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Philippine Normal University

LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS (LET)
Refresher Course

What to Expect
MAPEH

Area: Coaching and Sports Events

Focus: Principles, Strategies and Coaching and Officiating Techniques

LET Competencies:

1. Apply Concepts, Principles and Techniques in Coaching and Officiating Sports

Events
2. Exhibit positive values in the performance of Duties and Responsibilities

Prepared by: Prof. Julio Victor B. Santarin

PART I – KNOWLEDGE UPDATE

Basic Concept, Principle and Techniques of Coaching and
Officiating

Coaching is a craft that is best learned through practical experience, developing effective
relationships with athletes and by application of knowledge. Knowledge is the foundation for all coaches
whether beginning or practicing coaches as long as they are seeking improvement.

I. Philosophy – simply the manner you see facts and the things you gain in life

What is coaching? The word “coaching is the most frequently utilized to include a wide range of
activities, usually to help somebody prepare for something. Coaching in sports has been
depicting as the original condition of support to an athlete or a group of athletes to assist them to
develop and improve performance. Coaching involves teaching, training, instructing and others. It
also recognizing, understanding and supplying for the other needs of athletes such as social and
emotional as well as more apparent needs related to sport and competition.

The roles of a Coach – As a coach you will perform many functions that some will be willingly and
others may not that desirable, but still it is equally important. All these work or responsibilities
contribute to being a successful coach.

Ask yourself “do I or can I act”:

1. As a teacher – teaching knowledge, skills and ideas
2. As a trainer – enhancing fitness
3. As an instructor – directing activities and practices
4. As a motivator – create a positive and decisive approach
5. As a disciplinarian – establishing a system of rewards and punishments
6. As a manager – systematize and preparation
7. As an administrator – attending to paper work
8. As a publicity agent – work out with the media
9. As a social worker – psychoanalysis and advising
10. As a friend – supporting and follower
11. As a scientist – investigate, evaluating and problem solving
12. As a student – ready to pay attention, study and seek for brand new knowledge
 Comparison of the Three Major leadership Styles

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LEADERSHIP STYLE

AUTHORITARIAN COOPERATIVE CASUAL

Philosophy Win centered Athlete centered No emphasis
Objectives Task objectives Social and task No objectives
objectives
Decision making Coach makes all Decision are guided by Athletes makes
decisions coach, but shared decision
Communication style Telling Telling, asking, listening Listening
Communication Little or none high None
development
What is “winning” Judge by coach judge by athlete and Not defined
coach
Athlete development Little or no trust in the Trust in the athlete Trust not shown
athlete
Motivation Sometimes motivates Motivates all No motivation
Training structures In flexible Flexible None

 Philosophy in action –
1. Why do you coach?
2. How do you like your athletes portray you?
3. What coaching style do you mostly use?
4. What is the most important area you must develop to be a better coach?

II. Anatomy and Physiology – Knowledge of the basic structures of the body and how they functions
together.

1. Cell – Building block of life. All living things are made up of millions of cells. It makes up our skin,
bones, muscles and brains, and all other parts of the bodies. All the things we do involves cells of
different shapes and sizes working together. There are several types of cell or group of cells task
to do different job. resulting to different looks, some cells are designed to:
 Carry messages – nerve cells transport electrical messages
 Carry chemicals – red cells in the blood transmit oxygen around the body
 Support the body – bone cells build up the skeleton
 Move the body – muscles cells generate forces
Each cell has its own function, they live, grow and die, to be replaced by new cells.

2. The Skeleton – is a system of bones and other supporting materials which functions to :
 It gives support to the body like the frame work of a building
 It gives protection to vital and fragile organs of the body.
 It provides anchorage for muscles to move not only in parts but also the entire body with
precision and control.
In the human body there are over two hundred bones. Some are long, some short, some round,
some flat, but all bones have the same basic structure.

3. Muscles – use to control movements consisting of bundles of long, thin cells called muscles
fibers. At each end of the muscles all these linking sheaths join together molding into tendons
which attached the muscle to the bone. Movement is triggered by muscles pulling on a bone.
Muscles can only pull, they cannot push. This is why muscles are arranged in opposing pairs.
When one muscle tenses and contracts, its partner relaxes and stretches to allow movement. If
both muscle groups contract at the same time and with equal force the joint is fixed and there is
no movement.
Muscles Fiber types:
 Fast twitch fibers
 Slow twitch fibers
How Muscles Pull
 Dynamic contractions result in a change in muscle length and movement at a
joint or joints.
 Static contractions or sometimes called the isometric contraction where there is
not lengthening or shortening of the muscles.
4. The Nervous System – getting information from Place to Place
Muscle pulls the moment they receive signals from the brain telling what to do. These
signals carried by special nerves cells. The nervous system is the central network which includes
the brain, spinal cord and the other nerves that branch from the spinal cord to all parts of the
body. THE nervous system indicate to the muscles determines the number of fibers that contract.
When a light load is placed on a muscle only few fibers of the entire muscle need to contract to
do the task. As the load increases more and more muscles fibers must indicate to contract.

5. Energy system – There are three energy systems operating in the bodies of the athletes.
 Aerobic System – the muscles energy system which requires oxygen.
 Anaerobic Alactic System – The stored start up system which does not require
oxygen and does not produce lactic acid.
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 Anaerobic Lactic System – The system that not requires oxygen but produces lactic
acid.
6. The cardio respiratory system – accountable for getting oxygen, fuel and nutrients to the
performing muscles. It is made of the lungs, the heart, the blood vessels and blood
 Lungs – getting oxygen to the blood
 Heart – life pump
 Blood vessels and the blood – the transport system:
1. Carrying oxygen from the lungs and food from the digestive system to the cells of the
body. Red cells in the blood carry oxygen.
2. Carrying carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs where it is removed and breathed out
of body.
3. Carrying waste materials from the body tissues to the kidneys where they are excreted.
4. Preventing infection by healing wounds and fighting germs.
7. Individual Difference – individuals appear in all shapes and sizes which are categorized into three
body types. These are:
 Endomorph type – these individuals tend to have a less well defined body outline and can
become fat very easily
 Mesomorph type – individuals who are perfectly proportioned and muscular
 Ectomorph type – thin individuals who likely to be tall
8. Body Composition – refers to the relationship between lean body weight and excess fat.

III. Biomechanics – Knowledge of what produces movement and to analyze movement

1. Force – is simply a pull or push

2. Linear Motion – movement along a straight line
3. Rotational Motion – movement is usually about an axis of rotation
4. Velocity – how fast a thing is moving and in which direction
5. Acceleration – how fast the velocity of something is changing
6. Momentum – quality of motion a body has and is a product of weight and velocity
7. Laws of Motion
 Newton’s First Law of Motion – All bodies continue in a state of rest or uniform motion
in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force
 Newton’s Second Law of Motion – The acceleration of a body is proportional to the
force causing it and takes place in the direction the force acts.
 Newton’s Third Law of Motion – To every action, there is an equal and opposite
reaction
8. Center of Gravity – is a force which is always present and is pulling force in the direction
of the center of the earth.

IV. Growth and Development – knowing the period that take place to come up with decision of identifying
the physical needs of the individual.

1. Physical Development
 Patterns of Growth – changes in proportions
 Pattern of Growth – change in size
 Growth spurt
 Difference between boys and girls
 Early and Late developers
2. Structure of the Body – from cartilage to bones especially in the growth palates
3. Children and Exercise – the younger the athlete the harder their bodies must work to
provide oxygen their muscles need.
 Implication to Coach
a. Think about the growth stages rather than ages
b. Think how changes in physical proportions will affect performance
c. Help children understand the changes taking place in their bodies
d. Set standard of performance according to developmental age not chronological
age
e. Group children according to physical development, using height and weight as
a guide

f. Encourage skill learning for all your athletes; late developers could be very
successful later
g. Don’t use exercise which place excessive force on the bone growth regions
during periods of maximum growth
h. Avoid weights before adolescence
4. Developing Control of Movements
 What determines Children’s Skill
 Maturation
 Experience
 Teaching
 Difficulty of the task
5. Children’s basic movements
 How to help children learn
 Children’s basic capabilities
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6. Principles for Structuring Practice

 Big movements before Small movement
 Simple to Complex
 Parts and Whole
 Continuous Practice or Broken Practice
 Practice and competition Conditions
7. Social Development
8. Self – Image
 How Children See Themselves
 Influence of Others
 The Influence of Parents
 The Influence of Other Children
 Influence of the Coach
9. Ability and Effort
 When mistakes happen
10. Play, Sport and Competition
 Children’s play
 Adult play
 Children’s understanding of Competition
11. Adapting Sports for Children
 Modifying Techniques
 Adapting Equipment
 Modifying Rules

V. Training Theory – putting together all information about sports from social and scientific sources.

1. What is Fitness? Is how well a person is tailored to and competent of living a confident
survival?
2. Law of Overload – causes fatigue, and recovery and adaptation allow the body to
overcompensate and reach higher level of fitness.]
3. Law of Reversibility – “If you don’t use it, You lost it”
4. Law of Specificity – the specific nature of a training load produces its own specific response and
adaptations.
 Summary of Training Principles
a. The body is capable of adaptation of training loads.
b. Training loads of correct intensity and timing cause overcompensation.
c. Training loads that increases progressively cause repeated overcompensation
and higher level of fitness.
d. There is no increase in fitness if loading is always the same or too apart.
e. Overtraining, or incomplete adaptation, occurs when training loads are too great
or too close.
f. Adaptation is specific to the specific nature of the training.
5. Principle of Individualization
 The Individual’s Response to Training – each individual is unique.
 Heredity – athletes inherit physical, mental and emotional characteristics form their parents.
 Developmental Age – each athlete is unique.
 Training Age the number of years an athlete has trained.
6. Principle of Variety – different training load
7. Principle of Active Involvement – the athlete must want to actively and willingly participate for the
training program to be effective
8. Bio-motor abilities
 The components of fitness
a. Strength – the ability of the body to exert force
b. Endurance – the ability to perform work on a given intensity over a period of time
c. Speed – the capacity to travel or move very quickly
d. Flexibility – is the ability to perform joint actions through a wide range of motion
e. Coordination
9. Planning the Training Program
10. Periodization
 Volume and Intensity
Volume refers to the quantity of training. The total of all exercises, repetitions, and other
activities being done during training proper such as jumps, throws, runs, carries
and others performed by the athletes.
Intensity refers to the quality of training such as speed of execution, time of
performance and in between rest, rates of executions in terms of jumps,
throws, runs, carries and others performed by the athletes.
 Preparation Period – the first and the longest period of training program. The athlete
performed different activities from general to specific training. All round
general fitness through gradually increasing the volume of load are
being develop in this phase. The volume of load should be increased in
such a way as a stairs where there is rest to have time for recovery
and overcompensation.

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 Competition Period – the volume of training for overall fitness is gradually decreased and
intensity for training increase in relation to the characteristics of
competitions. The training loads should be heavier to keep the
athlete’s fitness developing and lighter to keep the athlete’s energy and
enthusiastic in high level for competition. The athlete will develop the
athletic shape that will show up in the last part of the competition
period where there are ready for the big event – the competition
proper.
 Transition Period – comes in the end of a season sometime refer to as the “active rest”.
The main objective of this period is to have athletes to recover from the
physical exhaustion received from previous competition and have the
opportunity to recover mentally and physically from the two previous
period of training. Light activities are being given in this period to keep
the condition of athlete to its high level and be ready for the next cycle
of training.
11. Planning the Training Session
 Warm – Up – done gradually increasing the load that involves all muscles to move in
preparation for the main activities.
 Skill Units – starts from known unit gradually progressing to unknown or new unit, where
athlete should be given time to execute the skill in a competition like
simulation.
 Fitness Unit – is the parts where physical conditionings are being develop for the athletes
to perform the skill with efficiency and accuracy.
 Cool Down – gradually lower the body temperature and heart rate. Opportunity to evaluate
the completed unit.

VI. Skill Teaching – Helping athletes to acquire knowledge, physical skills and attitudes.

1. Techniques and Skills

 Open and Closed Environment
Open environment is the situation where athlete needs to respond to outside factors
during competition such as reacting to his opponents and to come up
with strategies.
Closed environment is the situations where athlete performance is stable and
predictable in executing skill
 Simple and Complex Skills
Simple skill – where an individual athlete can perform with little practice.
Complex skill – where an individual athlete find more difficult to practice and needs
longer time to acquire.
 Skill Learning – involves the nervous system, the brain and memory. In practicing a skill the
memory of the previous attempts is the basis for performing the same
action again. Precise memory of the action is formed with the continuous
practice of a particular skill which is being recalled for used as the need
arises.

2. Stage of Learning
 Beginning Stage of Learning – the thinking stage – working out what to do
 The Intermediate Stage of Learning – the learning stage – trying out ways to do it
 The Advance Stage of Learning – the skilled stage – performing the skill

3. Methods of Teaching Simple Skills

 The Imitation Method – simple imitation is time and again the best way for athletes to learn.
The athlete is required to concentrate on what to be copied or
imitated
 The Demonstration / Explanation / Practice / Correction Method – this method should follow
the different steps:
1. Demonstration with explanation
2. Allow time to practice. Observe carefully, look for errors and
corrections
3. Provide information even as practice continues, if you must stop
practice and prove correct action and if needed make suggestion
to correct errors.
4. Allow additional practice and put right more point, if needed

4. Methods of Teaching Complex Skills

 Shaping a Complex Skill – Making the whole action simpler
 Chaining a Complex Skill – Breaking a Skill into Simpler parts
 Shaping vs. Chaining
5. Planning a Skill Unit
 Plan an explanation and demonstration
 Plan how the athletes will practice the skill
 Provide feedback during practice
 Use effective communication skills
6. Feedback
 Intrinsic Feedback
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 Augmented Feedback
7. Effective Verbal Feedback
 Specific not general
 Constructive not destructive
 Sooner not later
 Checked for clarity not left misunderstood
 Directed at behavior which is changeable?
 Corrects one fault at a time

VII. Sports Psychology – Factors that influence performance and how these factors may be
controlled by utilizing mental aptitude

1. Mental Skills – Psychological preparation is as important as physical conditioning

2. Personality – People will interpret the same piece of information as physical conditioning
3. Motivation – how much an individual wants to achieve a goal and to understand motivation we
need to know what goals an individual has.
4. Goal Setting
 Knowing What Your Athletes Want to Achieve
 Acceptable Goals
 Difficulty of Goals
 Specific Goals for Measuring Success
 Recording Goals
5. Emotional Control – Learning how to control anxiety
 Worry
 Psychological Arousal
6. Communication – two way process of exchanging information between the athlete and
coach, and assists motivation, goal setting and all skill learning.
7. Developing Effective Communication Skills
 Gaining the Athlete’s Attention
 Learning to Use Your Voice
 Developing Non – Verbal Skills
 Developing Listening Skills

VIII. Nutrition – All the food a person eats and drinks.

1. Calories
2. The Energy Balance
3. Nutrients
 Proteins – growth and repair foods
 Carbohydrates – energy food
 Fat – slow energy food
 Vitamins – booster food
 Minerals – support food
 Water – hydration of the bodies
 Fiber – laxatives
4. The Nutrient Balance – a person must take in the entire nutrients that require being healthy.
5. The Balance Diet – is one that maintains an individual’s nutrient balance
6. The Digestive System
 Changing food to fuel
 Pre – competition Nutrition – eating to win
7. Analysis of Local Diet

IX. Injuries and First Aid – Being aware of sports events and training or competition situation includes
an element of hazard or risk.

1. Prevention of Injury
2. Prevention through skill
3. Prevention through Fitness
 Strength
 Endurance
 Flexibility
4. Prevention through Nutrition
5. Prevention through Environment
 To stretch the muscle and tendons, particularly those that are going to be used.
 To heat the body particularly the deep parts like the muscle and joints
 To prepare athletes for what is to follow by stimulating them mentally and physically.
6. Prevention through Treatment
 Equipment
 Surface
 Personal Clothing

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7. Stages of Injuries
 The Acute Stage (0 – 24 hours)
 Middle Stage (24 – 48 hours)
 Final Stage (48 hours +)
8. Care of Soft Tissue Injuries
 R – Rest
 I – Ice
 C – Compress
 E – Elevation
9. Soft Tissues Injuries
 Mild
 Moderate
 Severe
10. Injuries to the Ankle
 Mild
 Moderate
 Severe
11. Rehabilitation of Sports Injuries
 Full flexibility, 100% range of motion
 Full strength return in the injured part
 Absence of pain
 Psychological readiness, absence of fear
12. Activity Guide for Injured Athletes
 Water Training
 Cycling
 Weight Training
 Recreational Walking
 Stretching and Relaxation

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SPORTS OFFICIATING

I. NATURE OF SPORTS OFFICIATING

A. Definition of Sports Officiating

That phase of competitive sports management, which deal directly with the proper
conduct of the game.

New officials generally desire to officiate the sport that they played at the high school or
collegiate level. There are many new officials; however, they pursue a sport that they
love to watch. The game is something that is played by athletes; officials are assigned
to “work” the games.

B. Primary Function of Sports Officiating Officials: To cause the game to progress with as
little interference as possible.

Officiating is very addictive; once you get started, you can’t get enough of it. It is
important that you begin by working no more than two sports, as this will allow you to
focus and learn the rules and the ins-and-outs of the officiating world.

C. Types of Officiating

1. Decision on every action: in this type of officiating a decision be made on every

single action that keeps place. Ex. Tennis
2. Discriminating Judgment: decision depend upon the effort created by the players
and the rule that permit the official to exercise discretion. Ex. Basketball

D. Kinds of Game Officials:

1. Field or court officials” Those who position or stay in the court of field of play. They
may either be stationary (Ex. Volleyball and Badminton) or moving (basketball and
Soccer).
2. Table Officials

E. Knowledge of the Rules

The rules of the game provide direction of play. Insure the neither team is given an
unfair advantage. The intent of the rules should be foremost in the philosophy of all
good officials. Knowledge of the rules, maintaining this knowledge and the proper
application of this knowledge to the game situation are absolutely essential to good
officiating. With good training and positive mental attitude, you can learn how to apply
the rules and get into position to make the calls.

II. FOUNDATION OF SPORTS OFFICIATING

A. General Requirements

1. Ability: the natural talent for the job. This should be discovered and exploited to the
fullest. If you played the game of basketball, for example, you have developed a feel for
the game, and this will help you understand the advantage/disadvantage aspect of the
game.

2. Preparation: The action or process of getting something ready for some duty. One of the
most important aspects of sports officiating is appearance. Like in your day-to-day
business, officials are judged on how they look. The expression, ”you never get a second
chance to make a good first impression,” applies specially to sports officiating. Your
officiating clothes must b neat and pressed, and shoes must be polished. Also, you are
judged on how you dressed for the game.

3. Experience: the amount of time work is being done and the skill or knowledge gained by
actually doing. Excellent rules knowledge comes not only from studying them. But also
from on the job training. There is no substitute for getting on the court or field and
applying the rules to game situations.

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B. Qualities of an Official

1. Essential Qualities

a.) The potential of Presence: “Be felt not heard, as mush as possible.” Through the
influence of the presence, he causes players to avoid rile violations. His presence
felt but he himself is not noticed. Mechanics refers to the positioning of the officials
when working a game. You must be knowledgeable of your area of responsibility.
Many calls are missed each year because an official was out of position. This is a
big no-no in officiating.
b.) Official-Player Rapport: “Win friends, but don’t violate principles” a personal
relationship that breeds friendliness and trust and not antagonism is essential to
successful game control. The art of being one’s self and being able to sense the
correct approach to each situation is the secret of establishing the correct rapport.
c.) Good Public Relations: “Be pleasant, but firm and fearless.’’ Remember that the
sport was created for the players and not for the official. Dominate the game but be
noticed as little as possible.

2. Requisite Qualities

a.) Knowledge of the rules: Know the rules thoroughly and the intentions or spirit
behind them.
b.) First-Hand Experience in the Game: Having played the game is a great factor.
Participation provides the official with a better understanding of the fundamentals
and strategy and the practical application of the rules in actual game situations.
This will be enabling him to anticipate and follow the participants and the game
situations more closely.
c.) Physical Fitness – the quality of officiating performance can be limited by the
physical condition of the official. Good conditioning is necessary throughout the
game to enable the official to:

1) Be where he should be
2) Maintain his alertness and good judgment
3) Hold up his end of the teamwork with his fellow official

3. Personal Qualities

a.) Good Judgment – the ability to see a situation and to make the correct
response to that situation. Good judgment is made up of three parts:

1) Perception: the ability to look at s situation and ascertain what is truly taking
place.
2) Position
3) Experience

b.) Concentration – Defined as being aware of only the present. It means having
one’s complete conscious mental attention on only an individual’s present performance,
to the complete exclusion of all other internal and/or external stimuli. Concentration is a
very fundamental and important mental skill, which must be learned by all aspiring
officials.
c.) Good Mechanics – mechanics of officiating is a system designed as a practical
working method to facilitate the tasks of the officials on the court. It is intended to help the
referees concentrate on obtaining the best possible position and to follow the progress of
the game enabling judgmental decision to be taken. Its primary objective is to achieve
proper control. The two primary areas of mechanics are “signaling” and “positioning”.
Where more than one officials involved, “teamwork” becomes a third category, and
additional signaling and positioning responsibilities are then necessary. The mechanics of
signaling, positioning and teamwork are all of essential importance to assure professional
performance. Signals may be executed by circumstance, sharp, unhesitating and
unhurried signals are necessary both to communicate decision and to build the
confidence of participants and observers in your abilities. Correct positioning is necessary
to permit you to see (rather than guess) what you are hired to see. Teamwork procedures
are necessary to provide balance coverage of all conceivable actions to minimize or
eliminate disagreement between/among the officials. When proper mechanics are
observed precisely the game progresses without confusion or unnecessary delay.
d.) Officiating is about teamwork. You must be able to get along with the men and
women that work in your crews. If your partners dislike you, it is going to be very tough
(perhaps impossible) for you to be a successful official. Many retiring officials state that
the camaraderie with fellow officials is what they will miss the most. After joining the
officiating community, you will notice that fellow officials will be some of your best friends,
and remain so the rest of your life. If you are not a likeable person; that is, if you are
arrogant, conceited or act like a know-it-all, it is very doubtful that you will have any
semblance of success as an official. Officiating games is a very humbling experience,
where you will make many mistakes. If you are a person who has a hard time accepting
constructive criticism, it is better to stay away from joining the officiating ranks.
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The first two obligations of new officials are to:

1) Learn and understand the playing rules,
2) Develop the correct habits involved in officiating mechanics.

e.) Hustle – Means to move and act with resolute energy. It includes mental readiness,
physical movement and a genuine interest in the game. Game must be taken to avoid
two extremes:
1) Pointless running to give the impression of the hustle;
2) The ‘rocking chair” official who calls the entire game from the same spot.

f.) Cooperation – The ability to team with fellow officials is absolutely essential to a
well – handed game. The officials should gauge their decisions so that they are as
uniform as possible. Each must have faith in the other, and harmony must exist
between them. Any tendency for one official to attempt to dominate the game may
cause a poorly administered game. Each should welcome the support to the play. Each
should be ready realize that he is not always in an advantageous position to see all the
action, even though he is close to the play. Each should be ready to cover play for the
other when one is momentarily caught out of position.

g.) Consistency – Applying the correct rule interpretation and administering the rules
to each situation a distinct separate part of the game. No two officials possess the
same judgment; although individual differences do exist, these effects are minimized by
the use of correct rule interpretation. The rule interpretation applied uniformly by all
officials’ lead to the high level of consistent officiating. Conscientious, intelligent effort
coupled with experience will develop consistency for most officials.

h.) Decisiveness – The decisive official converts a controversial or judgmental

decision into accepted decision through decisiveness. A good official will “sell” his call
to the game participants. This selling process starts with a firm blast on the whistle. The
second is the hand signal. Finally, the proper hand signal must be given.

i.) Confidence – Confidence and decisiveness are closely related. Confidence deals
more with the attitude of the official and impression he makes, while decisiveness is
concentrated on the mechanics of officiating. Anxiety and self – doubt have no place in
the mind of the good officials. Confidence is gained through experience and knowledge
of the game. The confident official is aware of all the possible situations that can arise
and he is prepared with the correct response. Confidence is reflected in the attitude,
voice projection, and game control. Decisive action that is not hasty but has no element
of hesitation is highly desirable. It leaves no doubt in the mind of others. It portrays
possessiveness that wins acceptance. A resonant strong voice is a great asset to an
official. By means of a clear strong voice, the official is able to convey to all the exact
decisions he has made. Baritone quality is probably best; a high pitched voice is the
poorest. The use of the voice supplemented by pantomime for clarity in signaling
decisions is desirable. The whistle blown sharply has the effect of saying “Attention
Please” and alerting everyone to the field that an important decision is to be
announced.

j.) Poise / Calmness – Poise is complete self – control and is not always the easiest
thing to maintain. However, it is essential to the good official. Amid the chaos, the
official must stand as the steadying force. Maintaining control requires a great deal of
concentration on the part of the official.

k.) Courage – The ability to give decision with a firm conviction. Courage is a personal
quality, but it also largely based upon understanding and accepting officiating
responsibilities. Competitive rules empower and obligate the official to make the
indicate rulings to the best of his ability.
Two most unfavorable things that can be done are:
1) Avoid a decision where a decision is required.
2) To make a decision merely because it is demanded

l.) Objectivity – Treating facts without distortion by personal feelings or prejudices. As

human beings, various pressures can influence officials. But the official is not supposed
to be influenced by external pressures. Most officials benefit from: consciously
recognizing their own susceptibility to being influenced; and seriously attempting to
improve their complete objectivity in each game. Otherwise, the temptations of a given
moment in the competition can lead the normally well meaning individual to make a
popular decision rather than a correct decision.

m.) Reaction Time – the ability to respond to a given stimulus as quickly as possible.
Assuming that judgment is correct, decisions, which are made quickly, have a great
chance of being accepted without question. An official with fast reaction frequently can
make the decision and simultaneously with the moment of the action (split-second
decision). This qualification is a must, because one either has quick reaction time or
one does not simply have it. The best method of gaining the confidence of players is to

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make decision at the time a player is going through his maneuver. Therefore, a “subtle
influence” on the game is quickly and firmly established.

III. BASIC PHILOSOPHY

A. Essential Objectives
1. Each official should have a clear concept of his over-all responsibility when he
reports for duty.

2. If all officials possessed the same conception, there would be uniformity in

administration of all contests.

3. The key to excellent officiating is adherence to the advantage-disadvantage

philosophy, or stated in another manner “realistic officiating”.

4. The essence of Mr. Oswald Tower’s philosophy: “It is the purpose of the rules to
penalize a player who by reason of an illegal act has placed his opponent at a
disadvantage.”
5. It represents a realistic approach to guide a judgment of officials in making decisions
on all situations where the effect upon the play is the key factor on determining whether
or not a rule violation has occurred.

B. General Principle of Officiating

The primary function and aim of officiating can be better obtained by adhering to the
following basic principles:
1. Uniformity in the interpretation
2. Close collaboration between coaches and officials
3. Keep close to the play
4. Don’t imagine or suspect – see it happen
5. Decide or rule on acts completed
Call what you see anywhere

REFERENCES:

Bucher, Charles A. Administration of Physical Education and Athletic Programs. London

The C.V. Mosby Company, 1983

IAAF HANDBOOK Introduction to Coaching London, 1989

Clegg, Richard & Thompson, William A. Officiating Handbook

Mcnamara, Jerre & Neil Schmottlach. Physical Education Handbook 10th edition, Needlam
Heights, Massachusetts: Simon and Schuster Company 1997

Steitz, Edward S. “Advantage and Disadvantage” Rules, Philosophy and Principles.

Jerry Grunska, “Successful Sports Officiating” Referee Magazine, National Association of

Sports Officials, 1999

Principles, Strategies and Coaching and officiating Techniques

Prof. Julio Victor B. Santarin
 150

PART II – ANALYZING TEST ITEMS

Test I. Multiple Choice: Write the letter of your answer.

1, Little or no trust in the athlete

a. Authoritarian b. Cooperative c. Casual

2. Athlete with a flexible training structure

a. Cooperative b. Authoritarian c. Casual

3. Athletes make all the decisions

a. Casual b. Authoritarian c. Cooperative

4. Support the body like the frame work of a building

a. Skeleton b. Muscles c. Bones

5. Joins muscle to bone

a. Muscles b. Tendons c. Skeleton

6. Approximately 200 in human body

a. Tendons b. Bones c. Muscles

7. Can only pull not push

a. Bones b. Muscles c. Tendons

8. Joins bone to bone

a. Cells b. Nerves c. Ligaments

9. Unit of living material that is the base building block of life

a. Ligaments b. Cells c. Nerves

10. Carry information around the body by electrical signals

a. Nerves b. Ligaments c. Cells

11. Uses oxygen and produces easily disposed waste products

a. Aerobic lactic b. Anaerobic lactic c. Anaerobic alactic
Energy System Energy System Energy System

12. Intense activity for less than 10 seconds

a. Aerobic lactic b. Anaerobic lactic c. Anaerobic alactic
Energy System Energy System Energy System

13. The energy system most used by the 400 meter racer
a. Aerobic lactic b. Anaerobic lactic c. Anaerobic alactic
Energy System Energy System Energy System

14. Begins when adolescence finishes

a. Childhood b. Adolescence c. Adulthood

15. From birth to two years of age

a. Childhood b. Adolescence c. Infancy

16. Period for learning basic movements

a. Childhood b. Adolescence c. Infancy

17. Stages of sexual development

a. Childhood b. Adulthood c. Puberty

18. Period for developing athletic event specific skills

a. The skill stage b. The learning c, The thinking stage
stage

19. Working out what to do

a. The skill stage b. The learning c, The thinking stage
stage

20. Performing the skill

a. The skill stage b. The learning c, The thinking stage
stage

21. Trying out ways of doing it

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a. The skill stage b. The learning c, The thinking stage

stage

22. Fitness reduces when training stops

a. Law of Specificity b. Law of Overload c. Law of Reversibility

23. Specific adaptation to applied training loads

a. Law of Specificity b. Law of Overload c. Law of Reversibility

24. Results in overcompensation

a. Law of Specificity b. Law of Overload c. Law of Reversibility

25. Which of the following is an essential quality of an official?

a. Knowledge of the game c. Official – player rapport
b. Physical fitness d. First hand experience

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PART III – ENHANCING TEST TAKING SKILLS

1. The ability to exert force?

a. Flexibility b. Coordination c. Strength d. Endurance

2. Capacity to travel or move very quickly

a. Flexibility b. Coordination c. Speed d. Endurance

3. Perform and learn skills well

a. Flexibility b. Coordination c. Strength d. Endurance

4. Resistance to fatigue
a. Flexibility b. Power c. Strength d. Endurance

5. Gradually reduces with age

a. Flexibility b. Coordination c. Speed d. Endurance

6. Volume of training is gradually reduces and intensity increased

a. Competition Period b. Transition Period c. Preparation Period

7. Volume of training gradually increases

a. Competition Period b. Transition Period c. Preparation Period

8. Motor programs develops most

a. Intermediate stage b. beginning stage c. Advanced stage

9, Athletes need to practice skill under different and difficult conditions

a. Intermediate stage b. beginning stage c. Advanced stage

10. Completed when the athlete can perform a rough form of the skill
a. Intermediate stage b. beginning stage c. Advanced stage

11. Body repair and growth

a. Protein b. Vitamins c. Minerals d. Carbohydrate

12. Essential fuel control rate of chemical reactions

a. Protein b. Vitamins c. Minerals d. Carbohydrate

13. Adds non-digestible bulk to food

a. Protein b. Fiber c. Minerals d. Carbohydrate

14. 50% - 70% of the body

a. Water b. Vitamins c. Minerals d. Carbohydrate

15. Slowly digested fuel

a. Fat b. Vitamins c. Minerals d. Carbohydrate

16. Which of the following is not a personal quality of an official?

a. Body mechanics c. Hustle
b. Physical Fitness d. Concentration

17. Which of the following statements referred to as essential quality of an official?

a. Knowledge of the game c. Official – player rapport
b. Physical fitness d. First hand experience

18. Which of the following is not the primary function and aim of officiating?
a. Uniformity in interpretation c. Call what you see
b. Decide on act completed d. The potential of presence

19. Who is responsible for establishing program, funding and evaluation of the program?
a. Director c. Student Leader
b. Council d. Volunteers

20. Which of the following statement is a function and aim of officiating?

a. Difference in interpretation c. Call what you see
b. Decide on act not completed d. The potential of presence

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Principles, Strategies and Coaching and officiating Techniques

Prof. Julio Victor B. Santarin
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PART IV– KEY TO CORRECTION

PART II: ANALYZING TEST ITEMS

1. a
2. a
3. a
4. a
5. b
6. b
7. b
8. c
9. b
10. a
11. a
12. c
13. b
14. c
15. c
16. a
17. c
18. a
19. c
20. a
21. b
22. c
23. a
24. b
25. a

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 155

COACHING AND OFFICIATING

KNOWLEDGE COMPREHEN APP

SION LICA
TIO
N
Explain the diferent aspect of coaching and ofciating
Identify the principles of coaching and ofciating

Identify training programs and session involve in coaching

Objectives
Enumerate and discuss the concepts and principles of

apply the diferent principles used in coaching and

NUMBER OF ITEMS
ITEM PLACEMENT
coaching and ofciating

PERCENTAGE
Topics
ofciating

A. Concept of Coaching
and Officiating Sport

1. Nature of Coaching and 13,14, 15 1,2 3 16

Officiating Sport
7 28
2. Apply concepts, 4,5,6, 17, 7,20, 21, 8 11,
principles and 18, 19, 12
techniques in Coaching
12 48
and Officiating
3. Identify aspects of 9 22, 23, 10
coaching and officiating 6 24
24, 25

Principles, Strategies and Coaching and officiating Techniques

Prof. Julio Victor B. Santarin