Experiment 1

SUBJECT:
IC Engines Lab
TOPIC:
To study the different
components of an engine and difference
between diesel and petrol engine

SUBMITTED TO:
Mr. Zubair Afzal
SUBMITTED BY:
Muhammad Waqar Younas
ROLL NO : 16-MCE-78
Objective:
To study the different components of an engine and difference between diesel and petrol
engine

Apparatus:
 Cut model of engine

What is an Engine?
The word Engine comes from the Latin word ingenium which means 'ability'. Engine
is machinery. Generally a combustion engine is defined as a machine that produces power
(mechanical) by the combustion of substance like water or a fuel.
Heat Engine:
In thermodynamics, a heat engine is a system that converts heat or thermal energy
and chemical energy to mechanical energy, which can then be used to do mechanical work.

Engines are classified into various categories based on the type of cycle they use, the layout,
the energy source used, the cooling mechanism employed or its use.
Based on the layout, there are two types of Engines

 Internal Combustion Engines

 External Combustion Engines

Internal Combustion Engines:

An engine is called an Internal Combustion Engine, If the combustion of a fuel like
petrol takes place inside it, in a chamber. The oxidizer used for combustion is usually air. The
gases produced as a result of combustion are high temperature and pressure. These gases
exert pressure on components such as a piston which moves over and produces energy
(mechanical). E.g. Petrol Engine

External Combustion Engines:

An External Combustion engine is one in which the energy is externally applied on a
non-combustible fluid like pressurized/hot water, liquid sodium etc. Here these fluids are
heated in an external chamber like boiler and steam is used to drive the engine. E.g. Steam
Engine.
Based on the source of energy, internal combustion engines are classified as

 Petrol Engines
 Diesel Engines
Here we will discuss about Parts of Engine.

Parts of Engine:

Cylinder head
The top end of cylinder is closed by means of removable
cylinder head. The inlet valve, exhaust valve, spark plug,
injector etc. are bolted on the cylinder head. The main
function of cylinder head is to seal the cylinder block and
not to permit entry and exit of gases on cover head valve engine.
Cylinder block
The main function of cylinder is to guide the piston. It is in
direct contact with the products of combustion so it must be
cooled. For cooling of cylinder a water jacket (for liquid
cooling used in most of cars) or fin (for air cooling used in
most of bikes) are situated at the outer side of cylinder. At the
upper end of cylinder, cylinder head and at the bottom end
crank case is bolted.

Piston:
Piston is placed in the cylinder and transmits thrust to the
connecting rod. It is free to move. It compresses the air fuel
mixture and convert the fuel energy into mechanical energy. It
transmits the power to the crankshaft.

Connecting Rod:
It connect piston to the crank shaft and transmit the motion and thrust
of piston to crank shaft. The lower end of connecting rod is connected
to the piston and the bigger is connected to the crank shaft

Crank Shaft:
It is located in the bottom end of cylinder block. It transmits
the reciprocating motion of piston into rotary motion. This
rotary motion used to rotate wheels of the vehicle.
Oil Sump:
It is bolted at the lower end of the cylinder block. All the
oil for lubricating the movable parts is placed in it.

Camshaft:
It is fitted either in the cylinder head or at the bottom of
the cylinder block. It is use to open or close valves at
proper timing in multi-cylinder engine.

Valves:
It is fitted on the cylinder head. It regulates the flow of air fuel
mixture inside the cylinder and exhaust gas outside the cylinder
block. When both inlet and exhaust valves are closed no
pressure can go inside or outside of cylinder block.

Injector:
It is used in Diesel engine (Compression Ignition Engine). It is
fitted on the cylinder head. It is used to inject fuel in spray form
inside the cylinder at the end of compression stroke.

Push Rod:
It is used when the camshaft is situated in the bottom of the cylinder
head. It regulates the timing of valves open and close through rocker
arm and camshaft.

Inlet Manifold and Exhaust Manifold:

It is bolted on the cylinder head one each for intake and exhaust. Its
function is to evenly distribute air-fuel mixture for intake & collects
the exhaust gases from all cylinders.

Piston Rings:

It provides the good sealing fit and less friction resistance between
piston and cylinder. It is split at one point so it can be easily installed
into the grooves cut in the piston.
Gudgeon Pin:
It is the parallel spindles fitted through the piston boss and
connecting rod small end. It connects the piston to the connecting rod.

Engine Bearing:
Bearings are used to support the moving parts. The purpose of bearings
is to reduce friction. The crankshaft is supported by bearing. In engine
two types of bearing are used sliding bearing and rolling bearing.

Fly wheel:
A flywheel is a rotating mechanical device that is used to store
rotational energy. The amount of energy stored in a flywheel is
proportional to the square of its rotational speed. The flywheel is a
disk that is about 30 to 40 cms in diameter.

Fuel Pump:

The fuel pump is an integral element of any car or truck. Given

the responsibility of literally pumping a vehicle's fuel from its tank
to the engine, a malfunctioning fuel pump will always lead to
total disaster.

Rocker Arm:
A rocker arm (is an oscillating lever that conveys radial movement
from the cam lobe into linear movement at the poppet valve to open it.
One end is raised and lowered by a rotating lobe of the camshaft while
the other end acts on the valve stem. When the camshaft lobe raises the
outside of the arm, the inside presses down on the valve stem, opening
the valve. When the outside of the arm is permitted to return due to the
camshafts rotation, the inside rises, allowing the valve spring to close the
valve.

Turbocharger:
A turbocharger, (or turbo), is a turbine-driven forced induction
device that increases an internal combustion engine’s
efficiency and power output by forcing extra air into the
combustion chamber.
Comparison between Four Stroke Petrol and Four Stroke
Diesel Engine:

Sr No Petrol Engines Diesel Engines

A petrol engine draws a mixture of A diesel engine draws only air during the
1
petrol and air during the suction stroke. suction stroke.
The carburetor is installed in petrol
The injector or atomizer is installed in
engines to mix air and petrol in the
2 diesel engines to inject the fuel at the end of
required proportion and to supply it to
the compression stroke.
the engine during the suction stroke.
The pressure at the end of the The pressure at the end of the compression
3
compression is about 10 bar. is about 35 bar.
The fuel is injected in the form of a fine
The charge (i.e. petrol and air mixture) spray. The temperature of the compressed
4
is ignited with the help of spark plug. air is about 600° C at a pressure of about 35
bars.
A petrol engine has compression ratio A diesel engine has compression ratio
5
approximately from 6 to 10. approximately from 15 to 25.
The combustion of fuel takes place The combustion of fuel takes place
6 approximately at constant volume. In approximately at constant pressure. in other
other words, it works on Otto cycle. words, it works on Diesel cycle.
The thermal efficiency is up to about
7 The thermal efficiency is up to about 40%.
26%.
The starting of the diesel engine is slightly
The starting of petrol engine is easy
8 difficult due to higher compression ratio
due to low compression ratio.
compared to a petrol engine.
As the compression ratio is low, the
As the compression ratio is high, the diesel
9 petrol engines are cheaper and lighter
engines are costlier and heavier in weight.
in weight.
The running cost of petrol engine is
The running cost of the diesel engine is low
10 high because of the higher cost of
because of the lower cost of diesel fuel.
petrol fuel.
11 The maintenance cost is less. The maintenance cost is more.
Diesel engines are relatively low-speed
12 Petrol engines are high-speed engines.
engines.
13 The torque is relatively low. The torque is larger than that of petrol
engine.