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Research Status of Self-healing Concrete

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2018 International Conference on Civil, Architecture and Disaster Prevention IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 218 (2019) 012037 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/218/1/012037

Research Status of Self-healing Concrete

Wei Wang1, Tieyi Zhong1*, Xiaoxue Wang1 and Zhenyu He1

1
School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
*
Tieyi Zhong’s e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract. Through collecting, sorting and analyzing the domestic and foreign references of
self-healing concrete research, this paper has summarized the experimental research methods
and results of different types of self-healing concrete in recent years, and expounded the
mechanism of its action. Self-healing concrete types include self-healing concrete based on
concrete itself, self-healing concrete based on permeable crystal repair technology, self-healing
concrete based on shape memory alloy, self-healing concrete based on bionic self-repair and
self-healing concrete based on microbial. Finally, the existing problems of self-healing
concrete are put forward, and the shortcomings of self-healing concrete need to be further
strengthened.

1. Introduction
Concrete structure is the most important civil engineering structure. Since it appeared, engineering and
technical personnel have continued to conduct research, and concrete materials have been developed
in the direction of high strength, high performance and versatility, and the structure has become more
complicated and larger. But concrete, as a brittle material, has a very low tensile strength. During
construction or during use, cracks may occur in the structure due to the nature of the material itself, the
construction method, environmental conditions and load effects, and even cracks that are clearly
visible to the naked eye may occur.
There are many ways to deal with concrete structures that have cracks. Epoxy resin reinforcing
grouting is a method that is widely used at present. It has strong bonding force, small shrinkage after
curing, high mechanical strength, heat resistance and stability. However, these repair methods are
mostly used in the case of wide cracks, and the autonomy is poor. It is difficult to repair very small
cracks or micro cracks inside the structure. In this context, along with the development of modern
science and technology, people began to have great interest in the new technology of concrete
self-healing to repair cracks. The research on self-healing concrete has become one of the research
hotspots for processing and controlling cracks. After the concrete has cracked, it can self-repair
without the influence of external human disturbance. And then the process of healing the crack is
called self-healing of concrete.

2.Research status of different types of self-healing concrete

2.1 Self-healing concrete based on concrete itself

Based on the repair capacity of the concrete itself, it is mainly because moisture and air enter the
structure through cracks, and a part of the unhydrated cement particles undergo further hydration. The
precipitates condense and accumulate, eventually blocking the cracks. However, it should be pointed

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2018 International Conference on Civil, Architecture and Disaster Prevention IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 218 (2019) 012037 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/218/1/012037

out that this naturally occurring crystallization aggregation self-repairing concrete generally has a low
strength recovery rate, and the concrete under different conditions is highly different.
Gao et al. conducted a self-healing performance test on the crack of the reinforced concrete pool
wall[1]. The results show that the crack width of the concrete slab in the environment in contact with
the water gradually decreases. The self-healing properties of cracks are related to the composition of
the concrete, the age of the damage, the degree of damage, the environmental conditions such as the
temperature and humidity during self-healing, and the healing time. Finally, it was found that the
cracks of the concrete tested can heal 0.1mm in a short-term in a still water environment. It is
suggested that the crack width limit of basically intact tank and the degree of minor damage can be
increased by 0.1mm.
Fang et al. studied the mesostructure of cement-based materials in crack-hardened cement pastes,
mortars and concrete specimens[2]. The results show that the infiltration process of cement-based
materials leads to the dissolution of calcium ions in the hardened cement paste. When the penetration
rate is small, the crack surface of cement-based material is rough and easy to adhere to CaCO3 crystal,
the calcium ion may combine with CO32- dissolved in water to form CaCO3 crystal. It is one of the
reasons for the self-healing of concrete cracks.
Yao et al. studied the natural healing phenomenon of damaged concrete of different ages after the
same curing period[3]. The damage degree of concrete bauxite after compression and cracking was
characterized by the change of ultrasonic velocity, and the relationship between concrete damage and
healing condition was established. The results show that there is a damage threshold for concrete
materials. When the damage of concrete is lower than the damage threshold, the self-healing rate
increases with the increase of the damage amount. when the concrete damage exceeds the damage
threshold, the self-healing rate decreases with the increase of the damage amount.
Schlangen et al. used the self-repairing principle of the concrete structure to make self-healing
contrast tests of different widths. The result is that the narrower cracks are more easily healed by the
inherent self-repair of concrete[4].
However, it should be pointed out that this natural crystallization accumulation has a certain effect
on the crack repair of concrete, but the self-repaired concrete has a low strength recovery rate, and the
number of unhydrated particles in the concrete is limited. At the same time, the self-healing effects of
different concretes based on their own materials vary greatly. In a drier environment, the self-healing
effect may be very small, so in actual engineering, it is unrealistic to play a large role in controlling
cracks according to such self-healing phenomenon.

2.2 Self-healing concrete based on permeable crystal repair technology

The infiltration crystallization repair technology mainly incorporates cement-based permeable
crystalline waterproof material, referred to as CCCW （ Cementitious Capillary Crystalline
Waterproofing Materials）. It is usually made of Portland cement or ordinary Portland cement, quartz
sand, etc., and is made by injecting active chemicals. Because of the presence of active chemicals,
self-healing and performance are stronger than cement hydration. The key active chemical is
composed of a variety of components, including active anion catalysts, pozzolans, surfactants, early
strength agents, water reducing agents, and the like. The living anionic catalyst is inert when it is dried,
and has good solubility and permeability in the presence of water. Its main function is to effectively
catalyze the hydration reaction of cement, promote the action of Ca2+ and SiO32- provided by cement
base, gather and fill the crack to achieve self-healing repair. When the water is cut off, the catalytic
reaction is stopped, the catalyst remains therein, and after the crack occurs again, water can enter, and
the self-healing repair can be achieved twice.
Tittelboom et al. carried out an experimental study on full-size concrete beams (150 mm ×250 mm
×3000 mm), and superabsorbent polymers (SAPS) was added to the concrete[5]. The study stressed
that because SAPS needs to react with water, the main areas of application of this approach are water
retaining structures such as swimming pools, tunnels and under-ground structures，where you have
shrinkage cracks. These structures have a better healing effect after the addition of SAPS.

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2018 International Conference on Civil, Architecture and Disaster Prevention IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 218 (2019) 012037 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/218/1/012037

Shi et al. rely on the deep foundation pit project of a square project in Hangzhou to compare and
analyze the technical and economic benefits of infiltration crystallization self-healing concrete and
traditional deep foundation pit materials[6]. An alternative to self-healing waterproof concrete has
been obtained, which can save nearly 700,000 yuan. In particular, it has the effect of reducing cracks
in the plastic state and the curing stage, and the function of automatically repairing cracks (width ≤ 0.6
mm) in the presence of water will save the owner about 10% of the maintenance cost in the latter
stage.
Liu et al. studied the effect of Canadian XYPEX penetrating crystalline materials on the
self-healing properties of concrete[7]. By analyzing the characteristics of self-healing products under
different cracking time, curing mode and crack width, it is concluded that curing mode has influence
on self-healing products. The microstructure is loose under dry conditions, and the number of crystals
and gels formed is small. More crystals are formed in a humid environment, and the structure is more
dense. The larger the crack width, the larger the size of the self-healing product produced, and the
larger the number, but at a larger crack width, even a lot of self-healing products are not enough to
offset the large effect of the crack width itself. From micro-viewing, the self-healing products are
criss-crossed and distributed in a spatial network, blocking cracks and pores. Not only played a role in
repair, but also effectively played a waterproof role.
Liu et al. examined the self-healing ability of XYPEX blending agent in concrete through six
groups of concrete impermeability experiments of different ages[8]. It was found that the XYPEX
blending agent can form crystals by utilizing the migration of moisture in the cement hydration,
blocking the permeation passages generated by the damage in the concrete, thereby improving the
self-healing ability of the concrete. After the XYPEX blending agent is added, the self-healing ability
at early age is stronger than that in the later stage. Mainly because the hydration of XYPEX admixture
in concrete is directly related to the migration of water, the activity of XYPEX admixture can only be
activated during the process of water migration, and there is more free water in the early age concrete
which is not involved in cement hydration.
Of course, in addition to the use of permeable crystalline materials, the pore structure of the
concrete members and the overall porosity, crack size, and many other factors that may not be
considered affect the self-repairing effect. The self-healing properties of concrete based on infiltration
crystallization repair technology are not effective when the crack width is greater than 0.6 mm.
According to the research results of the predecessors, it is not difficult to find that the self-healing
performance based on the infiltration crystallization repair technology is still open to question for the
cracking of concrete in dry area.

2.3 Self-healing concrete based on shape memory alloy

Shape Memory Alloys, referred to as SMA. It is a new type of metal functional material developed in
recent decades, with obvious phase change phenomenon, excellent shape memory and superelastic
properties, good mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility, and high damping
properties. The shape memory effect of SMA refers to the plastic deformation generated in the low
temperature martensite state, and can be completely restored to the original parent phase state by
heating after the external load is removed. Under certain constraints, the SMA will generate a large
recovery stress when it recovers. In recent years, the SMA material is combined with concrete to
improve the mechanical properties of the concrete members and control their deformation and cracks
by using the good physical and mechanical properties of the SMA.
Eunsoo Choi et al. studied the use of SMA materials for the circumferential restraint of concrete
columns and carried out uniaxial stress experiments[9]. The analysis of the test data showed that the
external SMA wire did not significantly improve the bending resistance of the concrete column, but it
increased the ductility of the column. The effect is obvious, and this is very advantageous for
Earthquake resistance.
Tao et al. test pre-buried the pre-stretched SMA wire in a crack-prone area of the concrete while
placing the fiber in the area[10]. When the concrete appears cracks in the working range beyond the

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2018 International Conference on Civil, Architecture and Disaster Prevention IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 218 (2019) 012037 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/218/1/012037

allowable range, the microprocessor will issue a command based on the signal picked up by the fiber
to electrically heat the SMA wire at the crack, causing it to shrink and deform, causing the crack to
close or restrict further crack propagation.
For the specimens in which the shape memory alloy is embedded in the concrete structure, the
presence of the longitudinal ribs has a certain influence on the mechanical properties and self-repairing
properties of the SMA concrete structure. Yan et al. conducted a comparative analysis of SMA
concrete specimens and SMA concrete specimens with tensile reinforcement[11]. They found that the
reinforcement in the tension zone can improve the bearing capacity of the beam; the SMA rib is
energized by the test piece after unloading, and the recovery force of the shape memory alloy causes
the deflection of the beam to recover and the crack width to decrease. However, the magnitude of the
recovery is smaller than that of the SMA concrete specimen of the same configuration. This result is
consistent with the intuitive imagination, and it is obvious that the deformation of the tensile
reinforcement inhibits the shrinkage of the memory alloy.
Previous investigations have explored the use of shape memory alloy (SMA) bars to replace
traditional pre-stressing tendons [12-15]. Whilst these materials have been shown to be effective at
providing pre-stress in concrete elements, their relatively high cost makes their use unviable for all but
the most specialized of applications. Jefferson presents an original crack-closure system [16]. The
system involves the incorporation of unbonded pre-oriented polymer tendons in cementitious beams.
At low stress level, it is feasible to use oriented shrinkable polymer tendons to achieve fracture
closure.
At present, there are many researches on shape memory alloys. Although there are good results,
there are still some deficiencies in the research work on SMA concrete. At present, the study generally
uses alloy wire with a small cross-sectional area, and there are few applications in large-scale concrete
structures. There is little research on the bonding properties of SMA and concrete, and this work
should be strengthened. This is the key to working together with SMA. In order to make SMA
concrete structures widely used in engineering, it is necessary to establish corresponding theoretical
formulas and corresponding rules to guide the design of structures to ensure the rationality of its
structural structure.

2.4 Self-healing concrete based on bionic self-repair

Self-healing is one of the important characteristics of biological tissues. For example, when some
tissues of humans are scratched, internal blood vessels rupture, blood, white blood cells and
phagocytic cells ooze out from blood vessels, blood and some proteins undergo a series of complex
biochemistry. The reaction is converted into solid fibrin, which causes the exudate near the wound to
solidify to form a clot, which blocks the wound and protects it. Inspired by this self-healing behavior,
people began to add some microcapsules or glass tubes containing repairing agents to the concrete.
When the concrete structure is damaged, the internal glass tube or capsule structure will be broken,
and the repairing agent inside will be released. Then automatically penetrates into the damaged area
for repair.
Araújo proposed an innovative method that makes it easier to assess the survival rate of capsules
during concrete agitation [17]. Using this method to calculate the capsule with a wall thickness of 0.7
mm after surface treatment, it cannot break in the mixing process of concrete, and can be broke in time
with a small crack width (116 μm), so that the adhesive flows out and the crack is healed. The results
also showed that cracked concrete beams with mixed-in capsules (glass or PMMA) filled with
water-repellent agent showed higher resistance against chloride ingress compared to plain cracked
concrete beams.
Perez studied the self-healing properties of two new additives to enhance concrete,
epoxy-containing silica microcapsules and amine-functionalized nanosilica[18]. Through analysis, the
additives had good dispersibility and stability in the cementing material, but the addition of the healing
system reduced the compressive strength of paste, and the higher the content of the additives, the
lower the strength.

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2018 International Conference on Civil, Architecture and Disaster Prevention IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 218 (2019) 012037 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/218/1/012037

Zhao et al. embedded a liquid core glass fiber containing a acetal polymer solution in a
cement-based composite material reinforced with steel wire short fibers[19]. Next, the layers were
poured, solidified and watered for 4 days, and then subjected to a bending test. When the structure is
cracked and the external force is removed, it is found that some of the liquid core fibers are broken,
and the repairing agent inside penetrates into the crack, and the crack is filled and solidified soon. In
addition, Zhao also pointed out that when injecting the repair agent into the glass fiber, there should be
a certain pressure, which is conducive to the spread of the repair agent.
In addition, there is a tube-based self-repair in which the repair agent is placed in isolation into a
hollow tube that connects the inside and the outside of the concrete structure, and the tube like a
biological tissue generally passes through the concrete. Lark et al. used a cyanoacrylate adhesive that
reacted with air and put it into a glass tube[20]. After the concrete cracked, the pipe also ruptured, and
the repair agent in the pipe flowed out, repairing the crack. When the crack is wide, the repair agent in
the tube is exhausted, and the crack can be healed by transporting an additional repair agent to the
damaged portion through the tube inside and outside the connecting structure.
The most critical of this self-healing concrete based on bionic self-healing is how to control the
time to release the repair agent and how to determine the reasonable distribution of the fiber tube or
capsule in the concrete. First, the fiber tube or capsule must be matched with the elastic modulus and
stiffness of the concrete to ensure simultaneous cracking with the concrete. At the same time, whether
it is factory prefabricated or cast-in-place concrete, it is necessary to ensure that the container remains
intact during production. In addition, the repair agent container arranged in the system should not be
too much or too little, and must satisfy certain repair effects without affecting the strength and
macroscopic performance of the concrete. In short, to be widely used in practice, the research is still
insufficient.

2.5 self-healing concrete based on microbial

While most healing agents are chemically based, more recently the possible application of bacteria as
self-healing agent has also been considered. The principle of microbial self-healing concrete
technology is to use the mineralization reaction of microorganisms to form gelling substances. The
researchers first discovered in the oil exploitation project that the rock crack can be repaired by
microorganisms, and the repairing effect can still be carried out after the microorganisms become dead
bodies. After this phenomenon was discovered, the microbial self-healing technology was applied to
geotechnical engineering and cultural relics restoration projects, and the application in concrete crack
repair engineering was gradually deepened. In a number of published studies the potential of calcite
precipitating bacteria for concrete or limestone surface remediation or durability improvement was
investigated[5,18,21,22].
Wiktor et al. added a special new biochemical self-healing agent to the porous expanded clay
granules[23]. The use of two-component bio-chemical agent can increase the self-healing capacity of
concrete by more than one time. Analysis of the reasons there are two points: direct CaCO3
precipitation through metabolic conversion of calcium lactate and indirect formation due to reaction of
metabolically produced CO2 molecules with Ca(OH)2 minerals present in the concrete matrix leading
to additional CaCO3 precipitation.
Recently, Jonkers et al. developed a two-component self-healing system that is composed of
bacterial spores, which after germination catalyze the metabolic conversion of organic compounds (the
second component) to calcium carbonate[24]. This study revealed that the setting time was delayed
with the increase in the replacement percentage of bio admixture, and with the increase of the
concentration of bio admixture, the compressive strength and workability were improved. However,
Jonkers also observed that the functionality of bacterial mineral production of directly(unprotected)
incorporated two-component healing agent was limited to young (1–7 days old) concrete
specimens[25]. It was hypothesized that the majority of incorporated spores apparently become
crushed or inactivated by high alkalinity in aged specimens, resulting not only in loss of viability but
also in decreased mineral-forming capacity.

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2018 International Conference on Civil, Architecture and Disaster Prevention IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 218 (2019) 012037 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/218/1/012037

At present, the self-healing concrete based on bacteria is still in the experimental research stage.
Before the actual application, several problems need to be solved, such as the cost of the new types of
self-healing concrete based on bacteria and the bacteria still have activity and repair function within
several decades after pouring. In additional, since the type of microbial mineralization reaction
products is largely dominated by the environment, the key points of this technology are the selection
of microorganisms, the protection of microorganisms, the concentration of calcium ions, the
concentration of inorganic carbon, and the Mineralized environment pH value, etc.

3. Current problems in self-healing concrete research

The experimental research on the self-repairing of concrete cracks by researchers at home and abroad
has effectively promoted the development of intelligent concrete. However, most of these self-healing
methods are only carried out in the laboratory environment, and it is difficult to apply them to actual
projects. In addition to the deficiencies mentioned above for specific types of self-healing concrete,
there are several problems with self-healing concrete.
1) Combined with various researches, the self-healing properties of almost all self-healing concrete
have certain requirements on the width, and only small cracks can self-heal.
2) There are few studies on the performance of concrete after self-healing. Most of the research is
concentrated in the field of materials. Whether it is the use of its own strength healing agent or the
catalytic healing agent that catalyzes the healing of concrete base materials, the change of mechanical
properties such as concrete strength and elastic modulus after crack repair is still unclear.
3) A unified assessment method for the self-healing effect of concrete has not been established. For
example, set the fracture healing rate, healing speed, multiple healing ability, mechanical properties
after healing and other indicators. If there is not a good evaluation method, it is impossible to judge the
quality of the self-healing effect, and the normal use of the structure cannot be guaranteed, and the
self-healing concrete loses its application value.

4. Conclusion
The crack treatment of concrete structures is a research hotspot and has caused long-term problems for
the development of the engineering community. At present, the research on self-healing concrete
technology at home and abroad has been carried out in a variety of ways, and good progress has been
made in different research directions, but most of the research is in a state of theoretical feasibility and
laboratory feasibility. There are few proposals for projects that can make use of a large amount of
self-healing concrete. Many key issues need to be addressed, such as the compatibility of new
materials with concrete matrices, the optimal choice of materials to be incorporated, and the optimal
choice of blending amounts, long-term work stability of repair materials, reliability of multiple repairs,
and inspection standards for repair effects. At the same time, due to the non-uniformity and
randomness of cracks in the concrete matrix, it is difficult to determine the actual repair effect in the
experiment.
Although many key technologies are still in the state of research, in the general trend of green
buildings and green materials, self-healing concrete technology has great potential, which can save the
high cost of artificial repair, improve the service life of concrete materials and further ensure the safety
and durability of the building. The technology from the self-healing concrete will be an important part
of intelligent buildings and green buildings in the future.

Acknowledgments
This study is sponsored by the Science & Technology Research Development Project of China
Railway (Grant No.2012G013-G, Grant No.2007G030).

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 218 (2019) 012037 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/218/1/012037

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