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Structure: Ranunculaceae Peonies Roses

Flowers show great variation in their structure that is important for botanists to classify plant species. While flowers typically have four main parts (sepals, petals, stamens, carpels) arranged in whorls on the receptacle, many flowers lack some parts or have modified parts serving other functions. Specific terminology is used to describe variations such as fused or unfused parts. Flowers also vary in their symmetry, with some having radial symmetry and others having bilateral symmetry.

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45 views

Structure: Ranunculaceae Peonies Roses

Flowers show great variation in their structure that is important for botanists to classify plant species. While flowers typically have four main parts (sepals, petals, stamens, carpels) arranged in whorls on the receptacle, many flowers lack some parts or have modified parts serving other functions. Specific terminology is used to describe variations such as fused or unfused parts. Flowers also vary in their symmetry, with some having radial symmetry and others having bilateral symmetry.

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Structure

Although the arrangement described above is considered "typical", plant species show a wide
variation in floral structure.[1] These modifications have significance in the evolution of flowering
plants and are used extensively by botanists to establish relationships among plant species.
The four main parts of a flower are generally defined by their positions on the receptacle and not by
their function. Many flowers lack some parts or parts may be modified into other functions and/or
look like what is typically another part. In some families, like Ranunculaceae, the petals are greatly
reduced and in many species the sepals are colorful and petal-like. Other flowers have modified
stamens that are petal-like; the double flowers of Peonies and Roses are mostly petaloid
stamens.[2] Flowers show great variation and plant scientists describe this variation in a systematic
way to identify and distinguish species.
Specific terminology is used to describe flowers and their parts. Many flower parts are fused
together; fused parts originating from the same whorl are connate, while fused parts originating from
different whorls are adnate; parts that are not fused are free. When petals are fused into a tube or
ring that falls away as a single unit, they are sympetalous (also called gamopetalous). Connate
petals may have distinctive regions: the cylindrical base is the tube, the expanding region is the
throat and the flaring outer region is the limb. A sympetalous flower, with bilateral symmetry with an
upper and lower lip, is bilabiate. Flowers with connate petals or sepals may have various shaped
corolla or calyx, including campanulate, funnelform, tubular, urceolate, salverform or rotate.
Referring to "fusion," as it is commonly done, appears questionable because at least some of the
processes involved may be non-fusion processes. For example, the addition of intercalary growth at
or below the base of the primordia of floral appendages such as sepals, petals, stamens and carpels
may lead to a common base that is not the result of fusion.[3][4][5]

Left: A normal zygomorphic Streptocarpus flower. Right: An aberrant peloric Streptocarpus flower. Both of
these flowers appeared on the Streptocarpus hybrid 'Anderson's Crows' Wings'.

Many flowers have a symmetry. When the perianth is bisected through the central axis from any
point and symmetrical halves are produced, the flower is said to be actinomorphic or regular, e.g.
rose or trillium. This is an example of radial symmetry. When flowers are bisected and produce only
one line that produces symmetrical halves, the flower is said to be irregular or zygomorphic, e.g.
snapdragon or most orchids.
Flowers may be directly attached to the plant at their base (sessile—the supporting stalk or stem is
highly reduced or absent). The stem or stalk subtending a flower is called a peduncle. If a peduncle
supports more than one flower, the stems connecting each flower to the main axis are
called pedicels. The apex of a flowering stem forms a terminal swelling which is called the torus or
receptacle.

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