~ · (B

A ~ × C)
~ = ~ · (C
B ~ × A)
~ =C
~ · (A
~ × B)
~ ; ~ · (A
∇ ~ × B)
~ =B
~ · (∇
~ × A)
~ −A
~ · (∇
~ × B)
~

~ × (B
A ~ × C)
~ = ~ B
(A · C) ~ − (A · B)
~ C~ ; ~ × (A
∇ ~ × B)
~ = A(
~ ∇~ · B)
~ −A
~·∇
~B~ − B(
~ ∇~ · A)
~ +B
~ ·∇
~A~

1
~ × (∇
A ~ × A)
~ = ~·∇
A ~A~− ~ A
∇( ~ · A)
~ ; ~ × (∇
∇ ~ × A)
~ = ∇(
~ ∇ ~ − ∇2 A
~ · A) ~
2
~
∇(φ + ψ) = ~
ψ ∇(φ) ~
+ φ∇(ψ) ; ~
∇(φψ) ~ + φ∇ψ
= ψ ∇φ ~

~ · (φA)
∇ ~ = ~
(∇φ) ~ +φ∇
·A ~ ·A
~ ; ~ × (φA)
∇ ~ = (∇φ)
~ ~ + φ∇
×A ~ ×A
~
| {z }
~ ∇φ
A· ~

~ · (A
∇ ~ + B)
~ = ~ ·A
∇ ~+∇
~ ·B
~ ; ~ × (A
∇ ~ + B)
~ =∇
~ ×A
~+∇
~ ×B
~

~ · (∇
∇ ~ × A)
~ = 0 ; ~ × (∇φ)
∇ ~ =0

~ A
∇( ~ · B)
~ = ~·∇
A ~B~ +B
~ ·∇
~A~+A
~ × (∇
~ × B)
~ +B
~ × (∇
~ × A)
~ ; ~ = ∇2 φ
~ · ∇φ
∇



 ∂u ∂v
 = ∂y
∂x
(Cauchy − Riemann condition)

 ∂u ∂v
 = − ∂x
∂y


 n
I 
 1 2πi d f (z0 ) if z0 within the contour[closed curve]
f (z) n! n
dz0
dz =
(z − z0 )n+1 

 0 otherwise


I I 

dSx n̂ · (~ ~
x − ξ) dSx n̂ · ~
r  1 if ξ is inside Vx 0
= = (Gauss Law)
4π|~ x − ξ|~3 4πr 3 

 0 if ξ is outside Vx

Z ~ξ ·~ ~ Z ~ξ ×~ ~
dVξ ∇ a(ξ) dVξ ∇ a(ξ)
~ ~ +∇
a = ∇Φ ~ ×α ~ ·α
~ ; ∇ ~ =0 ; Φ=− ; α
~ = (Helmholtz)
Vξ =all space 4πr 4πr

The convective derivative of function f is defined as ddf t = ( ∂t

∂ + d~
dt
~ . Exercise: Show that if ~
r · ∇)f v=~
v (~
r , t) then

µ ¶ Ã 2!
d ∂ ∂~
v v
~
v= +~ ~ ~
v·∇ v= ~
+∇ −~ ~ ×~
v × (∇ v)
dt ∂t ∂t 2

~ ·~
Exercise: Show that If ∇ ~ =~
v = 0 and Ω v×~
r:

~ × (~
∇ ~ v) = ~
v · ∇~ ~Ω
v·∇ ~ −Ω
~ · ∇~
~v

~
rf = cos δ ~
ri + (1 − cos δ)(n̂ · ~
ri )n̂ + sin δ n̂ × ~
ri ; ccw of the vector ~
ri

0 ²ijk Ajk
Aij = δij cos δ + (1 − cos δ)ni nj − sin δ ²ikj nk ; ccw of the coordinates xi ; xi = Aij xj ; ni =
2 sin δ

     
 1 0 0   n1 n1 n1 n2 n1 n3   0 −n3 n2 
     
     
A = cos δ  0 1 
0  + (1 − cos δ)  n1 n2 n2 n2 
n2 n3  − sin δ  −n1 
   n3 0 
     
0 0 1 n1 n3 n2 n3 n3 n3 −n2 n1 0
| {z }
ñ

 
 0 −n3 n2 
 
T  
A = cos δ 13 + (1 − cos δ)nn − sin δ ñ ; ñ =  n3 0 −n1  ; (ñ)ij = ²ikj nk
 
 
−n2 n1 0

2
A = 13 + (1 − cos δ)ñ − sin δ ñ

1
 n1
S1
n1’
V1
n2
E2 n2’
B2 V2 S2

E1 E3
B3
B1 V3 S3
n3’

n3

Figure 1:



 R H

 ~ =
dV ∇φ dS n̂φ

 V0 ∂V 0


Z I 
 R H
 ~ ×E
dV ∇ ~ = ~
dS n̂ × E
∂φj V 0 ∂V 0
dxdydz = dS cos nxi φj →
V0 ∂xi ∂V 0 
 R H

 dV ~ ·E
∇ ~ = ~
dS n̂ · E ; Divergence Theorem

 V 0 ∂V 0



 R H

S0
~ × E)
dS n̂ · (∇ ~ =
∂S 0
d~` · E
~ ; Stokes’ Theorem

Examples: refer to above figure(note n̂0i = −n̂i ; i = 1, 2, 3)

Z I I I
~ ·E
~ ~1 + 0 ~1 + 0 ~1
dV ∇ = dS1 n̂1 · E dS2 n̂2 · E dS3 n̂3 · E
V1
Z I
~ ·E
dV ∇ ~ = ~2
dS2 n̂2 · E
V2
Z I
~ ·E
dV ∇ ~ = ~3d
dS3 n̂3 · E
V3
Z Z Z
~ · EdV
∇ ~ = ~ ·E
dV ∇ ~ + ~ ·E
dV ∇ ~
V1 +V2 V1 V2
I I I
= ~1 +
dS1 n̂1 · E ~2 − E
dS2 n2 · (E ~1) − ~1
dS3 n̂3 · E
Z Z Z Z
~ · EdV
∇ ~ = ∇~ · EdV
~ + ~ · EdV
∇ ~ + ∇~ · EdV
~
V1 +V2 +V3 V1 V2 V3
I I I
= ~1 +
dS1 n̂1 · E ~2 − E
dS2 n2 · (E ~1) + ~3 − E
dS2 n̂3 · (E ~1)
Z Z Z Z
~ × EdV
∇ ~ = ~ × EdV
∇ ~ + ~ × EdV
∇ ~ + ~ × EdV
∇ ~
V1 +V2 +V3 V1 V2 V3
I I I
= ~1 +
dS1 n̂1 × E ~2 − E
dS2 n2 × (E ~1) + ~3 − E
dS3 n̂3 × (E ~1)

2
       
 x̂   sin θ cos φ cos θ cos φ − sin φ   r̂   cos φ − sin φ 0   ρ̂ 
       
       
 ŷ  =  sin θ sin φ cos θ sin φ cos φ   θ̂  =  sin φ cos φ 0   φ̂ 
       
       
       
ẑ cos θ − sin θ 0 φ̂ 0 0 1 ẑ

¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ r̂ rθ̂ r sin θφ̂ ¯ ¯ ρ̂ ρφ̂ ẑ ¯ ¯ x̂ ŷ ẑ ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
1 ¯ ¯ 1¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
~ × F~ =
∇ ¯ ∂ ∂ ∂ ¯= ¯ ∂ ∂ ∂ ¯ = ¯ ∂ ∂ ∂ ¯
r2 sin θ ¯¯ ∂r ∂θ ∂φ ¯ ρ ¯ ∂ρ ∂φ ∂z ¯ ¯ ∂x ∂y ∂z ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ Fr rFθ r sin θFφ ¯ F
¯ ρ ρF φ Fz ¯ F
¯ x F y F z ¯

~ · F~ = 1 ∂r2 Fr 1 ∂ sin θFθ 1 ∂Fφ

∇ 2
+ +
r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
1 ∂ρFρ 1 ∂Fφ ∂Fz
= + +
ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂φ ∂z
∂Fx ∂Fy ∂Fz
= + +
∂x ∂y ∂z

~ = r̂ ∂ + θ̂ 1 ∂ + φ̂ 1 ∂
∇
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
∂ 1 ∂ ∂
= ρ̂ + φ̂ + ẑ
∂ρ ρ ∂φ ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
= x̂ + ŷ + ẑ
∂x ∂y ∂z

1 ∂ 2∂ 1 ∂ ∂ 1 ∂2
∇2 = r + sin θ +
r2 ∂r ∂r r2 sin θ ∂θ ∂θ r2 sin2 θ ∂φ2
1 ∂ ∂ 1 ∂2 ∂2
= ρ + 2 2+ 2
ρ ∂r ∂ρ ρ ∂φ ∂z
2 2 2
∂ ∂ ∂
= + +
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2

d~r = r̂dr + θ̂rdθ + φ̂r sin θdφ = ρ̂dρ + φ̂ρdφ + ẑdz = x̂dx + ŷdy + ẑdz

3
 ∞
X
z zn
e =
n=0
n!
X∞ X∞
z 2n n z 2n
cos z = (−1) ; cosh z =
n=0
(2n)! n=0
(2n)!
X∞ 2n+1 X∞
n z z 2n+1
sin z = (−1) ; sinh z =
n=0
(2n + 1)! n=0
(2n + 1)!
X∞
z
ln(1 + z) = (−1)n+1
n=1
n
n
X n!
(a + b)n = ak bn−k
k=0
k!(n − k)!
∞
X
p p!
(a + b) = = ak bp−k
k=0
k!(p − k)!
p p−1 1 p(p − 1) p−2 2 p(p − 1)(p − 2) p−3 3
= ap + a b + a b + a b + ···
1! 2! 3!

Equation of a plane : n̂ · ~r = p = constant = distance of the plane from origin

~ ) = β2
Equation of a sphere : ~r · (~r − α

Parametric equation of a line : ~r = ~r0 + ~at

Equation of a general quadratic surface:

φ(x, y, z) = A + Bx + Cy + Dz + Ex2 + F y 2 + Gz 2 + Hxy + Ixz + Jyz = 0

~
∇φ
Normal to the surface: n̂ = ~
|∇φ|

~·B
A ~ = AB cos θ = Ai Bi ~×B
A ~ = AB sin θĉ = êi ²ijk Aj Bk

¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ a b c ¯ ¯ A ¯
¯ 1 1 1 ¯ ¯ 11 A12 A13 ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
T r3 (A) = ¯¯ a2 b2 c2 ¯¯ = ¯¯ A21 A22 A23 ¯ = ²ijk ai bj ck = ²ijk A1i A2j A3k
¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ a b c ¯ ¯ A ¯
¯ 3 3 3 ¯ ¯ 31 A32 A33 ¯
T r2 (A) = ²1jk A2j A3k + ²i2k A1i A3k + ²ij3 A1i A2j

T r1 (A) = A11 + A22 + A33