UP/DOWN FADING LED

Project work submitted to the Chellappan Vidya Mandir

International School in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of

HIGHER SECONDARY – SECOND YEAR

Submitted by

S.ALAGU SOWMIYA

Reg No:

Under the guidance of

MR. K.SRINIVASAN M.Sc.,MPhil.,B.Ed.,HDCA.,

PG (Assistant) in PHYSICS

O.Siruvayal Road, Peyanpatti,

Karaikudi - 630 208.

2019-2020

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 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work was done under the
guidance and this work entitled as “up/down fading led”
submitted by ALAGU SOWMIYA.S to Chellappan Vidya
Mandir International School in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of Higher Secondary- Second year
during the year 2019-2020. Also certified that this work has not
been submitted in full or in part to this school or any other
institution.

PRINCIPAL GUIDE

U.GANESH KUMAR K.SRINIVASAN

M.SC., M.Ed., M.Phil., M.Sc.,MPhil.,B.Ed.,HDCA

Chellappan Vidya Mandir Chellappan Vidya Mandir

International School International School

Karaikudi Karaikudi

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

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 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the dissertation entitled “up/down fading

led” is an original work done by me and that it has not
previously formed the basis for the award of any higher
degrees.

Place: CHELLAPPAN VIDYA MANDIR INTERNATIONAL

SCHOOL

Date:

ALAGU SOWMIYA.S

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my deepest sense of gratitude to

Mr.K.SRINIVASAN M.Sc.,MPhil.,B.Ed.,HDCA., Guide, for his

valuable guidance and for his constant encouragement with
timely advice throughout this project work.

I wish to express my sincere thanks to

Mr.U.GaneshkumarM.Sc., M.Ed., M.Phil., Principal, Chellappan

Vidya Mandir International School, Karaikudi for his kind
encouragement in completing this project work.

I also extend my sincere thanks to the faculty members

of this institution for their whole hearted support for this project
work.

I wish to thank my parents, friends and well wishers for their

timely help to complete this project.

I thank CBSE for providing me with an opportunity to

undertake this project.

Finally I thank the almighty, the beloved who lit education in

my life

( ALAGU SOWMIYA.S)

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 PREFACE

The dissertation is a report of the work carried out by the

author, at chellapan vidya mandir international school during
the period 2019-2020.

It deals with ’metal detector ’.

This dissertion is broadly classified into 5 chapters.

 The first chapter deals with Introduction and

Princple of up/down fading LED lights circuit

 The second chapter deals with Circuit diagram and

design of it

 The Third chapter deals with Components required

 Components description

 The fourth chapter deals with Working of up/down

fading led, application and limitations

 The fifth chapter deals with the conclusion

 The sixth chapter deals with the bibliography.

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 CONTENTS

CHAPTER TOPICS Pg.No

NO.

Chapter-1  Introduction
 Princple of
up/down fading 8
LED lights circuit

Chapter-2  Circuit diagram

 Design of the circuit 11

Chapter-3
 Components
required
 Components 14
description

Chapter-4  Working of
up/down fading
led, application and 23
limitations
Chapter-5  Conclusion
27

Chapter-6  Bibliography. 29

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 Chapter-1

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INTRODUCTION

In this LED based project, I will show you how to design an Up

Down Fading LED Circuit using very simple
hardware. Nowadays, the usage of LED lights is increasing
rapidly because of their reduced cost and long durability (of
course their low power consumption).

Generally, you can see various implementations like

Automobile DRLs (Daytime Running Lights), decorating
houses, regular lamps, emergency lights etc.

One such important application is where the LED lights

increase and decrease their intensity depending on the number
of persons entering or leaving at a particular place or a room.

This concept is called Fading of LEDs. Here is a simple circuit

where an LED slowly fades out when it is applied with some
voltage.

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UP DOWN FADING LED LIGHTS CIRCUIT PRINCIPLE
The circuit mainly consists of a transistor and a capacitor. Light
Emitting Diode conducts in forward bias condition i.e. LED
glows only when positive terminal is connected to the positive
end and negative end is connected to the negative of the
battery.

In this circuit, LED conducts only when the negative terminal is

grounded as the positive terminal is applied with some voltage.
When the button is pressed, the capacitor starts charging and
discharging which causes the LED to fade up and down.

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 Chapter- 2

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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UP DOWN FADING LED LIGHTS CIRCUIT DESIGN
In this circuit, the power supply is connected to the On/Off
switch i.e. a push button. A 10KΩ resistor is connected after the
button to bring the button to the pull down mode. This makes
the button initially low and when it is pressed, it becomes high.

Switch is then connected to a resistor of resistance 100KΩ,

which is responsible for charging the 220μF Capacitor. Another
resistor of 39KΩ is connected before the transistor, through
which the Capacitor discharges.

A 100KΩ Resistor is connected in parallel to the capacitor so

that majority of the charge is discharged through the 39KΩ
Resistor.

Transistor used here is a NPN transistor of series BC548. This

NPN transistor is initially in off state i.e. it will not conduct.
Voltage from emitter to collector flows, only if the base region
is applied with some voltage. The minimum voltage required
at the base of the transistor is 0.7V.

When this voltage is applied, transistor starts conducting and

voltage starts flow from emitter to collector. You may get more
knowledge on NPN Transistor by reading the post – Transistor
Biasing and Characteristics

A PN Junction Diode like 1N4007 can be placed between the

100KΩ Resistor and the capacitor so that when discharging, the
capacitor charge flows only through the other resistors.

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 Chapter- 3

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COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

 Capacitor – 220μF
 Resistors

 2 X 100KΩ
 10KΩ
 39KΩ
 100Ω

 BC 548 (any NPN Transistor)

 LED
 ON/OFF switch (Push Button)
 Mini Breadboard
 5V Power Supply
 Connecting Wires

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COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION:

TRANSISTOR:

Transistor is a semiconductor device that can both conduct and

insulate. A transistor can act as a switch and an amplifier. It
converts audio waves into electronic waves and resistor,
controlling electronic current. Transistors have very long life,
smaller in size, can operate on lower voltage supplies for
greater safety and required no filament current. The first
transistor was fabricated with germanium. A transistor
performs the same function as a vacuum tube triode, but using
semiconductor junctions instead of heated electrodes in a
vacuum chamber. It is the fundamental building block of
modern electronic devices and found everywhere in modern
electronic systems.

The basic idea behind a transistor is that it lets you control the
flow of current through one channel by varying the intensity of
a much smaller current that’s flowing through a second
channel.

Most transistors are made from very pure silicon, and some
from germanium, but certain other semiconductor materials
can also be used. A transistor may have only one kind of charge
carrier, in a field-effect transistor, or may have two kinds of
charge carriers in bipolar junction transistor devices. Compared
with the vacuum tube, transistors are generally smaller, and
require less power to operate. Certain vacuum tubes have
advantages over transistors at very high operating frequencies
or high operating voltages.

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RESISTOR:

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that

implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In
electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow,
adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements,
and terminate transmission lines, among other uses. High-
power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical
power as heat, may be used as part of motor controls, in power
distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed
resistors have resistances that only change slightly with
temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can
be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a
lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity,
force, or chemical activity.
Resistors are common elements of electrical
networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous
in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete
components can be composed of various compounds and
forms. Resistors are also implemented within integrated
circuits.
The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance:
common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range
of more than nine orders of magnitude. The nominal value of
the resistance falls within the manufacturing tolerance,
indicated on the component.

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CAPACITOR:

A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric

field. It is a passive electronic component with two terminals.
The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While some
capacitance exists between any two electrical conductors in
proximity in a circuit, a capacitor is a component designed to
add capacitance to a circuit. The capacitor was originally
known as a condenser or condensator The original name is
still widely used in many languages, but not commonly in
English.
The physical form and construction of practical capacitors vary
widely and many types of capacitor are in common use. Most
capacitors contain at least two electrical conductors often in the
form of metallic plates or surfaces separated by
a dielectric medium. A conductor may be a foil, thin film,
sintered bead of metal, or an electrolyte. The nonconducting
dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's charge capacity.
Materials commonly used as dielectrics
include glass, ceramic, plastic film, paper, mica, air, and oxide
layers. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical
circuits in many common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor,
an ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy. When an electric
potential, a voltage, is applied across the terminals of a
capacitor, for example when a capacitor is connected across a
battery, an electric field develops across the dielectric, causing a
net positive charge to collect on one plate and net negative
charge to collect on the other plate. No current actually flows
through the dielectric. However, there is a flow of charge
through the source circuit. If the condition is maintained
sufficiently long, the current through the source circuit ceases.
If a time-varying voltage is applied across the leads of the
capacitor, the source experiences an ongoing current due to the
charging and discharging cycles of the capacitor.

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LED:

Working Electroluminescence
principle

Invented H. J. Round (1907)[1]

Oleg Losev (1927)[2]
James R.
Biard (1961)[3]
Nick
Holonyak (1962)[4]

First October 1962

production

Pin Anode and cathode

configuration

Electronic symbol

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light

source that emits light when current flows through
it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron
holes, releasing energy in the form of photons. The color of the
light (corresponding to the energy of the photons) is
determined by the energy required for electrons to cross
the band gap of the semiconductor.[5] White light is obtained by

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using multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-emitting
phosphor on the semiconductor device.[6]
Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the
earliest LEDs emitted low-intensity infrared light.[7] Infrared
LEDs are used in remote-control circuits, such as those used
with a wide variety of consumer electronics. The first visible-
light LEDs were of low intensity and limited to red. Modern
LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet,
and infrared wavelengths, with high light output.
Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps, replacing small
incandescent bulbs, and in seven-segment displays. Recent
developments have produced high-output white light LEDs
suitable for room and outdoor area lighting. LEDs have led to
new displays and sensors, while their high switching rates are
useful in advanced communications technology.
LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources,
including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime,
improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster
switching. LEDs are used in applications as diverse as aviation
lighting, automotive headlamps, advertising, general
lighting, traffic signals, camera flashes, lighted wallpaper, plant
growing light, and medical devices.[8]
Unlike a laser, the light emitted from an LED is neither
spectrally coherent nor even highly monochromatic. However
its spectrum is sufficiently narrow that it appears to the human
eye as a pure (saturated) color.[9][10] Nor, unlike most lasers, is
its radiation spatially coherent, so that it cannot approach the
very high brightnesses characteristic of lasers.

 Visual signals where light goes more or less directly from

the source to the human eye, to convey a message or
meaning

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 Illumination where light is reflected from objects to give
visual response of these objects
 Measuring and interacting with processes involving no
human vision
 Narrow band light sensors where LEDs operate in a reverse-
bias mode and respond to incident light, instead of emitting
light

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BREADBOARD:

A breadboard is a solderless device for temporary prototype

with electronics and test circuit designs. Most electronic
components in electronic circuits can be interconnected by
inserting their leads or terminals into the holes and then
making connections through wires where appropriate. The
breadboard has strips of metal underneath the board and
connect the holes on the top of the board. The metal strips are
laid out as shown below. Note that the top and bottom rows of
holes are connected horizontally and split in the middle while
the remaining holes are connected vertically

A modern solderless breadboard socket consists of a perforated

block of plastic with numerous tin plated phosphor
bronze or nickel silver alloy spring clips under the perforations.
The clips are often called tie points or contact points. The number
of tie points is often given in the specification of the
breadboard.
The spacing between the clips (lead pitch) is typically 0.1 inches
(2.54 mm). Integrated circuits (ICs) in dual in-line
packages (DIPs) can be inserted to straddle the centerline of the
block. Interconnecting wires and the leads of discrete
components (such as capacitors, resistors, and inductors) can be
inserted into the remaining free holes to complete the circuit.
Where ICs are not used, discrete components and connecting
wires may use any of the holes. Typically the spring clips are
rated for 1 ampere at 5 volts and 0.333 amperes at 15 volts
(5 watts). The edge of the board has male and
female dovetail notches so boards can be clipped together to
form a large breadboard.

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 Chapter-4

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HOW TO OPERATE UP DOWN FADING LED LIGHTS
CIRCUIT?

1. Initially, switch on the circuit.

2. Then press the button.
3. You can see the LED fading up i.e. slowly its intensity
increases. When a button is pressed, voltage flows through
the diode (not shown in the circuit) and it then flows
through a series of resistor having 100KΩ.
4. The capacitor connected in parallel to the resistor is
charged. This gives some voltage to the base of the
transistor which then starts conducting.
5. Thus, voltage from collector flows to the emitter, which is
connected to the ground.
6. Thus, negative terminal of the LED is connected to the
ground.
7. And LED slowly starts glowing, as the capacitor
continuously produces the pulses.
8. When the switch is released, the LED starts slowly fading
out as the capacitor is discharged.
9. Before the transistor, a resistor of 36KΩ is present so that
while discharging, the capacitor discharges through this
resistor.

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APPLICATIONS OF UP DOWN FADING LED LIGHTS
CIRCUIT

 This can be used in the shopping malls for fading out the
lights in the places where there is no crowd.
 Fading LEDs can be used in security applications to alert
something.
 These can be used in home applications.
 These can be used in cars as indicators with some changes.

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LIMITATIONS OF THE CIRCUIT

 LED lights should be powered correct voltage otherwise

they may be damaged.
 LEDs can change color due to age and temperature.

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 Chapter-5

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CONCLUSION:

Lot of colorful projects rises when LED and timer IC meets,

Here the Simple Up/Down Fading LED Circuit is designed
with timer IC 555 to produce breathing light effect through
LED. We don’t need costlier PWM circuit or driver IC to
produce fading light, the following simple circuit is enough to
give fading LED effect.

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 Chapter-6

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BIBLIOGRAPHY:

https://www.google.com/search/updownfadingledcircuit

www.555-timer-circuits.com › up-down-fading-led

https://circuitdigest.com › electronic-circuits › fading-led

https://in.pinterest.com › pin

https://www.electronicshub.org › updown-fading-led-lights

https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Resistor

https://www.rapidtables.com › electric › capacitor

https://www.elprocus.com › transistors-basics-types-baising-
modes

https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › LED_lamp

https://learn.sparkfun.com › tutorials › what-is-a-battery › all

wiring.org.co › learning › tutorials › breadboard

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