varanasi received fame in the field of

Kathak dance.

 Following are the famous Uttar Pradesh players of respective instruments

Violin playing: Mrs. N. Rajam; Shehnai Vadan: Ustad Bismillah Khan; Sitar

Vadan: Pt-Ravi Shankar, Rajbhan Singh, Ustad Mushtaq All Khan and in

Dance: Uday Shankar and Gopi Krishna.

 Kathak style of dance originated in Uttar Pradesh.

 Bindaddin, Shambhu Maharaj, Lachhu Maharaj, and Birju Maharaj were

famous practitioners Kathak.

E) FOLK DANCE
26
 'Charakula' is a pitcher dance which is the folk dance of Brajbhoomi.

 'Pai Danda' dance is performed by Aheers of Bundelkhand.

 'Rai Nritya' is a peacock dance of the women of Bundelkhand. It is

performed on the occasion of Shrikrishna Janmashtami. • 'Shara Dance' is

popular in the districts of Hamirpur, Jhansi, and Lalitpur in the Bundelkhand

region. This dance is done by the young boys and girls of the farming

community in the rainy season. In this dance, worship, and blessings of

Vedic deity Indra is sought for the successful harvesting of the crop

 Deepawali dance' is done by Bundelkhandi Aheers, on the occasion of

Deepawali, with lightened lamps held on the head.

 'Kartik song dance' is prevalent in the Bundelkhand region of the state.

Kartik song is a description of the relationship between Krishna and Gopis.

 'Dhobiya Raga' is performed by the Dhobi castes of the state.

 The dance performed on the occasion of auspicious events by kahar is called

'Natwari Nritya'. • 'Chaurasia Dance' is a dance performed by Kahars in the

Jaunpur district of Uttar Pradesh.

 Karma dance is a dance jointly organized by women and men of Coal tribes

in Mirzapur and Sonbhadra districts of Uttar Pradesh.

F) FOLK SONG
27
 Biraha, Chaitya, Bhola, Kajree, Rasia, Aallah, Puran Bhagat and Bhartrihari

are the main folk songs of Uttar Pradesh.

 Ragini, Dhola, Swang are the main folk songs of western Uttar Pradesh.

 Lavani, Baharatbile is the main folk song in the Rubelkhand region of Uttar

Pradesh.

G) FOLK LANGUAGE

 The most spoken regional language/Boll in the Uttar Pradesh is Bhojpuri.

 Khadi language/Boll is spoken in areas like East Delhi, Meerut, Bagpat,

Mujjafar Nagar, Ghaziabad, Gautam Buddha Nagar etc.

 Awadhi language/Boli is spoken in areas like Faizabad, Gonda, Shravasti,

Lucknow, Amethi, Allahabad etc. Mathura, Aligarh, Agra, Firozabad,

Bareilly etc. are the area of Braj language/Boli.

 Kannauji language/Boli is spoken in Kannauj, Etawah, Auraya, Kanpur etc.

Kannauj language and Braj languages share many similarities.

 Bundeli langauge/ boll is spoken in lhansi, Lalitpur, Hamirpur, Chitrakoot

etc.

 Bagheli is the least spoken language/ boli in Uttar Pradesh.

H) FOLK DRAMA

28
The region's folk heritage includes songs called rasiya (known and especially

popular in Braj), which celebrate the divine love of Radha and Krishna. These

songs are accompanied by large drums known as bumb and are performed at many

festivals. Other folk dances or folk theater forms

include Raslila, Swang, Ramlila (a dramatic enactment of the

entire Ramayana), Nautanki, Naqal (mimicry) and Qawwali.

 The most popular folk drama dance in Uttar Pradesh is Nautanki.

 Ramleela Nautanki is organized in the month of September / October during

Navratri. Ramleela is sequential incidents portrayal of the life of Lord Rama.

CHAPTER - 3

29
 UTTAR PRADESH – ARCHITECTURE
The Architecture of Uttar Pradesh is renowned for its variety of various religious

monuments. The architecture of Uttar Pradesh is mainly developed by Islamic

Architecture. It includes palaces, fortresses, buildings and various mausoleums.

After falling under Muslim rule in the 12th century, many Hindu temples were

destroyed and their mosques were built.

Many architectural creations in Uttar Pradesh are a mix of Hindu and Islamic

architectural elements. Excellent archaeological heritage can be preserved in the

town of Fatehpur Sikrit , Taj Mahal and Fort Agras . Huge architectural Hindu

architects can be found in Brindavan and Varanasi . Hindu architecture of Uttar

Pradesh is mainly composed of that temple. The most important places of Uttar

Pradesh’s architectural beauty are Laknau , Varanasi , Agra and Vrindavani .

A) ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE

30
The ancient architectural wonders in Uttar Pradesh include Buddhist stupas and

viharas, ancient monasteries, townships, forts, palaces , and temples. Some

prominent are Dhamekh Stupa of Sarnath, Pillar Inscription of Kaushambi by

Samudragupta, many ancient temples in Kanpur and Varanasi. These are almost

simple but strong and fine buildings or pillars that do not have elaborate decoration

but finely jewels of their time. Medieval Architecture Medieval period saw Muslim

rulers from Sultanate to Mughal. Mosques, mausoleums, memorials and other

community structures are marvels of this period. It saw influence of Persian and

Indo-Islamic Architectural Styles. Christian Pope have written “India has proposed

and Persia disposed, but what India gave she received back in a new form that

enabled her to pass to fresh architectural triumphs.”

31
Main features of style of this me are inherent decoration, geometrical sculptural

styles and exquisite inlay work, mehrab or arch, dome, minar, and design of Kalash

in Hindu temples with elaborate ornamental styles and scriptures written on walls of

buildings. Some fine examples are Taj Mahal, Fatehpur Sikri, Agra Fort, Jami

Masjid and Aala Masjid of Jaunpur. These magnificent structures have been built in

and around seats of learning, pilgrimage and power like Agra, Varanasi Allahabad,

Lucknow, Jhansi, Mathura, Kanpur, Meerut and Mirzapur besides other places.

Mughal architecture is a seamless fusion of Indo-Islamic architecture, and Central

Asian culture. The splendor of UP’s Islamic buildings has received world acclaim.

Three of its monuments are UNESCO World Heritage sites. This includes that poem

of perfection —The Taj Mahal, the Agra Fort and Emperor Akbar’s dream capital

Fatehpur Sikri. Modern Period saw mausoleum of many British Rulers like

Mausoleum of Lord Cornwallis in Ghazipur, Railway buildings in Varanasi and

Kanpur, Churches and many places associated with freedom struggle that are

restored after freedom by Government of Uttar Pradesh.

32
 B) Study of Monuments Taj Mahal of Uttar Pradesh
The Taj Mahal is an enormous mausoleum complex commissioned in 1632 by

the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan to house the remains of his beloved wife.

Constructed over a 20-year period on the southern bank of the Yamuna River

in Agra, India, the famed complex is one of the most outstanding examples of

Mughal architecture, which combined Indian, Persian and Islamic influences.

At its center is the Taj Mahal itself, built of shimmering white marble that

seems to change color depending on the daylight. Designated a UNESCO

World Heritage site in 1983, it remains one of the world’s most celebrated

structures and a stunning symbol of India’s rich history.

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 C) Some facts about its construction:-

 It took almost twenty-five years to build

 construction began in 1631 and ended in 1654.

 Behind it was the labor of 22,000 people, including with some best-known

architects, masons, artisans, in layers and more.

 To create the Taj Mahal some of the best material was sourced, these came

from far and wide. The reason behind its construction

 One of the most famous symbol of love.

 Shah Jahan, the fourth Mughal emperor of India, commissioned the Taj Mahal,

as a mausoleum for his favourite wife Mumtaj Mahal or, Arjumand Bano

Begum.

 Legend says that Shah Jahan was greatly affected by the death of his wife

 A popular story speaks about how his hair turned a sliver white overnight when

his favourite queen died.

 At one time, there were 28 types of precious and semi-precious stones, but over

the years, much of it has been plundered.

 Of course, all this came at a cost, and that was a whopping 32 million Rupees,

which is equivalent to millions of US dollars today

 The land chosen was around the walled city of Agra, and belonged to

Maharajah Jai Singh, near the river of Yamuna.

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 The designer of the building is said to be the famous Persian architect, Ustad

Muhammad Effendi.

 The Taj Mahal faces the river, and set within a three-sided red sandstone wall.

 There are two major sandstone buildings; these are the mosque and its answer

or “jawab” at the other end. The mosque has a niche that faces Mecca, while its

mirror image has none.

 Based on both islamic and hindu architecture

 Topping the structure is the magnificent marble dome; called the onion dome.

 A lotus decorates the dome, and standing on it is the beautiful and complex gold

finial.

 The Taj Mahal has been decorated with calligraphy, carvings, vegetable motifs

and inlays.

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 D) How does acid rain affect Taj Mahal
When sulphur pollutants fall on to buildings made from limestone and

sandstone they react with minerals in the stone to form a powdery substance that can

be washed away by rain. Famous buildings like the Statue of Liberty in New York,

the Taj Mahal in India and St. Paul's Cathedral in London have all been damaged by

this sort of air pollution. Building materials crumble away, metals are corroded, the

colour of paint is spoiled, leather is weakened and crusts form on the surface of glass.

If people start reducing emissions we could save all these buildings

Reasons for the damage

 There are several reasons for the problem.

 The city of Agra has grown in size, industry and population.

 Fumes from greater traffic have made the Taj Mahal dirty again

 There are “thousands of vehicles plying the roads and emitting pollutants at

an alarming level. The city roads are so congested that for a 15 minutes’

drive, one has to spend an hour thus consuming more fuels and emitting

more pollutants."

 With a greater population, there is more demand for water which has meant

that the water table is dropping in the river which runs beside the monument.

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 E) Economic Data
According to the Press Information Bureau of the Government of India, 2,350,0000

visited the country in the year 2000 accounting for 12753.56 crores rupees (1 crore

= 10 million) contribution to the foreign exchange reserves on the country. It is

estimated that the Taj Mahal itself takes in 1,400,000 tourists a year. Tourism is the

third largest contributor to foreign exchange following Information Technology and

Textile. Still despite its favorable exchange rate and historic monuments, India is

actually a net Nexporter of tourism and many of the tourists are either expatriate

Indians returning home to see family or backpackers on limited budgets. Factories

that opted for relocation were obliged to reemploy workers under similar conditions

and to provide a one-year bonus. The court also order that if a worker's plant were

to close down, they would be entitled to six years' worth of wages in compensation.

The cost of bringing the industries up to standard for the business owners were

prohibitive. Hundreds of coal-burning factories have closed or converted to cleaner

fuels, however many industries still skirt the Court's order. Thus there have been

subsequent court challenges in order to bring about compliance with the court's

previous mandates. A further complication is that the state of Uttar Pradesh, where

Agra and the Taj are located, have near daily electricity blackouts. This has had a

negative effect on the functioning of the sensitive pollution monitoring system of the

Taj.

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 F) Direct v. Indirect Impacts:
 The price for Admission to the Taj Mahal is based on a two tier system:

there is one set price for Indians and another set price for Non-Indians. The

Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has introduced measures it claims are

aimed at protecting the monument from over exposure to tourists as well as

raise revenues for the State. In 2000, ASI raised prices for foreigners from

15 rupees to 960 rupees. (Exchange is approximately $1 US to 48 rupees).

Prices for Indians remained a modest 4 rupees. ASI claims the measures are

aimed at controlling the number of tourists and thus environmental harm

caused to the monument by tourists. The extra money will go towards

maintaining the Taj as well as the other monuments under ASI's protection.

The admittance fee is charged before one enters the Taj Mahal complex.

 If in the future, tourism was covered under as a services agreement under

WTO rules, it is possible that other countries could charge that India's two

tiered pricing system is a barrier to trade. The matter could come up in a

dispute between two other countries and none the less effect India. However

India would be able to argue that it is implementing measures for

environmental protection.

 In June 2001, the government of India announced that it had reached a deal

with the Tata group, who own the India Hotel Co. better known as the Taj

38
 hotel group. Under the deal, Tata would take over the management of the

actual Taj Mahal and develop a number of state of- the-art tourist facilities in

the area. The plan met with significant disapproval from conservationists

upset at the commercialization of the monument, the idea of surrounding the

monument with computerized ticketing, cyber cafes and shopping malls.

 The first stage of Tata's commitment has been focussed on urgent restoration

including conservation of the damaged stones and restructuring the existing

museum

 The restaurants and shopping mall will form part of the $3.3 million second

phase which will include ATMs, modern restrooms and waiting areas

 Conservationists fear that boosting tourism would further contribute to the

deterioration of the Taj. Some claim that massive crowds pose as much a

danger to the monument as industrial pollution. Hands leave acid residues

that corrode the marble and occasionally vandals try to chip off semiprecious

stones or carve their initials on the walls.

 Now the District Forest Department of Agra has come up with a unique

solution – Tulsi (Holy Basil). The forest department believes that planting

Tulsi around Taj Mahal and Agra might help in saving the monument from

deteriorating. The department is hoping to exploit the antipollutant,

antioxidation and air-purifying properties of Tulsi plant.

39
 The department launched the Tulsi plantation drive from January 2009. The

public-private joint venture is expected to provide an eco-protection cover to

sensitive Taj trapezium zone surrounding the 17th century monument as

well as the other two world heritage monuments like the Agra Fort and

Aitma-ud-Daula tomb. Tulsi was (Occinum sanctum) chosen for its anti-

pollutant, anti-oxidation and air-purifying properties, making it an ideal

ornamental shrub in the vicinity of the Taj.

 The job is to sensitize the masses about pollution, and ensure maximum

participation and follow up, he said. Meanwhile, forest department will

undertake greening the Taj Forest Block Area (TFBA). Initially, the task

involved planting 10,000 saplings alongside the 650 broad leaved

environment friendly saplings (peepal, neem, pakar, goolar, kadamb and

bargad) .

40
 CHAPTER - 3

MUSEUMS IN UTTAR PRADESH

Museums are not mere buildings; they are the virtual documents of history and

heritage. The same goes true for the museums of Uttar Pradesh. These museums

will give you an insight in to the history and heritage of Uttar Pradesh. The

government owns nearly all the museums in Uttar Pradesh but quiet a few are

run privately too.

The most important among these is the famous 'State Museum' of Lucknow.

The museum displays various elements of the then society of Uttar Pradesh. It

has dedicated galleries for each era. The museum has some of the best

collections of bronzes and artifacts of yesteryears. Equally renowned if not

more is the Bharat Kala Bhawan in Varanasi. The museum has a very proud

collection. It includes, among others, artifacts, tools and commodities belonging

to Indus valley civilization as well as other dynasties such as Maurya, Sunga

and Gupta.

Apart from that, The Archeological Museum of Sarnath is another famous

museum in Uttar Pradesh. The place has a good collection of artifacts and other

41
things related to Buddhism. There are lots of sculptures and bronzes that belong

to the era of Gautam Buddha. The Government Museum in Mathura is another

famous one in Uttar Pradesh. The museum, though, has a very limited scope

due to its localized character. The place has the most vivid collection of the

sculptures belonging to the Mathura School.

The first museum in Uttar Pradesh was built in 1863 in Lucknow. There are a

total of 87 museums in Uttar Pradesh.

42
 The List of Major Museums of Uttar
Pradesh is as follows;

Name of Museum Location Establishment

1. Mathura Museum Mathura 1874
2. Sarnath Museum Sarnath 1904
3. Bharat Kala Varanasi (BHU) 1920
Bhawan Museum
4. Rahul Museum University of 1957
Gorakhpur
5. Allahabad Museum Allahabad 1931
6. Bundelkhand Museum Banda 1985
7. Abai Memorial Bareilly 1975
Panchal Museum
8. Rani Mahal Museum Jhansi 1971
9. Bal Museum Lucknow 1957
10. Provincial Hygiene Lucknow 1928
Institute
11. State Museum Lucknow (Oldest in 1863
the State)
12. Lok Kala Museum Lucknow 1989
13. Government Bauddh Gorakhpur 1986
Museum
14. District Museum Sultanpur 1990
15. Government Kannauj 1996
Archaeology Museum
16. Government Freedom Meerut 1997
Fighters Museum
17. State Jain museum Mathura 2002
Museum
18. Bauddh Museum Piprahwa, Kapilwastu Under construction

43
 CHAPTER - 3

TOURISM IN UTTAR PRADESH

Uttar Pradesh attracts large number of visitors, both national and international;

with more than 71 million domestic tourists (in 2003) and almost 25% of the All-

India foreign tourists visiting Uttar Pradesh, it is one of the top tourist destinations

in India. There are two regions in the state where a majority of the tourists go, viz.

the Agra circuit and the Hindu pilgrimage circuit.

The city of Agra, gives access to three World Heritage Sites: Taj Mahal, Agra

Fort and the nearby Fatehpur Sikri Taj Mahal is a mausoleum built

by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal. It

is cited as "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired

masterpieces of the world's heritage". Agra Fort is about 2.5 km northwest of its

much more famous sister monument, the Taj Mahal. The fort can be more

accurately described as a walled palatial city. Fatehpur Sikri was the world-famous

16th century capital city near Agra, built by the Mughal emperor Akbar the Great,

whose mausoleum in Agra is also worth a visit. Dayal Bagh in Agra is a modern-

day temple and popular tourist sight. Its lifelike sculptures in marble are unique in

India. Agra's dubious modern attractions include Asia's largest Spa as well as

Asia's second 6D theatre.

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The pilgrimage circuit includes the holiest of the Hindu holy cities on the banks of

sacred rivers Ganges and the Yamuna: Varanasi (also considered world's oldest

city), Ayodhya (birthplace of Lord Rama), Mathura (birthplace of Lord

Krishna), Vrindavan (the village where Lord Krishna spent his childhood), and

Allahabad(Prayagraj) (the confluence or 'holy-sangam' of the sacred Ganges-

Yamuna rivers).

Varanasi is widely considered to be one of the oldest cities in the world. It is

famous for its ghats (bathing steps along the river), full of pilgrims year round who

come to bathe in the sacred Ganges River.

A view of the Ghat of Varanasi from the River Ganges

Mathura is world-famous for its colourful celebrations of the Holi festival, which

attracts many tourists also – thanks partly to the hype, which the Indian film

industry has given to this highly entertaining socio-religious festival.

Thousands gather at Allahabad(Prayagraj) to take part in the Magh Mela festival,

which is held on the banks of the Ganges. This festival is organised on a larger

scale every 12th year and is called the Kumbha Mela, where over 10 million Hindu

pilgrims congregate – proclaimed as one of the largest gathering of human beings

in the world.

45
Budaun is also a city which attracts thousands of tourists annually. Its religious city

with many historical monuments and tombs of many famous people.

The historically important towns of Sarnath and Kushinagar are located not far

from Varanasi. Gautama Buddha gave his first sermon at Sarnath after his

enlightenment and died at Kushinagar; both are important pilgrimage sites for

Buddhists. Also at Sarnath are the Pillars of Ashoka and the Lion Capital of

Ashoka, both important archaeological artefacts with national significance. At a

distance of 80 km from Varanasi, Ghazipur is famous not only for its Ganges

Ghats but also for the Tomb of British potentate Lord Cornwallis, maintained by

the Archaeological Survey of India.

Lucknow, the capital of Uttar Pradesh, has several beautiful historical monuments

such as Bara Imambara and Chhota Imambara. It has also preserved the damaged

complex of the Oudh-period British Resident's quarters, which are being restored.

Bareilly is also an important city of uttar pradesh which is also popular as "Nath

Nagari","The Jhumka City" and "Bamboo City". There are 5 Nath temples in

Bareilly, one at each corner and one in the middle of the city. It is a mediator city

between Lucknow and NCR Delhi with not much rush and peaceful atmosphere.

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 A) DATA ANALYSIS

The most visited places in Uttar Pradesh are the following:

1. Allahabad 2. Ayodhya

3. Govardhan 4. Agra

5. Mathura 6. Chitrakut

7. Varanasi 8. Lucknow

9. Vrindavan 10. Radhakund

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IN 2018

48
 Chapter-4

Conclusion

Tourism has been the fastest growing industry in the world for the past 50 years,

and today it is the world’s largest industry. It is India's third largest export industry

after Readymade Garments, Gems & Jewellery. Inspite of the interlude in 1997 and

1998 because of the Asian meltdown, the country has invariably kept the increase

in earnings.But what is needed today is a revamping in tourism industry. The

potential is very high. Foreigners visiting India are convinced that much more can

be done to promote Indian tourism. What is needed is a tie up among the Airlines,

Travel and Tour Operators and the Hotel industry. Unless these three essential

wings come together, no attractive package can be worked out. It is upto the Board

of Tourism Industry and Trade to formulate a joint strategy involving both the

Government and the Private Sector.

Tourists who stay in 5 star and deluxe hotels in our country are usually happy. But

those who opt for 2, 3, and 4 star hotels often complain about the high tariffs of

these hotels in relation to their poor facilities. We must, therefore, see that we do

not price ourselves out of the market. Government must set aside lands and lease

it to medium and low priced hotels. Cleanliness and hygiene should be maintained

in 2 to 3 star hotels. It is the business of the Health, Immigration and Customs

officials at the airports to see that the tourist are not harassed. It is the responsiblity

49
of the taxi driver and the shop keeper to make the tourist feel satisfied that he has

not been cheated. It is the business of the tourist guide to present a proper image

of India’s achievements and of her rich cultural heritage. It is the business of the

airline and railway clerk to serve the tourist promptly and courteously without

demanding bribes. The slogan, ‘Welcome the visitor, Send him back a friend,’ may

seem a time-worn cliché, but is not. India is one of the few countries which still

offers service of high quality. Let not cupidity and greed overtake the wonderful

hospitality for which India is known all over the world.

According to a report published by the Brussels-based World Travel and Tourism

Council, Tourism is the world's most rapidly growing industry, and that by the year
2005, the contribution of Tourism to the world economy would be more than
doubled from the base level of 1994. India's share in the global tourism is a mere 0.4
per cent and the share of Indian arrivals currently stands at a mere 7 per cent.
Tourism along with Information Technology and Bio-technology could be the
engine giving a big push to Kerala's economy in the coming years. Tourism has
emerged as the few economic alternatives to develop the state economy. The state's
potential for Tourism has been well accepted. As a destination, Kerala can attract
the independent traveller with its unique qualities like the pristine environment, the
rich and vibrant culture and the high quality of life for the local inhabitants brought
about by the state's investments since Independence in the fields of education, health
care, institutions of democracy, social justice etc. The state is also endowed with its
unique natural, cultural and social resources.

50
Realising the importance of tourism in stimulating the economic development of

the state, the Government of Kerala declared tourism as an industry in 1986. Today,

tourism is Kerala’s boom industry and one of the fastest growing, high income and

employment generating sector. Constant efforts are on to promote Kerala abroad

and marketing strategies are being evolved along with new and exciting tourism

products. The state department of tourism along with private entrepreneurs is

taking steps to improve the facilities and infrastructure at places with tourism

potential.

Ever since tourism was declared an industry, several incentives, which were

available to investors in other industrial sectors have been extended to the Tourism

Sector as well by the State Government. These include subsidies, technical

guidance, marketing assistance, publicity through Government publications, help

in availing loans etc. But the experience over the last few years reveals that due to

the lack of awareness among potential investors and due to the lack of a permanent

forum where such awareness can be imparted, the implementation of the policy

has not been to the desired level. The Tourism Investment Guidance Cell at the

Directorate of Tourism has been formed with a view to providing an effective forum

of experts to guide potential investors in the tourism sector in a desirable manner.

Wherever it is necessary, this Cell at the Directorate of Tourism in

Thiruvananthapuram will provide copies of the guidelines, proformas, application

forms, statistical information etc. to investors.

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 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

The following are the objectives of the project—

1.Awareness-To understand and to acquire knowledge of the state of India with

exotic and extra ordinary tourism potential growth.

2. Knowledge –To acquire knowledge about the tourist destination reside in Uttar

Pradesh .

3. Skills and capacity buildings-To understand and develop skill regarding remote

area tourist attraction.

4.Attitudes- To understand and acquire a set of values towards the small tourist and

foreign tourist destination local people.

5. Interaction -Helps us to interact destination properly with the local view.

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 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research is an essential part of research, “research is the systematic study of

materials and sources etc. in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions”

The process by which a research is written or carried out is very important because

it has a huge impact on the conclusions reached at the end of the research. There

are two major research: - Primary source and Secondary sources.

SOURCES OF DATA

PRIMARY DATA

1. Interacted with the villagers of rural sites, local guides, tribal development
authorities, Tour guide, Historians etc.
2. Discussed with staff of “Department of tourism development”
3. Interacted with the District development -Authorities which play an
important in nourishment of tourism entire the state.

SECONDARY DATA

1. Books

2. Journals

3. Magazines

4. News paper articles

5. Internet

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REFERENCES/BIBLIOGRAHY
1.Govt. of Uttar Pradesh Vision & Action Plan 2021, Department of Planning cum

Finance, Comprehensive Document. 2018; 1: 17-19.

HISTORY

www.tripoto.com

www.netarhatvidyalaya.com

www.telegraphindia.com

www.dailypioneer.com

GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE

www.epw.in

www.narendrabhagat.in

www.letstravelpals.wordpress.com

www.barwadih.in

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