University of Mumbai

Revised syllabus S.Y.B.Sc in Chemistry

(w.e.f. the academic year 2009 – 10)

Paper I
Total Lectures 90
Physical and Industrial Analytical Chemistry
(Numerical problems are expected on all units except Unit 6)

Term – I
Unit I
Chemical Thermodynamics
1. Gibbs free energy and Helmholtz’s free energy , variation of Gibb’s free
energy with temperature and pressure, Gibb’s – Helmholtz equation.
2. Physical equilibra involving pure substances, Calpeyron’s equation, and
variation of vapour pressure with temperature, Clausius – Clayperon
equation and its application. Partial molal properties, partial molal
volume and chemical potential, Gibbs – Duthem equation.
3. Variation of chemical potential with pressure and temperature, fugacity,
activity and their relationship with chemical potential, activity and activity
coefficient.
4. Thermodynamic derivation of Law of mass action, Kp, Kc and their inter-
relation, van’t Hoff’s reaction isotherm and reaction isochore.

Unit – II
Solution of electrolytes:
1. Electronic and electrolytic conductors, conductance, specific
conductance, equivalent conductance, molar conductance,
determination of molar conductance, variation of molar conductance
with concentration for strong and weak electrolytes, concept of limiting
molar conductance,
2. Debye – Huckel theory of conductance of strong electrolytes, ionic
atmosphere relaxation effect, electrophoretic effect.
3. Kohlrausch’s law of independent migration of ions.
Applications of Kohlrausch’s law
a. Determination of limiting molar conductance of a weak
electrolyte,
b. Determination of dissociation constant of a weak acid
c. Determination of solubility product of a sparingly soluble salt
2. Migration of ions, transport number, dependence of transport number
on the velocity of the ion, Hittorf’s rule for unattackable electrodes
illustrate with ions having equal and the unequal speeds, moving
boundary method for the determination of the transport number,
factors affecting the transport number of an ion.
 3. Relationship between transport number ionic mobility, and equivalent
conductance.

UNIT III
Introduction to analytical chemistry and visible spectroscopy: [15L]
A} Introduction to analytical chemistry:
1. Analytical chemistry qualitative and quantative analysis, analytical
chemistry and chemical analysis, classification of analytical methods
with emphasis on detection limit and sensitivity.
2. Steps involved in chemical analysis: sampling, obtaining a sample,
processing the sample, selection of a method for analysis, calibration
and actual analysis, data collection, data processing, presentation of
results and interpretation.
3. Performance characteristics of an analytical method: accuracy,
precision, detection limit, dynamic range, sensitivity, selectivity.
4. Quantitative analysis with calibration curve and standard addition
method.
5. Applications of analytical methods in various fields such as organic,
pharmaceuticals, electronic and environmental analysis.

B} Visible Spectroscopy:
1. U.V. and Visible spectroscopy, absorption spectroscopy, terms
involved: radiant power, absorbance, transmittance, percentage
transmittance, wavelength of maximum absorption.
2. Statement of the Beer’s law and the Lambert’s law, [derivation
expected] combined expression, molar extinction coefficient,
derivations from the Beer – Lambert’s law, limitations.
3. Components of an optical instrument, photometers and
spectrophotometers, construction of a single beam photometer.

TERM – II
UNIT IV
Phase in equilibria: [15L]
1. Introduction to the terms: phase, component, degrees of freedom, Gibbs
phase rule.
2. Two component systems:
A} Liquid-liquid mixtures, completely miscible liquids, phase diagrams,
pressure composition and temperature composition diagrams, Raoult’s
law, ideal solutions, distillation of mixtures forming ideal solutions,
fractional distillation, distillation under reduced pressure, deviations from
the Raoult’s law, positive and negative deviations, nonideal solutions,
azeotropes distillation of azeotropic mixtures, breaking of azeotropes.
 B} Liquid-liquid mixtures, partial miscible liquids, partially miscible liquids
pairs exhibiting lower critical solution temperature, upper critical solution
temperature and both lower and upper critical solution temperature.
C} Liquid-liquid mixtures, completely immiscible liquids, steam distillation.

UNIT V
Electrochemical cells and ionic equilibria: [15L]
Electrochemical cells:
1. Galvanic and electrolytic cells, types of electrodes, ion specific and ion
selective, comparison, types of ion specific electrodes, i] metal – metal
ion electrodes, ii] gas electrodes, iii] metal-metal insoluble salt
electrodes, iv] redox electrodes.
2. Cell presentation and cell reaction. [students are expected to write the
cell reaction for a given cell and vice versa.]
3. Reversible and irreversible cells, chemical and concentration cells,
primary and secondary cells.
4. Thermodynamic parameters [ ∆ G, ∆ H and ∆ S] for the cell reaction
taking place in a cell.
5. Nernst’s equation for cell emf and hence for a single electrode potential
[Derivation expected]
6. Determination of equilibrium constant from emf measurements.
Ionic equilibria:
1. Concept of pH, calculations of pH, pOH, calculations of
solutions of acids pH and bases,
2. Buffer, buffer capacity, Henderson’s equation for acidic and basic
buffers [derivation expected]

UNIT VI

Introduction to titrimetric analysis and use of instrumental methods in

titrimetric analysis
Introduction to titrimetric methods of analysis
1. Requirements for a reaction to be used in titrimetric analysis,
classification of titrimetric analysis, terms: titration, titrand, titrant, tire
value, indicator, endpoint, equivalence point, titration error.
2. Calibration of the volumetric glassware, burettes, pipettes and
volumetric flasks.
3. Theory of acid base indicators, choice of an indicator for the titration
dependence on the pH at the equivalent point.
Use of instrumental methods in titrimetric analysis:
1. Conductormetric titrations: basic principles, expiremental set up,
titration curves in the titration of i] strong acid vs. strong base, ii] weak
 acid vs. strong base, iii] weak acid vs. weak base. iv] Mixture of strong
and weak acid/strong and weak base vs. strong base/weak base or
strong acid/weak acid v] sodium chloride vs. silver nitrate vi] barium
hydroxide vs. magnesium sulphate advantages and limitations.
2. Potentiometric titrations: basic principles, concept of indicator
electrode, indicator electrodes for different types of titrations,
determination of end point from the graphs of E vs. V, ∆ E/ ∆ V vs.
mean volume, ∆ 2E/ ∆ 2V vs. mean volume, advantages and limitations.
3. Photometric Titrations: basic principles, titration curves, advantages
and limitations.
4. Use of computers, use of spread sheets.

Chemistry Paper – II
Inorganic and Industrial Chemistry

(Total Lectures 90)

Term – I

Unit – I
Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
15L

1. Valence Bond Theory (VBT)

5L
i) Hybridization involving the use of ‘d’ orbitals as in Bacl2 (sd), MnO 4 (sd2),
and PCl5 (sp3d)
ii) Concept of Resonance and Resonance energy, Formal Charge, with
examples
iii) Limitations of VBT
2. Molecular orbital Theory (MOT):
10L
i) Conditions for the formation of molecular orbitals
ii) Linear combination of atomic orbitals to obtain molecular orbitals (LCAO-
MO approach)
iii) Application of LCAO-MO approach to the formation of:
a) Homo-nuclear diatomic molecules: H2, He2, li2, Be2, C2, N2, O2, F2, and Ne2.
(discussion should include 2s-2p interaction; stabilization of π (2p x,2py
orbitals) MOs in B2, C2 and N2 with experimental evidences; bond order
and correlation with stability, bond length, bond energy and magnetic
properties of all the homo-nuclear diatomic molecules mentioned)
b) Bond order in O2, O2+, O2-, O22- and examples of the occurrence of the
molecular ions in [O2+][PtF6]-, KO2 and Na2O2 .
c) Hetero-nuclear diatomic molecules or molecular ions: CO, NO, CN -, and
HCL. (Discussion should include comparison with the approach for homo-
 nuclear diatomic molecules, molecular orbital diagrams with explanations
of bond order, stability, magnetic behavior and polarity).

Unit – II
Chemistry of Transition Elements: Bonding in Coordination Compounds and
Gravimetric Analysis 15L
1. Transition Elements:
3L
i) Definition and general characteristics of transition elements
ii) Chemistry of 3d-ttransition elements with reference to:
a) Electronic Configuration
b) Oxidation States
c) Colour and Magnetic property
d) Formation of Coordination compounds
e) Application in general
2. Bonding in Coordination Compounds: Valence bond theory:
4L
i) Application to 4,5,6- Coordinate Compounds
ii) Electro-neutrality principle and back-bonding
3. Gravimetric Analysis:
8L
i) Definition and types of gravimetric analysis
ii) Precipitation Gravimetric with respect to theory and practice:
a) Solubility considerations: Common ion effect; diverse ion effect, pH,
temperature and nature of solubility
b) Controlling particle size.
iii) Treatment of precipitates in gravimetry:
a) Digestion
b) Filtration and Washing
c) Drying and Ignition
iv) Use of Organic Reagents in gravimetric analysis
(Numerical problems on this topic expected)

Unit – III
Industrial Inorganic Chemistry
15L
1. Physico-chemical Principles:
i) Criteria for spontaneity of Chemical Reactions
ii) Electrolysis.
iii) Effect of Catalysts
iv) General principles of metallurgy
2. Manufacture of Bulk Chemicals:
4L
i) Sulfuric acid (by contact process)
 ii) Ammonia (by Haber’s process)
3. Extraction and Purification of:
5L
i) Copper (from pyrites) by pyrometallurgy and electrolysis
ii) Silver by hydrometallurgy
iii) Aluminum by electrometallurgy.

Term – II
Unit IV
Acids and Bases, chemistry of Elements and Organometallic Compounds
15L
1. Acid and Bases:
5L
i) Appreciation of various concepts due to;
a) Arrhenius
b) Lowry-Bronstead
c) Lux-Flood
d) Lewis
e) Solvent-System
f) Usanovich.
ii) Pearson’s classification of acids and bases and his principle of HSAB

2. Chemistry of Group 15 and 16 elements:

5L
General discussion of trends in their physical and chemical properties,
Physical properties of hydrides of Group 15 and Group 16 elements with
respect of hydrogen bonding.
3. Organometallic Compounds:
5L
i) Introduction, definition, classification on the basis of:
a) Hapicity, and
b) Nature of metal-carbon (M-C) bond.
ii) Eighteen Electron Rule with respect to applications and exceptions;
iii) Metal carbonyls with respect to:
a) Classification and bonding
b) General methods of preparation, and
c) Properties
d) Applications of organometallic compounds.

Unit – V
Chemistry of Group-17 and Group-18 Elements and Bio-Inorganic Chemistry
15L
1. Chemistry of Group 17 and Group 18 elements
6L
 i) General trends in physical and chemical properties
ii) Chemistry of pseudo – halogens with respect to:
a) Comparison with halogens
b) Preparation and uses.

2. Chemistry of Group – 18 elements with respect to:

4L
i) History, and
ii) Preparation and structures of Xenon fluorides and oxy fluorides.

3. Bio – Inorganic Chemistry:

5L
i) Metloporphyrins
ii) Chlorophyll
iii) Cytochromes

Unit – VI
Industrial Inorganic Chemistry
15L
1. Corrosion and Methods of Protection of Metals:
7L
i) Introduction (to include economics and importance of corrosion)
ii) Types of Corrosion
iii) Electrochemical theory of corrosion
iv) Methods of Protection:
a) Coating
b) Electroplating
c) Cathodic protection
d) Anodizing
e) Sacrificial Coating

2. Environmental Studies
8L
i) Multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies: Definition, scope and
importance.
ii) Environmental Pollution: Definition, Causes, Effects and Control measures
of: 3L
a) Water pollution
b) Soil pollution
iii) Role of an individual in prevention of pollution and Pollution case studies
with reference to water and soil pollution.
1L
iv) Environmental Protection Act:
2L
 a) Air (Prevention and Control of pollution) Act
b) Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
c) Public awareness.

Paper III
Organic and Industrial Chemistry

Total
lectures 90
TERM I
UNIT I
15L
1. Nomenclature
2L
Nomenclature of polysubstituted aromatic compounds containing
different functional groups: Polysubstituted benzenes, tri substituted
naphthalenes, disubstituted anthracenes. Nomenclature of ethers,
epoxides, and sulphur compounds.

2. Mechanism of organic reactions

7L
2.1 The mechanism of reactions involving the following reactive
intermediates;
2.1.1 Carbocations: Different types of carbocations, such as alkyl, allyl,
benzyl. SN1 reaction.Electrophilic addition across an olefinic double
bond. Elimination – E1 mechanism. Rearrangement Wagner Meerwein
rearrangement.
2.1.2 Carbanions: Concept of carbon acid. Alkylation of carbon acids( active
methylene compounds and terminal alkynes) using alkyl halides, and
synthetic applications of these reactions. Reactions of Girgnard
reagents at carbonyl group. Aldol addition.
2.1.3 Carbon radicals: General reactions of radicals – abstraction, addition to
C=C, combination, disproportionation. Addition of HBr to alkenes in
presence of peroxide. Polymenrization. Redox reaction – Kolbe
electrolytic method.
2.1.4 Carbenes: Generation of carbenes: through alpha elimination, from
diazoalkanes, from ketenes. Structure and stability. Reactions:
insertion intoC-H bond and addition to olefin
2.2 Tautomerism: keto-enol tautomerism in aldehydes and ketones, acid and
hase catalyzed enolisation, enol content and stabilized enols β-ketoesters,
β-diketones, phenols.
 3. Aromatic Electrophilic Substitution Reaction
6L
3.1 Huckel rule of aromaticity and its applications to carbocyclic benzenoid
and nonbenzenoid compounds and ions. Concept of antiaromaticity and
homoaromaticity.
3.2 General mechanism or aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction with
energy profile diagram.
3.3 Drawing resonance structures of monosubstituted benzenes – Activated
and deactivated aromatic rings.
3.4 Effect to electron withdrawing and electron donating suubstitutents on the
orientation of an incoming electrophile on the basis of – (i) electron density
distribution (ii) stability of intermediate
Cases to be studied: Monosubstituted benzenes containing groups – Alkyl,
amino, hydroxyl, alkoxy, halo, formyl, acyl, nitrile, nitro, carboxy.

UNIT – II
15L
4. Aromatic Hydrocarbons
3L
4.1 Structures of benzene, naphthalene, linear and angular acenes.
4.2 Alkyl arenes: Preparation of alkyl arenes through reforming, Friedal –
Crafts alkylation, with mechanism, using – Olefins, alchols, alkyl halides.
4.3 Reactions of alkyl arenes – side chain oxidation, ring vs side chain
halogenation (mechanism).

5. Haloarenes
4L
5.1 Preparation of haloarenes: Halogenation of arenes – Halogenation of
benzene and substituted benzenes with molecular halogens (mechanism),
limitations.
5.2 Reactions of haloarenes: Lack of reactivity of aryl halides under SN1 and
SN2 reactions. General mechanism (addition – elimination) of aromatic
nucleophilic substitution reaction, with energy profile diagram. Effect of
substitutents on the reaction – hydrolysis and amination of haloarenes.
Benzyne intermediate mechanism elimination – addition) of aromatic
nucleophilic substitution reaction (cine substitution). Girgnard reagent
formation. Ullmann reaction.
5.3 Applications of aromatic halogen compounds

6. Phenols
3L
 6.1 Preparation of phenols: Preparation from (i) halobenzenes, (ii) from
aromatic sulphonic acids (benzene and naphthalene sulphnic acids) (iii)
isoprophyl and 2-butylbenzene by hydroperoxide method.
6.2 Reactions of phenols: Acidity of phenols – effect of substitutents on acidity
of phenols. Salt formation, Etherification – direct reaction with alchol,
Williamson Synthesis. O-acylation, Halogenation, Nitration, Fires
rrearrangement of aryl carboxylates, Claisen rearrangement of
allyloxyarenes.
6.3 Applications of phenols.

7. Ethers and Epoxides

5L
7.1 Ethers:
7.1.1 Preparation: Dehydration of alchols (mechanism), Williamson synthesis
(mechanism).
7.1.2 Reactions: Acid catalyzed cleavage reaction with HX (mechanism)
7.1.3 Applications: Applications of ethers, Crown ethers: Structure; 12-
crown-4 and 18-crown-6 and their uses.
7.2 Epoxides:
7.2.1 Preparation: Oxidation of olefins- ethylene oxide; Reaction of per acids
with olefins; from vicinal halohydrins.
7.2.2 Reactions: Reactivity, Ring opening reactions by nuleophiles (a) in
acidic conditions: hydrolysis, reaction with – HX, alchol, HCN. (b) In
neutral or basic conditions: ammonia, amines, metal cyanides, Grignard
reagents, alkoxides
7.2.3 Applications of epoxides.

UNIT III
15L
8. Sources of organic Compounds
8L
8.1 Sources: (a) Non-renewable: coal, petroleum (crude oil) and natural gas.
(b) Renewable: biomass
8.2 Coal: Structure and types of coal, origin of coal. Destructive distillation of
coal, coal tar refining, coal liquefaction (coal to liquid), coal gasification –
synthesis gas (syn gas), hydropyrolysis.
8.3 Petroleum: Characteristics, composition and origin of petroleum. Refining
of petroleum. Catalytic cracking and reforming, hydrocracking, thermal
cracking, steam cracking.
8.4 Natural gas: Composition. Conversion of methane to – higher alkanes,
synthetic diesel (gas to liquid), methanol, aromatic compounds. Natural
gas hydrates: occurrence, structure.
8.5 Synthesis gas (syn gas): Production of syn gas from – coal, natural gas,
biomass. Composition. Synthesis uses of syn gas – Separation of H2
Production of – methanol, alkanes, hydroformylation of olefins, synthesis
of aromatic hydrocarbons. Fischer- Tropsch synthesis – Synthesis diesel
(biomass to liquid),
8.6 Oligomerisation and metathesis of olefins.
8.7 Biomass: Transforming biomass into chemicals (pyrolysis) and synthesis
gas
8.8 Biofuels: Ethanol, biodiesel, synthetic diesel, methanol

9. Chemical Industry
4L
Ideal of a chemical plant, different units, block diagrams and flow
diagrams. Flow diagrams: principle, importance, typical elements.
Typical flow diagram of a single unit process. Idea of flow diagrams of
multiple process units. Continuous vs batch operations. Raw materials,
intermediates, end products, waste. Unit processes – nitration as an
example.

10. Environmental aspects of Chemical industry

3L
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), Greenhouse effect: Ozone depletion,
important greenhouse gases and their sources. Hydrocarbons as air
pollutants, Harmful effects of industrial effluents. Carbon emission –
Carbon credit, carbon neutrality, carbon offsetting. Material Safety Data
Sheet (MSDS).

TERM II
UNIT IV
15L
11. Aromatic Nitrogen Compounds:
8L
11.1 Aromatic nitro compounds
11.1.1 Preparation; Nitration using mixed acid, preparation of mononitro- and
dinitro- compounds through nitration of benzene(mechanism),
nitrobensenes, toluene, chlorobenzene, naphthalene, anisole.
11.1.2 Reactions: Reduction of nitro compounds under different conditions.
11.1.3 Applications of nitro compounds: In the preparation of amines and
explosives.
11.2 Aromatic amino compounds
11.2.1. Preparation: Reduction of aromatic nitro compounds using – catalytic
bydrogenation, dissolving metal reduction using – Fe-HCl, Sn-HCl, Zn-
HOac, NaHS, Amination of halobenzenes, Chemoselective reduction of
dinitrobenzene, Hoffmann bromamide reaction.
11.2.2. Reactions: Basicity of aromatic amines – effect of substitutents on
basicity of aniline. Salt formation, N-alkylation, N-acylation,
halogenation, reductive alkylation, diazotization of aromatic - amines
(mechanism), Reactions of aryl diazonium salts – Sandmeyer and
Gattermann reactions, Replacement of diazo group by H-, -OH, -CN;
Gomberg reaction, Azo- coupling reaction with phenols / naphthols
and aromatic amines. Reduction of diazonium salt to aryl hydrazine.
Formation of azo- and hydrazo- benzenes.
Chromophore – auxochrome concept, azo group as a chromophore, azo
dyes.

12. Aromatic Aldehydes and Ketones

7L
12.1. Preparation of aromatic aldehydes: Preparation using CO (Gattermann –
Koch reaction), HCN (Gattermann reaction), DMF/POCl3 (Vilsmeier –
Haack reaction), Reimer-Tiemann reaction (mechanism), Oxidation of
methylarenes, Rosenmund reaction,
12.2. Preparation of aromatic ketones: Friedel-Crafts acylation using acid
chloride and acid anhydride (mechanism)
12.3. General reactions: Reactions with – Ammonia and amines,
hydroxylamine, phenyl hydrazine hydrogen cyanide, sodium bisulphite
12.4. Reactions with mechanism: Knoevenagel reaction, Claisen –
Schmidt reaction, benzoin reaction, Cannizzaro reaction.
12.5. Applications of aromatic aldehydes and ketones.

UNIT V
15L
13. Aromatic acids
6L
13.1. Aromatic carboxylic acids:
13.1.1. Preparation of mono-and di-carboxylic acids: Preparation by – side
chain oxidation of alkyl benzenes, reaction of Grignard reagents with
solid carbon dioxide, hydrolysis of aryl nitriles, Kolbe-Schmidt reaction
(mechanism).
13.1.2. Reactions of aromatic carboxylic acids: Acidity, Effect of substituent on
the acidity of benzoic acid, Acid catalyzed esterification, esterification by
alkylation,
Conversion to acid chloride, amide and anhydride. Reduction and
decarboxylation.
13.1.3. Applications of aromatic carboxylic acids.
13.2. Aromatic and Sulfonic acids
13.2.1. Preparation of aromatic sulfonic acids: Commonly used sulfonating
agents. Sulfonation of benzene (with mechanism), mono-substituted
benzenes and naphthalene.
 13.2.2. Reactions: Acidity of arene sulphonic acids. Comparative acidity of
carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids, salt formation, desulfonation. Ipso
substitution. – SO2H as a solubilizing and blocking group, preparation of
sulfonate esters.
13.2.3. Uses of pTSA, sulfonated polystyrene, naphthalene monosuulfonic
acids.
13.2.4. Aromatic Chlorosulfonyl compounds: Aromatic chlorosulfonation
using chlorosulfonic acid. Reaction of aryl sulfonyl chlorides with water,
ammonia and amines. Preparation of saccharin, Chloramine – T,
sulfanilamide.

14. Sterochemistry:
14.1. Assigning stereodescriptors to chiral centres: Cahn-Ingold-Prelog(CIP)
Rules of assigning absolute configuration (R and S) to a sterogenici centre.
Assigning absolute configuration to molecules having maximum two chiral
carbon atoms. E and Z stereodescriptors to geometrical isomers.
14.2. Diasteromers of disubstituted cycloalkanes (3 and 4 member rings)
14.3. Resolution of enantiomers: chemical and chromatographic resolution.
14.4 Conformational analysis of – propane, 2-methylpropane, 2,2-
dimethylpropane, n-butane.

15. Structure Determination and Multistep Synthesis

4L
Based on the reactions of aromatic compounds discussed above the following
aspects should be highlighted.:
15.1 Structure determination through a series of reactions
15.2 Planning multistep synthesis of polysubstituted benzenes (up to 4
steps).

UNIT VI
15L
16. Green Chemistry:
9L
16.1. Definition, need, importance. 12 principles of green chemistry with
relevant examples. Concepts and simple calculations on – Yield and
Selectively, E-factor, Atom economy.
16.2. Examples of green chemistry in industry
(a) Green starting materials commodity chemicals from glucose.
(b) Green reactions-halide free synthesis of aromatic amines.
(c) Green reagents-selective methylation using dimethyl carbonate
(d) Green solvents-use of supercritical carbon dioxide.
(e) Green chemical products-synthesis of thermal polyaspartates.
(f) Green chemistry and catalysis-novel homogenous, hetrogenous and
enzymatic catalysts in industry.
 (i) Catalytic liquid phase selective hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to p-
aminophenol.
(ii) Liquid phase air oxidation of p-cresol to p-hydroxybenzaldehyde.
16.3. Future trends in green chemistry.
17. Manufacture of some bulk Chemicals including flow diagrams
6L
Phenol, Methanol (from syn gas), dodecylbenzene sulphonate, styrene,
ethylene oxide.

Revised Syllabus in Chemistry

(Theory)
Second Year B.Sc. 2009 – 2010

The scheme of examination for the revised course in Chemistry at the Second
Year B.Sc Theory Examination will be as follows.

Theory Title Examination Maximum Maximum

Marks marks after
conversion
Paper – I Physical and First Term 60 30
Analytical Chemistry
Second term 60 30
Paper – II Inorganic and First Term 60 30
Industrial Chemistry
Second Tern 60 30
Paper – III Organic and First Term 60 30
Industrial Chemistry
Second term 60 30
Total Marks Theory 180
 Scheme of examination
S.Y.B.Sc. (Chemistry)
(Effective from 2009 – 10)

The examination will be conducted in three sessions of three hours each.

With two sessions per day the examination will be of 1 1/2 days.

Total Marks for practical examination are

120
Session – I
Physical and Analytical Chemistry
The student will perform any one exercise from the list of the 10 exercises given
Total
marks 30

Session – II
Inorganic Chemistry
For the examination the candidate will peform two exercises.

Exercise – I Qualitative Analysis

marks 15
Exercise – II Gravimetric / Volumetric
marks 15
Total
Marks 30

Session – III
Organic Chemistry
Exercise – I Identification / Estimation of Organic Compound
Marks 22
Exercise – II Derivative Preparation

Quality Marks 03
Inference Marks 02 Total Marks 08
Reaction Marks 01
Melting point Marks 02

_______________________________
Total Marks 30

Viva – Voce examination

Physical exercise Marks 05
Inorganic exercise Marks 05
 Organic exercise Marks 05

Total Marks 15

Journal Marks 15
Total Marks 120

******************

Practical Syllabus
Practical in Physical and Analytical Chemistry

1. To study the kinetics of the reaction between potassium persulphate and

potassium iodied at equal initial concentration.
2. To determine the partition coefficient of oxalic acid/succinic acid between
water and carbon tetrachloride.
3. To determine the amount of dissolved oxygen in the given water samples
by Winkler’s method
4. To carry out assay of a commercial sample of aspirin using phenol red as
the indicator.
5. To determine the amount of strong acid in the given solution by titration
with a strong base conductometrically.
6. To verify Ostawald’s dilution law for a weak acid conductometrically and
hence to determine the dissociation constant of the weak acid.
7. To determine the amount of strong acid present in the given solution by
titration with a strong base using a pH meter.
8. To determine the dissociation constant of a weak acid using Henderson’s
equation by the method of incomplete titration with a strong base.
9. To determine ∆ G ˚ and equilibrium constant for the cell reaction in the cell
set up with zinc and copper electrodes or with zinc and silver electrodes.
10. To determine λ max and molar extinction coefficient for potassium
permanganate solution using a photometer.

Practical in Inorganic Chemistry

Note: Safety measures in laboratory:
a. Handling of Chemicals and glassware
b. MSDs of Chemicals used in all the experiments covered in the syllabus.

1. Gravimetric Exercises:
i. Determination of Nickel as Ni(dmg)2
ii. Barium as BaCrO4, and
iii. Zinc as Zn (NH4) PO4
Use of suitable sintered glass crucible, G3 / G4 expected.
 2. Volumetric Exercises:
Redox titration of iron(III) against potassium dichromate
Water Analysis: Determination of total Hardness
Determination of magnesium by complexometry (EDTA) titration.
(Standard solutions to be prepared by students).

3. Semi – micro Qualitative Analysis for the presence of four cations and two
anions form:
Cations: Pb2+, Cu 2+, Fe 3+, Cr 3+, Al 3+, Mn 2+, Zn 2+, Ni 2+, Co 2+, Ba 2+, Sr 2+, Mg 2+,
NH 4+,
K +.
Anions: Cl-, Br-, I-, So4 2-, No3-, No2-, Co3 2-, So3 2-, PO4 3-, OAc-, Bo3 3-, CrO4 2-
(The use of hydrogen sulphide in any form should not be made).
Practical in Organic Chemistry

Identification of an Organic Compound: The identification should be done

through preliminary test, solubility, element detection, group test, physical
constant determination. The analysis should be done by micro-scale
techniques.
For the identification of an Organic compound about 500 mg of any
compound with not more than two functional / neutral groups be given
belonging to the following categories. Acids (carboxylic acids / sulphonic),
phenols, aldehydes / ketones, alcohols, esters, amines (primary, secondary
and tertiary), carbohydrates, ethers, hydrocarbons, halo/nitro hydrocarbons.

Derivative Preparation: The exercise is aimed at imbibing the concept of

derivative preparation as a method of identifying a given compound from a
set of compounds having the same functional group. Based on the m.p.
identify the given compounds looking at the chart. About 500mg of a suitable
compound be given. The candidate will prepare the given derivative. No
crystallization is expected. M.p. of the dried derivative should be taken and
appropriate inference be drawn. The derivative preparation should involve
one of the following reactions: (a) bromination (b) nitration (c) N/O-
acylation / benzoylation (d) hydrolysis (e) 2,4-DNP formation (f) oxidation (g)
picrate.

4. Estimation of an Organic Compound: The following estimations be

given:
a) Estimation of acetone / formaldehyde by oxidation using iodine and
alkali.
b) Estimation of phenol / aniline by bromination using brominating
solution.
c) Estimation of acetamide / benzamide / ethyl acetate by hydrolysis.
 d) Equivalent weight of water soluble / water insoluble acide by
alkalimetry and amine by acidimetry.

Notes :
1. A minimum of 12 compounds be given for the identification ; at least one
from each of the categories in (ii) below
2. A minimum of three estimations be done by the candidates.
3. For the estimations the concentrations and the quantities be reduced. For
dilution a standard flask of 100 ml capacity and for the transfer a pipette of
10 ml capacity be used. The concentrations of the solutions be around
0.05N.

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