TO STUDY ABOUT HAEMOPHILIA AND

ITS PREVENTION
Project Report
In
BIOLOGY
2019-2020
Submitted in partial fulfilment
Of the requirement of class XII (CBSE)
E.SUVATHI
[Reg.No.]
Under the guidance of
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify the project entitled “To study about sickle cell anemia and it’s
prevention” is done by E.SUVATHI of class XII of Ramco Vidyalaya (CBSE), R R
Nagar, has completed his project as a part of the paper of BIOLOGY under my
supervision. He has taken proper care and shown at most sincerity in the
completion of this project .

I certify that this project is upto my expectation and as per the guidelines issued
by CBSE.

Principal sign

Submitted for the viva-voce conducted on ,at Ramco Vidyalaya,

R R Nagar.

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 DECLARATION
I declare that the project entitled

“TO STUDY ABOUT HAEMOPHILIA AND ITS

PREVENTION”

was completely conducted by me with the help of subject teacher Mr.N.Sivanand

M.sc.,M.Phil.,B.Ed.,M.A.Edn. I hereby declare that this project was done only out

of my own interest and effort and all the information provided in this project is

true to my knowledge.

DATE :

PLACE :
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I whole heartedly thank my school principal, subject teacher and my

co-students for their cooperation toward me to complete this project.

I also thank my family for supporting me.

E.SUVATHI
 CONTENTS

1.INTRODUCTION 1
2.TYPES OF HAEMOPHILIA 2
3.CAUSES OF HAEMOPHILIA 3-4
4.SYMPTOMS OF HAEMOPHILIA 5
5.TREATMENT OF HAEMOPHILIA 6
6.GENE THERAPY 7
7.DRUGS FOR TREATMENT OF HAEMOPHILIA 8
6.QUEEN VICTORIA AS A CARRIER OF
HAEMOPHILIA 9
7.HOW A DISEASE AFFECTS A HAEMOSTATIS 10
8.CASE STUDY 11
9.BIBILOGRAPHY 12
 INTRODUCTION
Haemophilia is a mostly inherited genetic disorder that
impairs the body's ability to make blood clots, a process
needed to stop bleeding.[2][3] This results in
people bleeding for a longer time after an injury,
easy bruising, and an increased risk of bleeding inside
joints or the brain.[1] Those with a mild case of the disease
may have symptoms only after an accident or during
surgery.[1] Bleeding into a joint can result in permanent
damage while bleeding in the brain can result in long
term headaches, seizures, or a decreased level of
consciousness.
 TYPES OF HAEMOPHILIA
There are two main types of haemophilia:
1. haemophilia A, which occurs due to low amounts of
clotting factor VIII,
2. haemophilia B, which occurs due to low levels of
clotting factor IX.

They are typically inherited from one's parents
through an X chromosome with a
nonfunctional gene.
 Rarely a new mutation may occur during early
development or haemophilia may develop later in
life due to antibodies forming against a clotting
factor.
 Other types include haemophilia C, which occurs
due to low levels of factor XI,
and parahaemophilia, which occurs due to low
levels of factor V.
Acquired haemophilia is associated with cancers
,autoimmune disorders and pregnancy Diagnosis is by
testing the blood for its ability to clot and its levels of
clotting factors
 CAUSES OF HAEMOPHILIA
1. In hemophilia, the blood does not clot as it should.
Hemophilia is normally an inherited
2. It happens because of a defect in one of the clotting
factor genes on the X chromosome.

3. Hemophilia tends to occur in males, since the gene

can be passed from mother to son.

4. Males typically lack a second X chromosome so they

are unable to make up for the defective gene. Most
females have XX sex chromosomes while most males
have XY sex chromosomes.

5. Females may be carriers of hemophilia, but they are

unlikely to have the disorder. For a girl to have hemophilia,
she must have the abnormal gene on both of her X
chromosomes, and this is very rare.

6. Sometimes, hemophilia is acquired because of a

spontaneous genetic mutation.

7. The disorder can also develop if the body forms

antibodies to clotting factors in the blood that then stop the
clotting factors from working.
 SYMPTOMS OF HAEMOPHILIA
* The major signs of hemophilia are excessive bleeding and easy bruising. The
extent of bleeding depends on how severe the disease is.
Children with mild hemophilia may not show signs unless they experience
excessive bleeding from a dental procedure, an accident or surgery.

Signs of external bleeding may include:

 Bleeding in the mouth from a cut or bite or from cutting or losing a tooth.
 Nosebleeds for no obvious reason.
 Heavy bleeding from a small cut.
 Bleeding from a cut that resumes after stopping for a short period.

Signs of internal bleeding may include:

 Blood in the urine, from bleeding in the kidneys or bladder.

 Blood in the stool, from bleeding in the intestines or stomach.
 Large bruises, from bleeding in the large muscles of the body.
 Bleeding in the joints, which at first causes tightness in the joint without pain or
visible signs of bleeding. The joint can become swollen, hot and painful to bend.
Swelling can continue as the bleeding continues. A person with bleeding in a
joint can eventually lose movement temporarily, and experience severe pain and
joint damage.
 Bleeding in the brain after a bump on the head or a more serious injury. It lead
to long-lasting, painful headaches or neck pain, repeated vomiting, sleepiness or
mood changes, sudden weakness or clumsiness in arms or legs, problems
walking, double vision, and convulsions or seizures.
 TREATMENT OF HAEMOPHILIA

1. In regards to the treatment of this genetic disorder, most individuals

with severe haemophilia require regular supplementation
with intravenous recombinant or plasma concentrated

2. The preventative treatment regime is highly variable and individually

determined.

In children, an easily accessible intravenous port may have to be

inserted to minimise frequent traumatic intravenous cannulation.

These devices have made prophylaxis in haemophilia much easier

for families because the problems of finding a vein for infusion several
times a week are eliminated.

However, there are risks involved with their use, the most
worrisome being that of infection, studies differ but some show an infection
rate that is high.

3. These infections can usually be treated with intravenous antibiotics

but sometimes the device must be removed, also, there are other studies
that show a risk of clots forming at the tip of the catheter, rendering it
useless.

4. Some individuals with severe haemophilia, and most with moderate

and mild haemophilia, treat only as needed without a regular prophylactic
schedule.

5. Mild haemophiliacs often manage their condition with desmopressin,

a drug which releases stored factor VIII from blood vessel walls.
 DRUGS FOR TREATMENT OF HAEMOPHILIA

DESMOPRESSIN
1.Anti-Inhibitor Coagulant Complex- Vapor Heated

2.Emicizumab

3.Moroctocog Alpha
QUEEN VICTORIA OF CARRIER OF
HAEMOPHILIA
CASE STUDY
 BIBILOGRAPHY
WWW.GOOGLE.COM
WWW.WIKIPEDIA.CO.IN
WWW.HAEMOPHILIA.HOWARD.EDU
WWW.MAYOCLINIC.ORG
WWW.HEALTHCENTER.CO.IN