Chapter 3
Chapter 3
HP-Alpha platform
Tru-64 OS
Oracle relation DB
Meidensha and Wisp+
protocols, DNP3 serial protocol
2. Security analysis
• Power system security
• Factors affecting power system security
• Contingency analysis detection of network
problems
– Overview of security analysis
– Linear sensitivity factors
– AC power flow methods
– Contingency selection
– Concentric relaxation
2.1 power system security
• Security
– A major function in power system operation
– It refers to practices designed to keep the system
operating when a component fails
• Example: how to handle when
• equipment fail in a generating unit
• a transmission line is damaged
2.2 Factors affecting power system
security
• Operate system so that power is delivered
reliably
• With in the constraints placed on system
operation for reliability, system has to be
operated economically
2.3 Contingency analysis: detection of
network problems
• Used to predict the impact of outages
• Contingency analysis
– Model single failures or outages (one line or one
generator )
– Multiple equipment failures
– For each outage, checks all lines and voltages and
check against their limits
– Computation time is very critical – less than 1min
• operator has to know if current operation is safe
What would
happen if TL from
3 to 5 open?
Voltage and power in TL’s
when TL 3 to 5 open
Methods used for contingency analysis
• Solution
– In sensitivity analysis, assumptions are
• Pick up of lost generation come from reference bus
• Sensitivity factors are pre calculated
– Generation shift distribution factor a =-0.29 1-4,3
• Preventive control
– Control to avoid faults
– Applied before a fault occurs
• Restorative control
– Control after fault has occurred
– Used to restore system to its normal operation
Need for Unit commitment
• Unit commitment
– Unit generation schedule
• Minimize operating cost
• Satisfy prevailing constraints
– Load demand
– System reserve requirements over a time period
• Classic UC problem
– Minimize operational cost subject to minimum up and down
time constraints, crew constraints, unit capability limits,
generation constraints and reserve constraints
– Objective function consists of generation cost function and start
up cost functions
Example: Three generating units were to supply a load of
550MW and each of them having the following generating
capacity and input-output characteristics
Generator Min(MW) Max(MW) Input-output Cost
G1 150 600 1.1
G2 100 400 1.0
G3 50 200 1.2
What will be the optimal combination of the generators to supply the demanded power?
4. Solution Methods of Unit Commitment
• Priority method
– Generating cost function
• For Hydroelectric plants
• The constraints
Example: use priority method and dynamic programming to
solve the UC problem of the four units given below. The load
variation in 8 hours is also given.
• Given
Complete enumeration
1. Using priority list method
• Select states
– For t=1-4, states ={12,14,15}
– For t=5-8, states ={5,12,14,15}
– Calculate minimum cost according to the recursive
algorithm
Starting state is {12}
At t=1, we can go to either state {12, 14,15}
• At t=2, we can remain in same state or jump
to new state
6. Lagrange Relaxation
• Disadvantage of DP
– Computational burden
• In the Lagrangian relaxation method, the UC
problem is formulated as a constrained
optimization problem
• Formulation
Subject to
Constraint relaxation
• Relax coupled constraints
– 1 and 3 are coupled
– Include them into the objective function using
Lagrangian multipliers
– Modified problem is minimize
Subject to