PHYSICS EXPERIMENT REPORT (I)

Basic Physics

“Viscosity Of Liquid”

Arranged by:

Name : Widya Fransiska Rompas

NIM : 19101105017

Department : Pharmacy

Group : V (Five)

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

PHYSICS LABORATORY
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE
SAM RATULANGI UNIVERSITY
MANADO
2019
A. Aim
a) Able to explain the friction experienced by moving objects in the fluid
b) Able to explain the behaviour of thick fluid
c) Able to determine the thickness coefficient of viscous fluid
d) Able to apply and interpret the data obtained into the graph
B. Equipment Required
1. Long Tube (1000ml measuring cup)
2. Viscous Fluid (Oil, Glycerin)
3. Small Balls
4. Micrometer Screw
5. Stop Watch
6. Filter Spoon
7. Aerometer
C. Introduction
A) Definition
The viscosity of a pure liquid or solution is an index of liquid flow resistance. Viscosity can be
measured by measuring the flow rate of a liquid, which passes through a cylindrical tube. This method is
one of the easiest and can be used both for liquids and gases (Bird, 1993).
Viscosity (thickness) of a liquid is a measure of the magnitude of the shear stress required to produce
a shear density. The unit is the unit of "stress" the union of "swiftness" or Pa. in SI. Another SI unit is
N..det./m2 (or kg / m. Sec.). and is called poesemie (P1): 1 P1 = 1 kg / m.det. = 1 Pa.det. the other units used
are poise (P), where 1P = 0.1 P1. And contipoise (cP) where 1cP = 10-3P1. A thick flow substance has a
large viscosity. (Bueche, 1989: 125)
Viscosity of different fluids can be expressed quantitatively by the coefficient of viscosity, (Greek
lowercase eta), which is defined as a thin layer of fluid placed between two flat plates. One plate is still and
the other is moving at a constant rate. Fluid that is directly in contact with each plate is held at the surface
of the moving fluid at the same rate as the upper slab, while the fluid in contact with the still plates remains
stationary. The quiescent fluid layer holds the flow of the layer directly above it, which also holds the next
layer, and so on. For different fluids, the thicker the fluid, the greater the force required. (giancoli, 1998)
Especially for objects that are spherical and moving in a homogeneous fluid will experience the
force according to Stokes' Law as follows:
F = 6 𝜋 ƞ Rv
where: ƞ = Coefficient of thickness
R = Track the ball
v = the relative velocity of the ball's motion in the fluid
`According to Tim fisika, 2019 The use of Stokes Law above must fulfill the following conditions:
The use of Stokes Law above must fulfill the following conditions:
 a. Space where fluid is unlimited (size is large compared to the object)
b. There is no turbulence in the fluid (the speed of the ball must not be too large).
If the ball has a density released without initial velocity above the surface of the thick fluid, then
the ball moves down at a constant speed. This constant speed is achieved due to an equilibrium force
between Archimedes's force, Stokes's upward force and downward weight. The number of forces acting on
the ball is zero, through the following equation:
Fa + Fs - W = 0
With: Fa = Archimedes style
Fb = Stokes style
W = gravity
After the above equation is solved, a mathematical relationship between thickness and other
physical quantities is obtained as follows
2 𝑅2 𝑔
η= (𝜌 − 𝜌0 )
9𝑣

with: ρ = spherical density

where R = ball radius and t = ball travel time for distance d

Ball d
Fluid
thick

B) Viscosity Measurement F
Equipment for measuring viscosity is called a viscometer. There are different types of viscometers,
but, because the purpose of this paper is to prove certain principles of hydraulics, not to explain hydraulic
machinery and equipment, this can be sought from other sources. For simplicity, there are three ways to
determine µ, namely:
a) With a torque viscometer
The formula R = µA is used on concentric cylinders.
b) With the Ostwald viscometer
The Ostwald viscometer measured is the time taken by a certain amount of liquid to flow through
the capillary tube with the force caused by the weight of the liquid itself. In actual experiments, a certain
amount of liquid (for example 10 cm3, depending on the size of the viscometer) is piped into the viscometer.
The liquid is then sucked through the measuring flask from the viscometer until the liquid surface is higher
than the a limit. the liquid is then allowed to go down when the liquid surface drops past the a limit, the
stopwatch starts to be lit and when the liquid crosses the boundary mark b, the stopwatch is turned off. So
the time taken for the liquid to pass through the distance between a and b can be determined. Pressure ρ is
the difference between the two ends of the U pipe and the magnitude is proportional to the specific gravity
of the liquid (Respati, 1981).
Based on Heagen Poisuille law:
Where :
p = hydrostatic pressure
r = capillary radius
t = time flow of liquid as much as volume V with a high difference h
L = capillary length
For water:
Ŋair = πρr4. ta. pa.g.h / (8VL)
Generally applies:
Ŋx = πρr4. tx. px.g.h / (8VL)
If water is used as a comparison, then:
Ŋx / ŋair = tx.ρx / taρa
c) With legal stokes for falling balls.
Ff = 6πrη
Stokes formula:
Where F is the obstacle experienced by a very small ball with radius r that falls freely through a
liquid whose viscosity µ with speed v. The Stokes formula only applies if the Reynolds for flow is less than
(around) 1, the Reynolds number is defined as:
Where d is the diameter of the ball. In other words, the Stokes formula only applies at very small
speeds, but how small it also depends on v and d.
The meaning of the critical Reynolds number Re = 1, is that Re 1 flow through the ball is viscous
and the resistance to movement is viscous resistance, where at Re 1 the flow through the ball is turbulent
and the resistance to movement is a mixture of friction and form resistance due to turbulent flow.
d) Viscometer cup and Bob
The working principle of the sample is shifted indoors between Bob's outer wall and the inner wall
of the cup where Bob enters exactly in the middle. The weakness of this viscometer is the occurrence of
plug flow due to high friction along the circumference of the tube, causing the discovery of concentration.
This decrease in concentration causes the middle part of the substance to be pressed out to solidify. This is
called plug flow (Bird, 1993).
e) Viscometer Cone and Plate
How to use it is to put the sampek in the middle of the board, then raise it to a position below the
cone. Cones are driven by motors at various speeds and the sample is shifted in the narrow space between
the stationary board and then the cone that rotates (Bird, 1993).
f) Viscometer hoppler
 In this viscometer what is measured is the time taken by a metal ball to pass through a liquid of a
certain height. An object due to gravity will fall through a medium that has viscosity (such as liquid, for
example), with a greater speed until it reaches a maximum speed. The maximum speed will be reached if
gravity is equal to the fictional resistance medium (Bird, 1993).
Based on the legal stokes at maximum ball speed, a balance occurs so that: friction = weight,
Archimedes force:
6πrVmax = 4/3 r3 (ρbola - ρcair) g
Ŋ = {2 / g r3 (ρbola - ρcair) g} / Vmax
Vmax = h / t
Where :
t = time of falling the ball at height h
In this experiment the method used relative to water, the price:
Ŋa = [2 / g r2 (ρa - ρ1) g ta] / h
Ŋx = [2 / g r2 (ρx– ρ1) g tx] / h
Ŋx / Ŋa = [(ρx - ρ1) g tx] / [(ρa - ρ1) g ta]
C) Factors affecting viscosity:
1) Temperature
Viscosity is inversely proportional to temperature. If the temperature rises, the viscosity will
decrease, and vice versa. This is caused by the movement of liquid particles which get faster when the
temperature is increased and the thickness decreases.
2) Concentration of solution
Viscosity is directly proportional to the concentration of the solution. A solution with a high
concentration will also have a high viscosity, because the concentration of the solution states the number
of particles of matter dissolved per unit volume. The more particles dissolved, the higher the friction
between the particles and the higher the viscosity.
3) Solute molecular weight
Viscosity is directly proportional to the molecular weight of the solute. Due to the presence of a
heavy solute that will inhibit or burden a heavy load on the liquid so that it increases viscosity.
4) Pressure
The higher the pressure the greater the viscosity of a liquid.
D) The concept of Viscosity
Fluid, both liquid and gas types of different types have different levels of viscosity. Viscosity, aka
viscosity, is actually a frictional force between molecules that make up a fluid. So the molecules that make
up a fluid rub against each other when the fluid is flowing. In liquids, viscosity is caused by the cohesion
force (the attractive force between similar molecules). Whereas in gases, viscosity is caused by collisions
between molecules (Bird, 1993).
More fluid fluids are usually easier to flow, for example water. Conversely, thicker fluids are usually
more difficult to flow, for example cooking oil, oil, honey, and others. This can be proven by pouring water
and cooking oil over a sloping surface. The result is that the water will flow faster than the cooking oil or
oil. The level of viscosity of a fluid also depends on temperature. The higher the temperature of the liquid,
the less viscous the liquid is. For example when mothers fry fish in the kitchen, cooking oil which is initially
thick, turns to be more liquid when heated. Conversely, the higher the temperature of a gas substance, the
thicker the gas substance.
Please note that viscosity or thickness only exists in the real fluid (real = real). Real / real fluids are
fluids that we encounter in our daily lives, such as syrup, oil, exhaust fumes, and others. Real fluid is
different from ideal fluid. The ideal fluid actually does not exist in everyday life. The ideal fluid is only a
model used to help us in analyzing fluid flow (this ideal fluid that we use in the subject of dynamic fluid)
(Bird, 1993).
The international system unit (SI) for the viscosity coefficient is Ns / m2 = Pa.S (pascal second).
The CGS unit (centimeter gram second) for SI viscosity coefficients is dyn.s / cm2 = poise (p). Viscosity
is also often expressed in sentipole (cp). 1 cp = 1/1000 p. poise unit used to commemorate a French scientist,
the late Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille.
1 poise = 1 dyn. s / cm2 = 10-1 N.s / m2
Fluid is a molecular cluster with large and small separation distances for a liquid. The distance
between the molecules is large when compared to the center line of the molecules. The molecules are not
bound to a lattice, but rather move freely with each other. So the velocity of the fluid or its mass velocity
does not have the right meaning because the number of molecules occupying a certain volume is constantly
changing (while, 1988).
Fluid can be classified into liquids or gases. The main differences between liquid and gas are:
a. Liquids are practically incompatible, whereas gases are compatible and often must be treated as
such.
b. Liquid fills a certain volume and has free surfaces, whereas agar with a certain mass expands
until it fills all parts of the container in place (While, 1988).
Viscosity in everyday life
1. Blood flow in veins.
2. Fish frying process (the higher the temperature, the smaller the viscosity of cooking oil).
3. The flow of water in the PDAM pump that flows into our homes.
D. Procedur
1. Diamerter bola diukur dengan menggunakan mikrometersekrup
2. Massa bola ditimbang dengan menggunakan neraca
3. Massa fluida diukur dengan aerometer atau dengan cara biasa (perbandingan massa terhadap
volume)
4. Tabung diberitanda (beri gelang) untuk mulai menghitung kecepatan bola ( ± 3 cm dibawah
permukaan fluida dan dari dasar tabung). Ukur jarak kedua tanda tersebut
5. Waktu yang diperlukan bola diukur dari tanda pertama sampai tanda kedua
6. Langkah 4 dan 5 diulang untuk beberapa variasi jarak
7. Langkah 4, 5, 6 diulang untuk fluida dan bola lain
F. Result
( Terlampir )
G. Analysis

Praktikum viskositas zat cair ini bertujuan untuk menentukan nilai kecepatan viskositas (kekentalan)
zat cair berdasarkan hukum stokes. Viskositas zat cair adalah suatu gesekan yang ditimbulkan oleh fluida
yang terjadi karena benda padat yang bergerak di dalam fluida. Dalam praktikum kali ini jenis fluida yang
digunakan untuk mencari nilai kofisien viskositasnya adalah oli.
Pada praktukim ini praktikan menggunakan oli sebagai fluidanya dimana kekentalan oli berpengaruh
terhadap kecepatan jatuhnya bola yaitu semakin kental suatu zat cair atau fluida, maka daya untuk
merambat suatu jatuhnya bola semakin besar, sehingga semakin kental sautu zat cair, semakin lambat
pergerakan benda yang jatuh didalamnya. Sebaliknya, semakin encer suatu zat cair atau fluida, maka
semakin cepat benda yang jatuh kedalamnya. Sementara pengaruh massa suatu benda yang dijatuhkan
kedalam zat cair atau fluida terhadap kecepatan jatuhnya bola ialah semakin besar massa benda tersebut,
maka semakin besar pula jatuhnya benda tersebut.
Pada praktikum ini, praktikan melakukan percobaan dengan ukuran skala yang berbeda-beda. Setiap
pengukuran ukuran skala di kurangi 2 cm. Setiap satu kali pengukuran diharuskan melakukan 3 kali
percobaan. Pada praktikum ini praktikan harus mengamati beban yang berada didalam fluida, yakni bola
kecil yang nantinya akan dijatuhkan dari permukaan fluida sampai ke dasar fluida. Sedangkan untuk
menghitung kecepatan bola yang jatuh dari permukaan fluida dngan skala yang telah ditentukan sampai ke
dasar fluida praktikan menggunakan stopwatch.
Pada praktikum ini praktikan melakukan 3 kali percobaan pada setiap perubahan skala. Nilai yang
diperoleh dari 3 kali percobaan dari perubahan skala tersebut yaitu yang pertama, 0,27 m dengan 3 kali
percobaan yaitu dengan hasil 0,84; 0,89; 0,87. Nilai data yang pertama menjadi patokkan nilai data kedua
dan ketiga. Begitupun dengan perubahan skala selanjutnya.
Setelah mendapatkan hasil dari diameter dan waktu, maka selanjutnya praktikan alan mencari hasil rata-
rata dan kecepatan. Setelah mendapatkan semua hasil yang harus digunakan, maka selanjutnya praktikan
akan diarahkan untuk menerapkan setiap hasil yang telah didapat ke dalam rumus.
Baerdasarkan data hasil yang telah didapatkan dalam percobaan ini, dapat diketahui koefisien viskositas
(ƞm) dariminyak atau fluida lebih besar dari massa maupun diameter bola dalam hal ini dapatdisimpulkan
bahwafluida atau koefisien viskositas dari minyak akan mampu menghambatbdari lajunya bola plastik,
atau daya tekan dari fluida lebih besar dari daya tekan bola.
H. Conclusion

Melalui percobaan yang dilakukan oleh praktikan dapat disimpulkan bahwa:

G. Reference
Bird, Tony. 1993. Kimia Fisik Untuk Universitas. Jakarta : PT Gramedia
Bueche. 1989 Fisika Universitas. Jakarta : Erlangga
Giancoli, Douglas C.2001. FISIKA Edisi Ke Lima Jilid I. Jakarta: Erlangga
Respati, H. 1981. Kimia Dasar Terapan Modern. Jakarta : Erlangga
Tim fisika 2019.Panduan Praktikum Fisika Dasar, Manado:FMIPA Universitas Samratulangi
While, Frank.M. 1988. Mekanika Fluida edisi ke-2 jilid I. Jakarta : Erlangga